211 lines
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211 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.755.23939" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7392eb62-5d84-4f6a-8c8a-9f4e351a84a7" ID-PMC="PMC5953965" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-755-1" ID-PubMed="29769836" ID-ZBK="AADE14787C914355B776C4AEF28347BF" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-755-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 755" ModsDocTitle="A revision of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille for Nearctic species, north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Apidae)" checkinTime="1525801749154" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Onuferko, Thomas M." docDate="2018" docId="2DBBEDB1D4A916C6FB5EE43D019FF4EA" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 755: 1-185" docOrigin="ZooKeys 755" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.755.23939" docTitle="Epeolus packeri Onuferko, 2018, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="935F1E70-F185-48A2-9DCB-0E14AD9F849A" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="133" masterDocId="D91DD51C1718C109FF8EFFA6FFF3FF9F" masterDocTitle="A revision of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille for Nearctic species, north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Apidae)" masterLastPageNumber="185" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="129" updateTime="1668165766199" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A revision of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille for Nearctic species, north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Apidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Onuferko, Thomas M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>755</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>185</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.755.23939</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.755.23939</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-755-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">AADE14787C914355B776C4AEF28347BF</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">AADE14787C914355B776C4AEF28347BF</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="143842378" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:935F1E70-F185-48A2-9DCB-0E14AD9F849A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2DBBEDB1D4A916C6FB5EE43D019FF4EA" lastPageId="132" lastPageNumber="133" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
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<subSubSection pageId="128" pageNumber="129" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
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37.
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/935F1E70-F185-48A2-9DCB-0E14AD9F849A" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus packeri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="packeri">Epeolus packeri</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="128" pageNumber="129">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 77, 78, 92D, 97A
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="129" pageNumber="130" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="129" pageNumber="130">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="129" pageNumber="130" start="start">Diagnosis</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="129" pageNumber="130">
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The following morphological features in combination can be used to tell
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. packeri" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" rank="species" species="packeri">E. packeri</taxonomicName>
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apart from all other North American
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epeolus</taxonomicName>
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: the pronotal collar is predominantly ferruginous; the axilla is large, with the tip extending as far back as or beyond the posterior margin of the mesoscutellum, dilated laterally, and like the mesoscutellum ferruginous; the mesopleuron is closely (most i<1d) and evenly punctate; the metasomal terga have pale but not brownish orange pubescence; and the T1-T3 apical fasciae are interrupted medially and commonly reduced to discrete lateral patches.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus packeri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="packeri">Epeolus packeri</taxonomicName>
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resembles
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. andriyi" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" rank="species" species="andriyi">E. andriyi</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. deyrupi" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" rank="species" species="deyrupi">E. deyrupi</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. floridensis" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" rank="species" species="floridensis">E. floridensis</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. howardi" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" rank="species" species="howardi">E. howardi</taxonomicName>
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in that the axilla is large, with the lateral margin arcuate, and like the mesoscutellum ferruginous, and that the T1-T3 apical fasciae are interrupted medially. However, in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. packeri" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" rank="species" species="packeri">E. packeri</taxonomicName>
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the pseudopygidial area of the female is wider (the apex>2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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the medial length) than in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. andriyi" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" rank="species" species="andriyi">E. andriyi</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. floridensis" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" rank="species" species="floridensis">E. floridensis</taxonomicName>
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, or
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. howardi" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" rank="species" species="howardi">E. howardi</taxonomicName>
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(the apex <2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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the medial length), and the T1 basal fascia is absent or reduced to a pair of small patches of pale tomentum whereas in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. andriyi" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" rank="species" species="andriyi">E. andriyi</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. floridensis" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" rank="species" species="floridensis">E. floridensis</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. howardi" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" rank="species" species="howardi">E. howardi</taxonomicName>
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T1 has a distinct, although often medially-interrupted, basal fascia.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus packeri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="packeri">Epeolus packeri</taxonomicName>
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closely resembles
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. deyrupi" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" rank="species" species="deyrupi">E. deyrupi</taxonomicName>
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, but in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. deyrupi" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" rank="species" species="deyrupi">E. deyrupi</taxonomicName>
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the mesopleuron commonly has sparser punctures ventrolaterally (i≤2d) than that of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. packeri" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" rank="species" species="packeri">E. packeri</taxonomicName>
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, with the interspaces shining or somewhat dull due to tessellate surface microsculpture, and the T1-T3 apical fasciae are (to varying degrees) brownish orange medially and off white laterally.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus packeri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="packeri">Epeolus packeri</taxonomicName>
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is also similar to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. scutellaris" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" rank="species" species="scutellaris">E. scutellaris</taxonomicName>
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, but in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. scutellaris" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" rank="species" species="scutellaris">E. scutellaris</taxonomicName>
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the pronotal collar is predominantly black and the T1-T3 apical fasciae are complete or only very narrowly interrupted medially.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="131" lastPageNumber="132" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="129" pageNumber="130">FEMALE: Length 8.3 mm; head length 2.0 mm; head width 2.8 mm; fore wing length 6.2 mm.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="130" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">
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Integument coloration. Black in part, at least partially ferruginous on mandible, labrum, lower paraocular area, antenna, pronotal collar, pronotal lobe, tegula, axilla, mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, metanotum, mesopleuron, metapleuron, propodeum,
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<pageBreakToken pageId="130" pageNumber="131" start="start">legs</pageBreakToken>
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, and metasomal sterna. Mandible with apex darker than rest of mandible; preapical tooth slightly lighter than mandibular apex (difficult to see in holotype; described from paratype). Antenna brown except scape, pedicel, and F1 extensively orange. F2 with orange spot basally. Pronotal lobe and tegula pale ferruginous to amber. Mesoscutum reddish orange except medially on anterior margin and along parapsidal line. Wing membrane dusky subhyaline, slightly darker at apex. Legs more extensively reddish orange than brown or black.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Pubescence. Face with tomentum densest on paraocular area around antennal socket, otherwise almost entirely bare. Mesoscutum without pale tomentum. Dorsum of metasoma with bands of off-white short appressed setae. Mesopleuron nearly bare, except along margins. Metanotum with tomentum uninterrupted except for median bare patch in posterior half, uniformly off white. T1 and T2 with apical fasciae medially interrupted, narrowed (broader laterally), and removed from apical margin; T2 with fascia without anterolateral extensions of tomentum. Metasoma otherwise without fasciae, although T3 and T4 with few sparsely scattered pale hairs present on apical impressed areas. T5 with pseudopygidial area lunate, its apex more than twice as wide as medial length, indicated by silvery setae on flat disc of apicomedial region elevated from rest of tergum. S5 with apical fimbria of coppery to silvery hairs extending beyond apex of sternum by 1/3 MOD.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="131" lastPageNumber="132" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">
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Surface sculpture. Punctures dense. Labrum with larger and sparser punctures (i=1-2d) than clypeus (i<1d). Small impunctate matte spot lateral to lateral ocellus. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, and axilla coarsely and densely rugose-punctate. Tegula dense
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<pageBreakToken pageId="131" pageNumber="132" start="start">ly</pageBreakToken>
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punctate posteriorly (i=1-2d), sparsely punctate (i>2d) to impunctate anteriorly and along margins. Mesopleuron with ventrolateral half densely punctate (i≤1d) to rugose; mesopleuron with punctures more or less equally dense throughout. Metasomal terga with punctures very fine, dense (i≈1d), evenly distributed on disc.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="131" pageNumber="132">
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Structure. Preapical tooth blunt and obtuse. Labral apex with pair of small denticles, each preceded by longitudinal carina. Frontal keel not strongly raised. Scape with greatest length 1.9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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greatest width. F2 noticeably longer than wide (L/W ratio = 1.4). Preoccipital ridge not joining hypostomal carina, from which it is separated by less than 1 MOD at its terminal (difficult to see in holotype; described from paratype). Mesoscutellum moderately bigibbous. Axilla large, its lateral margin (L) more than half as long as mesoscutellar width (W) (L/W ratio = 0.7) and tip extending slightly beyond apex of horizontal dorsal portion of mesoscutellum; axilla with tip clearly visible, but unattached to mesoscutellum for less than 2/5 the medial length of axilla; axilla with lateral margin arcuate. Fore wing with three submarginal cells. Pygidial plate apically truncate.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="131" pageNumber="132">MALE: Description as for female except for usual secondary sexual characters and as follows: face with more abundant pale tomentum, densest from midlength of clypeus to upper paraocular and frontal areas; F2 shorter, but still longer than wide (L/W ratio = 1.2); S4 and S5 with much longer coppery to silvery subapical hairs; pygidial plate apically rounded, with large deep punctures closely clustered basally and sparser apically, with the interspaces shining.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="131" pageNumber="132">
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<paragraph pageId="131" pageNumber="132">
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Figure 77.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus packeri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="packeri">Epeolus packeri</taxonomicName>
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A female holotype, lateral habitus (scale bar 3 mm) B female holotype, dorsal habitus (scale bar 3 mm) C male paratype, lateral habitus (scale bar 3 mm), and D female paratype axillae and mesoscutellum, dorsal view (scale bar 0.5 mm; blue lines indicate the posterior extent of the axilla relative to the length of the mesoscutellum; red lines indicate the extent of the free portion of the axilla relative to its entire medial length).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="131" pageNumber="132" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="131" pageNumber="132">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="131" pageNumber="132">This species is named in honor of my dissertation adviser, Prof. Laurence Packer, who collected the first specimen of this species I have seen.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="131" pageNumber="132" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="131" pageNumber="132">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="131" pageNumber="132">Florida peninsula (Fig. 78).</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="131" pageNumber="132">
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<paragraph pageId="131" pageNumber="132">
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Figure 78. Occurrence records of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. packeri" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" rank="species" species="packeri">E. packeri</taxonomicName>
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known to the author (yellow circles).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="131" pageNumber="132" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="131" pageNumber="132">Ecology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="131" pageNumber="132">
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HOST RECORDS: The host species of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. packeri" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" rank="species" species="packeri">E. packeri</taxonomicName>
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is/are presently unknown.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="131" pageNumber="132">
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FLORAL RECORDS: Labels of examined voucher specimens indicate a floral association with
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solidago" order="Asterales" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solidago</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="131" pageNumber="132" type="discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="131" pageNumber="132">Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="131" pageNumber="132">
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In
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<bibRefCitation author="Mitchell, TB" journalOrPublisher="North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" pagination="1 - 557" title="Bees of the eastern United States. Volume II." volume="152" year="1962">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Mitchell’s">Mitchell's</normalizedToken>
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(1962)
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</bibRefCitation>
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keys to female and male
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epeolus</taxonomicName>
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, this species comes out as
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. floridensis" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" rank="species" species="floridensis">E. floridensis</taxonomicName>
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in which T1 is not bright ferruginous but black. However, in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. floridensis" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" rank="species" species="floridensis">E. floridensis</taxonomicName>
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the dorsum of the mesosoma and metasoma has more abundant pale pubescence, and the pseudopygidial area is conspicuously narrower. Moreover, all examined specimens of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. floridensis" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" rank="species" species="floridensis">E. floridensis</taxonomicName>
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(adults) were collected in spring whereas all those identified as
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. packeri" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" rank="species" species="packeri">E. packeri</taxonomicName>
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were collected in October.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="131" pageNumber="132">
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In terms of surface sculpture, structure, and the width of the pseudopygidial area,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. packeri" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" rank="species" species="packeri">E. packeri</taxonomicName>
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is most similar to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. scutellaris" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" rank="species" species="scutellaris">E. scutellaris</taxonomicName>
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, and sequenced representatives of both forms share the same BIN. The two are considered to be heterospecific based on the marked abundance of red coloration coupled with a loss of pubescence (the same rationale for treating
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. glabratus" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" rank="species" species="glabratus">E. glabratus</taxonomicName>
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as distinct from
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. lectoides" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" rank="species" species="lectoides">E. lectoides</taxonomicName>
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) in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. packeri" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" rank="species" species="packeri">E. packeri</taxonomicName>
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, features that are common in Florida
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Thalestriina" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
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and constitute an unexplained regional phenomenon (
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<bibRefCitation author="Deyrup, M" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Society" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" url="https://doi.org/10.1656/1528-7092(2003)002[0511:RABCIF]2.0.CO;2" year="2003">Deyrup and Eisner 2003</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="132" lastPageNumber="133" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="131" pageNumber="132">Material studied.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="131" pageNumber="132">Type material. Primary: USA: Florida: Homosassa Tract (Citrus County), 19.x.2002, J. Mosley (holotype ♀, FSCA).</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="132" lastPageNumber="133" pageId="131" pageNumber="132">
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Secondary: USA: Florida: Butterfly Garden W McGuire Center for
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Thalestriina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="131" pageNumber="132" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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Research (Gainesville, Alachua County), 20.x.2009, C. Whitehill (paratypes 2♂, FSCA);
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<pageBreakToken pageId="132" pageNumber="133" start="start">Gainesville</pageBreakToken>
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(Alachua County), 14.x.2012, S. Lenberger (paratype ♂ [CCDB-30383 D04], FSCA); Gainesville (Paynes Prairie, Alachua County), 13-23.x.1997, L. Masner (allotype ♂, PCYU); Homosassa Tract (Citrus County), 19.x.2002, J. Mosley (paratypes 1♀, 1♂, ABS); W Murdoch, 20.x.1983, L. Packer (paratype ♀, PCYU); Withlacoochee State Forest (Citrus County), 19.x.2002, J. Mosley (paratypes 2♂, ABS).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="132" pageNumber="133" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="132" pageNumber="133">DNA barcoded material with BIN-compliant sequences.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Available. BOLD:AAG5250. See Type material for specimens examined and sequenced (indicated by unique CCDB-plate and well number).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |