316 lines
43 KiB
XML
316 lines
43 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="E6773C53985205E6AA8E0FB4DB3E0350">Cercopithecidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B69B5246487EC5485969E4E5FFA30399">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CBB05F227015890D4EF6BE4790194737">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="552DAC0A8359F29EB9E082F5E29F838A">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="22B73A13E9D929AD446AB3C06597EF5E">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="8364586CD65D10D5C1D1DB980926D0B0">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="505F666239892EE602CEF6E339FDD637">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="32F7A77B5135814EDCCD64DF6A3A2ACD">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<treatment id="CE199B17FF8CFF8AFA38673EFD14F81B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6863335" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197824648" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6863335" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE199B17FF8CFF8AFA38673EFD14F81B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE199B17FF8CFF8AFA38673EFD14F81B" lastPageId="78" lastPageNumber="706" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8CFF89FA38673EFA2DFDA4" box="[1377,1434,558,600]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8CFF89FA38673EFA2DFDA4" blockId="77.[1375,2474,558,680]" box="[1377,1434,558,600]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF8CFF89FA38673EFA2DFDA4" box="[1377,1434,558,600]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">
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<figureCitation id="DE8B3684FF8CFF89FA38673EFA2DFDA4" box="[1377,1434,558,600]" captionStart="Plate 46: Cercopithecidae" captionStartId="77.[99,129,3331,3356]" captionTargetBox="[14,2746,16,3643]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="87. Upper Guinea Red Colobus (Piliocolobus badius), 88. Temminck’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus temmincki), 89. Miss Waldron’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus waldronae), 90. Zanzibar Red Colobus (Piliocolobus kirku), 91. Udzungwa Red Colobus (Piliocolobus gordonorum), 92. Pennant’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus pennantii), 93. Bouvier’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus bouvieri), 94. Niger Delta Red Colobus (Piliocolobus epieni), 95. Preuss’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus preussi), 96. Tana River Red Colobus (Piliocolobus rufomitratus), 97. Semliki Red Colobus (Piliocolobus semlikiensis), 98. Foa’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus foai), 99. Lang’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus langi), 100. Oustalet’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus oustaleti), 101. Lomami Red Colobus (Piliocolobus parmentieri), 102. Ashy Red Colobus (Piliocolobus tephrosceles), 103. Tshuapa Red Colobus (Piliocolobus tholloni), 104. Olive Colobus (Procolobus verus)" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">88.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8CFF89FAF2673EF876FDA4" box="[1451,1985,558,600]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8CFF89FAF2673EF876FDA4" blockId="77.[1375,2474,558,680]" box="[1451,1985,558,600]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF8CFF89FAF2673EF876FDA4" box="[1451,1985,558,600]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF8CFF89FAF2673EF876FDA4" box="[1451,1985,558,600]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">Temminck’s Red Colobus</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8CFF89F75C673EF61DFDA4" box="[2053,2474,558,600]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8CFF89F75C673EF61DFDA4" blockId="77.[1375,2474,558,680]" box="[2053,2474,558,600]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF8CFF89F75C673EF61DFDA4" box="[2053,2474,558,600]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F75C673EF61DFDA4" ID-CoL="4HTR2" baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[2053,2474,558,600]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="temminckii">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8CFF89F75C673EF61DFDA4" box="[2053,2474,558,600]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">Piliocolobus temminckii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8CFF89FA38677AF8EBFD5A" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8CFF89FA38677AF6E3FD83" blockId="77.[1375,2474,558,680]" box="[1377,2388,618,639]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF8CFF89FA38677AF6E3FD83" box="[1377,2388,618,639]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8CFF89FA38677AFA19FD83" bold="true" box="[1377,1454,618,639]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF8CFF89FAEE677AF93DFD83" box="[1463,1674,618,639]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">Colobe de Temminck</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8CFF89F9C6677AF94DFD83" bold="true" box="[1695,1786,618,639]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF8CFF89F85B677AF844FD83" box="[1794,2035,618,639]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">Temminck-Stummelaffe</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8CFF89F751677AF7D4FD83" bold="true" box="[2056,2147,618,639]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF8CFF89F734677AF6E3FD83" box="[2157,2388,618,639]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">Colobo rojo de Senegal</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8CFF89FA396781F8EBFD5A" blockId="77.[1375,2474,558,680]" box="[1376,1884,657,678]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF8CFF89FA396781F8EBFD5A" box="[1376,1884,657,678]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8CFF89FA396781F9E0FD5A" bold="true" box="[1376,1623,657,678]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF8CFF89F9396781F8EBFD5A" box="[1632,1884,657,678]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">Temminck’s Bay Colobus</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8CFF89F89067C8F7A4FCE0" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8CFF89F89067C8F7A4FCE0" blockId="77.[1993,2581,728,1151]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8CFF89F89067C8F7D3FD09" bold="true" box="[1993,2148,728,757]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F72367C8F7B9FCE0" authorityName="Kuhl" authorityYear="1820" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="temminckii">Colobus temminkii [sic] Kuhl, 1820</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8CFF89F74667EBF6E0FCE0" box="[2079,2391,763,796]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8CFF89F74667EBF6E0FCE0" blockId="77.[1993,2581,728,1151]" box="[2079,2391,763,796]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">
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<materialsCitation id="F6D8205CFF8CFF89F74667EBF6E0FCE0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864421451" box="[2079,2391,763,796]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">type locality unknown.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8CFF89F8936633F61BFB31" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8CFF89F8936633F61BFB31" blockId="77.[1993,2581,728,1151]" lastBlockId="77.[1372,2581,1157,3237]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">
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Modern taxonomic arrangements of the colobus monkeys either divide the red colobus and the Olive
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F6426662F639FC6F" box="[2331,2446,882,915]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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into two genera,
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F76766B2F765FC47" authorityName="Rochebrune" authorityYear="1877" box="[2110,2258,930,955]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Piliocolobus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F64266B2F617FC47" authorityName="Rochebrune" authorityYear="1877" box="[2331,2464,930,955]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Procolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Procolobus</taxonomicName>
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, respectively, or consider them to belong to one genus,
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F77566FCF706FBF5" authorityName="Rochebrune" authorityYear="1877" box="[2092,2225,1004,1033]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Procolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Procolobus</taxonomicName>
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, with two subgenera (
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F68666FCF794FBCC" authorityName="Rochebrune" authorityYear="1877" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Procolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Procolobus</taxonomicName>
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for the Olive
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F7B16103F6EDFBCC" box="[2280,2394,1043,1072]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F6FD6103F842FBA4" authorityName="Rochebrune" authorityYear="1877" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Piliocolobus</taxonomicName>
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for the red colobus). We follow here C. P. Groves in his publications of 2001 and 2007 in using two genera. The exact boundary between
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F7E96195F693FB5A" baseAuthorityName="Kerr" baseAuthorityYear="1792" box="[2224,2340,1157,1190]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Procolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="badius">P. badius</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F6336195F5A2FB5A" box="[2410,2581,1157,1190]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Procolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="temminckii">P. temminckii</taxonomicName>
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is unclear, but the two are believed to be geographically separated. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8CFF89FA0661C4F653FA6F" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" type="distribution">
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<caption id="12CF7A89FF8CFF89FA0661C4F653FA6F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867277" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867277/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" targetBox="[1379,1961,735,1142]" targetPageId="77">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8CFF89FA0661C4F653FA6F" blockId="77.[1372,2581,1157,3237]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8CFF89FA0661C4F9B8FB09" bold="true" box="[1375,1551,1236,1269]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">Distribution.</emphasis>
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From the Gambia and Upper Senegal rivers through SW Senegal, Gambia, and Guinea-Bissau (absent E of Rio Corubal, except for a supposed sighting at Catio, near the border with Guinea) to NW Guinea (E to Kopulau Camp, 12° 24° N, 13° 34° 48” W); possibly in NW Sierra Leone. Although reported from the Fouta Djallon Highlands in Guinea, there are no published records available to confirm this.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8CFF89FA06608DF601F81D" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" type="description">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8CFF89FA06608DF601F81D" blockId="77.[1372,2581,1157,3237]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8CFF89FA06608DF9EFFA46" bold="true" box="[1375,1624,1437,1466]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Body measurements are not available but museum records suggest Temminck’s Red
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F90A60D0F972FA1D" box="[1619,1733,1472,1505]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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is similar in size to (perhapsa little smaller than) the Upper Guinea Red
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F94860F7F934F9F4" box="[1553,1667,1511,1544]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F9C360F7F8A0F9F4" baseAuthorityName="Kerr" baseAuthorityYear="1792" box="[1690,1815,1511,1544]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Procolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="badius">P. badius</taxonomicName>
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). It is medium gray dorsally (extending to upper parts of limbs), with flanks and limbs, and a collar round the neck, light orange-red, becoming whitish on the undersides. Thereis a triangular patch of white
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F7A66326F69FF9AB" box="[2303,2344,1590,1623]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Guereza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fur">fur</taxonomicName>
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on the buttocks. Fingers and toes darken to rufous. Face is dark with rings of pink encircling the eyes, and nose is broad and upturned, raised on a fleshy base as in the Upper Guinea Red
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89FA3963BCFA63F931" box="[1376,1492,1708,1741]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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. Scrotum of Temminck’s Red
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F8DE63BCF84EF931" box="[1927,2041,1708,1741]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be less pendulous than in the Upper Guinea Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F9E963C4F893F909" box="[1712,1828,1748,1781]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the perineal organ is very small. It appears that the typical Temminck’s Red Colobusis confined to areas of Gambia and Senegal north of the Gambia River, and south of this river, there is a gradual darkening and loss of the red collar and white strip on the underside. There seems to be a fairly gradual transition between this pale colored dry-forest
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F8FD6261F790F86E" box="[1956,2087,1905,1938]" form="and" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" rank="form">form and</taxonomicName>
|
||
the typical deeply colored rainforest
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89FAD56289FA64F846" box="[1420,1491,1945,1978]" pageId="77" pageNumber="744" rank="form">form</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In a mtDNA tree, N. Ting found Temminck’s Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F7C56289F6B9F846" box="[2204,2318,1945,1978]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
nested among the Upper Guinea Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F92C62D0F95EF81D" box="[1653,1769,1984,2017]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with whom it also shares very similar vocalizations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8CFF89FA0762F7F5B1F55A" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8CFF89FA0762F7F5B1F55A" blockId="77.[1372,2581,1157,3237]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8CFF89FA0762F7FA7BF7F4" bold="true" box="[1374,1484,2023,2056]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Dry deciduous and gallery forest, usually near open bodies of water, in Senegal. Temminck’s Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F9086D1FF975F7CC" box="[1617,1730,2063,2096]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unique among red colobus in that it often lives in savanna woodland. In the 1970s, A. Galat-Luong and G. Galat reported that the northernmost population in Saloum (Senegal) lived only in tropical, dense high forest, but with widespread degradation and loss of these forests, in recent years, Temminck’s Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F6F96D95F5A6F75A" box="[2464,2577,2181,2214]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
have begun to occupy more open habitats, such as degraded remnants of gallery forests with interrupted canopies, and even true wooded savanna, mangrove swamps, and farmland. Researchers in Saloum in the 1970s never found Temminck’s Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F6C66DEBF5A7F6E0" box="[2463,2576,2299,2332]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
away from tall dense forest, but with forest loss and degradation by the 1990s, they were found in open woodland habitat and even mangroves more than one-third of the time, often associating with the open woodland Green Monkeys (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F65B6C65F5B6F66E" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[2306,2561,2421,2450]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Chlorocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sabaeus">Chlorocebus sabaeus</taxonomicName>
|
||
). As forest dwellers, Temminck’s Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F8016C88F87EF645" box="[1880,1993,2456,2489]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
would generally travel and forage ¢.10 m above the ground. In more damaged forests and open habitats, their average height above the ground can drop by nearly half (a little more than 5 m), and they actually go to the ground more often. In the Fathala Reserve of the Saloum Delta National Park in coastal Senegal, changes in diet, tendencies toward terrestriality and associations with other primates (particularly Green Monkeys), use of open habitats, and use of mangrove swamps seem to be successive accommodations to loss of their preferred forests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8CFF8AFA046FBCFC60FE93" lastPageId="78" lastPageNumber="706" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8CFF8AFA046FBCFC60FE93" blockId="77.[1372,2581,1157,3237]" lastBlockId="78.[184,1397,294,2025]" lastPageId="78" lastPageNumber="706" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8CFF89FA046FBCF9DEF531" bold="true" box="[1373,1641,2732,2765]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Temminck’s Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F82D6FBCF851F531" box="[1908,2022,2732,2765]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
eat young leaves and leaf buds, along with fruits and seeds. Mature leaves, flowers, and flower buds are also consumed. Diets of six groups, studied by B. Gatinot in the Fathala Reserve in 1973-1974, contained 21-8% young leaves, 20-1% mature leaves, 16-5% buds, 14-4% flowers, 9-5% fruits, and 11-4% other items. Diets included 24 species of plants. D. Diouck also carried out a dietary study of two groups in Fathala in 1994-1996. Diets had changed considerably from the 1973-1974 study and included more young leaves and fruits, fewer mature leaves and buds, and considerably fewer flowers: 56-7% young leaves, 18-:8% fruits, 13-4% buds, 6-3% mature leaves, 0-8% flowers, and 4% other items. The number of plant species in the diet had dropped from 24 to 17. This change was associated with changes in Fathala during this period; c.75% of the gallery forest where they had been studied in the 1970s had been lost, and the forest that remained was largely degraded, with broken canopies and a 30% reduction in the diversity of woody plants. Temminck’s Red Colobus spent more time on or near the ground and included more herbs, grasses, grass seeds, and groundnuts in their diets.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="12CF7A89FF8CFF89FE606813F839F26D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867459" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867459" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867459/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" startId="77.[99,129,3331,3356]" targetBox="[14,2746,16,3643]" targetPageId="76">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8CFF89FE606813F839F26D" blockId="77.[98,2535,3331,3476]" pageId="77" pageNumber="705">
|
||
: On following pages 89. Miss Waldron's Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89FD0C6813FD1BF2E0" box="[597,684,3331,3356]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89FDE46813FC0FF2E0" baseAuthorityName="Hayman" baseAuthorityYear="1936" box="[701,952,3331,3356]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="waldronae">Piliocolobus waldronae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 90. Zanzibar Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89FBD46813FB53F2E0" box="[1165,1252,3331,3356]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89FBAD6813FAC1F2E0" authorityName="Rochebrune" authorityYear="1877" box="[1268,1398,3331,3356]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Piliocolobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
pennantil); 93. Bouvier's Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89FEFF683AFE4AF2BF" box="[422,509,3370,3395]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89FD57683AFD59F2BF" authorityName="Rochebrune" authorityYear="1887" box="[526,750,3370,3395]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bouvieri">Piliocolobus bouvieri</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 94.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89FC77683AFCD0F2BF" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[814,871,3370,3395]" genus="The" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" rank="species" species="niger">Niger</taxonomicName>
|
||
Delta Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89FCBA683AFB8DF2BF" box="[995,1082,3370,3395]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89FB12683AFAA0F2BF" authorityName="Grubb & Powell" authorityYear="1999" box="[1099,1303,3370,3395]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="708" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="epieni">Piliocolobus epieni</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 95 97. Semliki Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89FE4E6846FED9F297" box="[279,366,3414,3435]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89FE266846FD38F297" authorityName="Colyn" authorityYear="1991" box="[383,655,3414,3435]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="709" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semlikiensis">Piliocolobus semlikiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 98. Foa’'s Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89FC1B6846FC2EF297" box="[834,921,3414,3435]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89FCF06846FB9CF297" authorityName="Rochebrune" authorityYear="1877" box="[937,1067,3414,3435]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Piliocolobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
foal); 99. Lang's Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89FA426846FAC5F297" box="[1307,1394,3414,3435]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89FF336868FEC5F26D" authorityName="Colyn & Verheyen" authorityYear="1987" box="[106,370,3448,3473]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parmentieri">Piliocolobus parmentieri</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 102. Ashy Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89FD766868FD31F26D" box="[559,646,3448,3473]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89FDCE6868FC19F26D" baseAuthorityName="Elliot" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[663,942,3448,3473]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="711" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tephrosceles">Piliocolobus tephrosceles</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 103. Tshuapa Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89FBD66868FB51F26D" box="[1167,1254,3448,3473]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89FBAE6868FACEF26D" authorityName="Rochebrune" authorityYear="1877" box="[1271,1401,3448,3473]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Piliocolobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89FA266813FA06F2E0" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[1407,1457,3331,3356]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Procolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kirkii">kirkii</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 91. Udzungwa Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F9C76813F942F2E0" box="[1694,1781,3331,3356]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F85F6813F7A1F2E0" baseAuthorityName="Matschie" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1798,2070,3331,3356]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gordonorum">Piliocolobus gordonorum</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 92. Pennant’s Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F7A56813F6E4F2E0" box="[2300,2387,3331,3356]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F63D6813F651F2E0" authorityName="Rochebrune" authorityYear="1877" box="[2404,2534,3331,3356]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Piliocolobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Preuss’s Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89FAB4683AF9F3F2BF" box="[1517,1604,3370,3395]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F90C683AF899F2BF" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1900" box="[1621,1838,3370,3395]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="preussi">Piliocolobus preussi</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 96.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F835683AF82BF2BF" box="[1900,1948,3370,3395]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Tana" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Tana</taxonomicName>
|
||
River Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F740683AF7C7F2BF" box="[2073,2160,3370,3395]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F7D8683AF625F2BF" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[2177,2450,3370,3395]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufomitratus">Piliocolobus rufomitratus</taxonomicName>
|
||
): (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89FADB6846F988F297" baseAuthorityName="J. A. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[1410,1599,3414,3435]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="710" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="langi">Piliocolobus langi</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 100. Oustalet’s Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F86C6846F83BF297" box="[1845,1932,3414,3435]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F8C46846F733F297" baseAuthorityName="Trouessart" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[1949,2180,3414,3435]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="710" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oustaleti">Piliocolobus oustaleti</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 101. Lomami Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F63C6846FA66F26D" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1886" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tholloni">Colobus tholloni</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 104. Olive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F9046868F903F26D" box="[1629,1716,3448,3473]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8CFF89F99C6868F834F26D" baseAuthorityName="van Beneden" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1733,1923,3448,3473]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Procolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="77" pageNumber="712" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verus">Procolobus verus</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8FFF8AFFE36464FC8DFDF0" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8FFF8AFFE36464FC8DFDF0" blockId="78.[184,1397,294,2025]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8FFF8AFFE36464FEF7FE69" bold="true" box="[186,320,372,405]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Female Temminck’s Red Colobus display large sexual swellings during the periovulatory period. A single young is born after a gestation of 173-174 days. Neonates are the same general color as adults but slightly lighter (light beige or gray with a darker back and a bit of orange on the tail).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8FFF8AFFE06702FE04FD05" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8FFF8AFFE06702FE04FD05" blockId="78.[184,1397,294,2025]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8FFF8AFFE06702FE13FDCF" bold="true" box="[185,420,530,563]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Temminck’s Red Colobusis diurnal and arboreal, but it can become increasingly terrestrial when adapting to reduced and degraded forest habitats (e.g. being forced to travel and forage in savanna and woodland environments surrounding gallery forest). At Abuko,it rested for 52% of the day, fed for 21%, traveled for 13%, and engaged in social activities for 13%; the remaining 1% was dedicated to a variety of other activities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8FFF8AFFE267EFFD7FFBA0" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8FFF8AFFE267EFFD7FFBA0" blockId="78.[184,1397,294,2025]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8FFF8AFFE267EFFC32FCDC" bold="true" box="[187,901,767,800]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Home range sizes of Temminck’s Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AFFA66636FEC6FCBB" box="[255,369,806,839]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
are 11-34 ha. Group sizes typically are 12-28 individuals, but there has been evidence of exceptionally large groups (e.g. up to 62 individuals). Groups typically have multiple adult males and females, and both sexes disperse. D. Starin found that females groom mostly among themselves, and males only infrequently groom others. Curiously, Temminck’s Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AFD1166D4FD0DFC19" box="[584,698,964,997]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
may also groom Green Monkeys when they temporarilyjoin their groups after dispersing from their natal groups. Predators recorded include African rock python (Python sebae) and, when near to or on the ground, dogs and Spotted Hyenas (Crocuta crocuta).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8FFF8AFFE56171FA91F8B4" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8FFF8AFFE56171FA91F8B4" blockId="78.[184,1397,294,2025]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8FFF8AFFE56171FDABFB7E" bold="true" box="[188,540,1121,1154]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AFE3C619DFDFFFB56" baseAuthorityName="Kerr" baseAuthorityYear="1792" box="[357,584,1165,1194]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Procolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="badius">Procolobus badius</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AFD0D619DFD54FB56" box="[596,739,1165,1194]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Procolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="temminckii">temminckii</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Temminck’s Red Colobusis listed as Class B in the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Its major threat is habitat loss due to forest conversion by agriculture, overgrazing, fires, and tree-cutting, combined with decreasing rainfall in the part of West Africa where it occurs. Although hunting is also a threat to Temminck’s Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AFB1C6036FB00FABB" box="[1093,1207,1318,1351]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(particularly in the southern part ofits distribution), it appears to be somewhat less affected than Miss Waldron’s Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AFEBA6065FDE1FA6A" box="[483,598,1397,1430]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AFD366065FCAFFA6A" baseAuthorityName="Hayman" baseAuthorityYear="1936" box="[623,792,1397,1430]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="waldronae">P. waldronae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the Upper Guinea Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AFB926065FAF7FA6A" box="[1227,1344,1397,1430]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In The Gambia, monkeys are hunted more as farm pests than for consumption as meat, and red colobus are minor farm pests compared with baboons, Green Monkeys, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AFFE760FFFE3EF9F0" authority="Monkeys" authorityName="Monkeys" box="[190,393,1519,1548]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Erythrocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patas">Patas Monkeys</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AFEC760FFFD27F9F0" box="[414,656,1519,1548]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Erythrocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patas">Erythrocebus patas</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In Senegal, there are probably fewer than 400-500 Temminck’s Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AFEE86303FD94F9C8" box="[433,547,1555,1588]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
surviving in Saloum Delta National Park and probably fewer than 100 in the isolated Niokolo-Koba National Park and north-western Guinea. They also occur in Abuko and River Gambia national parks in Gambia, Cufada National Park in Guinea-Bissau, and Badiar National Park in Guinea. They may have been extirpated from Basse Casamance National Park in Senegal. The absence of many large and well-managed protected areas means that the overall population of Temminck’s Red Colobusis likely to continue to decline, particularly in the southern part ofits distribution where civil conflict has persisted and hunting pressure is increasing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8FFF8AFFE6624BFD14F81B" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8FFF8AFFE6624BFD14F81B" blockId="78.[184,1397,294,2025]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8FFF8AFFE6624BFEEEF88C" bold="true" box="[191,345,1883,1904]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Diouck (1999), Dorst & Dandelot (1970), Dupuy & Verschuren (1982), Galat-Luong (1983, 1988, 1995), Galat-Luong & Galat (2005), Galat & Galat-Luong (1985), Galat et al. (2009a), Gatinot (1974, 1975, 1977), Groves (2001, 2007b), Grubb et al. (2003), Gunderson (1977), Harding (1984), Oates et al. (1996/1997), Starin (1981, 1988, 1991, 2001, 2002), Ting (2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |