397 lines
63 KiB
XML
397 lines
63 KiB
XML
<document id="967E8C3129535C74F8AE741100B1E0D3" ID-CLB-Dataset="96197" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5165.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d4d70573-1356-4ff2-8fae-af10ccdef495" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6831662" ID-ZooBank="6EE2801D-1D10-42FF-9949-D96FDAD46ABC" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1657783919793" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Vassallo-Avalos, Aurora, González-Muñoz, Ricardo, Acuña, Fabián H., Cervantes-Ramírez, Itzel Ittaí & Rivas, Gerardo" docDate="2022" docId="03A987F09459FFC713B6F9EDD8D57597" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5165.2.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5165 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Epiactis prolifera Verrill 1869" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="169" masterDocId="FF90FF889448FFD51321FFCDDB1B7376" masterDocTitle="Intertidal sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria) from the west coast of the Peninsula of Baja California, Mexico" masterLastPageNumber="179" masterPageNumber="151" pageNumber="168" updateTime="1699359011993" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="8E5A556CBCC2EEC464D3FEB1326438E5">Intertidal sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria) from the west coast of the Peninsula of Baja California, Mexico</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="012BB5B408739108E32F658F3CA1EC37">Vassallo-Avalos, Aurora</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1C701E2C1192FD83869BB2790FFB9F4C">Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México. auroravassallo @ ciencias. unam. mx; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 4756 - 3460 & Laboratorio de Zoología Acuática, Departamento Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2AE4BB5F4D6F4FF1E600DFF059E8D0EB">González-Muñoz, Ricardo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4550FB01C487B6552F066EB2A9E3E119">Laboratorio de Biología de Cnidarios. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), CONICET; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, C. P. 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina & ricordea. gonzalez @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9509 - 0269</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="90A98214E3FF800541FE287249C72139">Acuña, Fabián H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="EE304A557ECF490867F9BE09A0CA86FA">Laboratorio de Biología de Cnidarios. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), CONICET; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, C. P. 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina & Estación Científica Coiba (Coiba-AIP), calle Gustavo Lara, Edificio 145 B, Clayton, Panamá, República de Panamá facuna @ mdp. edu. ar; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3075 - 2492</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="2A81B963BE92122BF53F74B307EBB8F8">Laboratorio de Zoología Acuática, Departamento Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México & ittai @ ciencias. unam. mx; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5220 - 9330</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="378C73B573B48792CF73DA03A7E52D5C">Rivas, Gerardo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="223E7F5F82105256BC413D3AD3C6A275">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6E0F4902DF73A314C4A5F234FD189B51">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03A987F09459FFC713B6F9EDD8D57597" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6834828" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197528680" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6834828" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A987F09459FFC713B6F9EDD8D57597" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987F09459FFC713B6F9EDD8D57597" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="169" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D659459FFC413B6F9EDD916754C" ID-CoL="6FPTG" authority="Verrill, 1869" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1869" box="[151,525,1568,1595]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="prolifera">
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<emphasis id="B974EAF49459FFC413B6F9EDDA71754D" bold="true" box="[151,362,1568,1595]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Epiactis prolifera</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF914B179459FFC41253F9EDD916754C" author="Verrill, E. A." box="[370,525,1568,1594]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" pagination="377 - 558" refId="ref16628" refString="Verrill, E. A. (1869) Review of the corals and polyps of the west coast of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1, 377 - 558." type="journal article" year="1869">Verrill, 1869</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="C31A656D9459FFC413B6F989DA727528" box="[151,361,1604,1630]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBF36E69459FFC413B6F989DA727528" blockId="17.[151,525,1568,1630]" box="[151,361,1604,1630]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
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(
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<figureCitation id="133B2A639459FFC413BEF989DA1A7528" box="[159,257,1604,1630]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[199,1389,181,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-19@19.[199,1389,181,1721]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 6. Epiactis prolifera. A–B) oral view showing tentacles and column. C–D) detail of juveniles around the column of different sizes. E–F) cross section of column showing gametogenic tissue. G) cross section of column showing the retractor and parietobasilar muscles. H) longitudinal section of the distal column showing marginal sphincter muscle. I) longitudinal section of tentacle showing ectodermal muscles. (J–R) Cnidae. tentacles: (J) basitrich I, (K) basitrich II, (L) spirocyst, (M) holotrich; actinopharynx: (N) basitrich, (O) p-mastigophores A; column: (P) basitrich; filaments: (Q) basitrich, (R) p-mastigophores A. Abbreviations. ep: epidermis, g: gastrodermis, juv: juveniles, lm: longitudinal muscles, me: mesoglea, o: oocyte, pbm: parietobasilar muscles, rm: retractor muscles, sc: sperm cysts, sp: sphincter, t: tentacles. Scale bars: A–D: 15 mm; E–F–I: 200 µm, G–H: 500 µm; J–R: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6831678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6831678/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Figure 6</figureCitation>
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,
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<tableCitation id="C682035D9459FFC4122DF989DA7B7528" box="[268,352,1604,1630]" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="20.[150,238,691,717]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="TABLE 6. Size ranges and distribution of cnidae Epiactis prolifera: ml and mw are the means, N is the proportion of animals examined with the respective type of cnidae present; n is the number of capsules measured. Sizes in micrometers. Letters in parenthesis correspond with images in Fig. 6. (1) named as microbasic p-mastigophore by Carlgren (1952), Hand (1955) and Fautin & Chia (1986); (2) named as atrich by Carlgren (1952). The size ranges presented by Carlgren (1952) for each individual were unified to facilitate their reading." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7F666E945CFFC113B7FD7EDBF5704F" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" tableUuid="DF7F666E945CFFC113B7FD7EDBF5704F">Table 6</tableCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31A656D9459FFC413B6F944D960746A" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" type="reference_group">
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D659459FFC413B6F944D93B75D7" ID-CoL="NVCD" authority="Verrill, 1869" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1869" box="[151,544,1673,1697]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Bunodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="japonica">
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<emphasis id="B974EAF49459FFC413B6F944DA5575D7" box="[151,334,1673,1697]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Bunodes japonica</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF914B179459FFC41272F944DACF75D7" author="Verrill, E. A." box="[339,468,1673,1697]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" pagination="377 - 558" refId="ref16628" refString="Verrill, E. A. (1869) Review of the corals and polyps of the west coast of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1, 377 - 558." type="journal article" year="1869">Verrill, 1869</bibRefCitation>
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(1870)
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</taxonomicName>
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, p. 62 [28]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBF36E69459FFC413B6F965D96A75C9" blockId="17.[151,812,1673,1820]" box="[151,625,1703,1728]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1011C89459FFC413B6F965D96A75C9" box="[151,625,1703,1728]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA110F79459FFC413B6F965D91575C9" author="Andres, A." box="[151,526,1703,1728]" page="570" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" year="1883">
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D659459FFC413B6F965D91575C9" ID-CoL="6FPTP" authority="Andres, 1883, p. 570" authorityName="Andres" authorityPageNumber="570" authorityYear="1883" box="[151,526,1703,1728]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fertilis">
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<emphasis id="B974EAF49459FFC413B6F965DA2875B6" box="[151,307,1704,1728]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Epiactis fertilis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF914B179459FFC41219F965DAD975B6" author="Andres, A." box="[312,450,1704,1728]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" refId="ref12340" refString="Andres, A. (1883) Le Attinie. Vol. 1. Coi Tipi der Salviucci, Roma, 460 pp." type="book" year="1883">Andres, 1883</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 570
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, 574–575
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBF36E69459FFC413B6F90AD83775A8" blockId="17.[151,812,1673,1820]" box="[151,812,1734,1758]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1011C89459FFC413B6F90AD83775A8" box="[151,812,1734,1758]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA110F79459FFC413B6F90AD90775A8" author="Verrill, E. A." box="[151,540,1734,1758]" page="492" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" year="1869">
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D659459FFC413B6F90AD90775A8" ID-CoL="6FPTG" authority="Verrill, 1869, p. 492" authorityName="Verrill" authorityPageNumber="492" authorityYear="1869" box="[151,540,1734,1758]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="prolifera">
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<emphasis id="B974EAF49459FFC413B6F90ADA5175A8" box="[151,330,1734,1758]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Epiactis prolifera</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF914B179459FFC41271F90BDAC975A8" author="Verrill, E. A." box="[336,466,1734,1758]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" pagination="377 - 558" refId="ref16628" refString="Verrill, E. A. (1869) Review of the corals and polyps of the west coast of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1, 377 - 558." type="journal article" year="1869">Verrill, 1869</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 492
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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–493 [original description]
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBF36E69459FFC413B6F92BD92A758B" blockId="17.[151,812,1673,1820]" box="[151,561,1765,1789]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D659459FFC413B6F92BDAE5758B" ID-CoL="6FQ5G" authority="Torrey, 1902, p. 393" authorityName="Torrey" authorityPageNumber="393" authorityYear="1902" box="[151,510,1765,1789]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ritteri">
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<emphasis id="B974EAF49459FFC413B6F92BDA37758B" box="[151,300,1766,1789]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Epiactis ritteri</emphasis>
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Torrey, 1902, p. 393
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</taxonomicName>
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–394
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBF36E69459FFC413B6F8C9D960746A" blockId="17.[151,812,1673,1820]" box="[151,635,1796,1820]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
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[non]
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D659459FFC413F5F8C9D94F746A" ID-CoL="6FPTG" authority="Uchida, 1934, p. 17" authorityName="Uchida" authorityPageNumber="17" authorityYear="1934" box="[212,596,1796,1820]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="prolifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF49459FFC413F5F8C9DA9C746A" box="[212,391,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Epiactis prolifera</emphasis>
|
||
Uchida, 1934, p. 17
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–31
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31A656D9459FFC713B6F884DA5171BB" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="169" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36E69459FFC413B6F884D9497412" blockId="17.[151,1437,1865,2036]" box="[151,594,1865,1892]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF49459FFC413B6F884DA9A7415" bold="true" box="[151,385,1865,1891]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
(See Appendix 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36E69459FFC413E6F8A0DA8574F1" blockId="17.[151,1437,1865,2036]" box="[199,414,1901,1927]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF49459FFC413E6F8A0DA8574F1" bold="true" box="[199,414,1901,1927]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Short description.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36E69459FFC713E6F85FD8E97213" blockId="17.[151,1437,1865,2036]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1437,150,1761]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="169" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
|
||
External anatomy: oral disc smooth, flat, reddish to cherry, or olive-green, with whitish radial lines; mouth rounded. Tentacles shorter than oral disc, smooth, thin, tips blunt, reddish to cherry or olive-green, base whitish to gray; tentacles arranged in five cycles (up to 72 tentacles in specimens examined), all of similar length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133B2A639459FFC71670F817DBC473C7" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[199,1389,181,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-19@19.[199,1389,181,1721]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 6. Epiactis prolifera. A–B) oral view showing tentacles and column. C–D) detail of juveniles around the column of different sizes. E–F) cross section of column showing gametogenic tissue. G) cross section of column showing the retractor and parietobasilar muscles. H) longitudinal section of the distal column showing marginal sphincter muscle. I) longitudinal section of tentacle showing ectodermal muscles. (J–R) Cnidae. tentacles: (J) basitrich I, (K) basitrich II, (L) spirocyst, (M) holotrich; actinopharynx: (N) basitrich, (O) p-mastigophores A; column: (P) basitrich; filaments: (Q) basitrich, (R) p-mastigophores A. Abbreviations. ep: epidermis, g: gastrodermis, juv: juveniles, lm: longitudinal muscles, me: mesoglea, o: oocyte, pbm: parietobasilar muscles, rm: retractor muscles, sc: sperm cysts, sp: sphincter, t: tentacles. Scale bars: A–D: 15 mm; E–F–I: 200 µm, G–H: 500 µm; J–R: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6831678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6831678/files/figure.png" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="169" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Figure 6A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Deep fosse. Column cylindrical, smooth, in preserved specimens
|
||
<quantity id="4CF89B03945AFFC710E9FF5ADF2873C7" box="[968,1075,151,177]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="4.0">4–10 mm</quantity>
|
||
in height,
|
||
<quantity id="4CF89B03945AFFC71789FF5BDE0973C7" box="[1192,1298,150,177]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" unit="mm" value="11.0" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="5.0">5–17 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter, with mesenterial insertions visible as light and dark alternating longitudinal rows. Pedal disc well-developed,
|
||
<quantity id="4CF89B03945AFFC71645FF76DBD8738F" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" unit="mm" value="13.5" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="6.0">6–21 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter, adherent, irregular, smooth, wider than diameter of column. Column and pedal disc reddish to cherry or olive-green with white vertical lines along the column. Up to 25 broods of different sizes attached to the middle of the column, forming a kind of ring around it (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133B2A63945AFFC71020FEEAD8807237" box="[769,923,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[199,1389,181,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-19@19.[199,1389,181,1721]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 6. Epiactis prolifera. A–B) oral view showing tentacles and column. C–D) detail of juveniles around the column of different sizes. E–F) cross section of column showing gametogenic tissue. G) cross section of column showing the retractor and parietobasilar muscles. H) longitudinal section of the distal column showing marginal sphincter muscle. I) longitudinal section of tentacle showing ectodermal muscles. (J–R) Cnidae. tentacles: (J) basitrich I, (K) basitrich II, (L) spirocyst, (M) holotrich; actinopharynx: (N) basitrich, (O) p-mastigophores A; column: (P) basitrich; filaments: (Q) basitrich, (R) p-mastigophores A. Abbreviations. ep: epidermis, g: gastrodermis, juv: juveniles, lm: longitudinal muscles, me: mesoglea, o: oocyte, pbm: parietobasilar muscles, rm: retractor muscles, sc: sperm cysts, sp: sphincter, t: tentacles. Scale bars: A–D: 15 mm; E–F–I: 200 µm, G–H: 500 µm; J–R: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6831678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6831678/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Figure 6A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Preserved specimens with beige column, the most proximal part with raised folds, tentacles the same color as the column.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36E6945AFFC713E6FEA2DE9B716F" blockId="18.[151,1437,150,1761]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
Internal anatomy: mesenteries arranged in four cycles: first and second perfect, others imperfect.Actinopharynx slightly sulcated with two pairs of directive mesenteries, each attached to well-developed siphonoglyph. Oocytes and spermatic cysts in the imperfect mesenteries (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133B2A63945AFFC7119EFE7AD84A72A7" box="[703,849,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[199,1389,181,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-19@19.[199,1389,181,1721]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 6. Epiactis prolifera. A–B) oral view showing tentacles and column. C–D) detail of juveniles around the column of different sizes. E–F) cross section of column showing gametogenic tissue. G) cross section of column showing the retractor and parietobasilar muscles. H) longitudinal section of the distal column showing marginal sphincter muscle. I) longitudinal section of tentacle showing ectodermal muscles. (J–R) Cnidae. tentacles: (J) basitrich I, (K) basitrich II, (L) spirocyst, (M) holotrich; actinopharynx: (N) basitrich, (O) p-mastigophores A; column: (P) basitrich; filaments: (Q) basitrich, (R) p-mastigophores A. Abbreviations. ep: epidermis, g: gastrodermis, juv: juveniles, lm: longitudinal muscles, me: mesoglea, o: oocyte, pbm: parietobasilar muscles, rm: retractor muscles, sc: sperm cysts, sp: sphincter, t: tentacles. Scale bars: A–D: 15 mm; E–F–I: 200 µm, G–H: 500 µm; J–R: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6831678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6831678/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Figure 6E–F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Retractor muscles restricted to diffuse. Parietobasilar muscles well developed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133B2A63945AFFC712FCFE16D94C7283" box="[477,599,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[199,1389,181,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-19@19.[199,1389,181,1721]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 6. Epiactis prolifera. A–B) oral view showing tentacles and column. C–D) detail of juveniles around the column of different sizes. E–F) cross section of column showing gametogenic tissue. G) cross section of column showing the retractor and parietobasilar muscles. H) longitudinal section of the distal column showing marginal sphincter muscle. I) longitudinal section of tentacle showing ectodermal muscles. (J–R) Cnidae. tentacles: (J) basitrich I, (K) basitrich II, (L) spirocyst, (M) holotrich; actinopharynx: (N) basitrich, (O) p-mastigophores A; column: (P) basitrich; filaments: (Q) basitrich, (R) p-mastigophores A. Abbreviations. ep: epidermis, g: gastrodermis, juv: juveniles, lm: longitudinal muscles, me: mesoglea, o: oocyte, pbm: parietobasilar muscles, rm: retractor muscles, sc: sperm cysts, sp: sphincter, t: tentacles. Scale bars: A–D: 15 mm; E–F–I: 200 µm, G–H: 500 µm; J–R: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6831678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6831678/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Figure 6G</figureCitation>
|
||
); basilar muscles well developed. Endodermal marginal sphincter muscle circumscribed, palmate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133B2A63945AFFC7128AFE32D938716F" box="[427,547,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[199,1389,181,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-19@19.[199,1389,181,1721]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 6. Epiactis prolifera. A–B) oral view showing tentacles and column. C–D) detail of juveniles around the column of different sizes. E–F) cross section of column showing gametogenic tissue. G) cross section of column showing the retractor and parietobasilar muscles. H) longitudinal section of the distal column showing marginal sphincter muscle. I) longitudinal section of tentacle showing ectodermal muscles. (J–R) Cnidae. tentacles: (J) basitrich I, (K) basitrich II, (L) spirocyst, (M) holotrich; actinopharynx: (N) basitrich, (O) p-mastigophores A; column: (P) basitrich; filaments: (Q) basitrich, (R) p-mastigophores A. Abbreviations. ep: epidermis, g: gastrodermis, juv: juveniles, lm: longitudinal muscles, me: mesoglea, o: oocyte, pbm: parietobasilar muscles, rm: retractor muscles, sc: sperm cysts, sp: sphincter, t: tentacles. Scale bars: A–D: 15 mm; E–F–I: 200 µm, G–H: 500 µm; J–R: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6831678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6831678/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Figure 6H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Longitudinal muscles of tentacles ectodermal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133B2A63945AFFC71763FE32DFB5716F" box="[1090,1198,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[199,1389,181,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-19@19.[199,1389,181,1721]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 6. Epiactis prolifera. A–B) oral view showing tentacles and column. C–D) detail of juveniles around the column of different sizes. E–F) cross section of column showing gametogenic tissue. G) cross section of column showing the retractor and parietobasilar muscles. H) longitudinal section of the distal column showing marginal sphincter muscle. I) longitudinal section of tentacle showing ectodermal muscles. (J–R) Cnidae. tentacles: (J) basitrich I, (K) basitrich II, (L) spirocyst, (M) holotrich; actinopharynx: (N) basitrich, (O) p-mastigophores A; column: (P) basitrich; filaments: (Q) basitrich, (R) p-mastigophores A. Abbreviations. ep: epidermis, g: gastrodermis, juv: juveniles, lm: longitudinal muscles, me: mesoglea, o: oocyte, pbm: parietobasilar muscles, rm: retractor muscles, sc: sperm cysts, sp: sphincter, t: tentacles. Scale bars: A–D: 15 mm; E–F–I: 200 µm, G–H: 500 µm; J–R: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6831678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6831678/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Figure 6I</figureCitation>
|
||
). Azooxanthellate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36E6945AFFC713E6FDEEDA957117" blockId="18.[151,1437,150,1761]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
Cnidom: basitrichs, spirocysts, holotrichs, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC711F7FDEED9FF714A" box="[726,740,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">p</emphasis>
|
||
-mastigophores A (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133B2A63945AFFC71099FDEEDF53714B" box="[952,1096,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[199,1389,181,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-19@19.[199,1389,181,1721]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 6. Epiactis prolifera. A–B) oral view showing tentacles and column. C–D) detail of juveniles around the column of different sizes. E–F) cross section of column showing gametogenic tissue. G) cross section of column showing the retractor and parietobasilar muscles. H) longitudinal section of the distal column showing marginal sphincter muscle. I) longitudinal section of tentacle showing ectodermal muscles. (J–R) Cnidae. tentacles: (J) basitrich I, (K) basitrich II, (L) spirocyst, (M) holotrich; actinopharynx: (N) basitrich, (O) p-mastigophores A; column: (P) basitrich; filaments: (Q) basitrich, (R) p-mastigophores A. Abbreviations. ep: epidermis, g: gastrodermis, juv: juveniles, lm: longitudinal muscles, me: mesoglea, o: oocyte, pbm: parietobasilar muscles, rm: retractor muscles, sc: sperm cysts, sp: sphincter, t: tentacles. Scale bars: A–D: 15 mm; E–F–I: 200 µm, G–H: 500 µm; J–R: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6831678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6831678/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Figure 6J–R</figureCitation>
|
||
). See
|
||
<tableCitation id="C682035D945AFFC717ABFDEEDFC5714B" box="[1162,1246,547,573]" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="20.[150,238,691,717]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="TABLE 6. Size ranges and distribution of cnidae Epiactis prolifera: ml and mw are the means, N is the proportion of animals examined with the respective type of cnidae present; n is the number of capsules measured. Sizes in micrometers. Letters in parenthesis correspond with images in Fig. 6. (1) named as microbasic p-mastigophore by Carlgren (1952), Hand (1955) and Fautin & Chia (1986); (2) named as atrich by Carlgren (1952). The size ranges presented by Carlgren (1952) for each individual were unified to facilitate their reading." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7F666E945CFFC113B7FD7EDBF5704F" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" tableUuid="DF7F666E945CFFC113B7FD7EDBF5704F">Table 6</tableCitation>
|
||
for the sizes and distribution of cnidae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36E6945AFFC713E6FDA6DA5171BB" blockId="18.[151,1437,150,1761]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC713E6FDA6DA9C71F2" bold="true" box="[199,391,618,645]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC712AEFDA6D94C71F3" authorityName="Uchida" authorityYear="1934" box="[399,599,619,645]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="prolifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC712AEFDA6D94C71F3" box="[399,599,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Epiactis prolifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
inhabits open shores in the intertidal zone attached to rocks, algae or sea grasses, in crevices or hollows. It is also found in the subtidal, some individuals have been extracted from
|
||
<quantity id="4CF89B03945AFFC7166CFD43DBB671BB" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" unit="m" value="16.0" valueMax="27.0" valueMin="5.0">5 to 27 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC7139DFD7EDA2671BB" author="Hand, C." box="[188,317,690,717]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="37 - 99" refId="ref14872" refString="Hand, C. (1955) The sea anemones of Central California Part II. The endomyarian and mesomyarian anemones. The Wasmann Journal of Biology, 13, 37 - 99." type="journal article" year="1955">Hand 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31A656D945AFFC713E6FD1BDA70704F" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36E6945AFFC713E6FD1BDA70704F" blockId="18.[151,1437,150,1761]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC713E6FD1BDA7A7186" bold="true" box="[199,353,726,752]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Along the North American Pacific coast in Washington, Oregon and California (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC71628FD1ADE8C7187" author="Verrill, E. A." box="[1289,1431,727,753]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="377 - 558" refId="ref16628" refString="Verrill, E. A. (1869) Review of the corals and polyps of the west coast of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1, 377 - 558." type="journal article" year="1869">Verrill 1869</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC713B6FD36DA267063" author="Carlgren, O." box="[151,317,763,789]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref12795" refString="Carlgren, O. (1949) A survey of the Ptychodactiaria, Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Kunglia Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar, 1, 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1949">Carlgren 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC71268FD37DA9F7063" author="Carlgren, O." box="[329,388,762,789]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="415 - 449" refId="ref12829" refString="Carlgren, O. (1951) The actinian fauna of the Gulf of California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 101, 415 - 449." type="journal article" year="1951">1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC712B3FD36D9097063" author="Hand, C." box="[402,530,762,789]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="37 - 99" refId="ref14872" refString="Hand, C. (1955) The sea anemones of Central California Part II. The endomyarian and mesomyarian anemones. The Wasmann Journal of Biology, 13, 37 - 99." type="journal article" year="1955">Hand 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC7113EFD36D9BA7063" author="Dunn, D. F." box="[543,673,762,789]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="199 - 218" refId="ref13490" refString="Dunn, D. F. (1975) Reproduction of the externally brooding sea anemone Epiactis prolifera Verrill, 1869. Biological Bulletin, 148, 199 - 218. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1540543" type="journal article" year="1975">Dunn 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC7118EFD36D88D7063" author="Fautin, D. G. & Chia, F. A." box="[687,918,763,789]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="1665 - 1674" refId="ref13788" refString="Fautin, D. G. & Chia, F. A. (1986) Revision of sea anemone genus Epiactis (Coelenterata: Actiniaria) on the Pacific coast of North America, with descriptions of two new brooding species. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64, 1665 - 1674. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 86 - 250" type="journal article" year="1986">Fautin & Chia 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC71082FD36DF897063" author="Larson, P. & Daly, M." box="[931,1170,762,789]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="913 - 928" refId="ref15317" refString="Larson, P. & Daly, M. (2015) ' Putting names with faces': a description of Epiactis handi sp. nov helps to resolve taxonomic confusion in species of the sea anemone Epiactis (Actiniaria, Actiniidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 95 (5), 913 - 928. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315415000168" type="journal article" year="2015">Larson & Daly 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC717BFFD36DFC07063" author="Larson, P. & Daly, M." box="[1182,1243,763,789]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="548 - 558" refId="ref15392" refString="Larson, P. & Daly, M. (2016) Phylogenetic analysis reveals an evolutionary transition from internal to external brooding in Epiactis Verrill (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) and rejects the validity of the genus Cnidopus Carlgren. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 94, 548 - 558. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2015.10.008" type="journal article" year="2016">2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This is the first record for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3177676945AFFC7122CFCD2DA7D704F" box="[269,358,799,825]" name="Mexico" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31A656D945AFFC713E6FC8ED8D57597" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36E6945AFFC713E6FC8ED8F67767" blockId="18.[151,1437,150,1761]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC713E6FC8EDA20702B" bold="true" box="[199,315,835,861]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Currently 19 species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC711F7FC8ED829702A" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1869" box="[726,818,835,860]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC711F7FC8ED829702A" box="[726,818,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Epiactis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC710E7FC8EDFD9702B" author="Daly, M. & Fautin, D. G." box="[966,1218,835,861]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refId="ref13058" refString="Daly, M. & Fautin, D. G. (2022 b) World List of Actiniaria. Epiactis Verrill, 1869. World Register of Marine Species. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 100703 (accessed 13 March 2022)" type="url" year="2022">Daly & Fautin 2022b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) of which five are distributed in the North Pacific and have external brooding:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC7101BFCAADF4570F7" authority="(Verrill 1869)" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[826,1118,871,897]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Bunodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC7101BFCAAD8A070F6" box="[826,955,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">E. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC710E8FCAADF4D70F7" author="Verrill, E. A." box="[969,1110,871,897]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="377 - 558" refId="ref16628" refString="Verrill, E. A. (1869) Review of the corals and polyps of the west coast of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1, 377 - 558." type="journal article" year="1869">Verrill 1869</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC7174BFCAADBC970D3" authority="Fautin & Chia, 1986" authorityName="Fautin & Chia" authorityYear="1986" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lisbethae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC7174BFCAADFF570F7" box="[1130,1262,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">E. lisbethae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC717D4FCAADBC970D3" author="Fautin, D. G. & Chia, F. A." pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="1665 - 1674" refId="ref13788" refString="Fautin, D. G. & Chia, F. A. (1986) Revision of sea anemone genus Epiactis (Coelenterata: Actiniaria) on the Pacific coast of North America, with descriptions of two new brooding species. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64, 1665 - 1674. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 86 - 250" type="journal article" year="1986">Fautin & Chia, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC713FFFC46DA7A70D3" authorityName="Uchida" authorityYear="1934" box="[222,353,907,933]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="prolifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC713FFFC46DA7A70D3" box="[222,353,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">E. prolifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC7124EFC46D97D70D3" authority="Torrey, 1902" authorityName="Torrey" authorityYear="1902" box="[367,614,907,933]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ritteri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC7124EFC46DAD470D2" box="[367,463,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">E. ritteri</emphasis>
|
||
Torrey, 1902
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC71154FC46D87970D3" author="Larson, P. & Daly, M." box="[629,866,907,933]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="548 - 558" refId="ref15392" refString="Larson, P. & Daly, M. (2016) Phylogenetic analysis reveals an evolutionary transition from internal to external brooding in Epiactis Verrill (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) and rejects the validity of the genus Cnidopus Carlgren. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 94, 548 - 558. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2015.10.008" type="journal article" year="2016">Larson & Daly 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC71080FC46DFF770D3" authority="Carlgren, 1951" authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1951" box="[929,1260,906,933]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="irregularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC71080FC46DF2370D3" box="[929,1080,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">E. irregularis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC71761FC46DFF770D3" author="Carlgren, O." box="[1088,1260,906,933]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="415 - 449" refId="ref12829" refString="Carlgren, O. (1951) The actinian fauna of the Gulf of California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 101, 415 - 449." type="journal article" year="1951">Carlgren, 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC717D6FC46DE8770D2" authorityName="Torrey" authorityYear="1902" box="[1271,1436,907,932]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ritteri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC717D6FC46DE8770D2" box="[1271,1436,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Epiactis ritteri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC712ACFC62D90B70BF" authorityName="Uchida" authorityYear="1934" box="[397,528,943,969]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="prolifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC712ACFC62D90B70BF" box="[397,528,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">E. prolifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the flattened limbus ornamented with square-based protuberances containing holotrichs, and is monochrome in color. Likewise, characteristics of the brooding groove and the protuberances on the column distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC712BCFC3AD9057766" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[413,542,1015,1040]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Bunodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC712BCFC3AD9057766" box="[413,542,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">E. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC71142FC3AD8F37767" authority="(Larson & Daly 2015)" baseAuthorityName="Larson & Daly" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[611,1000,1014,1041]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="prolifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC71142FC3AD9FE7767" box="[611,741,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">E. prolifera</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC711D2FC3AD8FA7767" author="Larson, P. & Daly, M." box="[755,993,1014,1041]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="913 - 928" refId="ref15317" refString="Larson, P. & Daly, M. (2015) ' Putting names with faces': a description of Epiactis handi sp. nov helps to resolve taxonomic confusion in species of the sea anemone Epiactis (Actiniaria, Actiniidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 95 (5), 913 - 928. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315415000168" type="journal article" year="2015">Larson & Daly 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36E6945AFFC713E6FBD6DE92779F" blockId="18.[151,1437,150,1761]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
The sphincter of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC712A8FBD6D9167743" baseAuthorityName="Larson & Daly" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[393,525,1051,1077]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="prolifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC712A8FBD6D9167743" box="[393,525,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">E. prolifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted and palmate, unlike that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC710F8FBD6DF6A7743" authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1951" box="[985,1137,1051,1077]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="irregularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC710F8FBD6DF6A7743" box="[985,1137,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">E. irregularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which is almost restricted and elongate as shown by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC712E5FBF2D966772F" author="Carlgren, O." box="[452,637,1086,1113]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="415 - 449" refId="ref12829" refString="Carlgren, O. (1951) The actinian fauna of the Gulf of California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 101, 415 - 449." type="journal article" year="1951">Carlgren (1951)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Although the reviewed specimens agree with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC717AEFBF2DE3C772F" authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1951" box="[1167,1319,1087,1113]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="irregularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC717AEFBF2DE3C772F" box="[1167,1319,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">E. irregularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the absence of holotrichs in the column, they differ in the presence of basitrichs larger than 21 µm in the column. Moreover, spirocysts and holotrichs are not reported in the tentacles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC710B0FB4ADF3177D7" authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1951" box="[913,1066,1159,1185]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="irregularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC710B0FB4ADF3177D7" box="[913,1066,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">E. irregularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC717ABFB4ADE1577D7" baseAuthorityName="Larson & Daly" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1162,1294,1159,1185]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="prolifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC717ABFB4ADE1577D7" box="[1162,1294,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">E. prolifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We did not observe basitrichs larger than 38 µm in the filaments, in contrast to the report by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC71733FB66DFD377B3" author="Carlgren, O." box="[1042,1224,1194,1221]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="415 - 449" refId="ref12829" refString="Carlgren, O. (1951) The actinian fauna of the Gulf of California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 101, 415 - 449." type="journal article" year="1951">Carlgren (1951)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The specimen that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC713B6FB02DA51779F" author="Carlgren, O." box="[151,330,1230,1257]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="415 - 449" refId="ref12829" refString="Carlgren, O. (1951) The actinian fauna of the Gulf of California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 101, 415 - 449." type="journal article" year="1951">Carlgren (1951)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed was sterile, so the sex allocation and brood location in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC71702FB02DFA1779F" authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1951" box="[1059,1210,1231,1257]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="irregularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC71702FB02DFA1779F" box="[1059,1210,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">E. irregularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot be known.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36E6945AFFC713E6FB3EDFC27527" blockId="18.[151,1437,150,1761]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC713E6FB3EDA8B767B" authorityName="Fautin & Chia" authorityYear="1986" box="[199,400,1267,1293]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lisbethae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC713E6FB3EDA8B767B" box="[199,400,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Epiactis lisbethae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC71130FB3ED98E767B" baseAuthorityName="Larson & Daly" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[529,661,1267,1293]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="prolifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC71130FB3ED98E767B" box="[529,661,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">E. prolifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the coloration of the column and the sizes and distribution of the cnidae. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC71247FADADAF17647" baseAuthorityName="Larson & Daly" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[358,490,1303,1329]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="prolifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC71247FADADAF17647" box="[358,490,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">E. prolifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adheres no more than 40 young, generally of different sizes, which reflects a continuous reproduction, unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC712FEFAF6D97F7623" authorityName="Fautin & Chia" authorityYear="1986" box="[479,612,1339,1365]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lisbethae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC712FEFAF6D97F7623" box="[479,612,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">E. lisbethae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that can adhere several hundred young, generally of the same size, with seasonal reproduction (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC712BFFA92D993760F" author="Fautin, D. G. & Chia, F. A." box="[414,648,1375,1401]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="1665 - 1674" refId="ref13788" refString="Fautin, D. G. & Chia, F. A. (1986) Revision of sea anemone genus Epiactis (Coelenterata: Actiniaria) on the Pacific coast of North America, with descriptions of two new brooding species. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64, 1665 - 1674. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 86 - 250" type="journal article" year="1986">Fautin & Chia 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In addition,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC71008FA92D8B7760F" baseAuthorityName="Larson & Daly" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[809,940,1375,1401]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="prolifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC71008FA92D8B7760F" box="[809,940,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">E. prolifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a gynodioecious hermaphrodite while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC716A5FA92DBE776EB" authorityName="Fautin & Chia" authorityYear="1986" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lisbethae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC716A5FA92DBE776EB" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">E. lisbethae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is gonochoric (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC7128CFA4ED92B76EB" author="Dunn, D. F." box="[429,560,1410,1437]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="199 - 218" refId="ref13490" refString="Dunn, D. F. (1975) Reproduction of the externally brooding sea anemone Epiactis prolifera Verrill, 1869. Biological Bulletin, 148, 199 - 218. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1540543" type="journal article" year="1975">Dunn 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC7111CFA4ED83876EB" author="Fautin, D. G. & Chia, F. A." box="[573,803,1411,1437]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="1665 - 1674" refId="ref13788" refString="Fautin, D. G. & Chia, F. A. (1986) Revision of sea anemone genus Epiactis (Coelenterata: Actiniaria) on the Pacific coast of North America, with descriptions of two new brooding species. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64, 1665 - 1674. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 86 - 250" type="journal article" year="1986">Fautin & Chia 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC71734FA4EDF8376EB" baseAuthorityName="Larson & Daly" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1045,1176,1411,1437]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="prolifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC71734FA4EDF8376EB" box="[1045,1176,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">E. prolifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
consist of females and hermaphrodites but not males and not all individuals exhibit hermaphroditism (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC71725FA6ADF9776B7" author="Dunn, D. F." box="[1028,1164,1446,1473]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="199 - 218" refId="ref13490" refString="Dunn, D. F. (1975) Reproduction of the externally brooding sea anemone Epiactis prolifera Verrill, 1869. Biological Bulletin, 148, 199 - 218. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1540543" type="journal article" year="1975">Dunn, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The reproductive characteristsics of our specimens are the same as has been reported for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC710B2FA06DF0D7693" baseAuthorityName="Larson & Daly" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[915,1046,1483,1509]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="prolifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC710B2FA06DF0D7693" box="[915,1046,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">E. prolifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC717BCFA06DE397693" authorityName="Fautin & Chia" authorityYear="1986" box="[1181,1314,1483,1509]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lisbethae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC717BCFA06DE397693" box="[1181,1314,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">E. lisbethae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: we found hermaphroditic specimens and observed spermatogenic and oogenic tissue in the same mesentery, as did
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC7167FFA22DBF9755B" author="Dunn, D. F." pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="199 - 218" refId="ref13490" refString="Dunn, D. F. (1975) Reproduction of the externally brooding sea anemone Epiactis prolifera Verrill, 1869. Biological Bulletin, 148, 199 - 218. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1540543" type="journal article" year="1975">Dunn (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC71230F9DEDA88755B" baseAuthorityName="Larson & Daly" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[273,403,1555,1581]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="prolifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC71230F9DEDA88755B" box="[273,403,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">E. prolifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC71131F9DED819755B" author="Fautin, D. G. & Chia, F. A." box="[528,770,1555,1581]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="1665 - 1674" refId="ref13788" refString="Fautin, D. G. & Chia, F. A. (1986) Revision of sea anemone genus Epiactis (Coelenterata: Actiniaria) on the Pacific coast of North America, with descriptions of two new brooding species. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64, 1665 - 1674. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 86 - 250" type="journal article" year="1986">Fautin & Chia (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D65945AFFC710B8F9DEDF07755B" baseAuthorityName="Larson & Daly" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[921,1052,1555,1581]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Epiactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="prolifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC710B8F9DEDF07755B" box="[921,1052,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">E. prolifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks longitudinal column stripes, our specimens have vertical white stripes on its column, which agrees with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC710C4F9FADF9C7527" author="Hand, C." box="[997,1159,1590,1617]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="37 - 99" refId="ref14872" refString="Hand, C. (1955) The sea anemones of Central California Part II. The endomyarian and mesomyarian anemones. The Wasmann Journal of Biology, 13, 37 - 99." type="journal article" year="1955">Hand´s (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
report.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36E6945AFFC713E6F996D8D57597" blockId="18.[151,1437,150,1761]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
The cnidom we report agree with those previously reported (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC71052F996DF017503" author="Carlgren, O." box="[883,1050,1626,1653]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="373 - 390" refId="ref12859" refString="Carlgren, O. (1952) Arkiv for Zoologi. Actiniaria from North America. Kunglia Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien, 3, 373 - 390." type="journal article" year="1952">Carlgren 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC71707F996DFBE7503" author="Hand, C." box="[1062,1189,1626,1653]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="37 - 99" refId="ref14872" refString="Hand, C. (1955) The sea anemones of Central California Part II. The endomyarian and mesomyarian anemones. The Wasmann Journal of Biology, 13, 37 - 99." type="journal article" year="1955">Hand 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC71793F996DE8F7503" author="Fautin, D. G. & Chia, F. A." box="[1202,1428,1627,1653]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="1665 - 1674" refId="ref13788" refString="Fautin, D. G. & Chia, F. A. (1986) Revision of sea anemone genus Epiactis (Coelenterata: Actiniaria) on the Pacific coast of North America, with descriptions of two new brooding species. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64, 1665 - 1674. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 86 - 250" type="journal article" year="1986">Fautin & Chia 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) except for the holotrichs in the column which were not found in our specimens.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC71710F9B2DFDA75EF" author="Hand, C." box="[1073,1217,1662,1689]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="37 - 99" refId="ref14872" refString="Hand, C. (1955) The sea anemones of Central California Part II. The endomyarian and mesomyarian anemones. The Wasmann Journal of Biology, 13, 37 - 99." type="journal article" year="1955">Hand (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also did not report holotrichs in the column. This absence could be related to antagonistic behaviors where these cnidae may or may not appear according to the interactions of the species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B17945AFFC71021F90AD8DA7597" author="Dunn, D. F. & Chia, F. & Levine, R." box="[768,961,1735,1761]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="2071 - 2080" refId="ref13569" refString="Dunn, D. F., Chia, F. & Levine, R. (1980) Nomenclature of Aulactinia (= Bunodactis), with description of Aulactinia incubans n. sp. (Coelenterata: Actiniaria), an internally brooding sea anemone from Puget Sound. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 58, 2071 - 2080. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 80 - 284" type="journal article" year="1980">
|
||
Dunn
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EAF4945AFFC71067F90AD8637597" box="[838,888,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1980
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |