treatments-xml/data/F9/D4/92/F9D4920ED4935A43AED5C4B2F625BBFC.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.221.97766" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-221-127" ID-Pensoft-UUID="6E282F75976450CA9A94E00582769516" ModsDocID="1314-2003-221-127" checkinTime="1678494711386" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Berger, Andreas" docDate="2023" docId="F9D4920ED4935A43AED5C4B2F625BBFC" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 221: 127-148" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 221" docPubDate="2023-03-10" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.221.97766" docTitle="Scyphiphora hydrophylacea C. F. Gaertn., Suppl. Carp. 1 (2): 91 – 92, tab. 196, fig. 2. 1806." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="6E282F75976450CA9A94E00582769516" lastPageNumber="127" masterDocId="6E282F75976450CA9A94E00582769516" masterDocTitle="Solved at last: The Philippine endemic Psychotria philippensis is a synonym of Scyphiphora hydrophylacea (Rubiaceae, Scyphiphoreae)" masterLastPageNumber="148" masterPageNumber="127" pageNumber="127" updateTime="1678494711386" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title>Solved at last: The Philippine endemic Psychotria philippensis is a synonym of Scyphiphora hydrophylacea (Rubiaceae, Scyphiphoreae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Berger, Andreas</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3902-3827</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A- 1030, Vienna, Austria</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">andi.berger@univie.ac.at</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2023-03-10</mods:number>
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<mods:number>221</mods:number>
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<mods:start>127</mods:start>
<mods:end>148</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.221.97766</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.221.97766</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F9D4920ED4935A43AED5C4B2F625BBFC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F9D4920ED4935A43AED5C4B2F625BBFC" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicName ID-CoL="4W5HQ" ID-ENA="86994" LSID="F9D4920E-D493-5A43-AED5-C4B2F625BBFC" authority="C. F. Gaertn., Suppl. Carp. 1 (2): 91 - 92, tab. 196, fig. 2. 1806." authorityName="C. F. Gaertn., Suppl. Carp. 1 (2): 91 – 92, tab. 196, fig. 2. 1806." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Scyphiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scyphiphora hydrophylacea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hydrophylacea">Scyphiphora hydrophylacea C.F.Gaertn., Suppl. Carp. 1(2): 91-92, tab. 196, fig. 2. 1806.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Epithinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Epithinia malayana" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="malayana">Epithinia malayana</taxonomicName>
= 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Epithinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Epithinia malayana" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="malayana">Epithinia malayana</taxonomicName>
Jack, Malayan Misc. 1(5): 12-13. 1820. ≡ 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Scyphiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scyphiphora malayana" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="malayana">Scyphiphora malayana</taxonomicName>
(Jack) Bedd., Fl. Sylv. S. India 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Forester’s">Forester's</normalizedToken>
Man. Bot.: cxxxiv-3, tab. 29., fig. 5. 1874, nom. inval. Type: Singapore. Singapore Island [protologue: &quot;Found in Mangrove swamps on the Island of Singapore.&quot;], s.d., 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">W. Jack s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.26492/fos13.2019-01" author="Wong, KM" journalOrPublisher="In: Middleton DJ, Leong-Skornickova J, Lindsay S (Eds) Flora of Singapore (Vol. 13). Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B137" refString="Wong, KM, Turner, IM, Wang, RJ, Harwood, R, Seah, WW, Ng, XY, Lim, RCJ, Lua, HK, Mahyuni, R, 2019. Rubiaceae. In: Middleton DJ, Leong-Skornickova J, Lindsay S (Eds) Flora of Singapore (Vol. 13). Gentianales, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26492/fos13.2019-01" title="Rubiaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.26492/fos13.2019-01" year="2019">Wong et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
: 283: L [L 0001344]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Psychotria philippensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="philippensis">Psychotria philippensis</taxonomicName>
= 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Psychotria philippensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="philippensis">Psychotria philippensis</taxonomicName>
Cham. &amp; Schltdl., Linnaea 4(1): 21-22. 1829a. ≡ 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Uragoga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Uragoga philippensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="philippensis">Uragoga philippensis</taxonomicName>
(Cham. &amp; Schltdl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 962. 1891. Type: Philippines. Luzon, Calabarzon Region, Cavite Province: Noveleta [protologue: &quot;Legimus in maritimis circa Tierra-alta 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Luçoniae.”">Luconiae.&quot;</normalizedToken>
], 1817-1818, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">L. K. A. von Chamisso s.n.</emphasis>
(type, B†). Neotype: Philippines, Palawan Province: Culion Island, August 1913, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">L. Escritor s.n.</emphasis>
in 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Merrill: Species Blancoanae 635</emphasis>
(neotype, here designated: US [00624079]; isoneotypes: L [L.2962064], P [P03972577], W [W 0131765]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ixora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ixora manila" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="manila">Ixora manila</taxonomicName>
= 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ixora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ixora manila" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="manila">Ixora manila</taxonomicName>
Blanco, Fl. Filip.: 60-61. 1837. Type: Philippines. Palawan Province: Culion Island, August 1913, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">L. Escritor s.n.</emphasis>
in 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Merrill: Species Blancoanae 635</emphasis>
(first-step neotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2116" author="Merrill, ED" journalOrPublisher="12, Manila" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B81" refString="Merrill, ED, 1918. Species Blancoanae: a critical revision of the Philippine species of plants described by Blanco and by Llanos. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Bureau of Science Publication No. 12, Manila, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2116" title="Species Blancoanae: a critical revision of the Philippine species of plants described by Blanco and by Llanos. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Bureau of Science Publication No." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2116" year="1918">Merrill 1918</bibRefCitation>
: 364; second-step neotype, here designated: US [00624079]; isoneotypes: L [L.2962064], P [P03972577], W [W 0131765]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Hydnophytum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hydnophytum costatum" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="costatum">Hydnophytum costatum</taxonomicName>
= 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Hydnophytum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hydnophytum costatum" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="costatum">Hydnophytum costatum</taxonomicName>
Drake, J. Bot. (Morot) 9: 240-241. 1895. Type: Vietnam. Quảng Ninh Province: Surroundings of Quảng 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yên">Yen</normalizedToken>
[protologue: &quot;Environs de Quang-Yen, au milieu des 
<normalizedToken originalValue="palétuviers">paletuviers</normalizedToken>
(685).&quot;], August 1885, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">B. Balansa 685</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.26492/fos13.2019-01" author="Wong, KM" journalOrPublisher="In: Middleton DJ, Leong-Skornickova J, Lindsay S (Eds) Flora of Singapore (Vol. 13). Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B137" refString="Wong, KM, Turner, IM, Wang, RJ, Harwood, R, Seah, WW, Ng, XY, Lim, RCJ, Lua, HK, Mahyuni, R, 2019. Rubiaceae. In: Middleton DJ, Leong-Skornickova J, Lindsay S (Eds) Flora of Singapore (Vol. 13). Gentianales, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26492/fos13.2019-01" title="Rubiaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.26492/fos13.2019-01" year="2019">Wong et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
: 283: P [P00836559]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1770-10-02" collectorName="J. Banks" country="Indonesia" location="Anyer" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Java" typeStatus="lectotype">
<collectingCountry name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur">Java</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Barat">Jawa Barat</collectingRegion>
: 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F9D4920ED4935A43AED5C4B2F625BBFC:115C8CABE5B9E26AA6AE4771EC13BBC6" country="Indonesia" name="Anyer" stateProvince="Java">Anyer</location>
[protologue: &quot; 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Hydrophylax" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hydrophylax" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Hydrophylax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Collect. Banks.&quot;], 
<collectingDate value="1770-10-02">2. Oct. 1770</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">unknown collector</emphasis>
in 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
<collectorName>J. Banks</collectorName>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus>lectotype</typeStatus>
, here designated: BM [BM000945301])
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="the type of psychotria philippensis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
The type of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Psychotria philippensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="philippensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Psychotria philippensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Psychotria philippensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="philippensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Psychotria philippensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was published in a series on the botanical results of the Romanzoffian expedition on the Rurik prepared by 
<bibRefCitation author="Chamisso, LKA" journalOrPublisher="Linnaea" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="1 - 36" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/95330" refId="B34" refString="Chamisso, LKA, Schlechtendal, DFL, 1829a. De plantis in expeditione speculatoria Romanzoffiana observatis disserere pergunt. Rubiaceae. Machaonia.-Tribus IV. Psychotriaceae. Linnaea 4 (1): 1 - 36, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/95330" title="De plantis in expeditione speculatoria Romanzoffiana observatis disserere pergunt. Rubiaceae. Machaonia. - Tribus IV. Psychotriaceae." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/95330" volume="4" year="1829 a">Chamisso and Schlechtendal (1829a)</bibRefCitation>
. The protologue gives &quot;in maritimis circa Tierra-alta 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Luçoniae”">Luconiae&quot;</normalizedToken>
as a rather minimalistic collection locality. Fortunately, more detailed information can be derived from the diaries and travelogues of 
<bibRefCitation author="Chamisso, LKA" journalOrPublisher="Linnaea" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN345209109" refId="B30" refString="Chamisso, LKA, 1836a. Reise um die Welt mit der Romanzoffischen Entdeckungs-Expedition in den Jahren 1815-1818 auf der Brigg Rurik, Cpt. Otto von Kotzebue. Erster Theil, Tagebuch. Adelbert von Chamisso's Werke. Erster Band. Weidmann'sche Buchhandlung, Leipzig. http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN345209109" title="Reise um die Welt mit der Romanzoffischen Entdeckungs-Expedition in den Jahren 1815 - 1818 auf der Brigg Rurik, Cpt. Otto von Kotzebue. Erster Theil, Tagebuch. Adelbert von Chamisso's Werke. Erster Band. Weidmann'sche Buchhandlung, Leipzig." url="http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN345209109" year="1836 a">Chamisso (1836a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Chamisso, LKA" journalOrPublisher="Linnaea" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN345209168" refId="B31" refString="Chamisso, LKA, 1836b. Reise um die Welt mit der Romanzoffischen Entdeckungs-Expedition in den Jahren 1815-1818 auf der Brigg Rurik, Cpt. Otto von Kotzebue. Zweiter Theil, Anhang. Bemerkungen und Ansichten. Adelbert von Chamisso's Werke. Zweiter Band. Weidmann'sche Buchhandlung, Leipzig. http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN345209168" title="Reise um die Welt mit der Romanzoffischen Entdeckungs-Expedition in den Jahren 1815 - 1818 auf der Brigg Rurik, Cpt. Otto von Kotzebue. Zweiter Theil, Anhang. Bemerkungen und Ansichten. Adelbert von Chamisso's Werke. Zweiter Band. Weidmann'sche Buchhandlung, Leipzig." url="http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN345209168" year="1836 b">b</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.48463" author="Kotzebue, O" journalOrPublisher="Nederlandsch Kruidkundige Archief" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B73" refString="Kotzebue, O, 1821. Entdeckungsreise in die Suedsee und nach der Beringstrasse zur Erforschung der nordoestlichen Durchfahrt. Unternommen in den Jahren 1815, 1816, 1817 und 1818 auf Kosten Sr. Erlaucht des Herrn Reichs-Kanzlers Grafen Rumanzoff auf dem Schiffe Rurick unter dem Befehl des Lieutenants der Russisch-Kaiserlichen Marine Otto von Kotzebue. Dritter Band. Enthaelt die Bemerkungen und Ansichten von dem Naturforscher der Expedition, Albert v. Chamisso, nebst Beitraegen von andern Gelehrten. Gebrueder Hoffmann, Weimar. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.48463" title="Entdeckungsreise in die Suedsee und nach der Beringstrasse zur Erforschung der nordoestlichen Durchfahrt. Unternommen in den Jahren 1815, 1816, 1817 und 1818 auf Kosten Sr. Erlaucht des Herrn Reichs-Kanzlers Grafen Rumanzoff auf dem Schiffe Rurick unter dem Befehl des Lieutenants der Russisch-Kaiserlichen Marine Otto von Kotzebue. Dritter Band. Enthaelt die Bemerkungen und Ansichten von dem Naturforscher der Expedition, Albert v. Chamisso, nebst Beitraegen von andern Gelehrten. Gebrueder Hoffmann, Weimar." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.48463" year="1821">Kotzebue (1821)</bibRefCitation>
. According to them, the Rurik stayed in the port of Cavite from 18 December 1817 to 28 January 1818 for refurbishments, the most important Philippine fortress and an arsenal of the Spaniards at that time. Knowing that Cavite had little to offer a botanist, Chamisso quickly settled in Tierra Alta, then a small village on the high shore of Manila Bay, where the sandy headland of Cavite joins the adjacent mainland.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
Chamisso noted that the lush forests around Tierra Alta extend from the mountains to the coast, where &quot; 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhizophora" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Rhizophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other trees reach into the sea&quot; (
<bibRefCitation author="Chamisso, LKA" journalOrPublisher="Linnaea" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN345209168" refId="B31" refString="Chamisso, LKA, 1836b. Reise um die Welt mit der Romanzoffischen Entdeckungs-Expedition in den Jahren 1815-1818 auf der Brigg Rurik, Cpt. Otto von Kotzebue. Zweiter Theil, Anhang. Bemerkungen und Ansichten. Adelbert von Chamisso's Werke. Zweiter Band. Weidmann'sche Buchhandlung, Leipzig. http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN345209168" title="Reise um die Welt mit der Romanzoffischen Entdeckungs-Expedition in den Jahren 1815 - 1818 auf der Brigg Rurik, Cpt. Otto von Kotzebue. Zweiter Theil, Anhang. Bemerkungen und Ansichten. Adelbert von Chamisso's Werke. Zweiter Band. Weidmann'sche Buchhandlung, Leipzig." url="http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN345209168" year="1836 b">Chamisso 1836b</bibRefCitation>
: 118). He spent most of his time in the Philippines here and roamed the area around Tierra Alta, where he also collected the type specimen of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Psychotria philippensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="philippensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Psychotria philippensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Chamisso, LKA" journalOrPublisher="Linnaea" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="1 - 36" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/95330" refId="B34" refString="Chamisso, LKA, Schlechtendal, DFL, 1829a. De plantis in expeditione speculatoria Romanzoffiana observatis disserere pergunt. Rubiaceae. Machaonia.-Tribus IV. Psychotriaceae. Linnaea 4 (1): 1 - 36, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/95330" title="De plantis in expeditione speculatoria Romanzoffiana observatis disserere pergunt. Rubiaceae. Machaonia. - Tribus IV. Psychotriaceae." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/95330" volume="4" year="1829 a">Chamisso and Schlechtendal 1829a</bibRefCitation>
). Chamisso first passed through Tierra Alta on 27 December 1817, when he travelled overland from Manila back to Cavite. The French nobleman Don San Jago de Echaparre offered him hospitality there, and he returned to work in Tierra Alta a few days later. He stayed there until 12 January 1818, when he first left for an eight-day expedition to Taal Lake and Volcano in the interior, returning to Cavite shortly thereafter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
The type collection of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Psychotria philippensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="philippensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Psychotria philippensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(apparently mentioned by him as one of the &quot;other trees&quot; in the remark quoted above) can thus be dated and localized to the mangroves around Tierra Alta and a period of about two weeks. According to information on the neotype, US 00624079, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Scyphiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scyphiphora hydrophylacea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hydrophylacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Scyphiphora hydrophylacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was already extinct in the entire Manila Bay region by around 1913, where it was once widespread (
<bibRefCitation author="Blanco, M" journalOrPublisher="Biodiversitas" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idurl/1/9493" refId="B19" refString="Blanco, M, 1837. Flora de Filipinas. Segun el Sistema Sexual de Linneo. En la Imprenta de Sto. Tomas por D. Candido Lopez, Manila. https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idurl/1/9493" title="Flora de Filipinas. Segun el Sistema Sexual de Linneo. En la Imprenta de Sto. Tomas por D. Candido Lopez, Manila." url="https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idurl/1/9493" year="1837">Blanco 1837</bibRefCitation>
: 60-61, as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ixora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ixora manila" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="manila">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Ixora manila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). This is even more tragic as Blanco reported that the native Tagalog names he attributed to the species, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">nilad</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">manilad</emphasis>
or 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">may-nilad</emphasis>
, places where 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">nilad</emphasis>
is abundant, ultimately led to the name Manila. This notion is, however, rejected by modern authors (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation author="Baumgartner, J" journalOrPublisher="Thai Forest Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29791188" refId="B13" refString="Baumgartner, J, 1975. Manila - Maynilad or Maynila? Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 3(1): 52-54. https://www.jstor.org/stable/29791188" title="Manila - Maynilad or Maynila? Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 3 (1): 52 - 54." url="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29791188" year="1975">Baumgartner 1975</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
After the destruction of B, where Schumann and Merrill had seen the only known type specimen, there should have been additional original material of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Psychotria philippensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="philippensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Psychotria philippensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
found in HAL and LE, which hold the largest extant parts of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chamisso’s">Chamisso's</normalizedToken>
herbarium (see above). However, no specimens are currently known in either of these herbaria (HAL: 
<bibRefCitation author="Braun, U" journalOrPublisher="Schlechtendalia (Halle)" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="15 - 65" publicationUrl="http://public.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/index.php/schlechtendalia/article/view/548" refId="B24" refString="Braun, U, Wittig, A-K, 2003. Typusmaterial des Herbariums der Martin-Luther-Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg (HAL) Teil 4: Taxa beschrieben von D.F.L. von Schlechtendal. Schlechtendalia (Halle) 10: 15 - 65, http://public.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/index.php/schlechtendalia/article/view/548" title="Typusmaterial des Herbariums der Martin-Luther-Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg (HAL) Teil 4: Taxa beschrieben von D. F. L. von Schlechtendal." url="http://public.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/index.php/schlechtendalia/article/view/548" volume="10" year="2003">Braun and Wittig 2003</bibRefCitation>
; LE: Larisa Orlova, personal comment) or other collections (JSTOR Global Plants database, http://plants.jstor.org; accessed February 2023). Searches in the herbarium of the Natural History Museum, Vienna (W), where three Chamisso specimens of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Psychotria" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Psychotria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
recently resurfaced in the extensive private herbarium of Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher (1804-1849), professor of botany and director of the Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum of Vienna, were also unsuccessful (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.114.29426" author="Berger, A" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="27 - 42" refId="B16" refString="Berger, A, 2018. Rediscovery of Chamisso's type specimens of Hawaiian Psychotria (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae) in the herbarium of the Natural History Museum, Vienna. PhytoKeys 114: 27 - 42, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.114.29426" title="Rediscovery of Chamisso's type specimens of Hawaiian Psychotria (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae) in the herbarium of the Natural History Museum, Vienna." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.114.29426" volume="114" year="2018">Berger 2018</bibRefCitation>
; see also 
<bibRefCitation author="Braeuchler, C" journalOrPublisher="Serie B, fuer Botanik und Zoologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="297 - 322" publicationUrl="http://verlag.nhm-wien.ac.at/pdfs/123B_297322_Braeuchler.pdf" refId="B23" refString="Braeuchler, C, Schuster, TM, Vitek, E, Rainer, H, 2021. The Department of Botany at the Natural History Museum Vienna (Herbarium W)-history, status, and a best practice guideline for usage and requests. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B, fuer Botanik und Zoologie 123: 297 - 322, http://verlag.nhm-wien.ac.at/pdfs/123B_297322_Braeuchler.pdf" title="The Department of Botany at the Natural History Museum Vienna (Herbarium W) - history, status, and a best practice guideline for usage and requests. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien." url="http://verlag.nhm-wien.ac.at/pdfs/123B_297322_Braeuchler.pdf" volume="123" year="2021">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bräuchler">Braeuchler</normalizedToken>
et al. 2021
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
Therefore, the name 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Psychotria philippensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="philippensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Psychotria philippensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is neotypified here, fixing the application of the name after nearly two centuries of uncertainty (ICN, Art. 9.8, 9.13; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" author="Turland, NJ" journalOrPublisher="Candollea" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B121" refString="Turland, NJ, Wiersema, JH, Barrie, FR, Greuter, W, Hawksworth, DL, Herendeen, PS, Knapp, S, Kusber, W-H, Li, D-Z, Marhold, K, May, TW, McNeill, J, Monro, AM, Prado, J, Price, MJ, Smith, GF [Eds], 2018. International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Shenzhen Code) Adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashuetten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Shenzhen Code) Adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashuetten." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" year="2018">Turland et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). The specimen designated as neotype was collected by Leonicia Escritor on Culion Island, Palawan, and is no. 635 of the exsiccatae series &quot;Species Blancoanae&quot; issued by Merrill. In this series, he distributed selected specimens that he considered particularly characteristic of the species published by Francisco Manuel Blanco (1778- 
<bibRefCitation author="Blanco, M" journalOrPublisher="Biodiversitas" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://books.google.at/books?hl=de&amp;lr=&amp;id=Zzk-AQAAMAAJ" refId="B20" refString="Blanco, M, 1845. Flora de Filipinas, Segun el Sistema Sexual de Linneo. Segunda Impresion, Corregida y Aumentada. Imprenta de D. Miguel Sanchez, Manila. https://books.google.at/books?hl=de&amp;lr=&amp;id=Zzk-AQAAMAAJ" title="Flora de Filipinas, Segun el Sistema Sexual de Linneo. Segunda Impresion, Corregida y Aumentada. Imprenta de D. Miguel Sanchez, Manila." url="https://books.google.at/books?hl=de&amp;lr=&amp;id=Zzk-AQAAMAAJ" year="1845">1845</bibRefCitation>
) in the first two editions of his &quot;Flora de Filipinas&quot; (
<bibRefCitation author="Blanco, M" journalOrPublisher="Biodiversitas" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idurl/1/9493" refId="B19" refString="Blanco, M, 1837. Flora de Filipinas. Segun el Sistema Sexual de Linneo. En la Imprenta de Sto. Tomas por D. Candido Lopez, Manila. https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idurl/1/9493" title="Flora de Filipinas. Segun el Sistema Sexual de Linneo. En la Imprenta de Sto. Tomas por D. Candido Lopez, Manila." url="https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idurl/1/9493" year="1837">Blanco 1837</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Blanco, M" journalOrPublisher="Biodiversitas" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://books.google.at/books?hl=de&amp;lr=&amp;id=Zzk-AQAAMAAJ" refId="B20" refString="Blanco, M, 1845. Flora de Filipinas, Segun el Sistema Sexual de Linneo. Segunda Impresion, Corregida y Aumentada. Imprenta de D. Miguel Sanchez, Manila. https://books.google.at/books?hl=de&amp;lr=&amp;id=Zzk-AQAAMAAJ" title="Flora de Filipinas, Segun el Sistema Sexual de Linneo. Segunda Impresion, Corregida y Aumentada. Imprenta de D. Miguel Sanchez, Manila." url="https://books.google.at/books?hl=de&amp;lr=&amp;id=Zzk-AQAAMAAJ" year="1845">1845</bibRefCitation>
) and the third edition edited by 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Andrés">Andres</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Náves">Naves</normalizedToken>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Blanco, M" journalOrPublisher="Biodiversitas" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/277741" refId="B21" refString="Blanco, M, 1877. Flora de Filipinas por el P. Fr. Manuel Blanco Agustino Calzado Adicionada con el Manuscrito Inedito del P. Fr. Ignacio Mercado las Obras de P. Fr. Antonio Llanos y de un Apendice con Todas las Nuevas Investigaciones Botanicas Referentes al Archipielago Filipino. Gran Edicion hecha a expensas de la Provincia de agustinos calzados de Filipinas bajo la direccion cientifica del P. Fr. Andres Naves (Vol. 1). Establecimiento Tipografico de Plana y C.a., Manila. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/277741" title="Flora de Filipinas por el P. Fr. Manuel Blanco Agustino Calzado Adicionada con el Manuscrito Inedito del P. Fr. Ignacio Mercado las Obras de P. Fr. Antonio Llanos y de un Apendice con Todas las Nuevas Investigaciones Botanicas Referentes al Archipielago Filipino. Gran Edicion hecha a expensas de la Provincia de agustinos calzados de Filipinas bajo la direccion cientifica del P. Fr. Andres Naves (Vol. 1). Establecimiento Tipografico de Plana y C. a., Manila." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/277741" year="1877">Blanco 1877</bibRefCitation>
). Blanco did not preserve specimens, and the interpretation of some of his names remained problematic until 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2116" author="Merrill, ED" journalOrPublisher="12, Manila" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B81" refString="Merrill, ED, 1918. Species Blancoanae: a critical revision of the Philippine species of plants described by Blanco and by Llanos. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Bureau of Science Publication No. 12, Manila, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2116" title="Species Blancoanae: a critical revision of the Philippine species of plants described by Blanco and by Llanos. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Bureau of Science Publication No." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2116" year="1918">Merrill (1918)</bibRefCitation>
published his critical revision &quot;Species Blancoanae&quot; after a thorough study of the publication. In 1916, he issued a corresponding set of &quot;illustrative specimens&quot; for each of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Blanco’s">Blanco's</normalizedToken>
names as he understood them.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
For example, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2116" author="Merrill, ED" journalOrPublisher="12, Manila" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B81" refString="Merrill, ED, 1918. Species Blancoanae: a critical revision of the Philippine species of plants described by Blanco and by Llanos. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Bureau of Science Publication No. 12, Manila, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2116" title="Species Blancoanae: a critical revision of the Philippine species of plants described by Blanco and by Llanos. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Bureau of Science Publication No." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2116" year="1918">Merrill (1918</bibRefCitation>
: 364) identified 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ixora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ixora manila" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="manila">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Ixora manila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Blanco, M" journalOrPublisher="Biodiversitas" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idurl/1/9493" refId="B19" refString="Blanco, M, 1837. Flora de Filipinas. Segun el Sistema Sexual de Linneo. En la Imprenta de Sto. Tomas por D. Candido Lopez, Manila. https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idurl/1/9493" title="Flora de Filipinas. Segun el Sistema Sexual de Linneo. En la Imprenta de Sto. Tomas por D. Candido Lopez, Manila." url="https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idurl/1/9493" year="1837">Blanco 1837</bibRefCitation>
) as the previously published 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Scyphiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scyphiphora hydrophylacea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hydrophylacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Scyphiphora hydrophylacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and distributed the specimens mentioned above to clarify the application of the name 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ixora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ixora manila" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="manila">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Ixora manila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see also 
<bibRefCitation author="Naves, A" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/279871" refId="B89" refString="Naves, A, Fernandez-Villar, C, 1880. Novissima appendix ad floram Philippinarum R. P. Fr. Emanuelis Blanco seu enumeratio contracta plantarum Philippinarum hucusque cognitarum cum synonymis PP. Blanco, Llanos, Mercado et aliorum auctorum. In: Blanco FM (Ed.) Flora de Filipinas ed. 3(4). Apud Plana et Socios, Typographos et Bibliopolas, Manila. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/279871" title="Novissima appendix ad floram Philippinarum R. P. Fr. Emanuelis Blanco seu enumeratio contracta plantarum Philippinarum hucusque cognitarum cum synonymis PP. Blanco, Llanos, Mercado et aliorum auctorum. In: Blanco FM (Ed.) Flora de Filipinas ed. 3 (4). Apud Plana et Socios, Typographos et Bibliopolas, Manila." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/279871" year="1880">
Naves and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fernández-Villar">Fernandez-Villar</normalizedToken>
1880
</bibRefCitation>
: 109, tab. 277). Thus, he anticipated the concept of the neotype, and his &quot;illustrative specimens&quot; can be understood today as first-step neotypifications of the respective names. In a subsequent second-step neotypification the designation may be narrowed to a single specimen (ICN, Art. 9.17, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" author="Turland, NJ" journalOrPublisher="Candollea" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B121" refString="Turland, NJ, Wiersema, JH, Barrie, FR, Greuter, W, Hawksworth, DL, Herendeen, PS, Knapp, S, Kusber, W-H, Li, D-Z, Marhold, K, May, TW, McNeill, J, Monro, AM, Prado, J, Price, MJ, Smith, GF [Eds], 2018. International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Shenzhen Code) Adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashuetten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Shenzhen Code) Adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashuetten." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" year="2018">Turland et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
; see also 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1996-8175.2001.tb04001.x" author="Nicolson, DH" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="947 - 954" refId="B91" refString="Nicolson, DH, Arculus, D, 2001. Candidates for neotypification of Blanco's names of Philippine plants: Specimens in the US National Herbarium. Taxon 50 (3): 947 - 954, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1996-8175.2001.tb04001.x" title="Candidates for neotypification of Blanco's names of Philippine plants: Specimens in the US National Herbarium." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1996-8175.2001.tb04001.x" volume="50" year="2001">Nicolson and Arculus 2001</bibRefCitation>
). Indeed, many of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Blanco’s">Blanco's</normalizedToken>
names were later neotypified with specimens from 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Merrill’s">Merrill's</normalizedToken>
&quot;Species Blancoanae&quot; (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1996-8175.2001.tb04001.x" author="Nicolson, DH" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="947 - 954" refId="B91" refString="Nicolson, DH, Arculus, D, 2001. Candidates for neotypification of Blanco's names of Philippine plants: Specimens in the US National Herbarium. Taxon 50 (3): 947 - 954, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1996-8175.2001.tb04001.x" title="Candidates for neotypification of Blanco's names of Philippine plants: Specimens in the US National Herbarium." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1996-8175.2001.tb04001.x" volume="50" year="2001">Nicolson and Arculus 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
According to a letter preserved at the United States National Herbarium (US), Merrill prepared 15 sets of his &quot;Species Blancoanae&quot;, each with 1046 specimens, and sent the first to US. Furthermore, he stated that the set at US was the only set that included original data such as field labels or notes and typewritten drafts of the treatments in the &quot;Species Blancoanae&quot;. According to 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1996-8175.2001.tb04001.x" author="Nicolson, DH" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="947 - 954" refId="B91" refString="Nicolson, DH, Arculus, D, 2001. Candidates for neotypification of Blanco's names of Philippine plants: Specimens in the US National Herbarium. Taxon 50 (3): 947 - 954, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1996-8175.2001.tb04001.x" title="Candidates for neotypification of Blanco's names of Philippine plants: Specimens in the US National Herbarium." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1996-8175.2001.tb04001.x" volume="50" year="2001">Nicolson and Arculus (2001)</bibRefCitation>
, specimens from these sets are now represented in many herbaria including A, B, BM, BO, CAL, F, GH, K, L, MO, NSW, NY, P, U, UC, US and W. These usually have minimal labels stenciled &quot;Merrill: Species Blancoanae No.&quot; in black ink followed by a number stamped in blue ink (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1996-8175.2001.tb04001.x" author="Nicolson, DH" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="947 - 954" refId="B91" refString="Nicolson, DH, Arculus, D, 2001. Candidates for neotypification of Blanco's names of Philippine plants: Specimens in the US National Herbarium. Taxon 50 (3): 947 - 954, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1996-8175.2001.tb04001.x" title="Candidates for neotypification of Blanco's names of Philippine plants: Specimens in the US National Herbarium." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1996-8175.2001.tb04001.x" volume="50" year="2001">Nicolson and Arculus 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
Although the above-mentioned gathering &quot;Species Blancoanae&quot; 635 is not from the Manila Bay, it serves as an excellent neotype for 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Psychotria philippensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="philippensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Psychotria philippensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because the gathering has duplicates in many herbaria and agrees with both 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Merrill’s">Merrill's</normalizedToken>
concept of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Scyphiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scyphiphora hydrophylacea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hydrophylacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Scyphiphora hydrophylacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and his interpretation of the type of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. philippensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="philippensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">P. philippensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as its synonym. Therefore, a specimen of the gathering is here designated as the neotype of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. philippensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="philippensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">P. philippensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the second-step neotype of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ixora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ixora manila" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="manila">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Ixora manila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="the type of scyphiphora hydrophylacea">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
The type of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Scyphiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scyphiphora hydrophylacea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hydrophylacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Scyphiphora hydrophylacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
With the application of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Psychotria philippensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="philippensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Psychotria philippensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fixed, some further notes on 
<taxonomicName authorityName="C.F.Gaertner" authorityYear="1806" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Scyphiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scyphiphora" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Scyphiphora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Scyphiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scyphiphora hydrophylacea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hydrophylacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Scyphiphora hydrophylacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seem useful. As to the type of genus and species, the names were published by the German botanist Carl Friedrich von Gaertner (1772-1850, original German orthography Karl Friedrich von 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gärtner">Gaertner</normalizedToken>
) in a 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Supplementum”">&quot;Supplementum&quot;</normalizedToken>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.59684" author="Gaertner, CF" journalOrPublisher="Leaflets of Philippine Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B46" refString="Gaertner, CF, 1806. Supplementum carpologiae seu continuati operis Josephi Gaertner de fructibus et seminibus plantarum. Voluminis tertii, centuria prima. Sumtibus Carol. Frid. Enoch Richter, Bibliopolae Lipsiensis, 57-128. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.59684" title="Supplementum carpologiae seu continuati operis Josephi Gaertner de fructibus et seminibus plantarum. Voluminis tertii, centuria prima. Sumtibus Carol. Frid. Enoch Richter, Bibliopolae Lipsiensis, 57 - 128." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.59684" year="1806">Gaertner 1806</bibRefCitation>
) to his father Joseph 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gaertner’s">Gaertner's</normalizedToken>
(1732-1791, original German orthography Joseph 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gärtner">Gaertner</normalizedToken>
) pioneering work on fruit and seed morphology &quot;De fructibus et seminibus plantarum&quot; (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.53838" author="Gaertner, J" journalOrPublisher="Leaflets of Philippine Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B47" refString="Gaertner, J, 1788. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. Accedunt seminum centuriae quinque priores cum tabulis aeneis LXXIX. Typis Academiae Carolinae, Stutgardiae. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.53838" title="De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. Accedunt seminum centuriae quinque priores cum tabulis aeneis LXXIX. Typis Academiae Carolinae, Stutgardiae." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.53838" year="1788">Gaertner 1788</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.53838" author="Gaertner, J" journalOrPublisher="Leaflets of Philippine Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B48" refString="Gaertner, J, 1790-1792. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum volumen alterum. Continens seminum centuriaa quinque posteriores cum tabulis aeneis CI. Typis Guilielmi Henrici Schrammii, Tubingae. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.53838" title="De fructibus et seminibus plantarum volumen alterum. Continens seminum centuriaa quinque posteriores cum tabulis aeneis CI. Typis Guilielmi Henrici Schrammii, Tubingae." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.53838" year="1790 - 1792">1790-1792</bibRefCitation>
). In writing his 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Supplement”">&quot;Supplement&quot;</normalizedToken>
, C. F. Gaertner made extensive use of his 
<normalizedToken originalValue="father’s">father's</normalizedToken>
fruit and seed collection, which was largely based on specimens received from contemporary botanists. One of the most important sources J. Gaertner consulted was 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Banks’s">Banks's</normalizedToken>
herbarium in London in 1778, and large parts of his 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Carpologia’">'Carpologia'</normalizedToken>
were based on material that he received on loan or as duplicates through 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Banks’">Banks'</normalizedToken>
generosity (
<bibRefCitation author="Deleuze, JPF" journalOrPublisher="Linnaea" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://books.google.at/books?id=Qvo5AAAAcAAJ" refId="B42" refString="Deleuze, JPF, 1805. Ueber das Leben und die Werke Gaertners und Hedwig's: aus den franzoesischen Annalen des Museums der Naturgeschichte uebersetzt. F. W. Metzler, Stuttgart. https://books.google.at/books?id=Qvo5AAAAcAAJ" title="Ueber das Leben und die Werke Gaertners und Hedwig's: aus den franzoesischen Annalen des Museums der Naturgeschichte uebersetzt. F. W. Metzler, Stuttgart." url="https://books.google.at/books?id=Qvo5AAAAcAAJ" year="1805">Deleuze 1805</bibRefCitation>
: 23-24; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1969.tb00586.x" author="Stafleu, FA" journalOrPublisher="Acta Botanica Neerlandica" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="216 - 223" refId="B115" refString="Stafleu, FA, 1969. Joseph Gaertner and his carpologia. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 18 (1): 216 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1969.tb00586.x" title="Joseph Gaertner and his carpologia." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1969.tb00586.x" volume="18" year="1969">Stafleu 1969</bibRefCitation>
). Following in his 
<normalizedToken originalValue="father’s">father's</normalizedToken>
footsteps, C. F. Gaertner also travelled to London in 1802 with the same aims (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1969.tb00586.x" author="Stafleu, FA" journalOrPublisher="Acta Botanica Neerlandica" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="216 - 223" refId="B115" refString="Stafleu, FA, 1969. Joseph Gaertner and his carpologia. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 18 (1): 216 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1969.tb00586.x" title="Joseph Gaertner and his carpologia." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1969.tb00586.x" volume="18" year="1969">Stafleu 1969</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
J. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gaertner’s">Gaertner's</normalizedToken>
collection of fruits and seeds is kept in the herbarium of the University of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tübingen">Tuebingen</normalizedToken>
(TUB), as is the herbarium of his son, who added to his 
<normalizedToken originalValue="father’s">father's</normalizedToken>
carpological collection and kept his own herbarium (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1969.tb00586.x" author="Stafleu, FA" journalOrPublisher="Acta Botanica Neerlandica" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="216 - 223" refId="B115" refString="Stafleu, FA, 1969. Joseph Gaertner and his carpologia. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 18 (1): 216 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1969.tb00586.x" title="Joseph Gaertner and his carpologia." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1969.tb00586.x" volume="18" year="1969">Stafleu 1969</bibRefCitation>
). Yet, there is no extant original material of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Scyphiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scyphiphora hydrophylacea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hydrophylacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Scyphiphora hydrophylacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Gaertner herbarium at TUB (Uta 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Grünert">Gruenert</normalizedToken>
, personal comment). However, the protologue (&quot; 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Hydrophylax" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hydrophylax" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Hydrophylax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Collect. Banksian.&quot;) indeed gives reference to traveler, naturalist and patron of science, Sir Joseph Banks (1743-1820), whose extensive private herbarium later became the foundation of the herbarium at the Natural History Museum, London (BM). There are a number of specimens and drawings of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. hydrophylacea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hydrophylacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">S. hydrophylacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at BM associated with Banks, his herbarium and endeavors.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
Two specimens, both mounted together on one sheet, are curated there as types of the name. The sheet is annotated in pencil as type of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Scyphiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scyphiphora hydrophylacea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hydrophylacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Scyphiphora hydrophylacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the place of publication of the name. The two specimens are labelled 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘1’">'1'</normalizedToken>
and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘2’">'2'</normalizedToken>
in black ink on the mounting tape at the base of the shoots. The numbers correspond to meagre annotations of locality and collector on the verso of the sheet in the upper left corner, written in black ink, as was common practice in many herbaria at that time. These annotations are here-interpreted as being in the hand of Samuel 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Törner">Toerner</normalizedToken>
, who was employed as amanuensis in the Banks herbarium from 1792 to 1797 (
<bibRefCitation author="Marshall, JB" journalOrPublisher="Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="1 - 85" refId="B79" refString="Marshall, JB, 1978. The handwriting of Joseph Banks, his scientific staff and amanuenses. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany 6 (1): 1 - 85" title="The handwriting of Joseph Banks, his scientific staff and amanuenses. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)." volume="6" year="1978">Marshall 1978</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
Specimen 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘1’">'1'</normalizedToken>
, BM 000945301, mounted on the upper left side of the sheet and annotated on the verso '1. Java prope Angerpoint. J. B.', is a small fragment of a fruiting branch with a single leaf. 'J. B.' refers to Joseph Banks and links the specimen to James 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cook’s">Cook's</normalizedToken>
first voyage aboard HMS Endeavour from 1768 to 1771, which is confirmed by a printed label of a later date reading 'Java 1770-71 Banks &amp; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Solander’">Solander'</normalizedToken>
. The specimen was collected at 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Angerpoint’">'Angerpoint'</normalizedToken>
, here identified as the present-day coastal town of Anjer or Anyer on Java, a natural harbor and important victualling station during the passage of the Sunda Strait. The diaries and travelogues of Cook and Sydney Parkinson (1745-1771), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Banks’">Banks'</normalizedToken>
illustrator (
<bibRefCitation author="Hawkesworth, J" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/303535" refId="B55" refString="Hawkesworth, J, Byron, J, Wallis, S, Carteret, P, Cook, J, Banks, J, 1773. An Account of the Voyages Undertaken by Order of his Present Majesty for Making Discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere, and Successively Performed by Commodore Byron, Captain Wallis, Captain Carteret and Captain Cook, in the Dolphin, the Swallow and the Endeavour: Drawn up from the Journals which were Kept by the Several Commanders, and from the Papers of Joseph Banks, Esq.; by John Hawkesworth, LL.D. In three volumes. Illustrated with cuts, and a great variety of charts and maps relative to countries now first discovered, or hitherto but imperfectly known (Vol. III). Printed for W. Strahan; and T. Cadell in the Strand, London. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/303535" title="An Account of the Voyages Undertaken by Order of his Present Majesty for Making Discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere, and Successively Performed by Commodore Byron, Captain Wallis, Captain Carteret and Captain Cook, in the Dolphin, the Swallow and the Endeavour: Drawn up from the Journals which were Kept by the Several Commanders, and from the Papers of Joseph Banks, Esq.; by John Hawkesworth, LL. D. In three volumes. Illustrated with cuts, and a great variety of charts and maps relative to countries now first discovered, or hitherto but imperfectly known (Vol. III). Printed for W. Strahan; and T. Cadell in the Strand, London." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/303535" year="1773">Hawkesworth et al. 1773</bibRefCitation>
: 705; 
<bibRefCitation author="Parkinson, S" journalOrPublisher="Check List" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/avhtumqu" refId="B94" refString="Parkinson, S, 1773. A Journal of a Voyage to the South Seas in his Majesty's Ship, the Endeavour. Faithfully Transcribed from the Papers of the Late Sydney Parkinson, Draughtsman to Joseph Banks, Esq. on His Late Expedition, with Dr. Solander, Round the World. Embellished with Views and Designs, Delineated by the Author, and Engraved by Capital Artists. Printed for Stanfield Parkinson, the editor, London. https://wellcomecollection.org/works/avhtumqu" title="A Journal of a Voyage to the South Seas in his Majesty's Ship, the Endeavour. Faithfully Transcribed from the Papers of the Late Sydney Parkinson, Draughtsman to Joseph Banks, Esq. on His Late Expedition, with Dr. Solander, Round the World. Embellished with Views and Designs, Delineated by the Author, and Engraved by Capital Artists. Printed for Stanfield Parkinson, the editor, London." url="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/avhtumqu" year="1773">Parkinson 1773</bibRefCitation>
: 171; 
<bibRefCitation author="Cook, J" journalOrPublisher="Linnaea" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://books.google.at/books?id=VM45AQAAMAAJ" refId="B39" refString="Cook, J, 1893. Captain Cook's journal during the first voyage round the world made in H.M. Bark &quot;Endeavour&quot; 1768-71. A literal transcription of the original MSS. With notes and introduction edited by captain W. J. L. Wharton, R.N., F.R.S., Hydrographer of the admiralty. Illustrated by maps and facsimiles. Elliot Stock, London. https://books.google.at/books?id=VM45AQAAMAAJ" title="Captain Cook's journal during the first voyage round the world made in H. M. Bark &quot; Endeavour &quot; 1768 - 71. A literal transcription of the original MSS. With notes and introduction edited by captain W. J. L. Wharton, R. N., F. R. S., Hydrographer of the admiralty. Illustrated by maps and facsimiles. Elliot Stock, London." url="https://books.google.at/books?id=VM45AQAAMAAJ" year="1893">Cook 1893</bibRefCitation>
: 349), reported that a boat was sent ashore at Anger Point on 2 October 1770, to gather supplies, and the specimen was most likely collected then. However, neither Banks nor botanist Daniel Carlsson Solander (1733-1782) went ashore that day, as can be seen from 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Banks’s">Banks's</normalizedToken>
travelogue published by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.56795" author="Hooker, JD" journalOrPublisher="Englera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B61" refString="Hooker, JD, 1896. Journal of the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks during Captain Cook's first voyage in H.M.S. Endeavour in 1768-71 to Terra del Fuego, Otahite, New Zealand, Australia, the Dutch East Indies, etc. Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.56795" title="Journal of the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks during Captain Cook's first voyage in H. M. S. Endeavour in 1768 - 71 to Terra del Fuego, Otahite, New Zealand, Australia, the Dutch East Indies, etc. Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.56795" year="1896">Hooker (1896</bibRefCitation>
: 363). For that reason, the gathering must have been made by one of the sailors gathering supplies, which probably explains the scrappy condition of the specimen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
Specimen 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘2’">'2'</normalizedToken>
, BM 000945302, consists of four flowering branches and is annotated '2. Paolo Candor. Dav. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Nelson’">Nelson'</normalizedToken>
. It was collected by David Nelson (1740-1789), who participated in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cook’s">Cook's</normalizedToken>
third voyage aboard HMS Resolution (1776-1780) on behalf of Banks. The modern transcription of 'Paolo 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candor’">Candor'</normalizedToken>
is Pulo Condor, now 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Côn">Con</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sơn">Sơn</normalizedToken>
Island, Vietnam. The gathering can be dated to 21-28 January 1780, based on 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6762" author="King, J" journalOrPublisher="Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B67" refString="King, J, 1784. A voyage to the Pacific ocean. Undertaken, by the command of His Majesty, for making discoveries in the Northern hemisphere, to determine the position and extent of the west side of North America; its distance from Asia; and the practicability of a northern passage to Europe. Performed under the direction of Captains Cook, Clerke, and Gore, in his Majesty's Ships the Resolution and Discovery. In the years 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, and 1780. In Three Volumes. Vol. I and II written by James Cook, F.R.S. Vol. III by Captain James King, LL.D. and F.R.S. Printed by W. and A. Strahan, London. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6762" title="A voyage to the Pacific ocean. Undertaken, by the command of His Majesty, for making discoveries in the Northern hemisphere, to determine the position and extent of the west side of North America; its distance from Asia; and the practicability of a northern passage to Europe. Performed under the direction of Captains Cook, Clerke, and Gore, in his Majesty's Ships the Resolution and Discovery. In the years 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, and 1780. In Three Volumes. Vol. I and II written by James Cook, F. R. S. Vol. III by Captain James King, LL. D. and F. R. S. Printed by W. and A. Strahan, London." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6762" year="1784">
<normalizedToken originalValue="King’s">King's</normalizedToken>
(1784
</bibRefCitation>
: 450-464) account of the 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Resolution’s">Resolution's</normalizedToken>
visit to the island.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
Banks and his collaborators had already collected 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Scyphiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scyphiphora hydrophylacea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hydrophylacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Scyphiphora hydrophylacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in flower and fruit in Australia, which the Endeavour expedition visited before returning home via the Dutch East Indies and the Cape of Good Hope (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9539" author="Banks, J" journalOrPublisher="Thai Forest Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B11" refString="Banks, J, Britten, J, Solander, D, 1901. Illustrations of Australian Plants Collected in 1770 During Captain Cook's Voyage Round the World in H.M.S. Endeavour in 1768-71. By the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., K.B., P.R.S., and Dr. Daniel Solander, F.R.S. With Determinations by James Britten, F.L.S. Australian Plants.-Part II. Printed by Order of the Trustees of the British Museum, London. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9539" title="Illustrations of Australian Plants Collected in 1770 During Captain Cook's Voyage Round the World in H. M. S. Endeavour in 1768 - 71. By the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., K. B., P. R. S., and Dr. Daniel Solander, F. R. S. With Determinations by James Britten, F. L. S. Australian Plants. - Part II. Printed by Order of the Trustees of the British Museum, London." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9539" year="1901">Banks et al. 1901</bibRefCitation>
: 46). Based on these gatherings, illustrations were produced under the unpublished name 'Ixoroides 
<normalizedToken originalValue="littoralis’">littoralis'</normalizedToken>
, and the corresponding artwork is held in the &quot;Cook First Voyage Artwork Collection&quot; in the library of the Natural History Museum in London. These materials include a first pencil sketch with color notes by Parkinson, made in 1770 somewhere at the mouth of the Endeavour River (plate number A4/169A). After Parkinson died on the return from the voyage in 1771 (see 
<bibRefCitation author="Parkinson, S" journalOrPublisher="Check List" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/avhtumqu" refId="B94" refString="Parkinson, S, 1773. A Journal of a Voyage to the South Seas in his Majesty's Ship, the Endeavour. Faithfully Transcribed from the Papers of the Late Sydney Parkinson, Draughtsman to Joseph Banks, Esq. on His Late Expedition, with Dr. Solander, Round the World. Embellished with Views and Designs, Delineated by the Author, and Engraved by Capital Artists. Printed for Stanfield Parkinson, the editor, London. https://wellcomecollection.org/works/avhtumqu" title="A Journal of a Voyage to the South Seas in his Majesty's Ship, the Endeavour. Faithfully Transcribed from the Papers of the Late Sydney Parkinson, Draughtsman to Joseph Banks, Esq. on His Late Expedition, with Dr. Solander, Round the World. Embellished with Views and Designs, Delineated by the Author, and Engraved by Capital Artists. Printed for Stanfield Parkinson, the editor, London." url="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/avhtumqu" year="1773">Parkinson 1773</bibRefCitation>
), the watercolors were completed by James Miller (plate number A4/169B, A4/169 2) and engraved by Charles White (plate number A4/169C, also water colored A4/169 5), both under the patronage of Banks. The illustration remained unpublished for over a century until a posthumous publication on 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Banks’s">Banks's</normalizedToken>
Australian plants from the expedition, edited by James Britten (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9539" author="Banks, J" journalOrPublisher="Thai Forest Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B11" refString="Banks, J, Britten, J, Solander, D, 1901. Illustrations of Australian Plants Collected in 1770 During Captain Cook's Voyage Round the World in H.M.S. Endeavour in 1768-71. By the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., K.B., P.R.S., and Dr. Daniel Solander, F.R.S. With Determinations by James Britten, F.L.S. Australian Plants.-Part II. Printed by Order of the Trustees of the British Museum, London. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9539" title="Illustrations of Australian Plants Collected in 1770 During Captain Cook's Voyage Round the World in H. M. S. Endeavour in 1768 - 71. By the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., K. B., P. R. S., and Dr. Daniel Solander, F. R. S. With Determinations by James Britten, F. L. S. Australian Plants. - Part II. Printed by Order of the Trustees of the British Museum, London." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9539" year="1901">Banks et al. 1901</bibRefCitation>
: 46, tab. 143). Corresponding specimens that could be located are BRI-AQ0450760, P00836560 and W0131767, all received from BM, and the former two are curated as types of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. hydrophylacea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hydrophylacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">S. hydrophylacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
Another notable holding of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Scyphiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scyphiphora hydrophylacea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hydrophylacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Scyphiphora hydrophylacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
material at BM is a long-unpublished watercolor by Ferdinand Bauer, made during the 1801-1803 circumnavigation of Australia on HMS 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Investigator" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Investigator" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Investigator</taxonomicName>
under Captain Matthew Flinders. The watercolor shows a complete specimen with analysis of flowers and fruits, and was based on gatherings from the Northern Territory, also in the library of the Natural History Museum in London (Botany Library no. 70, Admiralty Library no. 122; see 
<bibRefCitation author="Mabberley, DJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Botany Series" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="81 - 226" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41129993" refId="B78" refString="Mabberley, DJ, Moore, DT, 1999. Catalogue of the holdings in The Natural History Museum (London) of the Australian botanical drawings of Ferdinand Bauer (1760-1826) and cognate materials relating to the Investigator voyage of 1801-1805. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Botany Series 29 (2): 81 - 226, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41129993" title="Catalogue of the holdings in The Natural History Museum (London) of the Australian botanical drawings of Ferdinand Bauer (1760 - 1826) and cognate materials relating to the Investigator voyage of 1801 - 1805." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41129993" volume="29" year="1999">Mabberley and Moore 1999</bibRefCitation>
: 122, plate 70).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
The materials of the 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Investigator" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Investigator" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Investigator</taxonomicName>
expedition (1801-1803) were definitely not available at the Banksian herbarium during C. F. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gaertner’s">Gaertner's</normalizedToken>
visit in 1802. It is also unlikely that the Australian materials of the Endeavour expedition (1768-1771) were seen by him, although they were surely accessioned in a timely manner after 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Banks’">Banks'</normalizedToken>
return. The specimens were gathered under the herbarium name 'Ixoroides 
<normalizedToken originalValue="littoralis’">littoralis'</normalizedToken>
, and there is no reference to that name in the protologue of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Scyphiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scyphiphora hydrophylacea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hydrophylacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Scyphiphora hydrophylacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where the material seen by Gaertner in the Banks herbarium is instead referred to the genus 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Hydrophylax" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hydrophylax" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Hydrophylax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. f. (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Spermacoceae">Spermacoceae</taxonomicName>
). The only species currently assigned to that genus, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Hydrophylax" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hydrophylax maritima" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maritima">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Hydrophylax maritima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, inhabits sea shores in India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and the western Thai part of the Malay peninsula. It has indehiscent fruits that superficially resemble 
<taxonomicName authorityName="C.F.Gaertner" authorityYear="1806" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Scyphiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scyphiphora" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Scyphiphora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g. 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3417/2006201" author="Groeninckx, I" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="109 - 132" refId="B53" refString="Groeninckx, I, Dessein, S, Ochoterena, H, Persson, C, Motley, TJ, Karehed, J, Bremer, B, Huysmans, S, Smets, E, 2009. Phylogeny of the herbaceous tribe Spermacoceae (Rubiaceae) based on plastid DNA Data. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 96 (1): 109 - 132, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3417/2006201" title="Phylogeny of the herbaceous tribe Spermacoceae (Rubiaceae) based on plastid DNA Data." url="https://doi.org/10.3417/2006201" volume="96" year="2009">Groeninckx et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00990132" author="Puff, C" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="343 - 366" refId="B99" refString="Puff, C, 1986. Phylohydrax (Rubiaceae - Spermacoceae) - a new genus to accommodate the African and Madagascan &quot; Hydrophylax &quot; species. Plant Systematics and Evolution 154 (3-4): 343 - 366, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00990132" title="Phylohydrax (Rubiaceae - Spermacoceae) - a new genus to accommodate the African and Madagascan &quot; Hydrophylax &quot; species." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00990132" volume="154" year="1986">Puff 1986</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Puff, C" journalOrPublisher="Flora of Thailand" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="1 - 235" refId="B101" refString="Puff, C, Chayamarit, K, Chamchumroon, V, Esser, H-J, 2021. Rubiaceae (Genera 1-45). Bangkok: The Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation. Flora of Thailand 15 (1): 1 - 235" title="Rubiaceae (Genera 1 - 45). Bangkok: The Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation." volume="15" year="2021">Puff et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
), which explains the use of the generic name for the undescribed material in the Banksian Herbarium, and also lends its name to the species epithet. Hence, the two specimens curated as types of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="C.F.Gaertner" authorityYear="1806" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Scyphiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scyphiphora" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Scyphiphora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at BM remain to be considered as original material.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
C. F. Gaertner described and illustrated the fruits of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Scyphiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scyphiphora hydrophylacea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hydrophylacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Scyphiphora hydrophylacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but made no mention of the flowers (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.59684" author="Gaertner, CF" journalOrPublisher="Leaflets of Philippine Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B46" refString="Gaertner, CF, 1806. Supplementum carpologiae seu continuati operis Josephi Gaertner de fructibus et seminibus plantarum. Voluminis tertii, centuria prima. Sumtibus Carol. Frid. Enoch Richter, Bibliopolae Lipsiensis, 57-128. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.59684" title="Supplementum carpologiae seu continuati operis Josephi Gaertner de fructibus et seminibus plantarum. Voluminis tertii, centuria prima. Sumtibus Carol. Frid. Enoch Richter, Bibliopolae Lipsiensis, 57 - 128." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.59684" year="1806">Gaertner 1806</bibRefCitation>
: &quot;Cor. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
Stam. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="…”">...&quot;</normalizedToken>
) and the vegetative parts as for many other species that he described. Therefore it seems more likely that C. F. Gaertner either received isolated fruits on loan and did not study one or both of the complete specimens, or that the material had already been studied or received on loan by J. Gaertner during his visit in 1778, two years before the collection of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Nelson’s">Nelson's</normalizedToken>
specimen, and that C. F. Gaertner built upon sketches, manuscripts or other materials inherited from his father. For these reasons, the flowering specimen gathered by Nelson (BM000945302) is not considered original material here, and the single fruiting specimen, BM000945301, is here designated as lectotype of the name 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. hydrophylacea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hydrophylacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">S. hydrophylacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
A few years after 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.59684" author="Gaertner, CF" journalOrPublisher="Leaflets of Philippine Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B46" refString="Gaertner, CF, 1806. Supplementum carpologiae seu continuati operis Josephi Gaertner de fructibus et seminibus plantarum. Voluminis tertii, centuria prima. Sumtibus Carol. Frid. Enoch Richter, Bibliopolae Lipsiensis, 57-128. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.59684" title="Supplementum carpologiae seu continuati operis Josephi Gaertner de fructibus et seminibus plantarum. Voluminis tertii, centuria prima. Sumtibus Carol. Frid. Enoch Richter, Bibliopolae Lipsiensis, 57 - 128." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.59684" year="1806">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gaertner’s">Gaertner's</normalizedToken>
(1806)
</bibRefCitation>
publication, the plants were again described as a monotypic genus, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jack" authorityYear="1820" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Epithinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Epithinia" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Epithinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, by Jack, based on one of his gatherings from Singapore (
<bibRefCitation author="Jack, W" journalOrPublisher="Englera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://books.google.at/books?id=vxYIAAAAQAAJ" refId="B63" refString="Jack, W, 1820. https://books.google.at/books?id=vxYIAAAAQAAJ" url="https://books.google.at/books?id=vxYIAAAAQAAJ" year="1820">Jack 1820</bibRefCitation>
: 12-13). 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Epithinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Epithinia malayana" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="malayana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Epithinia malayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was first synonymized with 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Scyphiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scyphiphora hydrophylacea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hydrophylacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Scyphiphora hydrophylacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation author="Korthals, PW" journalOrPublisher="Nederlandsch Kruidkundige Archief" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="145 - 269" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/107156#page/445" refId="B72" refString="Korthals, PW, 1851. Overzigt der Rubiaceen van de Nederlandsch-Oostindische Kolonien. Nederlandsch Kruidkundige Archief 2 (2): 145 - 269, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/107156#page/445" title="Overzigt der Rubiaceen van de Nederlandsch-Oostindische Kolonien." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/107156#page/445" volume="2" year="1851">Korthals (1851</bibRefCitation>
: 203-204), and from 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.93" author="Miquel, FAW" journalOrPublisher="12, Manila" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B86" refString="Miquel, FAW, 1857. Flora van Nederlandsch Indie. Tweede Deel. Amsterdam: C. G. van der Post. Utrecht: C. Van der Post Jr. Leipzig: bij Fried. Fleischer. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.93" title="Flora van Nederlandsch Indie. Tweede Deel. Amsterdam: C. G. van der Post. Utrecht: C. Van der Post Jr. Leipzig: bij Fried. Fleischer." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.93" year="1857">Miquel (1857</bibRefCitation>
: 238-239) and especially 
<bibRefCitation author="Gray, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="306 - 318" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22142#page/314" refId="B50" refString="Gray, A, 1859. Notes upon some Rubiaceae, collected in the South Sea Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 4: 306 - 318, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22142#page/314" title="Notes upon some Rubiaceae, collected in the South Sea Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22142#page/314" volume="4" year="1859">Gray (1859</bibRefCitation>
: 307), onwards the names were consistently considered synonyms. The combination 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. malayana" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="malayana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">S. malayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Jack) Bedd. was ascribed to Beddome and considered a valid name in various publications and databases. Although the name indeed first appears in the caption accompanying the respective figure analysis in his rare 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Foresters Manual</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Beddome, RH" journalOrPublisher="Thai Forest Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8822" refId="B14" refString="Beddome, RH, 1874. The forester's manual of botany for southern India. With plates I to XXIX. Containing analysis of genera, and outlines of botany. With index of terms and glossary by Col. Beddome, conservator of forests. Flora Sylvatica for Southern India. Printed by Gantz Brothers, Madras. https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8822" title="The forester's manual of botany for southern India. With plates I to XXIX. Containing analysis of genera, and outlines of botany. With index of terms and glossary by Col. Beddome, conservator of forests. Flora Sylvatica for Southern India. Printed by Gantz Brothers, Madras." url="https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8822" year="1874">Beddome 1874</bibRefCitation>
: tab. 29, fig. 5), it is not accepted in the corresponding text (
<bibRefCitation author="Beddome, RH" journalOrPublisher="Thai Forest Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8822" refId="B14" refString="Beddome, RH, 1874. The forester's manual of botany for southern India. With plates I to XXIX. Containing analysis of genera, and outlines of botany. With index of terms and glossary by Col. Beddome, conservator of forests. Flora Sylvatica for Southern India. Printed by Gantz Brothers, Madras. https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8822" title="The forester's manual of botany for southern India. With plates I to XXIX. Containing analysis of genera, and outlines of botany. With index of terms and glossary by Col. Beddome, conservator of forests. Flora Sylvatica for Southern India. Printed by Gantz Brothers, Madras." url="https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8822" year="1874">Beddome 1874</bibRefCitation>
: cxxxiv-3, using a combination of Roman and Arabic pagination). There, Beddome explains that the name used in the figure should be changed to 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. hydrophylacea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hydrophylacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">S. hydrophylacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(&quot;Under the name of Scyph. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Epithinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Epithinia malayana" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="malayana">Epithinia malayana</taxonomicName>
, which should be altered as above.&quot;). Apparently, the plates were engraved with the name before the text was finished, and Beddome changed his mind on the identity of the material during the completion of the text, as with few other species in the text. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. malayana" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="malayana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">S. malayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is therefore not accepted by Beddome and is not valid according to Art. 36.1 (ICN, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" author="Turland, NJ" journalOrPublisher="Candollea" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B121" refString="Turland, NJ, Wiersema, JH, Barrie, FR, Greuter, W, Hawksworth, DL, Herendeen, PS, Knapp, S, Kusber, W-H, Li, D-Z, Marhold, K, May, TW, McNeill, J, Monro, AM, Prado, J, Price, MJ, Smith, GF [Eds], 2018. International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Shenzhen Code) Adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashuetten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Shenzhen Code) Adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashuetten." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" year="2018">Turland et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.26492/fos13.2019-01" author="Wong, KM" journalOrPublisher="In: Middleton DJ, Leong-Skornickova J, Lindsay S (Eds) Flora of Singapore (Vol. 13). Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B137" refString="Wong, KM, Turner, IM, Wang, RJ, Harwood, R, Seah, WW, Ng, XY, Lim, RCJ, Lua, HK, Mahyuni, R, 2019. Rubiaceae. In: Middleton DJ, Leong-Skornickova J, Lindsay S (Eds) Flora of Singapore (Vol. 13). Gentianales, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26492/fos13.2019-01" title="Rubiaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.26492/fos13.2019-01" year="2019">Wong et al. (2019</bibRefCitation>
: 283) designated the only currently known duplicate of the respective gathering 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">W. Jack s.n.</emphasis>
at L as lectotype.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
Finally, the plants were again described as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Hydnophytum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hydnophytum costatum" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="costatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Hydnophytum costatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Drake (
<bibRefCitation author="Drake del Castillo, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal de Botanique" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="234 - 241" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8855294#page/244" refId="B43" refString="Drake del Castillo, E, 1895. Contribution a la Flore du Tonkin. Enumeration des Rubiacees trouvees au Tonkin par M. Balansa en 1885-89 (Suite et fin.). Journal de Botanique 9: 234 - 241, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8855294#page/244" title="Contribution a la Flore du Tonkin. Enumeration des Rubiacees trouvees au Tonkin par M. Balansa en 1885 - 89 (Suite et fin.)." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8855294#page/244" volume="9" year="1895">Drake del Castillo 1895</bibRefCitation>
) and based on 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">B. Balansa 685</emphasis>
gathered in Vietnam. Again, the single known specimen was designated as lectotype by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.26492/fos13.2019-01" author="Wong, KM" journalOrPublisher="In: Middleton DJ, Leong-Skornickova J, Lindsay S (Eds) Flora of Singapore (Vol. 13). Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B137" refString="Wong, KM, Turner, IM, Wang, RJ, Harwood, R, Seah, WW, Ng, XY, Lim, RCJ, Lua, HK, Mahyuni, R, 2019. Rubiaceae. In: Middleton DJ, Leong-Skornickova J, Lindsay S (Eds) Flora of Singapore (Vol. 13). Gentianales, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26492/fos13.2019-01" title="Rubiaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.26492/fos13.2019-01" year="2019">Wong et al. (2019</bibRefCitation>
: 283).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="bibliography of scyphiphora">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
Bibliography of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="C.F.Gaertner" authorityYear="1806" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Scyphiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scyphiphora" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Scyphiphora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
Selected and more or less useful historic and contemporary information and illustrations on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Scyphiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scyphiphora hydrophylacea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hydrophylacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Scyphiphora hydrophylacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be found in chronological order in the following publications, some of them under synonyms added in parentheses:
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.59684" author="Gaertner, CF" journalOrPublisher="Leaflets of Philippine Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B46" refString="Gaertner, CF, 1806. Supplementum carpologiae seu continuati operis Josephi Gaertner de fructibus et seminibus plantarum. Voluminis tertii, centuria prima. Sumtibus Carol. Frid. Enoch Richter, Bibliopolae Lipsiensis, 57-128. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.59684" title="Supplementum carpologiae seu continuati operis Josephi Gaertner de fructibus et seminibus plantarum. Voluminis tertii, centuria prima. Sumtibus Carol. Frid. Enoch Richter, Bibliopolae Lipsiensis, 57 - 128." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.59684" year="1806">Gaertner (1806</bibRefCitation>
: 91-92, tab. 196, fig. 2), 
<bibRefCitation author="Jack, W" journalOrPublisher="Englera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://books.google.at/books?id=vxYIAAAAQAAJ" refId="B63" refString="Jack, W, 1820. https://books.google.at/books?id=vxYIAAAAQAAJ" url="https://books.google.at/books?id=vxYIAAAAQAAJ" year="1820">Jack (1820</bibRefCitation>
: 12-13, as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Epithinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Epithinia malayana" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="malayana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Epithinia malayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.395" author="Blume, CL" journalOrPublisher="Biodiversitas" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B22" refString="Blume, CL, 1826-1827. Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indie. 16de Stuk. Lands Drukkerij, Batavia. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.395" title="Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indie. 16 de Stuk. Lands Drukkerij, Batavia." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.395" year="1826 - 1827">Blume (1826-1827</bibRefCitation>
: 955), 
<bibRefCitation author="Chamisso, LKA" journalOrPublisher="Linnaea" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="1 - 36" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/95330" refId="B34" refString="Chamisso, LKA, Schlechtendal, DFL, 1829a. De plantis in expeditione speculatoria Romanzoffiana observatis disserere pergunt. Rubiaceae. Machaonia.-Tribus IV. Psychotriaceae. Linnaea 4 (1): 1 - 36, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/95330" title="De plantis in expeditione speculatoria Romanzoffiana observatis disserere pergunt. Rubiaceae. Machaonia. - Tribus IV. Psychotriaceae." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/95330" volume="4" year="1829 a">Chamisso and Schlechtendal (1829a</bibRefCitation>
: 21-22, as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Psychotria philippensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="philippensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Psychotria philippensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<bibRefCitation author="de Candolle, AP" journalOrPublisher="Linnaea" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7153#page/346" refId="B41" refString="de Candolle, AP, 1830. Ordo XCVIII. Rubiaceae. Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. Pars quarta. Treuttel et Wuertz, Paris, 341-622. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7153#page/346" title="Ordo XCVIII. Rubiaceae. Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. Pars quarta. Treuttel et Wuertz, Paris, 341 - 622." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7153#page/346" year="1830">de Candolle (1830</bibRefCitation>
: 477-478, as 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. malayana" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="malayana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">E. malayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 505-506, as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. philippensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="philippensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">P. philippensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 577), 
<bibRefCitation author="Richard, A" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://books.google.at/books?id=CtMaAAAAYAAJ" refId="B105" refString="Richard, A, 1830. Memoire sur la famille des Rubiacees, contenant les caracteres des genres de cette famille et d'un grand nombre d'especes nouvelles. Imprimerie de J. Tastu, Paris. https://books.google.at/books?id=CtMaAAAAYAAJ" title="Memoire sur la famille des Rubiacees, contenant les caracteres des genres de cette famille et d'un grand nombre d'especes nouvelles. Imprimerie de J. Tastu, Paris." url="https://books.google.at/books?id=CtMaAAAAYAAJ" year="1830">Richard (1830</bibRefCitation>
: 79, tab. 4, fig. 1), 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.252" author="Wight, R" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Arnold Arboretum" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B132" refString="Wight, R, Arnott, GAW, 1834. Prodromus florae peninsulae indiae orientalis: Containing abridged descriptions of the plants found in the peninsula of British India, arranged according to the natural system (Vol. I). Parbury, Allen &amp; Co., London. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.252" title="Prodromus florae peninsulae indiae orientalis: Containing abridged descriptions of the plants found in the peninsula of British India, arranged according to the natural system (Vol. I). Parbury, Allen &amp; Co., London." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.252" year="1834">Wight and Arnott (1834</bibRefCitation>
: 423-424, as 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. malayana" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="malayana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">E. malayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<bibRefCitation author="Blanco, M" journalOrPublisher="Biodiversitas" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idurl/1/9493" refId="B19" refString="Blanco, M, 1837. Flora de Filipinas. Segun el Sistema Sexual de Linneo. En la Imprenta de Sto. Tomas por D. Candido Lopez, Manila. https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idurl/1/9493" title="Flora de Filipinas. Segun el Sistema Sexual de Linneo. En la Imprenta de Sto. Tomas por D. Candido Lopez, Manila." url="https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idurl/1/9493" year="1837">Blanco (1837</bibRefCitation>
: 60-61, as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ixora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ixora manila" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="manila">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Ixora manila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.728" author="Endlicher, SL" journalOrPublisher="Leaflets of Philippine Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B45" refString="Endlicher, SL, 1838. Genera Plantarum Secundum Ordines Naturales Disposita. Apud Fr. Beck Universitatis Bibliopolam, Vindobonae. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.728" title="Genera Plantarum Secundum Ordines Naturales Disposita. Apud Fr. Beck Universitatis Bibliopolam, Vindobonae." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.728" year="1838">Endlicher (1838</bibRefCitation>
: 525-526, 545, on the latter page as 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. malayana" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="malayana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">E. malayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<bibRefCitation author="Korthals, PW" journalOrPublisher="Nederlandsch Kruidkundige Archief" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="145 - 269" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/107156#page/445" refId="B72" refString="Korthals, PW, 1851. Overzigt der Rubiaceen van de Nederlandsch-Oostindische Kolonien. Nederlandsch Kruidkundige Archief 2 (2): 145 - 269, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/107156#page/445" title="Overzigt der Rubiaceen van de Nederlandsch-Oostindische Kolonien." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/107156#page/445" volume="2" year="1851">Korthals (1851</bibRefCitation>
: 203-204), 
<bibRefCitation author="Griffith, W" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42870" refId="B51" refString="Griffith, W, 1854a. Posthumous papers bequeathed to the honorable the East India company, and printed by order of the government of Bengal. Notulae ad plantas asiaticas. Part IV. Dicotyledonous plants. Arranged by John M'Clelland. Printed by Charles A. Serrao, Calcutta. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42870" title="Posthumous papers bequeathed to the honorable the East India company, and printed by order of the government of Bengal. Notulae ad plantas asiaticas. Part IV. Dicotyledonous plants. Arranged by John M'Clelland. Printed by Charles A. Serrao, Calcutta." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42870" year="1854 a">Griffith (1854a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Griffith, W" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/132442" refId="B52" refString="Griffith, W, 1854b. Posthumous papers, bequeathed to the honorable the East India company, and printed by order of the government of Bengal. Icones plantarum asiaticarum. Part IV. Dicotyledonous plants. Arranged by John M'Clelland. Printed by A. B. Coshan, Calcutta. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/132442" title="Posthumous papers, bequeathed to the honorable the East India company, and printed by order of the government of Bengal. Icones plantarum asiaticarum. Part IV. Dicotyledonous plants. Arranged by John M'Clelland. Printed by A. B. Coshan, Calcutta." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/132442" year="1854 b">b</bibRefCitation>
: 269-271, tab. 478, as 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. malayana" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="malayana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">E. malayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 1854b: tab. 644A, is the same figure in different composition but named 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Lumnitzera" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lumnitzera pentandra" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pentandra">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Lumnitzera pentandra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the corresponding text accompanying the figure - 1854a: 684 - apparently describes the actual 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Lumnitzera" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lumnitzera" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Lumnitzera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<bibRefCitation author="Hasskarl, JK" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://books.google.at/books?id=YgT1pw7f2-UC" refId="B54" refString="Hasskarl, JK, 1855. Retzia Sive Observationes Botanicae, Quas in Primis in Horto Botanico Bogoriensi Mensibus Februario ad Julium 1855. Pugillus primus. Typis Lange &amp; Co., Bataviae. https://books.google.at/books?id=YgT1pw7f2-UC" title="Retzia Sive Observationes Botanicae, Quas in Primis in Horto Botanico Bogoriensi Mensibus Februario ad Julium 1855. Pugillus primus. Typis Lange &amp; Co., Bataviae." url="https://books.google.at/books?id=YgT1pw7f2-UC" year="1855">Hasskarl (1855</bibRefCitation>
: 16-17), 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.93" author="Miquel, FAW" journalOrPublisher="12, Manila" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B86" refString="Miquel, FAW, 1857. Flora van Nederlandsch Indie. Tweede Deel. Amsterdam: C. G. van der Post. Utrecht: C. Van der Post Jr. Leipzig: bij Fried. Fleischer. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.93" title="Flora van Nederlandsch Indie. Tweede Deel. Amsterdam: C. G. van der Post. Utrecht: C. Van der Post Jr. Leipzig: bij Fried. Fleischer." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.93" year="1857">Miquel (1857</bibRefCitation>
: 238-239), 
<bibRefCitation author="Gray, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="306 - 318" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22142#page/314" refId="B50" refString="Gray, A, 1859. Notes upon some Rubiaceae, collected in the South Sea Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 4: 306 - 318, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22142#page/314" title="Notes upon some Rubiaceae, collected in the South Sea Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/22142#page/314" volume="4" year="1859">Gray (1859</bibRefCitation>
: 307), 
<bibRefCitation author="Bentham, G" journalOrPublisher="Thai Forest Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/41807" refId="B15" refString="Bentham, G, Mueller, F, 1867. Flora Australiensis: A Description of the Plants of the Australian Territory (Vol. III). Myrtaceae to Compositae. Lovell Reeve &amp; Co., London. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/41807" title="Flora Australiensis: A Description of the Plants of the Australian Territory (Vol. III). Myrtaceae to Compositae. Lovell Reeve &amp; Co., London." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/41807" year="1867">Bentham and Mueller (1867</bibRefCitation>
: 417-418), 
<bibRefCitation author="Beddome, RH" journalOrPublisher="Thai Forest Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8822" refId="B14" refString="Beddome, RH, 1874. The forester's manual of botany for southern India. With plates I to XXIX. Containing analysis of genera, and outlines of botany. With index of terms and glossary by Col. Beddome, conservator of forests. Flora Sylvatica for Southern India. Printed by Gantz Brothers, Madras. https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8822" title="The forester's manual of botany for southern India. With plates I to XXIX. Containing analysis of genera, and outlines of botany. With index of terms and glossary by Col. Beddome, conservator of forests. Flora Sylvatica for Southern India. Printed by Gantz Brothers, Madras." url="https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8822" year="1874">Beddome (1874</bibRefCitation>
: 134-3, tab. 29, fig. 5), 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.52413" author="Kurz, S" journalOrPublisher="Nederlandsch Kruidkundige Archief" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B75" refString="Kurz, S, 1877. Forest Flora of British Burma (Vol. II). Caprifoliaceae to Filices. Office of the superintendent of government printing, Calcutta. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.52413" title="Forest Flora of British Burma (Vol. II). Caprifoliaceae to Filices. Office of the superintendent of government printing, Calcutta." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.52413" year="1877">Kurz (1877</bibRefCitation>
: 4), 
<bibRefCitation author="Hooker, JD" journalOrPublisher="Englera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13816" refId="B60" refString="Hooker, JD, 1880. The Flora of British India (Vol. III). Caprifoliaceae to Apocynaceae. Part VIII. L. Reeve &amp; Co, London. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13816" title="The Flora of British India (Vol. III). Caprifoliaceae to Apocynaceae. Part VIII. L. Reeve &amp; Co, London." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13816" year="1880">Hooker (1880</bibRefCitation>
: 125), 
<bibRefCitation author="Naves, A" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/279871" refId="B89" refString="Naves, A, Fernandez-Villar, C, 1880. Novissima appendix ad floram Philippinarum R. P. Fr. Emanuelis Blanco seu enumeratio contracta plantarum Philippinarum hucusque cognitarum cum synonymis PP. Blanco, Llanos, Mercado et aliorum auctorum. In: Blanco FM (Ed.) Flora de Filipinas ed. 3(4). Apud Plana et Socios, Typographos et Bibliopolas, Manila. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/279871" title="Novissima appendix ad floram Philippinarum R. P. Fr. Emanuelis Blanco seu enumeratio contracta plantarum Philippinarum hucusque cognitarum cum synonymis PP. Blanco, Llanos, Mercado et aliorum auctorum. In: Blanco FM (Ed.) Flora de Filipinas ed. 3 (4). Apud Plana et Socios, Typographos et Bibliopolas, Manila." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/279871" year="1880">
Naves and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fernández-Villar">Fernandez-Villar</normalizedToken>
(1880
</bibRefCitation>
: 109, tab. 277), 
<bibRefCitation author="Vidal, S" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idurl/1/9653" refId="B125" refString="Vidal, S, 1883a. Sinopsis de Familias y Generos de Plantas Lenosas de Filipinas, Introduccion a la Flora Forestal del Archipielago Filipino. Texto. Establecimiento Tipo-litografico de Chofre y Ca, Manila. https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idurl/1/9653" title="Sinopsis de Familias y Generos de Plantas Lenosas de Filipinas, Introduccion a la Flora Forestal del Archipielago Filipino. Texto. Establecimiento Tipo-litografico de Chofre y Ca, Manila." url="https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idurl/1/9653" year="1883 a">Vidal (1883a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Vidal, S" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idurl/1/9654" refId="B126" refString="Vidal, S, 1883b. Sinopsis de Familias y Generos de Plantas Lenosas de Filipinas, Introduccion a la Flora Forestal del Archipielago Filipino. Atlas. Establecimiento Tipo-litografico de Chofre y Ca, Manila. https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idurl/1/9654" title="Sinopsis de Familias y Generos de Plantas Lenosas de Filipinas, Introduccion a la Flora Forestal del Archipielago Filipino. Atlas. Establecimiento Tipo-litografico de Chofre y Ca, Manila." url="https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idurl/1/9654" year="1883 b">b</bibRefCitation>
: 29, tab. 57, fig. G, 1886: 154), 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10864" author="Trimen, H" journalOrPublisher="Candollea" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B120" refString="Trimen, H, 1894. A Hand-Book to the Flora of Ceylon Containing Descriptions of all the Species of Flowering Plants Indigenous to the Island, and Notes to their History and Distribution, and Uses. Part II. Connaraceae-Rubiaceae. Dulau &amp; Co., London. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10864" title="A Hand-Book to the Flora of Ceylon Containing Descriptions of all the Species of Flowering Plants Indigenous to the Island, and Notes to their History and Distribution, and Uses. Part II. Connaraceae-Rubiaceae. Dulau &amp; Co., London." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10864" year="1894">Trimen (1894</bibRefCitation>
: 337), 
<bibRefCitation author="Schumann, K" journalOrPublisher="Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/100167" refId="B112" refString="Schumann, K, 1897. Rubiaceae. In: Engler A, Prantl K (Eds) Die Natuerlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten begruendet von A. Engler und K. Prantl fortgesetzt von A. Engler, ord. Professor der Botanik und Direktor des botan. Gartens in Berlin. IV. Teil Abteilung 4 und 5. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/100167" title="Rubiaceae. In: Engler A, Prantl K (Eds) Die Natuerlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten begruendet von A. Engler und K. Prantl fortgesetzt von A. Engler, ord. Professor der Botanik und Direktor des botan. Gartens in Berlin. IV. Teil Abteilung 4 und 5." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/100167" year="1897">Schumann (1897</bibRefCitation>
: 80, fig. 29 B, C), 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9539" author="Banks, J" journalOrPublisher="Thai Forest Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B11" refString="Banks, J, Britten, J, Solander, D, 1901. Illustrations of Australian Plants Collected in 1770 During Captain Cook's Voyage Round the World in H.M.S. Endeavour in 1768-71. By the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., K.B., P.R.S., and Dr. Daniel Solander, F.R.S. With Determinations by James Britten, F.L.S. Australian Plants.-Part II. Printed by Order of the Trustees of the British Museum, London. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9539" title="Illustrations of Australian Plants Collected in 1770 During Captain Cook's Voyage Round the World in H. M. S. Endeavour in 1768 - 71. By the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., K. B., P. R. S., and Dr. Daniel Solander, F. R. S. With Determinations by James Britten, F. L. S. Australian Plants. - Part II. Printed by Order of the Trustees of the British Museum, London." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9539" year="1901">Banks et al. (1901</bibRefCitation>
: 46, tab. 143), 
<bibRefCitation author="Koorders, SF" journalOrPublisher="Academia Sinica Monograph Series No. 16, Taipei" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/196515" refId="B69" refString="Koorders, SF, Valeton, T, 1902. Bijdrage no. 8 tot de Kennis der Boomsoorten op Java. Additamenta ad cognitionem Florae arboreae Javanicae auctoribus S. H. Koorders et Th. Valeton Pars VIII. G. Kolff &amp; Co., Batavia. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/196515" title="Bijdrage no. 8 tot de Kennis der Boomsoorten op Java. Additamenta ad cognitionem Florae arboreae Javanicae auctoribus S. H. Koorders et Th. Valeton Pars VIII. G. Kolff &amp; Co., Batavia." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/196515" year="1902">Koorders and Valeton (1902</bibRefCitation>
: 124-127), 
<bibRefCitation author="King, G" journalOrPublisher="Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="111 - 229" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/110113#page/137" refId="B66" refString="King, G, Gamble, JS, 1904. Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula. (no. 14). Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural History 72 (2): 111 - 229, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/110113#page/137" title="Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula. (no. 14). Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/110113#page/137" volume="72" year="1904">King and Gamble (1904</bibRefCitation>
: 227-228), 
<bibRefCitation author="Elmer, ADE" journalOrPublisher="Leaflets of Philippine Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="1 - 41" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6760" refId="B44" refString="Elmer, ADE, 1906. Philippine Rubiaceae. Leaflets of Philippine Botany 1 (1): 1 - 41, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6760" title="Philippine Rubiaceae." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6760" volume="1" year="1906">Elmer (1906</bibRefCitation>
: 32), 
<bibRefCitation author="Koorders, SH" journalOrPublisher="Academia Sinica Monograph Series No. 16, Taipei" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B70" refString="Koorders, SH, 1912. Exkursionsflora von Java umfassend die Bluetenpflanzen mit besonderer Beruecksichtigung der im Hochgebirge wildwachsenden Arten im Auftrage des niederlaendischen Kolonialministeriums, bearbeitet von Dr. S. H. Koorders. Dritter Band: Dikotyledonen (Metachlamydeae). Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena." title="Exkursionsflora von Java umfassend die Bluetenpflanzen mit besonderer Beruecksichtigung der im Hochgebirge wildwachsenden Arten im Auftrage des niederlaendischen Kolonialministeriums, bearbeitet von Dr. S. H. Koorders. Dritter Band: Dikotyledonen (Metachlamydeae). Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena." year="1912">Koorders (1912</bibRefCitation>
: 258), 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.101654" author="Koorders, SH" journalOrPublisher="Academia Sinica Monograph Series No. 16, Taipei" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B71" refString="Koorders, SH, Valeton, T, 1915. Atlas der Baumarten von Java im Anschluss an die &quot;Bijdragen tot de Kennis der Boomsoorten van Java&quot; zusammengestellt von Dr. S. H. Koorders und Dr. Th. Valeton. Mit Unterstuetzung der Niederlaendisch-Indischen Regierung herausgegeben von Dr. S. H. Koorders. Dritter Band. Figur 401-600. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.101654" title="Atlas der Baumarten von Java im Anschluss an die &quot; Bijdragen tot de Kennis der Boomsoorten van Java &quot; zusammengestellt von Dr. S. H. Koorders und Dr. Th. Valeton. Mit Unterstuetzung der Niederlaendisch-Indischen Regierung herausgegeben von Dr. S. H. Koorders. Dritter Band. Figur 401 - 600." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.101654" year="1915">Koorders and Valeton (1915</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 563), 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2116" author="Merrill, ED" journalOrPublisher="12, Manila" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B81" refString="Merrill, ED, 1918. Species Blancoanae: a critical revision of the Philippine species of plants described by Blanco and by Llanos. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Bureau of Science Publication No. 12, Manila, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2116" title="Species Blancoanae: a critical revision of the Philippine species of plants described by Blanco and by Llanos. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Bureau of Science Publication No." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2116" year="1918">Merrill (1918</bibRefCitation>
: 364, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49412" author="Merrill, ED" journalOrPublisher="12, Manila" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B84" refString="Merrill, ED, 1923b. An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants (Vol. 3). Bureau of Printing, Manila. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49412" title="An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants (Vol. 3). Bureau of Printing, Manila." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49412" year="1923 b">1923b</bibRefCitation>
: 533), 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.44886" author="Pitard, C-JM" journalOrPublisher="Sandakania" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B97" refString="Pitard, C-JM, 1922-1924. Rubiacees. In: Lecomte PH (Ed.) Flore generale de l'Indochine. Tome troisieme: Caprifoliacees a Apocynacees, 442 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.44886" title="Rubiacees. In: Lecomte PH (Ed.) Flore generale de l'Indochine. Tome troisieme: Caprifoliacees a Apocynacees, 442 pp." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.44886" year="1922 - 1924">Pitard (1922-1924</bibRefCitation>
: 280-282, tab. 23, figs 5-8), 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10921" author="Ridley, HN" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B106" refString="Ridley, HN, 1923. The Flora of the Malay Peninsula (Vol. II.)-Gamopetalae. L. Reeve &amp; Co., Ltd., London. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10921" title="The Flora of the Malay Peninsula (Vol. II.) - Gamopetalae. L. Reeve &amp; Co., Ltd., London." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10921" year="1923">Ridley (1923</bibRefCitation>
: 88-89), 
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>