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<document id="6A12A2C5396E676B7131885906658579" ID-CLB-Dataset="267792" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5344.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="40bbb946-727e-47fb-a2c5-94ebda5cb2f0" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8346050" ID-ZooBank="DCF48473-AC31-4CDB-808F-453F8F280002" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1694704746211" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gąsiorek, Piotr &amp; Vončina, Katarzyna" docDate="2023" docId="8119D633B96CFFD91CEDFB13BBA9FCF3" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5344.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5344 (1)" docSource="https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5344.1.1/51852" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Echiniscus spiniger Richters 1904" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="47" masterDocId="7D20AE4BB941FFF71C7AFFA8B971FFAE" masterDocTitle="Atlas of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada) of the World-part I: West Palaearctic Echiniscus species" masterLastPageNumber="72" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="46" updateTime="1699675411915" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="1760553B125E3CCDBDEBF482A456B4FC">Atlas of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada) of the World-part I: West Palaearctic Echiniscus species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="481CB225BB8E98F28C1E3AE88AAF7FF0">Gąsiorek, Piotr</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="329DEBDE3F2AC35FA7093B7CF069EAE2">Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30 - 387 Kraków, Poland. &amp; Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5 - 7, DK- 1350; Universitetsparken 15, DK- 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="542C5BCF1AECD1343DB51982CFF15836">Vončina, Katarzyna</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5B8ECD1E7A09523A1C4AF48F90D96984">Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30 - 387 Kraków, Poland. &amp; Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. katarzyna. voncina @ senckenberg. de https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3210 - 0407 Correspondence: piotr. lukas. gasiorek @ gmail. com https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 2814 - 8117 &amp; Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30 - 387 Kraków, Poland.</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="8119D633B96CFFD91CEDFB13BBA9FCF3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8346301" ID-GBIF-Taxon="213153040" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8346301" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8119D633B96CFFD91CEDFB13BBA9FCF3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8119D633B96CFFD91CEDFB13BBA9FCF3" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<subSubSection id="41AA34AEB96CFFDA1CEDFB13BB00FB7B" box="[151,625,1211,1238]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="090F6725B96CFFDA1CEDFB13BB00FB7B" blockId="45.[151,625,1211,1273]" box="[151,625,1211,1238]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<heading id="5247D049B96CFFDA1CEDFB13BB00FB7B" bold="true" box="[151,625,1211,1238]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" reason="3">
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96CFFDA1CEDFB13BB00FB7B" bold="true" box="[151,625,1211,1238]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96CFFDA1CEDFB13B9CDFB7B" bold="true" box="[151,188,1211,1237]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">17.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="CEB01CA6B96CFFDA1CBDFB13BB00FB7B" ID-CoL="38G3J" ID-ENA="1028632" authority="Richters, 1904" authorityName="Richters" authorityYear="1904" box="[199,625,1211,1238]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Echiniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="spiniger">
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96CFFDA1CBDFB13B8C7FB7B" bold="true" box="[199,438,1211,1238]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Echiniscus spiniger</emphasis>
Richters, 1904
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="41AA34AEB96CFFDA1CEDFB77B813FB57" box="[151,354,1247,1273]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="description">
<paragraph id="090F6725B96CFFDA1CEDFB77B813FB57" blockId="45.[151,625,1211,1273]" box="[151,354,1247,1273]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<figureCitation id="918B7BA0B96CFFDA1CEDFB77B84AFB57" box="[151,315,1247,1273]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 28" captionStart-1="FIGURE 29" captionStartId-0="45.[152,255,1113,1137]" captionStartId-1="46.[152,255,1553,1577]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,273,1089]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,885,1529]" captionTargetId-0="figure-70@45.[151,1435,273,1089]" captionTargetId-1="figure-366@46.[151,1435,885,1529]" captionTargetPageId-0="45" captionTargetPageId-1="46" captionText-0="FIGURE 28. Echiniscus spiniger from Sweden (PCM, female in dorsal view). Scale bar = 50 μm." captionText-1="FIGURE 29. Echiniscus spiniger from Sweden—morphological details (PCM):A—scapular plate, B—paired segmental plate I, C—caudal plate, D—claws I and subcephalic plates. Arrowheads indicate dark intracuticular rings. Scale bars = 20 μm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8346116" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8346118" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/8346116/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/8346118/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figures 2829</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="918B7BA0B96CFFDA1D3CFB77B813FB57" box="[326,354,1247,1273]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="60.[152,255,1264,1288]" captionTargetBox="[192,1396,273,1241]" captionTargetId="figure-75@60.[192,1396,273,1241]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 39. Reliable records of E. spiniger from Europe." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8346142" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8346142/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">39</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96CFFDA1CEDFA80B841FAEF" box="[151,304,1320,1345]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Locus typicus</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="71A727B5B96CFFDA1D45FA8FB8EBFAEF" box="[319,410,1319,1345]" name="Sweden" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Sweden</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="CB74A9C7B96CFFDA1DDCFA8FBB72FAEF" box="[422,515,1319,1345]" country="Sweden" name="Gotland" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Gotland</collectingRegion>
, Visby.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="090F6725B96CFFDA1CBDFAE3B8CEF95F" blockId="45.[151,1437,1319,2030]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
Additional localities: (1)
<collectingCountry id="71A727B5B96CFFDA1D8BFAE3BB0BFACB" box="[497,634,1355,1381]" name="Switzerland" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="CB74A9C7B96CFFDA1EF0FAE3BB9AFACB" box="[650,747,1355,1381]" country="Switzerland" name="Fribourg" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fribourg</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6D211AD4B96CFFDA1F7AFAE3BAFCFACB" author="Rahm, G." box="[768,909,1355,1381]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref36876" refString="Rahm, G. (1928) Zur geographischen Verbreitung der Bartierchen (Tardigraden) in der Schweiz (III. Mittlg.). Bulletin de la Societe fribourgeoise des sciences naturelles, 1 - 7." type="book chapter" year="1928">Rahm 1928</bibRefCitation>
); (2)
<collectingCountry id="71A727B5B96CFFDA1FA9FAE3BD4CFACB" box="[979,1085,1355,1381]" name="Romania" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Romania</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="CB74A9C7B96CFFDA1836FAE3BC7BFACB" box="[1100,1290,1355,1381]" country="Romania" name="Suceava" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Suceava County</collectingRegion>
, Câmpulung Moldovenesc, the Rarău Massif, the Giumalău Massif and
<collectingRegion id="CB74A9C7B96CFFDA1F36FAC7BD57FA27" box="[844,1062,1391,1417]" country="Romania" name="Hunedoara" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Hunedoara County</collectingRegion>
, the Retezat Massif, Gura Zlata (
<bibRefCitation id="6D211AD4B96CFFDA1CE5FA3BB837FA03" author="Rudescu, L." box="[159,326,1427,1453]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 308" refId="ref37503" refString="Rudescu, L. (1964) Tardigrada. Fauna Republicii Populare Romine, 4 (7), 1 - 308." type="journal article" year="1964">Rudescu 1964</bibRefCitation>
); (3)
<collectingCountry id="71A727B5B96CFFDA1DFDFA3BB8A8FA03" box="[391,473,1427,1453]" name="Poland" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Poland</collectingCountry>
: vicinity of Chęciny, nature reserve Przełom Białki near Krempachy, nature reserve Wąwóz Homole (
<bibRefCitation id="6D211AD4B96CFFDA1D1FFA1FBB7AFA7F" author="Dastych, H." box="[357,523,1463,1489]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 255" refId="ref30046" refString="Dastych, H. (1988) The Tardigrada of Poland. Monografie Fauny Polski, 16, 1 - 255." type="journal article" year="1988">Dastych 1988</bibRefCitation>
); (4)
<geoCoordinate id="6C8401E2B96CFFDA1E35FA1FBBAAFA7C" box="[591,731,1463,1490]" degrees="56" direction="north" minutes="37" orientation="latitude" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" precision="15" seconds="10" value="56.619442">56°3710”N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="6C8401E2B96CFFDA1E91FA1FBA14FA7F" box="[747,869,1463,1489]" degrees="16" direction="east" minutes="30" orientation="longitude" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" precision="15" seconds="6" value="16.501667">16°306”E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="CE48CAC0B96CFFDA1F0CFA1FBAC2FA7C" box="[886,947,1463,1490]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="43.0">43 m</quantity>
asl:
<collectingCountry id="71A727B5B96CFFDA1F8BFA1FBD3DFA7F" box="[1009,1100,1463,1489]" name="Sweden" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Sweden</collectingCountry>
, Öland, Skogsby, Ecological Research Station of
<collectingRegion id="CB74A9C7B96CFFDA1DF8FA73B8AFFA5B" box="[386,478,1499,1525]" country="Sweden" name="Uppsala" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Uppsala</collectingRegion>
University (
<bibRefCitation id="6D211AD4B96CFFDA1E15FA73BA60FA5B" author="Jonsson, K. I." box="[623,785,1499,1525]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="119 - 125" refId="ref33441" refString="Jonsson, K. I. (2007) Long-term experimental manipulation of moisture conditions and its impact on moss-living tardigrades. Journal of Limnology, 66 (Supplement 1), 119 - 125. https: // doi. org / 10.4081 / jlimnol. 2007. s 1.119" type="journal article" year="2007">Jönsson 2007</bibRefCitation>
); (5)
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,
<geoCoordinate id="6C8401E2B96CFFDA1F95FA73BD0AFA58" box="[1007,1147,1499,1526]" degrees="19" direction="east" minutes="51" orientation="longitude" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" precision="15" seconds="44" value="19.862223">19°5144E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="CE48CAC0B96CFFDA18F0FA73BD90FA58" box="[1162,1249,1499,1526]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.124" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="1124.0">1124 m</quantity>
asl:
<collectingCountry id="71A727B5B96CFFDA1961FA73BC1DFA5B" box="[1307,1388,1499,1525]" name="Poland" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Poland</collectingCountry>
, the Tatras, Kościeliska Valley, Raptawicka Cave (
<bibRefCitation id="6D211AD4B96CFFDA1EE3FA57BAC8F9B7" author="Gasiorek, P. &amp; Degma, P." box="[665,953,1535,1562]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="77 - 96" refId="ref31316" refString="Gasiorek, P. &amp; Degma, P. (2018) Three Echiniscidae species (Tardigrada: Heterotardigrada) new to the Polish fauna, with the description of a new gonochoristic Bryodelphax Thulin, 1928. Zootaxa, 4410 (1), 77 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4410.1.4" type="journal article" year="2018">Gąsiorek &amp; Degma 2018</bibRefCitation>
); (6)
<geoCoordinate id="6C8401E2B96CFFDA1F8EFA57BD26F9B4" box="[1012,1111,1535,1562]" degrees="56" direction="north" minutes="52" orientation="latitude" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" precision="925" value="56.866665">56°52N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="6C8401E2B96CFFDA1819FA57BDB2F9B7" box="[1123,1219,1535,1561]" degrees="16" direction="east" minutes="39" orientation="longitude" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" precision="925" value="16.65">16°39E</geoCoordinate>
,
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asl:
<collectingCountry id="71A727B5B96CFFDA1946FA57BCE6F9B7" box="[1340,1431,1535,1561]" name="Sweden" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Sweden</collectingCountry>
, Öland, Borgholm and
<geoCoordinate id="6C8401E2B96CFFDA1DE3F98BBB59F990" box="[409,552,1571,1598]" degrees="56" direction="north" minutes="44" orientation="latitude" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" precision="15" seconds="43" value="56.745277">56°4443N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="6C8401E2B96CFFDA1E4DF98BBBB5F993" box="[567,708,1571,1597]" degrees="16" direction="east" minutes="38" orientation="longitude" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" precision="15" seconds="33" value="16.6425">16°3833E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="CE48CAC0B96CFFDA1EA8F98BBA7CF990" box="[722,781,1571,1598]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="29.0">29 m</quantity>
asl:
<collectingCountry id="71A727B5B96CFFDA1F3DF98BBAD3F993" box="[839,930,1571,1597]" name="Sweden" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Sweden</collectingCountry>
, Öland, Ismantorp (
<bibRefCitation id="6D211AD4B96CFFDA18F2F98BB9A5F9CF" author="Gasiorek, P. &amp; Michalczyk, L." pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="87 - 105" refId="ref31509" refString="Gasiorek, P. &amp; Michalczyk, L. (2020) Echiniscus siticulosus (Echiniscidae: spinulosus group), a new tardigrade from Western Australian scrub. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 47 (2), 87 - 105. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.2019.1603166" type="journal article" year="2020">Gąsiorek &amp; Michalczyk 2020</bibRefCitation>
); (7)
<collectingCountry id="71A727B5B96CFFDA1D68F9EFB815F9CF" box="[274,356,1607,1633]" name="Ireland" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Ireland</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="CB74A9C7B96CFFDA1D0BF9EFBB72F9CC" box="[369,515,1607,1634]" country="Ireland" name="Clare" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Clare county</collectingRegion>
, vicinity of Bellharbour (
<bibRefCitation id="6D211AD4B96CFFDA1F5EF9EFBD7DF9CF" author="DeMilio, E. &amp; Tumanov, D. V. &amp; Lawton, C. &amp; Hansen, J. G." box="[804,1036,1607,1634]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="161 - 179" refId="ref30423" refString="DeMilio, E., Tumanov, D. V., Lawton, C. &amp; Hansen, J. G. (2022) Observations of Irish Parechiniscus Cuenot, 1926 (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) convey new information (and questions) about the genus. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 122 B (3), 161 - 179. https: // doi. org / 10.1353 / bae. 2022.0011" type="book chapter" year="2022">
DeMilio
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96CFFDA1FF7F9E0BAB1F9CF" box="[909,960,1607,1633]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al</emphasis>
. 2022
</bibRefCitation>
). New verified records: (8)
<collectingCountry id="71A727B5B96CFFDA1933F9E0BCE9F9CC" box="[1353,1432,1608,1634]" name="France" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">France</collectingCountry>
, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Les Eyzies; moss from a roof coll. on
<date id="7D0E41E5B96CFFDA1F56F9C3BABDF92B" box="[812,972,1643,1669]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" value="1961-07-27">
27
<superScript id="FEC5CA6DB96CFFDA1F32F9C3BA24F9D7" attach="left" box="[840,853,1643,1657]" fontSize="6" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">th</superScript>
July 1961
</date>
; several specimens, incl. larvae, mounted in polyvinyl lactophenol (the Ramazzotti collection, not included in
<bibRefCitation id="6D211AD4B96CFFDA1FFDF927BDCCF907" author="Ramazzotti, G. &amp; Maucci, W." box="[903,1213,1679,1705]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 1011" refId="ref37084" refString="Ramazzotti, G. &amp; Maucci, W. (1983) Il Phylum Tardigrada. III edizione riveduta e aggiornata. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, 41, 1 - 1011." type="journal article" year="1983">Ramazzotti &amp; Maucci 1983</bibRefCitation>
); (9)
<collectingCountry id="71A727B5B96CFFDA188CF927BC5FF907" box="[1270,1326,1679,1705]" name="Italy" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Italy</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="CB74A9C7B96CFFDA194FF927BCE9F907" box="[1333,1432,1679,1705]" country="Italy" name="Abruzzo" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Abruzzo</collectingRegion>
, Tagliacozzo, Monte Amaro, Maiella (
<bibRefCitation id="6D211AD4B96CFFDA1E3EF91BBBADF963" author="Maucci, W." box="[580,732,1715,1741]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 388" refId="ref34817" refString="Maucci, W. (1986) Tardigrada. Fauna d'Italia, Bologna, Calderini, 24, 1 - 388." type="journal article" year="1986">Maucci 1986</bibRefCitation>
) and
<collectingRegion id="CB74A9C7B96CFFDA1F65F91BBA06F963" box="[799,887,1715,1741]" country="Italy" name="Umbria" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Umbria</collectingRegion>
, Monte Serva Santa (the Maucci collection, not included in
<bibRefCitation id="6D211AD4B96CFFDA1D61F97FB8C3F95F" author="Maucci, W." box="[283,434,1751,1777]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 388" refId="ref34817" refString="Maucci, W. (1986) Tardigrada. Fauna d'Italia, Bologna, Calderini, 24, 1 - 388." type="journal article" year="1986">Maucci 1986</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="41AA34AEB96CFFDA1CBDF953BBCFF897" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="090F6725B96CFFDA1CBDF953BBCFF897" blockId="45.[151,1437,1319,2030]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
Etymology: From Latin
<taxonomicName id="CEB01CA6B96CFFDA1DA0F954BB47F8BB" authorityName="Richters" authorityYear="1904" box="[474,566,1788,1813]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Echiniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="spiniger">
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96CFFDA1DA0F954BB47F8BB" box="[474,566,1788,1813]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">spiniger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
= thorn-bearing, which underlines the presence of numerous spiniform trunk appendages. An adjective in nominative singular.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="41AA34AEB96CFFD91CBDF8EBBDA4FEB3" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="description">
<paragraph id="090F6725B96CFFD91CBDF8EBBDA4FEB3" blockId="45.[151,1437,1319,2030]" lastBlockId="46.[151,1437,151,861]" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
Shortened description. Small to large (
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96CFFDA1EF3F8ECBBD2F8F3" box="[649,675,1860,1885]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">ca</emphasis>
. 160350 μm). Body appendage configuration
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96CFFDA18B6F8ECBCF3F8F3" box="[1228,1410,1859,1886]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<superScript id="FEC5CA6DB96CFFDA18B6F8ECBCF3F8F3" attach="left" box="[1228,1410,1859,1886]" fontSize="6" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">A-B-C-Cd- D-Dd-</superScript>
</emphasis>
E, with occasional asymmetries. All appendages spiniform and smooth. Lateral spines similar in length to prominent dorsal spines (
<figureCitation id="918B7BA0B96CFFDA1D44F823B8E7F80B" box="[318,406,1931,1957]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="45.[152,255,1113,1137]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,273,1089]" captionTargetId="figure-70@45.[151,1435,273,1089]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 28. Echiniscus spiniger from Sweden (PCM, female in dorsal view). Scale bar = 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8346116" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8346116/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
). Dorsal plate sculpturing of the
<taxonomicName id="CEB01CA6B96CFFDA1F62F823BAFFF80B" box="[792,910,1931,1957]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Echiniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="spinulosus">
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96CFFDA1F62F823BAFFF80B" box="[792,910,1931,1957]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">spinulosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="D60BD987B96CFFDA1FE3F824BABDF808" box="[921,972,1932,1958]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
, with large pores only rarely containing faint intracuticular rings (
<figureCitation id="918B7BA0B96CFFDA1DBAF807BB20F867" box="[448,593,1967,1993]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="46.[152,255,1553,1577]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,885,1529]" captionTargetId="figure-366@46.[151,1435,885,1529]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURE 29. Echiniscus spiniger from Sweden—morphological details (PCM):A—scapular plate, B—paired segmental plate I, C—caudal plate, D—claws I and subcephalic plates. Arrowheads indicate dark intracuticular rings. Scale bars = 20 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8346118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8346118/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figs 29AC</figureCitation>
, arrowheads). Anterior portions of paired segmental plates with reduced endocuticular matrix, which results in a different appearance of pores and visible endocuticular pillars (
<figureCitation id="918B7BA0B96CFFDA1952F87BBCFEF843" box="[1320,1423,2003,2029]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="46.[152,255,1553,1577]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,885,1529]" captionTargetId="figure-366@46.[151,1435,885,1529]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURE 29. Echiniscus spiniger from Sweden—morphological details (PCM):A—scapular plate, B—paired segmental plate I, C—caudal plate, D—claws I and subcephalic plates. Arrowheads indicate dark intracuticular rings. Scale bars = 20 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8346118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8346118/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 29B</figureCitation>
). Large and richly sculptured pedal plates (
<figureCitation id="918B7BA0B96FFFD91E15FF3FBBB5FF1F" box="[623,708,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="45.[152,255,1113,1137]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,273,1089]" captionTargetId="figure-70@45.[151,1435,273,1089]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 28. Echiniscus spiniger from Sweden (PCM, female in dorsal view). Scale bar = 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8346116" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8346116/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
). Subcephalic plates present in adults (
<figureCitation id="918B7BA0B96FFFD91805FF3FBD98FF1F" box="[1151,1257,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="46.[152,255,1553,1577]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,885,1529]" captionTargetId="figure-366@46.[151,1435,885,1529]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURE 29. Echiniscus spiniger from Sweden—morphological details (PCM):A—scapular plate, B—paired segmental plate I, C—caudal plate, D—claws I and subcephalic plates. Arrowheads indicate dark intracuticular rings. Scale bars = 20 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8346118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8346118/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 29D</figureCitation>
). Dentate collar IV typically with few (78) large and widely spaced teeth (
<figureCitation id="918B7BA0B96FFFD91F53FF13BA0CFF7B" box="[809,893,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="45.[152,255,1113,1137]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,273,1089]" captionTargetId="figure-70@45.[151,1435,273,1089]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 28. Echiniscus spiniger from Sweden (PCM, female in dorsal view). Scale bar = 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8346116" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8346116/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
). Claws large, massive, and heteronych: primary spurs IIII small compared with overall size of a branch and positioned more closely to their bases (
<figureCitation id="918B7BA0B96FFFD9188DFF77BC2CFF57" box="[1271,1373,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="46.[152,255,1553,1577]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,885,1529]" captionTargetId="figure-366@46.[151,1435,885,1529]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURE 29. Echiniscus spiniger from Sweden—morphological details (PCM):A—scapular plate, B—paired segmental plate I, C—caudal plate, D—claws I and subcephalic plates. Arrowheads indicate dark intracuticular rings. Scale bars = 20 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8346118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8346118/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 29D</figureCitation>
) than spurs IV that are larger, more divergent from branch and positioned higher on each internal claw.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="41AA34AEB96FFFD91CBDFE8FBBA9FCF3" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="090F6725B96FFFD91CBDFE8FBAE6FE27" blockId="46.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
Phylogenetic position:
<taxonomicName id="CEB01CA6B96FFFD91DB2FE8FBBD5FEEE" authorityName="Richters" authorityYear="1904" box="[456,676,295,321]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Echiniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="spiniger">
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96FFFD91DB2FE8FBBD5FEEE" box="[456,676,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Echiniscus spiniger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is nested among the sequenced populations of
<taxonomicName id="CEB01CA6B96FFFD918D4FE8FBC33FEEF" box="[1198,1346,295,321]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Echiniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="spinulosus">
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96FFFD918D4FE8FBC33FEEF" box="[1198,1346,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">E. spinulosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, clearly being not well-differentiated genetically (Figs 12). The differences in COI are also minor (interspecific
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96FFFD91953FEE3BC46FECA" box="[1321,1335,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">p</emphasis>
-distance =
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96FFFD91CD4FEC7B846FE26" box="[174,311,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">2.02.4% vs</emphasis>
intraspecific variability of
<taxonomicName id="CEB01CA6B96FFFD91E12FEC7BB8FFE27" box="[616,766,367,393]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Echiniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="spinulosus">
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96FFFD91E12FEC7BB8FFE27" box="[616,766,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">E. spinulosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
=
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96FFFD91F66FEC7BAF6FE27" box="[796,903,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">0.82.4%</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="090F6725B96FFFD91CBDFE3BBBA9FCF3" blockId="46.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
Remarks:The purported worldwide distribution of this species(
<bibRefCitation id="6D211AD4B96FFFD91F0EFE3BBD65FE03" author="McInnes, S. J." box="[884,1044,403,429]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="257 - 352" refId="ref35021" refString="McInnes, S. J. (1994) Zoogeographic distribution of terrestrial / freshwater tardigrades from current literature. Journal of Natural History, 28 (2), 257 - 352. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939400770131" type="journal article" year="1994">McInnes1994</bibRefCitation>
)has already been rightly questioned (
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96FFFD91CDBFE1FB9B3FE7E" box="[161,194,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">e.g</emphasis>
.
<bibRefCitation id="6D211AD4B96FFFD91CA8FE1FB8EBFE7F" author="Pilato, G. &amp; Binda, M. G. &amp; Lisi, O." box="[210,410,438,465]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="27 - 45" refId="ref36596" refString="Pilato, G., Binda, M. G. &amp; Lisi, O. (2005) Remarks on some Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada) from New Zealand with the description of two new species. Zootaxa, 1027 (1), 27 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1027.1.2" type="journal article" year="2005">
Pilato
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96FFFD91D66FE1FB83FFE7F" box="[284,334,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
), and all records outside the Palaearctic region are almost certainly misidentifications. We provided a summary of verified records of
<taxonomicName id="CEB01CA6B96FFFD91E08FE73BB9DFE5A" authorityName="Richters" authorityYear="1904" box="[626,748,475,500]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Echiniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="spiniger">
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96FFFD91E08FE73BB9DFE5A" box="[626,748,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">E. spiniger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on trustworthy records and re-examination of historical material (
<figureCitation id="918B7BA0B96FFFD91D79FE57B829FDB7" box="[259,344,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="60.[152,255,1264,1288]" captionTargetBox="[192,1396,273,1241]" captionTargetId="figure-75@60.[192,1396,273,1241]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 39. Reliable records of E. spiniger from Europe." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8346142" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8346142/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
). The species was notoriously confused with
<taxonomicName id="CEB01CA6B96FFFD91F22FE57BA9FFDB7" box="[856,1006,511,537]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Echiniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="spinulosus">
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96FFFD91F22FE57BA9FFDB7" box="[856,1006,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">E. spinulosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
even by experienced researchers, like Maucci, whose records of
<taxonomicName id="CEB01CA6B96FFFD91DC6FD8BBB46FD92" authorityName="Richters" authorityYear="1904" box="[444,567,547,572]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Echiniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="spiniger">
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96FFFD91DC6FD8BBB46FD92" box="[444,567,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">E. spiniger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
refer mostly to
<taxonomicName id="CEB01CA6B96FFFD91E9CFD8BBA0AFD93" box="[742,891,547,573]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Echiniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="spinulosus">
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96FFFD91E9CFD8BBA0AFD93" box="[742,891,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">E. spinulosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see below).
<bibRefCitation id="6D211AD4B96FFFD9186AFD8BBDCDFD93" author="Dastych, H." box="[1040,1212,547,573]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 255" refId="ref30046" refString="Dastych, H. (1988) The Tardigrada of Poland. Monografie Fauny Polski, 16, 1 - 255." type="journal article" year="1988">Dastych (1988)</bibRefCitation>
was the first to note the need for revision of the
<taxonomicName id="CEB01CA6B96FFFD91DB5FDEFBB34FDCF" box="[463,581,583,609]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Echiniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="spinulosus">
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96FFFD91DB5FDEFBB34FDCF" box="[463,581,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">spinulosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex, but the specimens found in the course of his studies on the Polish tardigrade fauna conform with the morphotype of
<taxonomicName id="CEB01CA6B96FFFD91EC5FDC3BA49FD2A" authorityName="Richters" authorityYear="1904" box="[703,824,619,644]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Echiniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="spiniger">
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96FFFD91EC5FDC3BA49FD2A" box="[703,824,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">E. spiniger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The lack of genetic distinctiveness of
<taxonomicName id="CEB01CA6B96FFFD9189EFDC3BC2CFD2A" authorityName="Richters" authorityYear="1904" box="[1252,1373,619,644]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Echiniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="spiniger">
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96FFFD9189EFDC3BC2CFD2A" box="[1252,1373,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">E. spiniger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Figs 12) supports
<bibRefCitation id="6D211AD4B96FFFD91D4DFD27B89DFD07" author="Cuenot, L." box="[311,492,655,681]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 96" refId="ref29878" refString="Cuenot, L. (1932) Tardigrades. In: Lechevalier, P. (Ed.), Faune de France, 24, pp. 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1932">Cuénots (1932)</bibRefCitation>
supposition that it is a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="CEB01CA6B96FFFD91FBCFD27BD2AFD07" box="[966,1115,655,681]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Echiniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="spinulosus">
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96FFFD91FBCFD27BD2AFD07" box="[966,1115,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">E. spinulosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, however, we decided not to synonymise these two species yet because of two reasons: (1) the morphotype corresponding with
<taxonomicName id="CEB01CA6B96FFFD91889FD1BBC1EFD62" authorityName="Richters" authorityYear="1904" box="[1267,1391,691,716]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Echiniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="spiniger">
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96FFFD91889FD1BBC1EFD62" box="[1267,1391,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">E. spiniger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(all trunk spines of similar lengths) always occurs separately, not intermixed with populations of
<taxonomicName id="CEB01CA6B96FFFD918CAFD7FBC34FD5F" box="[1200,1349,727,753]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Echiniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="spinulosus">
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96FFFD918CAFD7FBC34FD5F" box="[1200,1349,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">E. spinulosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(lateral spicules several times shorter than dorsal spines), and (2) sequencing several more populations of
<taxonomicName id="CEB01CA6B96FFFD9189EFD53BC2EFCBA" authorityName="Richters" authorityYear="1904" box="[1252,1375,763,788]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Echiniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="spiniger">
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96FFFD9189EFD53BC2EFCBA" box="[1252,1375,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">E. spiniger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from other localities would be desirable to infer whether the uniformity of
<taxonomicName id="CEB01CA6B96FFFD91FE3FCB7BD65FC96" authorityName="Richters" authorityYear="1904" box="[921,1044,799,824]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Echiniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="spiniger">
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96FFFD91FE3FCB7BD65FC96" box="[921,1044,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">E. spiniger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="CEB01CA6B96FFFD91833FCB7BDACFC97" box="[1097,1245,799,825]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Echiniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="spinulosus">
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96FFFD91833FCB7BDACFC97" box="[1097,1245,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">E. spinulosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is consistent and stable. Then,
<taxonomicName id="CEB01CA6B96FFFD91D54FCEBB8D8FCF2" authorityName="Richters" authorityYear="1904" box="[302,425,835,860]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Echiniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="spiniger">
<emphasis id="3BC4BB37B96FFFD91D54FCEBB8D8FCF2" box="[302,425,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">E. spiniger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be put in synonymy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>