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154 lines
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961" ID-GBIF-Dataset="37b2a078-3f92-4ec2-b892-d3e0a567f7d8" ID-PMC="PMC6624213" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-860-1" ID-PubMed="31327927" ID-ZBK="11140DC997444A479EC83AF9E2891BAB" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1313-2970-860-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 860" ModsDocTitle="A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia – Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae)" checkinTime="1562310422136" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Horvath, Elizabeth Anne" docDate="2019" docId="6FA0BDD2D50403CE0CF5CE2CAAA96218" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 860: 1-66" docOrigin="ZooKeys 860" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961" docTitle="Sibogagorgia californica Horvath, 2019, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="5B485BEF-92D9-4A35-923F-BC491076AC72" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="843C0C24FF815E5FFFDD405D045AFFC6" masterDocTitle="A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae)" masterLastPageNumber="66" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668167476853" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Horvath, Elizabeth Anne</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>860</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>66</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-860-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">11140DC997444A479EC83AF9E2891BAB</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">11140DC997444A479EC83AF9E2891BAB</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="158525319" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5B485BEF-92D9-4A35-923F-BC491076AC72" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6FA0BDD2D50403CE0CF5CE2CAAA96218" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/5B485BEF-92D9-4A35-923F-BC491076AC72" class="Anthozoa" family="Paragorgiidae" genus="Sibogagorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sibogagorgia californica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californica">Sibogagorgia californica</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figures 4, 5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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, 6A, B, 7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Holotype USA, California, Los Angeles County, West end, Santa Catalina Island, 300 meters. Paratype USA, California, Los Angeles County, NE
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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E of Long Point, Santa Catalina Island, 415-486 meters.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type specimens">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type specimens.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Holotype SBMNH 422974; Paratype SBMNH 422973.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">~8 lots (see Appendix 1: List of material examined).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens rarely displayed growth in one plane. Sclerites of medulla with blunt tips, bearing minimal ornamentation, smooth in areas between widely spaced spiny processes; sclerites of colony surface and coenenchymal tissue intermediate between surface and medulla 7-radiates, but never 8-radiates. Thick, compact branches with color variation from pinkish orange to pale pink.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Colony (Figure 4, 6) fragments robust, tree-like, with thick, conspicuous branches. Specimen of Figure 4 approximately 18 cm tall, that of Figure 6 roughly 36 cm long (when gently stretched out). Coenenchyme is thick and tough (like cutting through raw carrot). Branches moderately smooth in appearance, although lumpy in many spots, with small calyces evident; appear somewhat moderately spaced, scattered irregularly, on all sides of branches; distal or lateral branch tips each end with round, swollen knob. Color of branch coenenchyme (Figure 4) bright reddish orange; specimen shown in Figure 6 creamy beige with orange polyp apertures (this could be normal color or could have bleached out due to earlier storage solutions); in both specimens, polyps of same orange hue, with tentacles white (more visible in specimen of Figure 4). Cross section samples of both colonies revealed obvious boundary canals, and both colonies have very few, but rather large penetration canals in the medulla. No blunt, stubby, ornate polyp tentacular sclerites (rods) were ever found in any of numerous tissue samples examined; outer surface sclerites are radiate (Figures 5C, 7C), most closely matching a 7-radiate configuration, with ornamentation often jagged and extensive; color of these sclerites a pale pinkish orange; medullary sclerites (Figures 5A, 7A) are spindles, with moderate ornamentation, not as bare as seen in most other species of the genus; these spindles are more or less white, but may often have a very pale yellow color.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Figure 4.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Paragorgiidae" genus="Sibogagorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sibogagorgia californica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californica">Sibogagorgia californica</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov., SBMNH 422974 (Holotype). Large fragment, ~18 cm long, showing branching pattern; intertwined tendrils from shark egg case are visible.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Figure 5.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Paragorgiidae" genus="Sibogagorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sibogagorgia californica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californica">Sibogagorgia californica</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov., SBMNH 422974, SEM image. Sclerites either bright salmon in color, or pale yellow to white. A Sclerites from colony medulla B sclerites from colony surface and possible intermediates toward the medulla C 7-radiate sclerites from colony surface.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Figure 6.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Paragorgiidae" genus="Sibogagorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sibogagorgia californica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californica">Sibogagorgia californica</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov., SBMNH 422978. A Large, ~36 cm long colony fragment B close-up view of polyps, illustrating color and position on branch; note contrast color between polyps and surrounding coenenchyme, characteristic of species in the genus. This may however, be a partially bleached specimen, rather than one exhibiting true coloring.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Figure 7.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Paragorgiidae" genus="Sibogagorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sibogagorgia californica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californica">Sibogagorgia californica</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov., SBMNH 422978, SEM image. Color of sclerites from this colony very pale pinkish orange or white. A Sclerites from colony medulla B intermediate form between surface and internal medulla C 7-radiates from the surface. Compare this plate with that of Figure 5; these two appear extremely similar, indicating that SBMNH 422978 is likely a color variant (or very bleached) colony of that species represented by SBMNH 422974.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nearly all specimens examined, with the exception of two, are from locations within the vicinity of the California Channel Islands, thus a reference to the state of California, where most of the specimens were collected.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common name">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common name.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Proposed, "California orange bubblegum" coral.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Based on the specimens in the SBMNH collection, ranges from at least Lincoln County, Oregon through southern California waters.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Preliminary examinations led to identification of this small group of specimens as
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Paragorgiidae" genus="Sibogagorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sibogagorgia cauliflora" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cauliflora">Sibogagorgia cauliflora</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Herrera, S" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="123 - 135" title="Molecular systematics of the bubblegum coral genera (Paragorgiidae, Octocorallia) and description of a new deep-sea species." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.12.007" volume="55" year="2010">Herrera et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
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. The two colony morphs shown in their description matched well with that seen in the SBMNH specimens: either a vibrant orange-pink (Figure 4) or a more dull cream color with orange polyp apertures (Figure 6). Unfortunately, the paler-colored specimens at SBMNH had been stored in less than desirable conditions for a lengthy period of time; still, the resemblance was strong. However, the SBMNH specimens were decidedly different in the appearance of their radiate sclerites, taken from the surface cortex. In the species described here, surface radiates were not oval, with 8-radiate origination; this form of sclerite was never seen in examined specimens, despite numerous tissue/sclerite preparations, and is the key distinguishing feature of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. cauliflora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cauliflora">S. cauliflora</taxonomicName>
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. Several possibilities emerged: 1) that the SBMNH specimens were an endemic subspecies of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. cauliflora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cauliflora">S. cauliflora</taxonomicName>
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, or (because of their strictly southern California location), 2) a very similar, but different species, or 3) the specimens collected were an isolated group of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. cauliflora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cauliflora">S. cauliflora</taxonomicName>
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that just happened to be found in a location where, for some environmental reason, the distinctive 8-radiates that normally would form in development and growth, did not. Because of their collection location, and differences in sclerite forms, a new species designation is proposed for what may be a very closely-related, species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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From a taxonomic perspective, in their most recent molecular work Figueroa and Baco (2014) recommended that family
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<taxonomicName family="Sibogagorgiidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Sibogagorgiidae</taxonomicName>
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be reinstated. According to WoRMS, the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Paragorgiidae" genus="Sibogagorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sibogagorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Sibogagorgia</taxonomicName>
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is still retained in the family
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<taxonomicName family="Paragorgiidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Paragorgiidae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Cordeiro, R" journalOrPublisher="American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=267835" year="2018 c">Cordeiro et al. 2018c</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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The museum collection at Moss Landing Marine Labs held a specimen that might be this species, collected in Monterey Bay,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="36.445">36°26'42"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-122.03223">122°01'56"W</geoCoordinate>
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, ~684 m; coll. G McDonald, 14 August 1974; C0071 [wet]. Coloring of this specimen showed either a slightly bleached condition (storage artifact) or the beige coloring with orange pimples, a slightly brighter condition than that seen in SBMNH 422978.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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The SBMNH holotype specimen has, tightly wound around/across its branches, the attachment tendrils from the ends of a swell
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<normalizedToken originalValue="shark’s">shark's</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="mermaid’s">mermaid's</normalizedToken>
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purse. The tree-like nature of species not only in this genus, but also in the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Paragorgiidae" genus="Paragorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paragorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Paragorgia</taxonomicName>
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, likely provides anchorage and hiding places for a number of organisms, ranging from brittle stars to fish.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |