treatments-xml/data/65/2F/A2/652FA2BC4D125A76ABD5AFD89766064F.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83034" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2193-0074-1-187" ID-Pensoft-UUID="86764B0ACD9453CD965B288014B441CD" ID-ZooBank="6402F8F152294153823FCAEA106F90A1" ModsDocID="2193-0074-25-1-187" checkinTime="1667366246929" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Spasojevic, Tamara, Broad, Gavin R. &amp; Klopfstein, Seraina" docDate="2022" docId="652FA2BC4D125A76ABD5AFD89766064F" docLanguage="en" docName="FossilRecord 25(1): 187-212" docOrigin="Fossil Record 25 (1)" docPubDate="2022-06-07" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83034" docTitle="Polysphincta inundata Brues 1910" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="86764B0ACD9453CD965B288014B441CD" lastPageNumber="187" masterDocId="86764B0ACD9453CD965B288014B441CD" masterDocTitle="Revision of 18 ichneumonid fossil species (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) highlights the need for open nomenclature in palaeontology" masterLastPageNumber="212" masterPageNumber="187" pageNumber="187" updateTime="1667366246929" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title>Revision of 18 ichneumonid fossil species (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) highlights the need for open nomenclature in palaeontology</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Spasojevic, Tamara</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5301-5722</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Augustinergasse 2, Basel, Switzerland &amp; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Broad, Gavin R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7223-5333</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 6 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Klopfstein, Seraina</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4025-975X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Augustinergasse 2, Basel, Switzerland &amp; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">seraina.klopfstein@bs.ch</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title>Fossil Record</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2022-06-07</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>25</mods:number>
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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<mods:start>187</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83034</mods:url>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:652FA2BC4D125A76ABD5AFD89766064F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/652FA2BC4D125A76ABD5AFD89766064F" lastPageNumber="187" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<taxonomicName LSID="652FA2BC-4D12-5A76-ABD5-AFD89766064F" authority="Brues, 1910" authorityName="Brues" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Polysphincta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polysphincta inundata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inundata">Polysphincta? inundata Brues, 1910</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="187" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Polysphincta? inundata (Brues, 1910) comb. nov. A. Photograph of the holotype obtained from the MCZ; B. Our interpretative drawing of the fossil. Thicker lines indicate outlines of body structures, thinner lines show characters inside these outlines, and dotted lines represent uncertain interpretations." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.25.83034.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693073" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brues" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Polysphincta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polysphincta inundata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inundata">* Polysphincta inundata</taxonomicName>
Brues, 1910
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="187" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
Photographs of the 
<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
(part only, #PALE-2135) obtained from the MCZ.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="187" type="stratum">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Stratum.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Teller County, Florissant shales, Colorado, USA. Late Eocene (Chadronian), 37.2-33.9 Ma.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="187" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
Female. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Holotype</emphasis>
</emphasis>
in lateroventral view, with one nearly complete and one partial antenna, head, mesosoma showing some carinae and sculpture, nearly complete fore wings and one partial hind wing, hind legs strongly and mid and fore legs weakly outlined, metasoma complete with ovipositor with sheaths. Body length 10.1 mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Black or dark brown on head, mesosoma and T1, antennae and remaining metasoma orange, hind legs dark brown at least on femur and apex of hind tibia, other legs probably orange.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Head</emphasis>
rather short, poorly preserved but outline of eyes partially indicated. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Antennae</emphasis>
7.1 mm, with more than 39 (probably around 43) flagellomeres, basal segments longer than wide, from about mid length transverse, scape short. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Mesosoma</emphasis>
rather stout, with epomia present on pronotum; mesopleuron with epicnemial carina curved forward around mid-height of pronotum, with fine longitudinal carinulae at least in front of mesepimeron. Propodeum with pleural, lateral and lateromedian longitudinal carinae seemingly complete, with indication of low posterior transverse carina and maybe also part of anterior transverse carina. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Fore wing</emphasis>
6.8 mm; areolet open, vein 2 + 3M twice as long as 2Rs; 1cu-a meeting 2Cu at the same position as 1M; cell 2R1 rather long, 3.6 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as wide. Hind wing with vein 1Rs much longer than rs-m; 1Cu about as long as cu-a (but a bit difficult to see). 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Legs</emphasis>
rather stout; hind femur 3.0 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
and hind tibia 7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as wide. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Metasoma</emphasis>
mostly dorsoventrally depressed and somewhat compressed towards apex, with T1 a bit elongate and nearly parallel sided, with what are probably latero-median and dorso-lateral carinae; T2 and following tergites transverse. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Ovipositor</emphasis>
3.8 mm, 1.6 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as hind tibia, upcurved at apex, seemingly tapering from about middle to apex; ovipositor sheaths parallel-sided.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/fr.25.83034.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693073" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" start="Figure 14" startId="F14">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Figure 14.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brues" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Polysphincta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polysphincta inundata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inundata">Polysphincta? inundata</taxonomicName>
(Brues, 1910) comb. nov. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">A.</emphasis>
Photograph of the holotype obtained from the MCZ; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">B.</emphasis>
Our interpretative drawing of the fossil. Thicker lines indicate outlines of body structures, thinner lines show characters inside these outlines, and dotted lines represent uncertain interpretations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="187" type="interpretation">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Interpretation.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
Members of the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gravenhorst" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Polysphincta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polysphincta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Polysphincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group of genera are koinobiont ectoparasitoids of spiders and have a unique ovipositor, which is expanded at the base and again around mid-length, from where it evenly tapers into a narrow point. The state of the ovipositor in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. inundata" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" rank="species" species="inundata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">P. inundata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems consistent with this description, but this is somewhat unclear, despite the in general very good preservation of this fossil. Alternatively, if our interpretation of the ovipositor is wrong and there is not a median swelling, it would point to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gravenhorst" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Clistopyga" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clistopyga" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Clistopyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gravenhorst, 1829, a sister genus of the polysphinctines. The fact that we cannot see any paired swellings, impressions or raised areas on tergites, which are typical for many but not all polysphinctines, speaks also more for 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gravenhorst" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Clistopyga" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clistopyga" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Clistopyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the propodeal carination never occurs in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gravenhorst" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Clistopyga" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clistopyga" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Clistopyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and although it is reduced in most extant members of the polysphinctines, with at most longitudinal carinae present, the posterior transverse carina occurs in some genera, e.g., 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Townes &amp; Townes" authorityYear="1960" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Sinarachna" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinarachna" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Sinarachna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Townes, 1960, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Acrodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acrodactyla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Acrodactyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Haliday, 1838 and 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Zatypota" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zatypota" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Zatypota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
, 1869. These genera, however, have shorter ovipositors without the upcurved tip. Because we cannot find a convincing alternative placement for the fossil, we leave it in the current genus but express uncertainty in its placement.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cushman &amp; Rohwer" authorityYear="1920" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lycorininae">Lycorininae</taxonomicName>
? Cushman &amp; Rohwer, 1920
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Holmgren" authorityYear="1859" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Lycorina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lycorina" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Lycorina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
? Holmgren, 1859
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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