treatments-xml/data/03/F9/87/03F98793FF96723C2BCFFAA2A337FE7B.xml

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<mods:title>Systematics and preliminary phylogeny of Bornellidae (Mollusca: Nudibranchia: Dendronotina) based on morphological characters with description of four new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Pola, Marta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Rudman, William B.</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName box="[151,355,1402,1428]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellifer">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,355,1402,1428]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bornella stellifer</emphasis>
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(Adams and Reeve in Adams, 
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(
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Figures 
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A–B, 
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, 
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A)
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<paragraph blockId="2.[151,1436,1517,2020]" box="[151,869,1517,1540]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName authority="Adams and Reeve" authorityName="Adams and Reeve" box="[151,578,1517,1540]" class="Gastropoda" family="Dendronotidae" genus="Dendronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellifer">
<emphasis box="[151,378,1517,1540]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Dendronotus stellifer</emphasis>
Adams and Reeve
</taxonomicName>
in Adams, 
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: 
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[151,1436,1517,2020]" box="[151,870,1549,1572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName authority="Adams and Reeve" authorityName="Adams and Reeve" box="[151,580,1549,1572]" class="Gastropoda" family="Dendronotidae" genus="Dendronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tenellus">
<emphasis box="[151,379,1549,1572]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Dendronotus tenellus</emphasis>
Adams and Reeve
</taxonomicName>
in Adams, 
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: 
<number box="[769,867,1549,1572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="494.5" valueMax="495.0" valueMin="494.0">494–495</number>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="2.[151,1436,1517,2020]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName authority="J. E. Gray" authorityName="J. E. Gray" box="[151,464,1581,1604]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="adamsii">
<emphasis box="[151,339,1581,1604]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bornella adamsii</emphasis>
J. E. Gray
</taxonomicName>
in 
<bibRefCitation author="Gray" box="[506,706,1581,1604]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Gray, M. E. (1850) Figures of molluscous animals, selected from various authors, etched for the use of students, vol. 2, pls. 79 - 199. Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, London. [Nudibranchia pp. 14 - 15, 37 - 46, 52, 102 - 110]." type="book chapter" year="1850">
M. E. Gray, 
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</bibRefCitation>
: 
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, Pl. 
<number box="[806,848,1581,1604]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="196.0">196</number>
, fig. 
<number box="[903,917,1581,1604]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="6.0">6</number>
; Adams and Reeve, 
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: 
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, Pl. 
<number box="[1336,1364,1581,1604]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="19.0">19</number>
, fig. 
<number box="[1418,1431,1581,1604]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="3.0">3</number>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Bertsch" box="[199,350,1613,1636]" pageId="2" pageNumber="54" refString="Bertsch, H. (1980) A new species of Bornella from tropical west-America (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia). Spixiana, 3, 33 - 42." type="journal article" year="1980">
Bertsch, 
<number box="[293,350,1613,1636]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1980.0">1980</number>
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<number box="[361,388,1613,1636]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="33.0">33</number>
(for synonymy).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[151,1436,1517,2020]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName authority="Adams and Reeve, 1850: 66" authorityName="Adams and Reeve" authorityPageNumber="66" authorityYear="1850" box="[151,659,1645,1668]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="digitata">
<emphasis box="[151,336,1645,1668]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bornella digitata</emphasis>
Adams and Reeve, 
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: 
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–67, Pl. 
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; 
<bibRefCitation author="Alder" box="[851,1137,1645,1668]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" refString="Alder, J. and Hancock, A. (1864) Notice of a collection of nudibranchiate mollusca made in India by Walter Elliot Esq., with descriptions of several new genera and species. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 5, 113 - 147." type="journal article" year="1864">
Alder and Hancock, 
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: 
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, Pl. 
<number box="[1297,1326,1645,1668]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="33.0">33</number>
, figs 
<number box="[1389,1432,1645,1668]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="8.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="8.0">8–9</number>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Bergh" box="[199,335,1677,1700]" pageId="2" pageNumber="54" refString="Bergh, L. S. R. (1874) Malacologische Untersuchungen. In: Semper, C. (Eds), Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen von Dr. Carl Gottfried Semper. Zweiter Theil. Wissenschaftliche Resultate, 2, pp. 287 - 314, pls. 36 - 39." type="journal article" year="1874">
Bergh, 
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: 
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, Pl. 
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figs 
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, Pl 
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figs 
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; 
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Vayssière, 
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: 
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, Pl. 
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figs 
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, Pl. 
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figs 
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; 
<bibRefCitation author="Risbec" box="[306,445,1709,1732]" pageId="2" pageNumber="56" refString="Risbec, J. (1953) Mollusques nudibranches de la Nouvelle-Caledonie. Faune de l'Union Francaise Paris, Libraire Larose, 15, 1 - 189." type="journal article" year="1953">
Risbec, 
<number box="[392,445,1709,1732]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1953.0">1953</number>
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(as`Adams 
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'): 
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, Figs 
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b, 
<number box="[872,900,1709,1732]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="68.0">68</number>
h, 
<number box="[926,955,1709,1732]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="69.0">69</number>
b.
</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup box="[151,750,1740,1764]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName authority="Kelaart, 1859: 269" authorityName="Kelaart" authorityPageNumber="269" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,586,1741,1764]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hancockana">
<emphasis box="[151,379,1741,1764]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bornella hancockana</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation author="Kelaart" box="[386,586,1741,1764]" page="269" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1859">
<bibRefCitation author="Kelaart" box="[386,535,1741,1764]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Kelaart, E. F. (1859) On some additional species of nudibranchiate mollusks from Ceylon. Annals &amp; Magazine of Natural History, 4, 267 - 270." type="journal article" year="1859">
Kelaart, 
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: 
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–270. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[652,744,1740,1764]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">syn. nov</emphasis>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName authority="Pease, 1871: 302" authorityName="Pease" authorityPageNumber="302" authorityYear="1871" box="[151,577,1773,1796]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="arborescens">
<emphasis box="[151,381,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bornella arborescens</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation author="Pease" box="[390,577,1773,1796]" page="302" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1871">
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Pease, 
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</bibRefCitation>
: 
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</taxonomicName>
, Pl. 
<number box="[618,647,1773,1796]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="20.0">20</number>
, figs 
<number box="[708,720,1773,1796]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="3.0">3</number>
a–c; 
<treatmentCitation author="Bergh" box="[774,964,1773,1796]" page="886" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1890">
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Bergh, 
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: 
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–889, Pl 
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figs 
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, Pl 
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figs 
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. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">syn. nov.</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName authority="Crosse, 1875a: 318" authorityName="Crosse" authorityPageNumber="318" authorityYear="1875" box="[151,588,1837,1860]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="caledonica">
<emphasis box="[151,370,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bornella caledonica</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation author="Crosse" box="[378,588,1837,1860]" page="318" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1875">
<bibRefCitation author="Crosse" box="[378,536,1837,1860]" pageId="2" pageNumber="54" refString="Crosse, J. C. H. (1875 a) Description de nudibranches inedits, provenant de la Nouvelle-Caledonie, avec le catalogue des especes actuellement connues. Journal de Conchyliologie, 23, 305 - 322, Pl. 12." type="journal article" year="1875" yearSuffix="a">
Crosse, 
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a
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: 
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–319, Pl. 
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, fig. 
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; 
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Crosse, 
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b
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: 
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; 
<treatmentCitation author="Risbec" box="[1033,1231,1837,1860]" page="216" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1928">
<bibRefCitation author="Risbec" box="[1033,1178,1837,1860]" pageId="2" pageNumber="56" refString="Risbec, J. (1928) Contribution a l'etude des nudibranches Neo-Caledoniens. These presentee a la faculte des sciences de l'Universite de Paris pour obtenir le grade de docteur es-sciences naturelles. Faune des Colonies Francaise, 2, 1 - 328, pls. 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1928">
Risbec, 
<number box="[1121,1178,1837,1860]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1928.0">1928</number>
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<number box="[1190,1231,1837,1860]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="217.5" valueMax="219.0" valueMin="216.0">216</number>
</treatmentCitation>
–219, Fig. 
<number box="[1341,1370,1837,1860]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="66.0">66</number>
, Pl.C, fig. 
<number box="[238,251,1869,1892]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="3.0">3</number>
, Pl. 
<number box="[292,306,1869,1892]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="9.0">9</number>
, fig. 
<number box="[356,370,1869,1892]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="7.0">7</number>
; 
<treatmentCitation author="Risbec" box="[381,577,1869,1892]" page="264" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1930">
<bibRefCitation author="Risbec" box="[381,524,1869,1892]" pageId="2" pageNumber="56" refString="Risbec, J., (1930) Nouvelle contribution a l'etude des nudibranches Neo-Caledoniens. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique (Monaco) Paris, (N. S.), 7, 263 - 298, Text-figs 1 - 69, Pl. 1." type="journal article" year="1930">
Risbec, 
<number box="[467,524,1869,1892]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1930.0">1930</number>
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<number box="[534,577,1869,1892]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="264.0">264</number>
</treatmentCitation>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[588,686,1868,1892]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">syn. nov.</emphasis>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[151,1436,1517,2020]" box="[151,876,1901,1925]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<treatmentCitationGroup box="[151,876,1901,1925]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName authority="Collingwood, 1879: 737" authorityName="Collingwood" authorityPageNumber="737" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,637,1901,1924]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="marmorata">
<emphasis box="[151,371,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bornella marmorata</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation author="Collingwood" box="[377,637,1901,1924]" page="737" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1879">
<bibRefCitation author="Collingwood" box="[377,587,1901,1924]" pageId="2" pageNumber="54" refString="Collingwood, C. (1879) New species of Nudibranchs from the Eastern seas. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 14, 737 - 738." type="journal article" year="1879">
Collingwood, 
<number box="[530,587,1901,1924]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1879.0">1879</number>
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<number box="[597,637,1901,1924]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="737.5" valueMax="738.0" valueMin="737.0">737</number>
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–738 (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[706,867,1901,1925]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">nomen nudum</emphasis>
)
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[151,1436,1517,2020]" box="[151,997,1932,1956]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<treatmentCitationGroup box="[151,997,1932,1956]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName authority="Collingwood, 1881: 138" authorityName="Collingwood" authorityPageNumber="138" authorityYear="1881" box="[151,637,1933,1956]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="marmorata">
<emphasis box="[151,371,1933,1956]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bornella marmorata</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation author="Collingwood" box="[377,637,1933,1956]" page="138" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1881">
<bibRefCitation author="Collingwood" box="[377,587,1933,1956]" pageId="2" pageNumber="54" refString="Collingwood, C. (1881) On some new species of nudibranchiate Mollusca from the eastern seas. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 2, 123 - 140, pls. 9 - 10." type="journal article" year="1881">
Collingwood, 
<number box="[530,587,1933,1956]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1881.0">1881</number>
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<number box="[597,637,1933,1956]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="138.5" valueMax="139.0" valueMin="138.0">138</number>
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–139, Pl. X, figs 
<number box="[818,888,1933,1956]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="36.0" valueMax="38.0" valueMin="34.0">34–38</number>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[899,997,1932,1956]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">syn. nov.</emphasis>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[151,1436,1517,2020]" box="[151,923,1965,1988]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<treatmentCitationGroup box="[151,923,1965,1988]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis box="[151,347,1965,1988]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName box="[151,248,1965,1988]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Bornella</taxonomicName>
? 
<taxonomicName authority="Ad." authorityName="Ad." box="[264,347,1965,1988]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="digitata">digitata</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
Ad. (var. 
<taxonomicName authority="Crosse" authorityName="Crosse" box="[454,662,1965,1988]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="caledonica">
<emphasis box="[454,577,1965,1988]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Caledonica</emphasis>
Crosse
</taxonomicName>
): 
<treatmentCitation author="Pruvot-Fol" box="[679,918,1965,1988]" page="231" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1930">
<bibRefCitation author="Pruvot-Fol" box="[679,865,1965,1988]" pageId="2" pageNumber="56" refString="Pruvot-Fol, A., 1930. Diagnose provisoires (incompletes) des especes nouvelles et liste provisoire des mollusques nudibranches recueillis par Mme. A. Pruvot-Fol en nouvelle Caledonie (Ile des Pins). Bulletin Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Paris, series 2, 2, 229 - 232." type="journal article" year="1930">
Pruvot-Fol, 
<number box="[808,865,1965,1988]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1930.0">1930</number>
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<number box="[875,918,1965,1988]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="231.0">231</number>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[151,1436,1517,2020]" box="[151,738,1997,2020]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<treatmentCitationGroup box="[151,738,1997,2020]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName authority="Rudman, 1984: 103" authorityName="Rudman" authorityPageNumber="103" authorityYear="1984" box="[151,557,1997,2020]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellifer">
<emphasis box="[151,332,1997,2020]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bornella stellifer</emphasis>
: 
<treatmentCitation author="Rudman" box="[346,557,1997,2020]" page="103" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1984">
<bibRefCitation author="Rudman" box="[346,507,1997,2020]" pageId="2" pageNumber="56" refString="Rudman, W. B. (1984) The date and authorship of Bornella and Ceratosoma (Nudibranchia) and other molluscs collected during the voyage of H. M. S. Samarang 1843 - 1846. Malacological Review, 17, 103 - 104." type="journal article" year="1984">
Rudman, 
<number box="[450,507,1997,2020]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1984.0">1984</number>
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<number box="[517,557,1997,2020]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="103.0">103</number>
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(for synonymy).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2018]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,656,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Material examined: 
<collectingCountry box="[410,656,151,177]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectionCode box="[674,759,152,178]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 
<number box="[783,859,152,178]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="65739.0">65739</number>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[874,1109,152,178]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
, north coast, Madang, near lighthouse, 
<quantity box="[289,336,192,218]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="8.0">8 m</quantity>
depth, one adult specimen 
<quantity box="[665,750,192,218]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="28.0">28 mm</quantity>
preserved, dissected, 
<date box="[1012,1212,192,218]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1988-01-22">
<number box="[1012,1041,192,218]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="22.0">22</number>
January 
<number box="[1151,1212,192,218]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1988.0">1988</number>
</date>
, coll: R.C. Willan. 
<collectionCode box="[151,236,232,258]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 
<number box="[258,334,232,258]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="86313.0">86313</number>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[346,577,232,258]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
, north coast, near Madang, south side of Rasch Passage, one adult specimen 
<quantity box="[212,298,272,298]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
preserved, dissected, 
<date box="[566,731,272,298]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1992-06-17">
<number box="[566,595,272,298]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="17.0">17</number>
June 
<number box="[670,731,272,298]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1992.0">1992</number>
</date>
, coll: T.M. Gosliner. 
<collectionCode box="[994,1079,272,298]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 
<number box="[1104,1181,272,298]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="75076.0">75076</number>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[1195,1432,272,298]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
, north coast, near Madang, south side Magic Passage (between Kranket 
<collectingCountry box="[1026,1098,312,338]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Island</collectingCountry>
and Paeowai 
<collectingCountry box="[1273,1349,312,338]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Island</collectingCountry>
), 
<quantity box="[1373,1436,312,338]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="34.0">34 m</quantity>
depth, one specimen 
<quantity box="[404,489,352,378]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="16.0">16 mm</quantity>
preserved, dissected, 
<date box="[753,985,352,378]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1990-11-14">
<number box="[753,782,352,378]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="14.0">14</number>
November 
<number box="[924,985,352,378]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1990.0">1990</number>
</date>
, coll: T.M. Gosliner and G. Williams. 
<collectionCode box="[151,236,392,418]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 
<number box="[258,335,392,418]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="75894.0">75894</number>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[348,579,392,418]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
, near Madang, east side “Pig 
<collectingCountry box="[932,1006,392,418]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Island</collectingCountry>
” [Tab 
<collectingCountry box="[1087,1164,392,418]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Island</collectingCountry>
], Barracuda Point, 
<quantity box="[1390,1436,392,418]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="6.0">6 m</quantity>
depth, one specimen 
<quantity box="[408,479,432,458]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
preserved, dissected, 
<date box="[747,983,432,458]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1990-11-19">
<number box="[747,776,432,458]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="19.0">19</number>
November 
<number box="[922,983,432,458]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1990.0">1990</number>
</date>
, coll: T.M. Gosliner. 
<collectionCode box="[1245,1330,432,458]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 
<number box="[1355,1431,432,458]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="65421.0">65421</number>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[151,388,472,498]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
, northern coast, South extremity of Bagabag 
<collectingCountry box="[945,1020,472,498]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Island</collectingCountry>
, entrance to New Years Bay, 
<quantity box="[1387,1436,472,498]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="8.0">8 m</quantity>
depth, coral rubble, one adult specimen 
<quantity box="[647,734,512,538]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity>
preserved, 
<date box="[878,1084,512,538]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1988-02-05">
<number box="[878,893,512,538]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="5.0">5</number>
February 
<number box="[1023,1084,512,538]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1988.0">1988</number>
</date>
, coll: T.M. Gosliner. 
<collectionCode box="[1352,1437,512,538]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 
<number box="[165,242,552,578]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="68653.0">68653</number>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[253,482,552,578]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
, north coast, north of Madang, near Hussein Village, hole in the wall, 
<quantity box="[1298,1357,552,578]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="11.0">11 m</quantity>
depth, one adult specimen 
<quantity box="[397,484,592,618]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="16.0">16 mm</quantity>
preserved, 
<date box="[629,827,592,618]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1989-08-16">
<number box="[629,658,592,618]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="16.0">16</number>
August 
<number box="[766,827,592,618]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1989.0">1989</number>
</date>
, coll: T.M. Gosliner. 
<collectionCode box="[1094,1179,592,618]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 
<number box="[1205,1282,592,618]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="65744.0">65744</number>
, 
<collectingCountry name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
, north coast, approx. 
<quantity box="[493,568,632,658]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="km" value="20.0">20 km</quantity>
north of Madang, Rempi Lagoon, 
<quantity box="[980,1040,632,658]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="14.0">14 m</quantity>
depth, one specimen 
<quantity box="[1298,1381,632,658]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
preserved, 
<date box="[241,430,672,698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1989-08-16">
<number box="[241,270,672,698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="16.0">16</number>
August 
<number box="[369,430,672,698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1989.0">1989</number>
</date>
, coll: T.M. Gosliner. 
<collectionCode box="[677,762,672,698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 
<number box="[783,860,672,698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="75894.0">75894</number>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[871,1099,672,698]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
, near Madang, east side “Pig 
<collectingCountry box="[151,225,712,738]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Island</collectingCountry>
” [Tab 
<collectingCountry box="[308,385,712,738]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Island</collectingCountry>
], Barracuda Point, 30.5 m depth, three specimens 
<quantity box="[990,1074,712,738]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
preserved, 
<date box="[1214,1370,712,738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1989-08">
August 
<number box="[1309,1370,712,738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1989.0">1989</number>
</date>
, coll: T.M. Gosliner and M. Jebb. 
<collectionCode box="[489,574,752,778]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 
<number box="[597,674,752,778]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="65716.0">65716</number>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[687,920,752,778]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
, north coast, Madang, near lighthouse, 
<quantity box="[1389,1436,752,778]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="8.0">8 m</quantity>
depth, one specimen 
<quantity box="[410,482,792,818]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
preserved, 
<date box="[626,830,792,818]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1988-02-01">
<number box="[626,641,792,818]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1.0">1</number>
February 
<number box="[769,830,792,818]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1988.0">1988</number>
</date>
, coll: T.M. Gosliner. 
<collectionCode box="[1095,1180,792,818]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 
<number box="[1206,1283,792,818]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="65720.0">65720</number>
, 
<collectingCountry name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
, north coast, 
<quantity box="[397,473,832,858]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
south of Madang, Planet Rock, 30.5 m depth, one specimen 
<quantity box="[1199,1268,832,858]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
preserved, 
<date pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1988-02-16">
<number box="[1406,1435,832,858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="16.0">16</number>
February 
<number box="[263,324,872,898]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1988.0">1988</number>
</date>
, coll: T.M. Gosliner. 
<collectionCode box="[572,657,872,898]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 
<number box="[678,754,872,898]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="70455.0">70455</number>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[766,995,872,898]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
, near Madang, West side “Pig 
<collectingCountry box="[1352,1426,872,898]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Island</collectingCountry>
” [Tab 
<collectingCountry box="[211,288,912,938]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Island</collectingCountry>
], Barracuda Point, 
<quantity box="[512,558,912,938]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="9.0">9 m</quantity>
depth, one specimen 
<quantity box="[813,896,912,938]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
preserved, 
<date box="[1032,1243,912,938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1988-02-18">
<number box="[1032,1061,912,938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="18.0">18</number>
February 
<number box="[1182,1243,912,938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1988.0">1988</number>
</date>
, coll: T.M. Gosliner. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[217,331,951,977]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<collectingCountry box="[217,331,951,977]" name="Malaysia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectionCode box="[346,431,952,978]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 
<number box="[452,529,952,978]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="78438.0">78438</number>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[540,650,952,978]" name="Malaysia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
, Malay Peninsula, South 
<collectingCountry box="[947,1017,952,978]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">China</collectingCountry>
Sea, 
<quantity box="[1081,1155,952,978]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="km" value="16.0">16 km</quantity>
South of Kuala Terengganu, off Marang, Kopas 
<collectingCountry box="[458,532,992,1018]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Island</collectingCountry>
, one specimen 
<quantity box="[716,800,992,1018]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
preserved, 
<date box="[939,1096,992,1018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1991-07-27">
<number box="[939,968,992,1018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="27.0">27</number>
July 
<number box="[1035,1096,992,1018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1991.0">1991</number>
</date>
, coll: T.M. Gosliner. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pacific Ocean</emphasis>
: 
<collectionCode box="[247,332,1032,1058]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 
<number box="[355,432,1032,1058]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="72680.0">72680</number>
, Pacific Ocean, 
<collectingCountry box="[625,666,1032,1058]" name="Fiji" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fiji</collectingCountry>
<collectingCountry box="[675,750,1032,1058]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Island</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[762,806,1032,1058]" name="Fiji" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Viti</collectingCountry>
Levu 
<collectingCountry box="[884,958,1032,1058]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Island</collectingCountry>
, Suva Reef, 
<specimenCount box="[1110,1255,1032,1058]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="generic">
<number box="[1110,1125,1032,1058]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2.0">2</number>
specimens
</specimenCount>
<number box="[1263,1292,1032,1058]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="12.0">12</number>
and 
<quantity box="[1352,1436,1032,1058]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="28.0">28 mm</quantity>
preserved, dissected, 
<date box="[404,598,1072,1098]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1978-11">
November 
<number box="[537,598,1072,1098]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1978.0">1978</number>
</date>
, coll: M.P. Morse. 
<collectionCode box="[826,911,1072,1098]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 
<number box="[935,1011,1072,1098]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="72761.0">72761</number>
, Pacific Ocean, 
<collectingCountry box="[1205,1246,1072,1098]" name="Fiji" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fiji</collectingCountry>
<collectingCountry box="[1255,1329,1072,1098]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Island</collectingCountry>
, 
<specimenCount pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="generic">
<number box="[1343,1358,1072,1098]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2.0">2</number>
specimens
</specimenCount>
<quantity box="[222,307,1112,1138]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
preserved, 
<date box="[448,642,1112,1138]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1978-11">
November 
<number box="[581,642,1112,1138]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1978.0">1978</number>
</date>
, coll: M.P. Morse. 
<collectionCode box="[874,959,1112,1138]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 0 
<number box="[998,1059,1112,1138]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="6065.0">6065</number>
, Pacific Ocean, 
<collectingCountry box="[1256,1336,1112,1138]" name="Samoa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Samoa</collectingCountry>
Islands, one specimen 
<quantity box="[326,413,1152,1178]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
preserved, identified by MacFarland, confirmed by T.M. Gosliner, 
<date box="[1239,1432,1152,1178]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1991-12">
December 
<number box="[1370,1432,1152,1178]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1991.0">1991</number>
</date>
. 
<collectionCode box="[151,236,1192,1218]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 
<number box="[261,337,1192,1218]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="71931.0">71931</number>
, Pacific Ocean, 
<collectingCountry box="[538,739,1192,1218]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Marshall Islands</collectingCountry>
, Enewetak Atoll, Lagoon side of Enewetak 
<collectingCountry box="[1280,1355,1192,1218]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Island</collectingCountry>
, under coral, 
<quantity box="[227,276,1232,1258]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
depth, one specimen 
<quantity box="[545,631,1232,1258]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="24.0">24 mm</quantity>
alive, 
<date box="[717,883,1232,1258]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1983-05-18">
<number box="[717,746,1232,1258]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="18.0">18</number>
May 
<number box="[822,883,1232,1258]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1983.0">1983</number>
</date>
, coll: S. Johnson. C. 
<number box="[1134,1228,1232,1258]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="156631.0">156631</number>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[1243,1432,1232,1258]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
, Rocher a la Voile, Anse Vata, Noumea, 
<number box="[642,673,1272,1298]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="22.0">22</number>
° 
<number box="[694,723,1272,1298]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="18.0">18</number>
S, 
<number box="[770,816,1272,1298]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="166.0">166</number>
° 
<number box="[836,865,1272,1298]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="26.0">26</number>
E, 
<date box="[913,1121,1272,1298]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1988-10-12">
<number box="[913,942,1272,1298]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="12.0">12</number>
October 
<number box="[1059,1121,1272,1298]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1988.0">1988</number>
</date>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1136,1226,1271,1297]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Hawaii</emphasis>
: 
<collectionCode box="[1245,1330,1272,1298]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 
<number box="[1355,1432,1272,1298]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="71934.0">71934</number>
, Hawaii, Oahu, Pupukea, in cave, one specimen 
<quantity box="[719,803,1312,1338]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
preserved, 
<date box="[941,1133,1312,1338]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1984-08-13">
<number box="[941,970,1312,1338]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="13.0">13</number>
August 
<number box="[1072,1133,1312,1338]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1984.0">1984</number>
</date>
, coll: S. Johnson. 
<collectionCode box="[1351,1436,1312,1338]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">CASIZ</collectionCode>
<number box="[151,242,1352,1378]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="167989.0">167989</number>
, Hawaii, Lanai, one specimen 
<quantity box="[609,694,1352,1378]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
preserved, 
<date box="[832,1008,1352,1378]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2003-02">
February 
<number box="[947,1008,1352,1378]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2003.0">2003</number>
</date>
, coll: T. Powers. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1217,1334,1351,1377]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<collectingCountry box="[1217,1334,1351,1377]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Australia</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectionCode box="[1351,1436,1352,1378]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">CASIZ</collectionCode>
<number box="[151,242,1392,1418]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="168868.0">168868</number>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[254,364,1392,1418]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Australia</collectingCountry>
, Queensland, Mooloolaba, southern Queensland, Inner Gneerings, The Caves, 
<quantity box="[1295,1356,1392,1418]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="13.0">13 m</quantity>
depth, one specimen 
<quantity box="[317,399,1432,1458]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity>
preserved, dissected, 
<date box="[654,793,1432,1458]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2004-07-08">
<number box="[654,669,1432,1458]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="8.0">8</number>
July 
<number box="[731,793,1432,1458]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2004.0">2004</number>
</date>
, coll: S. Fahey and T.M. Gosliner. AM C. 
<number box="[1274,1367,1432,1458]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="108191.0">108191</number>
, 
<collectingCountry name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Australia</collectingCountry>
, Queensland, Great Barrier Reef, Capricorn Group, Heron 
<collectingCountry box="[928,1003,1472,1498]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Island</collectingCountry>
, 
<number box="[1017,1048,1472,1498]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="23.0">23</number>
° 
<number box="[1068,1097,1472,1498]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="26.0">26</number>
S, 
<number box="[1141,1187,1472,1498]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="151.0">151</number>
° 
<number box="[1207,1236,1472,1498]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="57.0">57</number>
E, 
<specimenCount box="[1282,1432,1472,1498]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="generic">
<number box="[1282,1297,1472,1498]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="6.0">6</number>
specimens
</specimenCount>
, 
<date box="[151,316,1512,1538]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1997-10">
October 
<number box="[255,316,1512,1538]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1997.0">1997</number>
</date>
, coll: A. Healy. AM C. 
<number box="[598,691,1512,1538]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="118074.0">118074</number>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[705,816,1512,1538]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Australia</collectingCountry>
, Queensland, Great Barrier Reef, Capricorn Group, Heron 
<collectingCountry box="[235,309,1552,1578]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Island</collectingCountry>
, 
<number box="[325,356,1552,1578]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="23.0">23</number>
° 
<number box="[377,406,1552,1578]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="26.0">26</number>
S, 
<number box="[452,498,1552,1578]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="151.0">151</number>
° 
<number box="[519,548,1552,1578]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="57.0">57</number>
E, two specimens, 
<date box="[791,948,1552,1578]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1979-08">
August 
<number box="[887,948,1552,1578]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1979.0">1979</number>
</date>
, coll: J. Hunter and H. Woodward. AM C. 
<number box="[174,268,1592,1618]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="124324.0">124324</number>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[282,393,1592,1618]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Australia</collectingCountry>
, Queensland, Great Barrier Reef, Capricorn Group, Heron 
<collectingCountry box="[1099,1174,1592,1618]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Island</collectingCountry>
, 
<number box="[1186,1217,1592,1618]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="23.0">23</number>
° 
<number box="[1237,1266,1592,1618]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="26.0">26</number>
S, 
<number box="[1308,1354,1592,1618]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="151.0">151</number>
° 
<number box="[1372,1401,1592,1618]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="57.0">57</number>
E, one specimen, 
<date box="[331,536,1632,1658]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1980-10-10">
<number box="[331,360,1632,1658]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="10.0">10</number>
October 
<number box="[475,536,1632,1658]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1980.0">1980</number>
</date>
, coll: A. Healy. AM C. 
<number box="[817,911,1632,1658]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="131378.0">131378</number>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[925,1036,1632,1658]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Australia</collectingCountry>
, Queensland, Great Barrier Reef, Capricorn Group, Heron 
<collectingCountry box="[450,525,1672,1698]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Island</collectingCountry>
, Blue Pools, 
<number box="[684,715,1672,1698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="23.0">23</number>
° 
<geoCoordinate box="[734,841,1672,1698]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="55" value="-26.216">
<number box="[734,815,1672,1698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="26216.0">26.216</number>
S
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<number box="[856,901,1672,1698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="151.0">151</number>
° 
<geoCoordinate box="[921,1015,1672,1698]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="555" value="54.95">54.95 E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date box="[1030,1249,1672,1698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1981-09-02">
<number box="[1030,1045,1672,1698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2.0">2</number>
September 
<number box="[1188,1249,1672,1698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1981.0">1981</number>
</date>
, coll: G. Avern. AM C. 
<number box="[230,324,1712,1738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="132316.0">132316</number>
, Lord Howe 
<collectingCountry box="[481,556,1712,1738]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Island</collectingCountry>
, Neds Beach, 
<number box="[725,756,1712,1738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="31.0">31</number>
° 
<number box="[775,804,1712,1738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="31.0">31</number>
S, 
<number box="[844,890,1712,1738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="159.0">159</number>
° 
<number box="[908,923,1712,1738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="4.0">4</number>
E, 
<date box="[965,1167,1712,1738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1981-10-17">
<number box="[965,994,1712,1738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="17.0">17</number>
October 
<number box="[1106,1167,1712,1738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1981.0">1981</number>
</date>
, coll: J. Hunter and H. Woodward. AM C. 
<number box="[371,465,1752,1778]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="138555.0">138555</number>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[476,586,1752,1778]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Australia</collectingCountry>
, Queensland, Great Barrier Reef, Capricorn Group, Heron 
<collectingCountry box="[1273,1347,1752,1778]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Island</collectingCountry>
, 
<number box="[1359,1390,1752,1778]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="23.0">23</number>
° 
<number box="[1407,1436,1752,1778]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="26.0">26</number>
S, 
<number box="[182,227,1792,1818]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="151.0">151</number>
° 
<number box="[244,273,1792,1818]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="57.0">57</number>
E, one specimen, 
<date box="[488,632,1792,1818]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1983-06-09">
<number box="[488,503,1792,1818]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="9.0">9</number>
June 
<number box="[571,632,1792,1818]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1983.0">1983</number>
</date>
, coll: W.B. Rudman and G. Avern. AM C. 
<number box="[1122,1216,1792,1818]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="153786.0">153786</number>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[1228,1338,1792,1818]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Australia</collectingCountry>
, Queensland, Great Barrier Reef, Endeavour Reef, e. end, 
<number box="[748,779,1832,1858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="15.0">15</number>
° 
<number box="[797,826,1832,1858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="46.0">46</number>
S, 
<number box="[865,911,1832,1858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="145.0">145</number>
° 
<number box="[928,957,1832,1858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="36.0">36</number>
E, one specimen, 
<date box="[1172,1347,1832,1858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1987-08-08">
<number box="[1172,1187,1832,1858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="8.0">8</number>
August 
<number box="[1286,1347,1832,1858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1987.0">1987</number>
</date>
, coll: I. Loch. AM C. 
<number box="[309,403,1872,1898]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="315471.0">315471</number>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[417,527,1872,1898]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Australia</collectingCountry>
, Queensland, Great Barrier Reef, Capricorn Group, Tryon 
<collectingCountry box="[1234,1309,1872,1898]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Island</collectingCountry>
, 
<number box="[1323,1354,1872,1898]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="23.0">23</number>
° 
<number box="[1374,1403,1872,1898]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="15.0">15</number>
S, 
<number box="[151,197,1912,1938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="151.0">151</number>
° 
<number box="[213,242,1912,1938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="47.0">47</number>
E, one specimen, 
<date box="[456,630,1912,1938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1990-08-09">
<number box="[456,470,1912,1938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="9.0">9</number>
August 
<number box="[569,630,1912,1938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1990.0">1990</number>
</date>
, coll: I. Loch. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[799,923,1911,1937]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<collectingCountry box="[799,918,1911,1937]" name="Thailand" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Thailand</collectingCountry>
:
</emphasis>
AM C. 
<number box="[1008,1102,1912,1938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="162372.0">162372</number>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[1113,1220,1912,1938]" name="Thailand" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, Phi Phi 
<collectingCountry box="[1324,1399,1912,1938]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Island</collectingCountry>
, 
<number box="[1410,1426,1912,1938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="7.0">7</number>
° 
<number box="[151,180,1952,1978]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="45.0">45</number>
N, 
<number box="[224,255,1952,1978]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="98.0">98</number>
° 
<number box="[273,302,1952,1978]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="47.0">47</number>
E, one specimen, 
<date box="[519,748,1952,1978]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1989-11-29">
<number box="[519,548,1952,1978]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="29.0">29</number>
November 
<number box="[687,748,1952,1978]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1989.0">1989</number>
</date>
, coll: D.J. Brunckhorst. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1035,1102,1951,1977]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<collectingCountry box="[1035,1102,1951,1977]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">India</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
: AM C. 
<number box="[1195,1290,1952,1978]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="458264.0">458264</number>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[1302,1365,1952,1978]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">India</collectingCountry>
, Pirotan 
<collectingCountry box="[196,270,1992,2018]" name="Iceland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Island</collectingCountry>
, Gulf of Kutch, one specimen, 
<date box="[647,809,1992,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1971-05-27">
<number box="[647,676,1992,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="27.0">27</number>
May 
<number box="[748,809,1992,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="1971.0">1971</number>
</date>
, coll: W.B. Rudman. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1068,1427,1991,2017]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<collectingCountry box="[1068,1230,1991,2017]" name="South Africa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">South Africa</collectingCountry>
&amp; 
<collectingCountry box="[1273,1427,1991,2017]" name="Madagascar" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectionCode box="[151,236,152,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 
<number box="[260,336,152,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="76001.0">76001</number>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[351,507,152,178]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[521,584,152,178]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Natal</collectingCountry>
Province, two specimens 
<number box="[902,931,152,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="20.0">20</number>
&amp; 
<quantity box="[974,1059,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
preserved, 
<date box="[1200,1431,152,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1958-12-27">
<number box="[1200,1229,152,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="27.0">27</number>
December 
<number box="[1370,1431,152,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1958.0">1958</number>
</date>
, identified by T.M. Gosliner. 
<collectionCode box="[495,580,192,218]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 
<number box="[604,681,192,218]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="70402.0">70402</number>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[695,839,192,218]" name="Madagascar" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[853,915,192,218]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nosy</collectingCountry>
Be, reef just north of small 
<collectingCountry box="[1261,1336,192,218]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Island</collectingCountry>
, off Les Cocotiers Hotel, two specimens 
<number box="[531,546,232,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="7.0">7</number>
and 
<quantity box="[602,685,232,258]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
preserved, dissected, 
<date box="[942,1109,232,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1989-04-17">
<number box="[942,971,232,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="17.0">17</number>
April 
<number box="[1048,1109,232,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1989.0">1989</number>
</date>
, coll: T.M. Gosliner.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[198,516,271,297]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Geographic Distribution:</emphasis>
Indo-West Pacific: originally described from the South 
<collectingCountry box="[1182,1252,272,298]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">China</collectingCountry>
Sea (
<bibRefCitation author="Adams" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" refString="Adams, A. &amp; Reeve, L. A. (1848 - 1850) Mollusca, pt. 1, pp. 1 - 24, pls. 1 - 9 [1848]; pt. 2, pp. 25 - 44, pls. 10 - 17 [1850]; pt. 3, pp. 45 - 87, pls. 18 - 24 [1850]. In: Adams, A. (Eds), The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Samarang; under the command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, C. B., F. R. A. S., F. G. S., during the years 1843 - 1846. London, [Nudibranchia pp. 66 - 68, pls. 17,19]." type="book chapter" year="1848">
Adams &amp; Reeve 
<number box="[231,292,312,338]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1848.0">1848</number>
, present study
</bibRefCitation>
) this species is also found in 
<collectingCountry box="[802,910,312,338]" name="Australia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Angas" box="[924,1069,312,338]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" refString="Angas, G, F. (1864) Description d'especes nouvelles appartenant a plusieurs genres de Mollusques Nudibranches des environs de Port-Jackson (Nouvelle-Galles du Sud), accompagnee de dessins faits d'apres nature. Journal de Conchyliologie, 12, 43 - 70." type="journal article" year="1864">
Angas 
<number box="[1007,1069,312,338]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1864.0">1864</number>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Smith" box="[1081,1220,312,338]" pageId="4" pageNumber="56" refString="Smith, E. A. (1884) Report on the zoological collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the voyage of H. M. S. ' Alert' 1881 - 2. The Collections from Melanesia. Mollusca. Trustees British Museum, London. [Nudibranchia pp. 90 - 92, 506]." type="book chapter" year="1884">
Smith 
<number box="[1158,1220,312,338]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1884.0">1884</number>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Allan" box="[1232,1366,312,338]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" refString="Allan, J. K. (1950) Australian shells, with related animals living in the sea, in freshwater and on the land. Georgian House, Melbourne. [Nudibranchia pp. 218 - 226, pl. 28], 470 pp, 44 pls." type="book" year="1950">
Allan 
<number box="[1304,1366,312,338]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1950.0">1950</number>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Burn" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" refString="Burn, R. F. (1965) A centennial commentary and zoogeographical remarks on Angas' Sydney nudibranchs (molluscs, Gastropoda). Journal de Conchyliologie, 104, 85 - 93." type="journal article" year="1965">
Burn 
<number box="[151,213,352,378]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1965.0">1965</number>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Kenny" box="[228,380,352,378]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Kenny, R. (1970) Queensland faunistic records. Part IX. A second collection of opisthobranch mollusks from Queensland. University Queensland Papers, Department of Zoology, 3, 83 - 96." type="journal article" year="1970">
Kenny 
<number box="[318,380,352,378]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1970.0">1970</number>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Coleman" box="[395,574,352,378]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" refString="Coleman, N. (1989) Nudibranchs of the South Pacific, Vol. 1. Springwood, Queensland, Sea Australia Resource Centre, 64 pp." type="book" year="1989">
Coleman 
<number box="[513,574,352,378]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1989.2001">1989</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Coleman" box="[590,652,352,378]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" refString="Coleman, N. (2001) 1001 Nudibranchs. Catalogue of Indo-Pacific Sea Slugs. Neville Coleman´s Underwater Geographic Pty Ltd. Springwood, Queensland, Australia, 144 pp." type="book" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Debelius" box="[667,844,352,378]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" refString="Debelius, H. (1998) Nudibranchs and Sea Snails: Indo Pacific Field Guide. M &amp; G Difusion, S. L. Germany, 321 pp." type="book" year="1998">
Debelius 
<number box="[782,844,352,378]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1998.0">1998</number>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Marshall" box="[861,1161,352,378]" pageId="4" pageNumber="56" refString="Marshall, J. G. &amp; Willan, R. C. (1999) Nudibranchs of Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. A Survey of the Opisthobranchia (Sea Slugs) of Heron and Wistari Reef. Backhuys Publisher, PO Box 321, 2300 AH Leiden, The Netherlands." type="journal article" year="1999">
<collectingCountry box="[861,965,352,378]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Marshall</collectingCountry>
&amp; Willan 
<number box="[1099,1161,352,378]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1999.0">1999</number>
</bibRefCitation>
; present study), 
<collectingCountry box="[1364,1436,352,378]" name="South Korea" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Korea</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Koh" box="[159,282,392,418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Koh, D. B. (2006) Sea Slugs of Korea. Published by Pungdeung, Korea, 248 pp." type="book" year="2006">
Koh 
<number box="[219,282,392,418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2006.0">2006</number>
</bibRefCitation>
), Indian Ocean (
<bibRefCitation author="Kelaart" box="[474,632,392,418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Kelaart, E. F. (1859) On some additional species of nudibranchiate mollusks from Ceylon. Annals &amp; Magazine of Natural History, 4, 267 - 270." type="journal article" year="1859">
Kelaart 
<number box="[570,632,392,418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1859.0">1859</number>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Collingwood" box="[644,867,392,418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" refString="Collingwood, C. (1881) On some new species of nudibranchiate Mollusca from the eastern seas. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 2, 123 - 140, pls. 9 - 10." type="journal article" year="1881">
Collingwood 
<number box="[805,867,392,418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1881.0">1881</number>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Eliot" box="[879,1006,392,418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" refString="Eliot, C. (1905) Nudibranchs from the Indo-Pacific. I., Notes on a collection dredged near Karachi and Maskat. Journal of Conchology, 2, 237 - 238." type="journal article" year="1905">
Eliot 
<number box="[944,1006,392,418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1905.0">1905</number>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Vayssiere" box="[1018,1200,392,418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" refString="Vayssiere, A. (1912) Recherches zoologiques et anatomiques sur les Opisthobranches de la Mer Rouge et du Golfe d'Aden. Deuxieme Partie: opisthobranches (suite et fin) Marseniades, Oncidiides. Annales de la Faculte des Sciences de Marseille, 20 (Suppl.), 5 - 157, pls. 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1912">
Vayssière 
<number box="[1138,1200,392,418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1912.0">1912</number>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Yonow" box="[1212,1365,392,418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" refString="Yonow, N. (1990) Red Sea Opisthobranchia 4: The orders Cephalaspidea, Anaspidea, Notaspidea and Nudibranchia: Dendronotacea and Aeolidacea. Fauna of Arabia, 18, 87 - 131." type="journal article" year="1990">
Yonow 
<number box="[1303,1365,392,418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1990.0">1990</number>
</bibRefCitation>
; present study), 
<collectingCountry box="[284,435,432,458]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Gosliner" box="[451,809,432,458]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Gosliner, T. M. (1987 a) Nudibranchs of Southern Africa. A guide to Opisthobranch Molluscs of Southern Africa. Sea Challengers, Monterey, California, 136 pp." type="book" year="1987" yearSuffix="a">
Gosliner 
<number box="[562,623,432,458]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1987.0">1987</number>
a; present study
</bibRefCitation>
), East Africa (
<bibRefCitation author="Eliot" box="[980,1110,432,458]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" refString="Eliot, C. (1904) On some nudibranchs from east Africa and Zanzibar. Part V. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 2, 83 - 105, pls. 3 - 4." type="journal article" year="1904">
Eliot 
<number box="[1047,1110,432,458]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1904.0">1904</number>
</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry box="[1131,1263,432,458]" name="Philippines" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Philippines</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Bergh" box="[1279,1422,432,458]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" refString="Bergh, L. S. R. (1874) Malacologische Untersuchungen. In: Semper, C. (Eds), Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen von Dr. Carl Gottfried Semper. Zweiter Theil. Wissenschaftliche Resultate, 2, pp. 287 - 314, pls. 36 - 39." type="journal article" year="1874">
Bergh 
<number box="[1360,1422,432,458]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1874.0">1874</number>
</bibRefCitation>
), Arafura Sea (
<bibRefCitation author="Bergh" box="[315,461,472,498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" refString="Bergh, L. S. R. (1884) Report on the Nudibranchiata dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Challenger Reports, Zoology, 10, 1 - 154, pls. 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1884">
Bergh 
<number box="[399,461,472,498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1884.0">1884</number>
</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry box="[486,556,472,498]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">China</collectingCountry>
Sea (
<bibRefCitation author="Collingwood" box="[630,858,472,498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" refString="Collingwood, C. (1868) Observations on the distribution of some species of nudibranchiate Mollusca in the China Sea. Annals &amp; Magazine of Natural History, 4, 90 - 94." type="journal article" year="1868">
Collingwood 
<number box="[796,858,472,498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1868.0">1868</number>
</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry box="[883,950,472,498]" name="Japan" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Eliot" box="[969,1101,472,498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" refString="Eliot, C. (1913) Japanese nudibranchs. Journal of the College of Sciences, Imperial University of Tokio, 35, 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1913">
Eliot 
<number box="[1039,1101,472,498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1913.0">1913</number>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Baba" box="[1117,1251,472,498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" refString="Baba, K. (1937) Opisthobranchia of Japan (I and II). Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Kyushu Imperial University, 5, 289 - 344." type="journal article" year="1937">
Baba 
<number box="[1189,1251,472,498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1937.0">1937</number>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Suzuki" box="[1267,1423,472,498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="56" refString="Suzuki, K. (2000) Opistobranchs of Izu Peninsula. TSB-Britannica, Tokyo, 178 pp." type="book" year="2000">
Suzuki 
<number box="[1360,1423,472,498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2000.0">2000</number>
</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry box="[151,293,512,538]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Orr" box="[313,429,512,538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="56" refString="Orr, J. (1981) Hong Kong Nudibranchs. Urban Council Publisher. Hong Kong, 82 pp." type="book" year="1981">
Orr 
<number box="[367,429,512,538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1981.0">1981</number>
</bibRefCitation>
), Tahiti (
<bibRefCitation author="Pease" box="[543,686,512,538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="56" refString="Pease, W. H. (1871) Descriptions of nudibranchiate Mollusca inhabiting Polynesia. American Journal of Conchology, 6, 299 - 305, pls. 19 - 22." type="journal article" year="1871">
Pease 
<number box="[624,686,512,538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1871.0">1871</number>
</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry box="[712,898,512,538]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Crosse" box="[918,1087,512,538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" refString="Crosse, J. C. H. (1875 a) Description de nudibranches inedits, provenant de la Nouvelle-Caledonie, avec le catalogue des especes actuellement connues. Journal de Conchyliologie, 23, 305 - 322, Pl. 12." type="journal article" year="1875" yearSuffix="a">
Crosse 
<number box="[1011,1073,512,538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1875.0">1875</number>
a
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Risbec" box="[1103,1256,512,538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="56" refString="Risbec, J. (1928) Contribution a l'etude des nudibranches Neo-Caledoniens. These presentee a la faculte des sciences de l'Universite de Paris pour obtenir le grade de docteur es-sciences naturelles. Faune des Colonies Francaise, 2, 1 - 328, pls. 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1928">
Risbec 
<number box="[1195,1256,512,538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1928.1932">1928</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Risbec" box="[1273,1335,512,538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="56" refString="Risbec, J. (1932) Notes sur la ponte et le developpment de mollusques gasteropodes de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 57, 358 - 374." type="journal article" year="1932">1932</bibRefCitation>
; present study), 
<collectingCountry box="[239,325,552,578]" name="Taiwan" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Garthwaite" box="[340,542,552,578]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Garthwaite, T. (2002) Bornella stellifer from Taiwan's N. E. Coast. [Message in] Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney. Available from http: // www. seaslugforum. net / find. cfm? id = 7039 (28 May 2002), (Last accessed: 26 October 2008)." type="book" year="2002">
Garthwaite 
<number box="[479,542,552,578]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2002.0">2002</number>
</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry box="[562,669,552,578]" name="Thailand" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[681,876,552,578]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Marshall Islands</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry box="[932,1159,552,578]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
(present study).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="4.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[197,476,591,617]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">External morphology:</emphasis>
The general body shape is elongate and limaciform with the posterior end of the foot being long and tapering. The living adults are reported up to 
<quantity box="[927,1011,632,658]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="48.0">48 mm</quantity>
in length. The animal is translucent cream-white with a network of orange markings on the back and sides of the body and scattered sub epidermal opaque white granules (
<figureCitation box="[434,513,712,738]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1746,1770]" captionTargetBox="[198,1387,194,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[197,1390,194,1715]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Living animals. A – B, Bornella stellifer (Adams and Reeve in Adams, 1848); A, Malaysia, Malay Peninsula, South China Sea, Photo: T. M. Gosliner. B, Papua New Guinea, north coast, Madang, Photo: R. C. Willan. C – D, Bornella calcarata Mörch, 1863; C, Brazil, Photo: C. M. Cunha. D, Guarapi, Espiritu Santo, Brazil, Photo: J. P. Cauduro Filho. E, Bornella sarape Bertsch, 1980, Pacific coast of Mexico, Photo: A. Hermosillo. F, Bornella anguilla Johnson, 1984, Japan, Ryukyu Island, Okinawa, Photo: R. F. Bolland. G, Bornella irvingi Edmunds and Preece, 1996, Pitcairn Islands, Photo: J. Jamieson. H, Bornella dotoides sp. nov. Papua New Guinea, north Madang, “ The Quarry ”, Photo: T. M. Gosliner." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185131/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Figs. 
<number box="[502,513,712,738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1.0">1</number>
</figureCitation>
A,B). This color pattern extends to the rhinophore sheaths. The lobe-like oral tentacles, rhinophoral papillae and dorsolateral processes are translucent white and have a subapical orange ring. The transparency of the body walls varies in different specimens. The head is rounded and bears a modified lobe-like oral tentacle on each side of the mouth. In most specimens each lobe-like oral tentacle is a palmate structure with up to 
<number box="[451,480,872,898]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="13.0">13</number>
finger-like papillae, of unequal length, arranged in two distinct marginal rows. In several immature specimens the number of digitiform papillae was lower, between seven and nine. The rhinophores are perfoliate with about 
<number box="[543,644,952,978]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="16.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="13.0">13 to 20</number>
translucent white lamellae. The rhinophore sheath has a tall stalk which branches distally into three elongate anterior and antero-lateral papillae and one posterior bulbous, slightly laterally compressed papilla, about twice the height of the others. In one specimen, we found two posterior papillae (
<figureCitation box="[329,395,1072,1098]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1746,1770]" captionTargetBox="[198,1387,194,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[197,1390,194,1715]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Living animals. A – B, Bornella stellifer (Adams and Reeve in Adams, 1848); A, Malaysia, Malay Peninsula, South China Sea, Photo: T. M. Gosliner. B, Papua New Guinea, north coast, Madang, Photo: R. C. Willan. C – D, Bornella calcarata Mörch, 1863; C, Brazil, Photo: C. M. Cunha. D, Guarapi, Espiritu Santo, Brazil, Photo: J. P. Cauduro Filho. E, Bornella sarape Bertsch, 1980, Pacific coast of Mexico, Photo: A. Hermosillo. F, Bornella anguilla Johnson, 1984, Japan, Ryukyu Island, Okinawa, Photo: R. F. Bolland. G, Bornella irvingi Edmunds and Preece, 1996, Pitcairn Islands, Photo: J. Jamieson. H, Bornella dotoides sp. nov. Papua New Guinea, north Madang, “ The Quarry ”, Photo: T. M. Gosliner." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185131/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Fig. 
<number box="[384,395,1072,1098]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1.0">1</number>
</figureCitation>
B) but they were both unbranched. Posterior to the rhinophores, there are five to six pairs of dorsolateral processes, followed by two single, small processes in the dorsal midline. The number of papillae on the dorsolateral processes varies among specimens. Usually, there are three bulbous, pointed papillae on the first and second pair, while in the others there are only two, except for the last pair, which is always simple. The anterior four pairs of dorsolateral processes bear a translucent tripinnate gill on the inner surface, but the fifth pair (and sixth when present) and the single posterior-most process lack gills. The anus is small, located on the right side of the dorsum between the first and second pair of dorsolateral processes, closer to the second. The reproductive opening is located on the right side, midway between the rhinophore sheath and the first dorsolateral process.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,152,2004]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[197,425,1431,1457]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Alimentary Canal</emphasis>
: (
<figureCitation box="[450,554,1432,1458]" captionStart="FIGURE 2. A" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1556,1580]" captionTargetBox="[278,1298,200,1532]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[272,1314,194,1532]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2. A, Bornella stellifer (Adams and Reeve in Adams, 1848): General arrangement of the internal organs. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: adg, anterior digestive gland; bb, buccal bulb; bdg, branches of the posterior digestive gland; cg, cerebral ganglion; in, intestine; oe, oesophagus; ov, ovotestis; pe, pericardium; pdg, posterior digestive gland; rps, reproductive system; rs, renal syrinx; sgl, salivary gland; st, stomach. B, Schematic drawing of a large buccal bulb. Scale bar = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185132/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Figure 
<number box="[538,554,1432,1458]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2.0">2</number>
</figureCitation>
) The buccal bulb is relatively small in comparison with the other species reported here, and the labial cuticle is thin, consisting of small overlapping scales, arranged in fairly regular rows. The rodlets are elongate but not as much numerous as in other species of the genus (
<figureCitation box="[1242,1338,1512,1538]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A – F" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1777,1801]" captionTargetBox="[242,1345,197,1747]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[242,1345,197,1751]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. A – F, Scanning electron micrographs of Bornella stellifer (Adams and Reeve in Adams, 1848). A, Detail of the rodlets of the labial cuticle (CASIZ 0 70402, scale bar: 10 Μm). B, Right half-rows of radular teeth (CASIZ 168868, scale bar: 10 Μm). C, Lateral view of rachidian teeth (CASIZ 0 65739, scale bar: 10 Μm). D, Outer laterals (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 10 Μm). E, Oral gland (CASIZ 0 75076, scale bar: 100 Μm). F, Digestive system (arrows show the anterior liver openings to the stomach) (CASIZ 0 65739, scale bar: 1 mm). G, Posterior chamber of the stomach showing spines (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 200 Μm). H, Penis and penial bulb (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 200 Μm). I, Detail of the penial spines (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 20 Μm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185133/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Fig. 
<number box="[1299,1313,1512,1538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="3.0">3</number>
A
</figureCitation>
, present study). The jaws are roughly oval, without a distinct masticatory process. The radular formulae of some of the specimens dissected are: 
<date box="[444,496,1592,1618]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1935-10">
<number box="[444,473,1592,1618]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="35.0">35</number>
x
</date>
<date box="[502,590,1592,1618]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="14-01-14">
14.1. 
<number box="[560,590,1592,1618]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="14.0">14</number>
</date>
(
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0 
<quantity box="[713,883,1592,1618]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.268028" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="72680.28">72680, 28 mm</quantity>
preserved), 
<date box="[1027,1079,1592,1618]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1935-10">
<number box="[1027,1056,1592,1618]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="35.0">35</number>
x
</date>
9.1. 
<number box="[1128,1143,1592,1618]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="9.0">9</number>
(
<collectionCode box="[1158,1245,1592,1618]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">CASIZ</collectionCode>
<quantity box="[1252,1436,1592,1618]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6886817" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="168868.17">168868, 17 mm</quantity>
preserved), 
<date box="[288,339,1632,1658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1933-10">
<number box="[288,317,1632,1658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="33.0">33</number>
x
</date>
9.1. 
<number box="[389,404,1632,1658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="9.0">9</number>
(
<collectionCode box="[419,506,1632,1658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 
<quantity box="[527,697,1632,1658]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5739279999999995" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="65739.28">65739, 28 mm</quantity>
preserved), 
<date box="[841,911,1632,1658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1928-10-08">
<number box="[841,870,1632,1658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="28.0">28</number>
x 
<number box="[899,911,1632,1658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="8.0">8</number>
</date>
–9.1.8– 
<number box="[1002,1015,1632,1658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="9.0">9</number>
(
<collectionCode box="[1030,1117,1632,1658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 
<quantity box="[1138,1308,1632,1658]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0402119999999995" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="70402.12">70402, 12 mm</quantity>
preserved, 
<collectionCode box="[151,236,1672,1698]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 
<quantity box="[257,427,1672,1698]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.507616" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="75076.16">75076, 16 mm</quantity>
preserved) and 
<date box="[613,664,1672,1698]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1927-10">
<number box="[613,642,1672,1698]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="27.0">27</number>
x
</date>
7.1. 
<number box="[715,730,1672,1698]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="7.0">7</number>
(
<collectionCode box="[745,832,1672,1698]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 
<quantity box="[853,1023,1672,1698]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.631314999999997" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="86313.15">86313, 15 mm</quantity>
preserved). The rachidian teeth are stout, with about seven to 
<number box="[460,489,1712,1738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="10.0">10</number>
denticles (usually nine) on either side of a pointed cusp, increasing in size away from the cusp (
<figureCitation box="[333,466,1752,1778]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A – F" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1777,1801]" captionTargetBox="[242,1345,197,1747]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[242,1345,197,1751]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. A – F, Scanning electron micrographs of Bornella stellifer (Adams and Reeve in Adams, 1848). A, Detail of the rodlets of the labial cuticle (CASIZ 0 70402, scale bar: 10 Μm). B, Right half-rows of radular teeth (CASIZ 168868, scale bar: 10 Μm). C, Lateral view of rachidian teeth (CASIZ 0 65739, scale bar: 10 Μm). D, Outer laterals (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 10 Μm). E, Oral gland (CASIZ 0 75076, scale bar: 100 Μm). F, Digestive system (arrows show the anterior liver openings to the stomach) (CASIZ 0 65739, scale bar: 1 mm). G, Posterior chamber of the stomach showing spines (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 200 Μm). H, Penis and penial bulb (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 200 Μm). I, Detail of the penial spines (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 20 Μm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185133/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Figs. 
<number box="[401,416,1752,1778]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="3.0">3</number>
B,C
</figureCitation>
). Most of the specimens examined have from seven to nine laterals (
<figureCitation box="[1290,1422,1752,1778]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A – F" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1777,1801]" captionTargetBox="[242,1345,197,1747]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[242,1345,197,1751]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. A – F, Scanning electron micrographs of Bornella stellifer (Adams and Reeve in Adams, 1848). A, Detail of the rodlets of the labial cuticle (CASIZ 0 70402, scale bar: 10 Μm). B, Right half-rows of radular teeth (CASIZ 168868, scale bar: 10 Μm). C, Lateral view of rachidian teeth (CASIZ 0 65739, scale bar: 10 Μm). D, Outer laterals (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 10 Μm). E, Oral gland (CASIZ 0 75076, scale bar: 100 Μm). F, Digestive system (arrows show the anterior liver openings to the stomach) (CASIZ 0 65739, scale bar: 1 mm). G, Posterior chamber of the stomach showing spines (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 200 Μm). H, Penis and penial bulb (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 200 Μm). I, Detail of the penial spines (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 20 Μm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185133/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Figs. 
<number box="[1358,1373,1752,1778]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="3.0">3</number>
B,C
</figureCitation>
), but in some specimens the number rises to 
<number box="[655,688,1792,1818]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="14.0">14</number>
. The inner laterals have a long basal portion and then are bladelike and pointed, increasing in size away from the center. But after the first five to nine blade-like laterals, there is usually a denticle with a short cusp followed by from one to three (even four) plate-like laterals (
<figureCitation captionStart="FIGURE 3. A – F" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1777,1801]" captionTargetBox="[242,1345,197,1747]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[242,1345,197,1751]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. A – F, Scanning electron micrographs of Bornella stellifer (Adams and Reeve in Adams, 1848). A, Detail of the rodlets of the labial cuticle (CASIZ 0 70402, scale bar: 10 Μm). B, Right half-rows of radular teeth (CASIZ 168868, scale bar: 10 Μm). C, Lateral view of rachidian teeth (CASIZ 0 65739, scale bar: 10 Μm). D, Outer laterals (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 10 Μm). E, Oral gland (CASIZ 0 75076, scale bar: 100 Μm). F, Digestive system (arrows show the anterior liver openings to the stomach) (CASIZ 0 65739, scale bar: 1 mm). G, Posterior chamber of the stomach showing spines (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 200 Μm). H, Penis and penial bulb (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 200 Μm). I, Detail of the penial spines (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 20 Μm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185133/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Figs. 
<number box="[151,165,1912,1938]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="3.0">3</number>
B–D
</figureCitation>
). A long unpaired oral gland is found ventrally (
<figureCitation box="[802,895,1912,1938]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A – F" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1777,1801]" captionTargetBox="[242,1345,197,1747]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[242,1345,197,1751]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. A – F, Scanning electron micrographs of Bornella stellifer (Adams and Reeve in Adams, 1848). A, Detail of the rodlets of the labial cuticle (CASIZ 0 70402, scale bar: 10 Μm). B, Right half-rows of radular teeth (CASIZ 168868, scale bar: 10 Μm). C, Lateral view of rachidian teeth (CASIZ 0 65739, scale bar: 10 Μm). D, Outer laterals (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 10 Μm). E, Oral gland (CASIZ 0 75076, scale bar: 100 Μm). F, Digestive system (arrows show the anterior liver openings to the stomach) (CASIZ 0 65739, scale bar: 1 mm). G, Posterior chamber of the stomach showing spines (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 200 Μm). H, Penis and penial bulb (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 200 Μm). I, Detail of the penial spines (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 20 Μm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185133/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Fig. 
<number box="[858,872,1912,1938]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="3.0">3</number>
E
</figureCitation>
). It opens in the ventral midline of the mouth and extends back, below the buccal bulb, to the region of the reproductive system. The paired, branched, salivary glands are yellowish in preservative, and attached along the sides of the oesophagus. They open into the posterior buccal bulb on each side of the oesophageal opening. The oesophagus is elongate, entering straight into the rounded stomach. On the upper surface of the stomach are the openings of the two anterior digestive glands (
<figureCitation box="[244,334,1850,1876]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A – F" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1777,1801]" captionTargetBox="[242,1345,197,1747]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[242,1345,197,1751]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. A – F, Scanning electron micrographs of Bornella stellifer (Adams and Reeve in Adams, 1848). A, Detail of the rodlets of the labial cuticle (CASIZ 0 70402, scale bar: 10 Μm). B, Right half-rows of radular teeth (CASIZ 168868, scale bar: 10 Μm). C, Lateral view of rachidian teeth (CASIZ 0 65739, scale bar: 10 Μm). D, Outer laterals (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 10 Μm). E, Oral gland (CASIZ 0 75076, scale bar: 100 Μm). F, Digestive system (arrows show the anterior liver openings to the stomach) (CASIZ 0 65739, scale bar: 1 mm). G, Posterior chamber of the stomach showing spines (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 200 Μm). H, Penis and penial bulb (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 200 Μm). I, Detail of the penial spines (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 20 Μm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185133/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Fig. 
<number box="[299,314,1850,1876]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="3.0">3</number>
F
</figureCitation>
). Each anterior digestive gland has a single branch to the first dorsolateral process on its side. On the lower left surface of the stomach is the third digestive gland opening, which leads to the posterior portion of the digestive gland. All dorsolateral processes, other than the anteriormost pair already mentioned, receive branches from the posterior portion of the digestive gland. The posterior section of the stomach has become a gizzard-like chamber armed with spines, possibly to prevent undigested particles escaping into the intestine. In 
<taxonomicName box="[296,418,152,177]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellifer">
<emphasis box="[296,418,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. stellifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
this posterior chamber has thin walls and is much more elongate than in the remaining species of the genus (present study) (
<figureCitation box="[591,681,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A – F" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1777,1801]" captionTargetBox="[242,1345,197,1747]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[242,1345,197,1751]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. A – F, Scanning electron micrographs of Bornella stellifer (Adams and Reeve in Adams, 1848). A, Detail of the rodlets of the labial cuticle (CASIZ 0 70402, scale bar: 10 Μm). B, Right half-rows of radular teeth (CASIZ 168868, scale bar: 10 Μm). C, Lateral view of rachidian teeth (CASIZ 0 65739, scale bar: 10 Μm). D, Outer laterals (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 10 Μm). E, Oral gland (CASIZ 0 75076, scale bar: 100 Μm). F, Digestive system (arrows show the anterior liver openings to the stomach) (CASIZ 0 65739, scale bar: 1 mm). G, Posterior chamber of the stomach showing spines (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 200 Μm). H, Penis and penial bulb (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 200 Μm). I, Detail of the penial spines (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 20 Μm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185133/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Fig. 
<number box="[647,662,189,215]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="3.0">3</number>
F
</figureCitation>
). It is armed with about 
<number box="[974,1071,189,215]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="13.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="12.0">12 to 15</number>
longitudinal rows of chitinous brownish spines. These spines are straight and acutely pointed (
<figureCitation box="[903,972,226,252]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A – F" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1777,1801]" captionTargetBox="[242,1345,197,1747]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[242,1345,197,1751]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. A – F, Scanning electron micrographs of Bornella stellifer (Adams and Reeve in Adams, 1848). A, Detail of the rodlets of the labial cuticle (CASIZ 0 70402, scale bar: 10 Μm). B, Right half-rows of radular teeth (CASIZ 168868, scale bar: 10 Μm). C, Lateral view of rachidian teeth (CASIZ 0 65739, scale bar: 10 Μm). D, Outer laterals (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 10 Μm). E, Oral gland (CASIZ 0 75076, scale bar: 100 Μm). F, Digestive system (arrows show the anterior liver openings to the stomach) (CASIZ 0 65739, scale bar: 1 mm). G, Posterior chamber of the stomach showing spines (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 200 Μm). H, Penis and penial bulb (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 200 Μm). I, Detail of the penial spines (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 20 Μm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185133/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Fig. 
<number box="[958,972,226,252]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="3.0">3</number>
</figureCitation>
G). The rest of the walls are raised into well-defined longitudinal folds. From the posterior stomach, the intestine folds down and then bend dorsally to the anus.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185131/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[198,1387,194,1713]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph blockId="7.[151,1436,1746,1977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,273,1746,1770]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
. Living animals. A–B, 
<taxonomicName box="[523,704,1746,1769]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellifer">
<emphasis box="[523,704,1746,1769]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Bornella stellifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Adams and Reeve in Adams, 1848); A, Malaysia, Malay Peninsula, South China Sea, Photo: T.M. Gosliner. B, Papua New Guinea, north coast, Madang, Photo: R.C. Willan. C–D, 
<taxonomicName authority="Morch, 1863" authorityName="Morch" authorityYear="1863" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcarata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Bornella calcarata</emphasis>
Mörch, 1863
</taxonomicName>
; C, Brazil, Photo: C.M. Cunha. D, Guarapi, Espiritu Santo, Brazil, Photo: J.P. Cauduro Filho. E, 
<taxonomicName authority="Bertsch, 1980" authorityName="Bertsch" authorityYear="1980" box="[151,492,1850,1873]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sarape">
<emphasis box="[151,327,1850,1873]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Bornella sarape</emphasis>
Bertsch, 1980
</taxonomicName>
, Pacific coast of Mexico, Photo: A. Hermosillo. F, 
<taxonomicName authority="Johnson, 1984" authorityName="Johnson" authorityYear="1984" box="[1069,1432,1850,1873]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="anguilla">
<emphasis box="[1069,1261,1850,1873]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Bornella anguilla</emphasis>
Johnson, 1984
</taxonomicName>
, Japan, Ryukyu Island, Okinawa, Photo: R.F. Bolland. G, 
<taxonomicName authority="Edmunds and Preece, 1996" authorityName="Edmunds and Preece" authorityYear="1996" box="[771,1250,1885,1908]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="irvingi">
<emphasis box="[771,943,1885,1908]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Bornella irvingi</emphasis>
Edmunds and Preece, 1996
</taxonomicName>
, Pitcairn Islands, Photo: J. Jamieson. H, 
<taxonomicName box="[401,592,1920,1943]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dotoides" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis box="[401,592,1920,1943]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Bornella dotoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[600,687,1919,1943]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[600,687,1919,1943]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Papua New Guinea, north Madang, “The Quarry”, Photo: T.M. Gosliner.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185132/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[278,1298,200,1532]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph blockId="8.[151,1436,1556,1718]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,281,1556,1580]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
A, 
<taxonomicName box="[320,500,1557,1580]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellifer">
<emphasis box="[320,500,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bornella stellifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Adams and Reeve in Adams, 1848): General arrangement of the internal organs. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: adg, anterior digestive gland; bb, buccal bulb; bdg, branches of the posterior digestive gland; cg, cerebral ganglion; in, intestine; oe, oesophagus; ov, ovotestis; pe, pericardium; pdg, posterior digestive gland; rps, reproductive system; rs, renal syrinx; sgl, salivary gland; st, stomach. B, Schematic drawing of a large buccal bulb. Scale bar = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185133/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[242,1345,197,1747]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph blockId="9.[151,1436,1777,2012]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,274,1777,1801]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
. A–F, Scanning electron micrographs of 
<taxonomicName box="[716,898,1778,1801]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellifer">
<emphasis box="[716,898,1778,1801]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bornella stellifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Adams and Reeve in Adams, 1848). A, Detail of the rodlets of the labial cuticle (CASIZ 0 70402, scale bar: 10Μm). B, Right half-rows of radular teeth (CASIZ 168868, scale bar: 10Μm). C, Lateral view of rachidian teeth (CASIZ 0 65739, scale bar: 10Μm). D, Outer laterals (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 10Μm). E, Oral gland (CASIZ 0 75076, scale bar: 100Μm). F, Digestive system (arrows show the anterior liver openings to the stomach) (CASIZ 0 65739, scale bar: 1mm). G, Posterior chamber of the stomach showing spines (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 200Μm). H, Penis and penial bulb (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 200Μm). I, Detail of the penial spines (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 20Μm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="10.[151,1437,152,2004]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[197,470,338,364]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Reproductive system:</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation box="[489,583,338,364]" captionStart="FIGURE 4. A – E" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[187,1406,226,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[125,1461,174,1887]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. A – E, Drawings of reproductive systems of Bornella spp. A, Bornella stellifer (CASIZ 075076). B, B. calcarata (CASIZ 118665). C, B. hermanni (AM C. 113793). D, B. sarape (LACM 24996). E, B. anguilla (CASIZ 173389). Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: am, ampulla; fglm, female gland mass; hd, hermaphrodite duct; p, penis; pb, penial bulb; pr, prostate; rs, distal allosperm receptacle; va, vagina; vd, vas deferens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185134/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Fig. 
<number box="[546,561,338,364]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="4.0">4</number>
A
</figureCitation>
) The ovotestis consists of about five to six closely packed, rounded to pyriform follicles lying in the middle third of the body cavity above the posterior digestive gland (
<figureCitation box="[1347,1421,378,404]" captionStart="FIGURE 2. A" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1556,1580]" captionTargetBox="[278,1298,200,1532]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[272,1314,194,1532]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2. A, Bornella stellifer (Adams and Reeve in Adams, 1848): General arrangement of the internal organs. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: adg, anterior digestive gland; bb, buccal bulb; bdg, branches of the posterior digestive gland; cg, cerebral ganglion; in, intestine; oe, oesophagus; ov, ovotestis; pe, pericardium; pdg, posterior digestive gland; rps, reproductive system; rs, renal syrinx; sgl, salivary gland; st, stomach. B, Schematic drawing of a large buccal bulb. Scale bar = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185132/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Fig. 
<number box="[1404,1421,378,404]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="2.0">2</number>
</figureCitation>
). From each follicle, a thin-walled duct passes forwards to the hermaphroditic duct, which passes around the left side and below the stomach to join the ampulla on the dorsal side of the female gland mass. At its anterior end the ampulla narrows, branches into two ducts, the vas deferens and the oviduct. The vas deferens is long and somewhat folded. It lacks a discrete prostate gland mass, but its whole length is lined with a uniform layer of prostate gland tissue except for a short muscular region near the penial bulb. The vas deferens opens directly into the large curved penial bulb, the opening being armed with more than two circular rows of chitinous hooked spines (
<figureCitation box="[381,461,658,684]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A – F" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1777,1801]" captionTargetBox="[242,1345,197,1747]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[242,1345,197,1751]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. A – F, Scanning electron micrographs of Bornella stellifer (Adams and Reeve in Adams, 1848). A, Detail of the rodlets of the labial cuticle (CASIZ 0 70402, scale bar: 10 Μm). B, Right half-rows of radular teeth (CASIZ 168868, scale bar: 10 Μm). C, Lateral view of rachidian teeth (CASIZ 0 65739, scale bar: 10 Μm). D, Outer laterals (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 10 Μm). E, Oral gland (CASIZ 0 75076, scale bar: 100 Μm). F, Digestive system (arrows show the anterior liver openings to the stomach) (CASIZ 0 65739, scale bar: 1 mm). G, Posterior chamber of the stomach showing spines (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 200 Μm). H, Penis and penial bulb (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 200 Μm). I, Detail of the penial spines (CASIZ 0 72680, scale bar: 20 Μm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185133/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Figs. 
<number box="[447,461,658,684]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="3.0">3</number>
</figureCitation>
H, I). There is no distinct penial papilla, but it is possible that the non-prostatic section of the vas deferens everts to form a temporary papilla during mating. From its branching with the vas deferens, the oviduct opens immediately into the female gland mass. Without histological studies it is not possible to determine the passage of eggs and allosperm within the female gland mass, but from gross anatomy it appears to be similar to that described from 
<taxonomicName box="[663,876,818,843]" class="Gastropoda" family="Tritoniidae" genus="Tritonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hombergi">
<emphasis box="[663,876,818,843]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Tritonia hombergi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation author="Thompson" box="[936,1132,818,844]" pageId="10" pageNumber="57" refString="Thompson, T. E. (1961) The structure and mode of functioning of the reproductive organs of Tritonia hombergi (Gastropoda Opisthobranchia). Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 102, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1961">
Thompson 
<number box="[1069,1132,818,844]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1961.0">1961</number>
</bibRefCitation>
). A medium-sized stalked distal allosperm receptacle opens into the common genital opening alongside the opening of the female gland mass.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="10.[151,1437,152,2004]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,152,476]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[197,311,938,964]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Remarks</emphasis>
: 
<taxonomicName box="[334,540,938,963]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellifer">
<emphasis box="[334,540,938,963]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bornella stellifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a complicated nomenclatural history, which has been reviewed by 
<bibRefCitation author="Bertsch" box="[151,326,978,1004]" pageId="10" pageNumber="54" refString="Bertsch, H. (1980) A new species of Bornella from tropical west-America (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia). Spixiana, 3, 33 - 42." type="journal article" year="1980">
Bertsch (
<number box="[257,318,978,1004]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1980.0">1980</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation author="Rudman" box="[385,574,978,1004]" pageId="10" pageNumber="56" refString="Rudman, W. B. (1984) The date and authorship of Bornella and Ceratosoma (Nudibranchia) and other molluscs collected during the voyage of H. M. S. Samarang 1843 - 1846. Malacological Review, 17, 103 - 104." type="journal article" year="1984">
Rudman (
<number box="[502,565,978,1004]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1984.0">1984</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
, the latter author showing that the correct name for the 
<typeStatus box="[1232,1283,978,1004]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
species is 
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellifer">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. stellifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Externally, 
<taxonomicName box="[389,512,1018,1043]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellifer">
<emphasis box="[389,512,1018,1043]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. stellifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is easily distinguishable from other species of the genus by the presence of an orange subapical ring located on the lobe-like oral tentacles, papillae of the rhinophore sheaths and dorsolateral processes. Additionally, this species has simple bulbous papillae on the posterior side of each rhinophore sheath and on the dorsolateral processes. Internally, this species differs from others in the genus in having a much more elongated posterior chamber to the stomach with fewer rows of sharpened spines. Within the reproductive system there is also a good character that differentiates it from the other species. 
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellifer">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bornella stellifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only species in which the penial spines are arranged in more than two rings around the penial opening. In 
<taxonomicName box="[234,422,1299,1324]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="johnsonorum">
<emphasis box="[234,422,1299,1324]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. johnsonorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
they are arranged in two rings, while in 
<emphasis box="[895,1122,1299,1324]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName box="[895,979,1299,1324]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pele">B. pele</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[990,1122,1299,1324]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dotoides">B. dotoides</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[1179,1323,1299,1324]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hermanni">
<emphasis box="[1179,1323,1299,1324]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. hermanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
there is a single ring. In 
<taxonomicName box="[325,471,1339,1364]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="calcarata">
<emphasis box="[325,471,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. calcarata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[486,598,1339,1364]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="valdae">
<emphasis box="[486,598,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. valdae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[657,789,1339,1364]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="anguilla">
<emphasis box="[657,789,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. anguilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the penial spines are arranged on a raised fleshy ridge and in 
<taxonomicName box="[232,423,1379,1404]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sarape">
<emphasis box="[232,423,1379,1404]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bornella sarape</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
penial spines are absent. 
<taxonomicName box="[727,926,1379,1404]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellifer">
<emphasis box="[727,926,1379,1404]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bornella stellifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most similar to 
<taxonomicName box="[1148,1337,1379,1404]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="johnsonorum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis box="[1148,1337,1379,1404]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. johnsonorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1345,1436,1378,1404]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
from the 
<collectingCountry box="[258,452,1418,1444]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Marshall Islands</collectingCountry>
as we discuss under that species. 
<taxonomicName box="[850,1049,1419,1444]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellifer">
<emphasis box="[850,1049,1419,1444]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bornella stellifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is common throughout the Indo- West Pacific. Its name refers to the star-like arrangement of the papillae on the oral lobes. The name 
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="digitata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bornella digitata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a synonym of this species, also referred to these lobes, describing them as 'finger-like'. Apart from the earlier synonyms discussed by 
<bibRefCitation author="Bertsch" box="[578,757,1538,1564]" pageId="10" pageNumber="54" refString="Bertsch, H. (1980) A new species of Bornella from tropical west-America (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia). Spixiana, 3, 33 - 42." type="journal article" year="1980">
Bertsch (
<number box="[688,749,1538,1564]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1980.0">1980</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation author="Rudman" box="[823,1014,1538,1564]" pageId="10" pageNumber="56" refString="Rudman, W. B. (1984) The date and authorship of Bornella and Ceratosoma (Nudibranchia) and other molluscs collected during the voyage of H. M. S. Samarang 1843 - 1846. Malacological Review, 17, 103 - 104." type="journal article" year="1984">
Rudman (
<number box="[942,1005,1538,1564]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1984.0">1984</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
, four other names, which were all described from external features only, are considered here to be synonyms of 
<taxonomicName box="[1079,1202,1579,1604]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellifer">
<emphasis box="[1079,1202,1579,1604]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. stellifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The description of both 
<taxonomicName authority="Kelaart, 1859" authorityName="Kelaart" authorityYear="1859" box="[211,632,1618,1644]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hancockana">
<emphasis box="[211,464,1619,1644]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bornella hancockana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Kelaart" box="[471,632,1618,1644]" pageId="10" pageNumber="55" refString="Kelaart, E. F. (1859) On some additional species of nudibranchiate mollusks from Ceylon. Annals &amp; Magazine of Natural History, 4, 267 - 270." type="journal article" year="1859">
Kelaart, 
<number box="[573,632,1618,1644]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1859.0">1859</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry box="[705,820,1618,1644]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
and 
<taxonomicName authority="Pease, 1871" authorityName="Pease" authorityYear="1871" box="[878,1282,1618,1644]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="arborescens">
<emphasis box="[878,1131,1619,1644]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bornella arborescens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Pease" box="[1140,1282,1618,1644]" pageId="10" pageNumber="56" refString="Pease, W. H. (1871) Descriptions of nudibranchiate Mollusca inhabiting Polynesia. American Journal of Conchology, 6, 299 - 305, pls. 19 - 22." type="journal article" year="1871">
Pease, 
<number box="[1221,1282,1618,1644]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1871.0">1871</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, from Tahiti, include mention of the reticulate colour pattern and in particular red subterminal rings on the dorsolateral processes. They also mention four or more pairs of dorsolateral processes, which precludes 
<taxonomicName box="[1218,1366,1699,1724]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hermanni">
<emphasis box="[1218,1366,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. hermanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName authority="Crosse, 1875" authorityName="Crosse" authorityYear="1875" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="caledonica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bornella caledonica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Crosse" box="[351,504,1738,1764]" pageId="10" pageNumber="54" refString="Crosse, J. C. H. (1875 a) Description de nudibranches inedits, provenant de la Nouvelle-Caledonie, avec le catalogue des especes actuellement connues. Journal de Conchyliologie, 23, 305 - 322, Pl. 12." type="journal article" year="1875" yearSuffix="a">
Crosse, 
<number box="[445,504,1738,1764]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1875.0">1875</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
a from 
<collectingCountry box="[588,769,1738,1764]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
is not well categorized. Its colour is described as yelloworange, irregularly spotted with ‘rouge vermillon’ on the dorsum and branchial appendages. Although no actual mention of orange subterminal rings is mentioned, the color painting accompanying the description shows five pairs of dorsolateral processes which suggest this species is 
<taxonomicName box="[997,1119,1859,1884]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellifer">
<emphasis box="[997,1119,1859,1884]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. stellifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The fourth name, 
<taxonomicName authority="Collingwood, 1881" authorityName="Collingwood" authorityYear="1881" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="marmorata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. marmorata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Collingwood" box="[244,473,1898,1924]" pageId="10" pageNumber="54" refString="Collingwood, C. (1881) On some new species of nudibranchiate Mollusca from the eastern seas. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 2, 123 - 140, pls. 9 - 10." type="journal article" year="1881">
Collingwood, 
<number box="[414,473,1898,1924]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1881.0">1881</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is based on three animals collected in Aden. Unfortunately no illustration of the whole animal was published but the rhinophore sheath and posterior appendage is as found in 
<taxonomicName box="[1255,1376,1939,1964]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellifer">
<emphasis box="[1255,1376,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. stellifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The color description mentions streaks of ‘vermilion’ and the dorsal processes are described as ‘tipped with vermilion’. There is no mention of a subterminal ring but in some specimens the orange ring forms a broad band reaching almost to the tip of the process. The mention of seven pairs of ‘marginal processes’ would also suggest this species is 
<taxonomicName box="[413,534,226,251]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellifer">
<emphasis box="[413,534,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B. stellifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Another character, which is typical of 
<taxonomicName box="[996,1117,226,251]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellifer">
<emphasis box="[996,1117,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B. stellifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and present in the illustrations of all these four species, is that the posterior appendage on the rhinophore sheath is large and unbranched. One further name, 
<taxonomicName authority="Crosse 1875" authorityName="Crosse" authorityYear="1875" box="[525,882,301,327]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="semperi">
<emphasis box="[525,728,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bornella semperi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Crosse" box="[736,882,301,327]" pageId="12" pageNumber="54" refString="Crosse, J. C. H. (1875 b) Note sur les genres Bornella et Placobranchus, accompagnee du catalogue des especes actuellement connue. Journal de Conchyliologie, 23, 322 - 328." type="journal article" year="1875" yearSuffix="b">
Crosse 
<number box="[824,882,301,327]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="1875.0">1875</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
b is most probably 
<taxonomicName box="[1109,1232,301,326]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bornellidae" genus="Bornella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stellifer">
<emphasis box="[1109,1232,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B. stellifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but is unidentifiable and considered here to be a 
<emphasis box="[544,711,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">nomen nudum</emphasis>
. It is based on a painting from the Semper expeditions, published but left unnamed by Bergh (
<number box="[580,644,376,402]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="1870.0">1870</number>
). 
<collectingCountry box="[668,701,376,402]" name="American Samoa" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">As</collectingCountry>
<bibRefCitation author="Bergh" box="[711,921,376,402]" pageId="12" pageNumber="54" refString="Bergh, L. S. R. (1884) Report on the Nudibranchiata dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Challenger Reports, Zoology, 10, 1 - 154, pls. 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1884">
Bergh (
<number box="[803,867,376,402]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="1884.0">1884</number>
: 
<number box="[881,912,376,402]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="36.0">36</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
vociferously argues, “The creation of this species is a good example of the “species manufacturing” of many writers. …..Writers of this kind are a burden to science, and Malacology has had enough of them”.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>