694 lines
125 KiB
XML
694 lines
125 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="A43581C31DFD8885380B60A4718B99D9">Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="B9544E700B0B3301FF73AFF6189DFF22" bold="true" box="[151,490,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Rhamphostomella radiatula</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B0B3301FE1DAFF61BEAFF21" author="Hincks, T." box="[505,669,151,177]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="97 - 112" refId="ref90573" refString="Hincks, T. (1877) On Polyzoa from Iceland and Labrador. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 19, 97 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937708682099" type="journal article" year="1877">Hincks, 1877</bibRefCitation>
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(
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<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B0B3301FF7BAFDA1981FF45" box="[159,246,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-17@61.[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 18. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877).ZIRAS 19/50114 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea).A. Developing zooids with forming ooecia near colony margin. B. Distal view of marginal zooids with developing ooecia (arrows). C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in relatively young part of colony.E.Ovicellate (to the right) and non-ovicellate zooids with well-developed, bulge-like coarse tubercles of secondary calcification in older part of colony. F. Single ovicellate zooid, showing form of secondary orifice and ooecium in relatively young part of colony. G. Group of ovicellate zooids with ooecia overgrown by secondary calcification in relatively young part of colony. H. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing suboral avicularium and median process in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, ring scar and areolae. J. Close-up of frontal-shield interior, showing median lyrula. K. Basal surface of colony that was overgrowing another bryozoan colony, Celleporella hyalina. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral section of zooids showing two ooecia, suboral avicularium, areolae (upper row) and zooidal lateral walls with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 250 μm; C, J, L, 50 μm; D, K, 500 μm; E, F, I, 100 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521177/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Figs 18</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B0B3301FEE6AFDA1820FF46" box="[258,343,187,214]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1756,1780]" captionTargetBox="[225,1362,181,1732]" captionTargetId="figure-20@92.[225,1362,181,1732]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 32. Type specimens of Rhamphostomella species. A, B. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. Holotype, USNM 11033 (Point Barrow, Alaska, Beaufort Sea). C–E. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/44569 (Krabovaya Bight, Shikotan Island, Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). F, G. Rhamphostomella bilaminata (Hincks, 1877). Neotype, NHMUK 1911.10.1.1580A (Gaspe, Gulf of St Lawrence, Atlantic Ocean). H, I. Rhamphostomella hincksi Nordgaard, 1906. Neotype, NHMUK 1976.8.6.39pt (about 22 km westwards from Medvezhii Island, western Barents Sea). J, K. Rhamphostomella plicata (Smitt, 1868). Lectotype, SMNH-Type-1696 (Waygat Islands, Hinlopen Strait, Svalbard and Jan Mayen). L, M. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877). Neotype, NHMUK 1911.10.1.1592 (Iceland). Scale bars: A, B, D–G, K, M, 250 µm; C, H, I, J, L, 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544593/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">32L, M</figureCitation>
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)
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<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B0B3301FF73AE611B63FE88" authority=": Smitt 1868 a, p. 30" authorityName=": Smitt" authorityPageNumber="30" authorityYear="1868" box="[151,532,255,280]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Celleporidae" genus="Cellepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="plicata">
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<emphasis id="B9544E700B0B3301FF73AE61183EFE88" box="[151,329,256,280]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Cellepora plicata</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B0B3301FEB3AE6118A3FE87" author="Smitt, F. A." box="[343,468,255,280]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="3 - 320" refId="ref95369" refString="Smitt, F. A. (1868 a) Kritisk forteckning ofver Skandinaviens Hafs-Bryozoer. Part 4. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Academiens Forhandlingar, 25, 3 - 320." type="journal article" year="1868">Smitt 1868a</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 30
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, 31 (part), pl. 28, fig. 193.
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<emphasis id="B9544E700B0B3301FF73AE7F1824FEA6" box="[151,339,286,310]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Lepralia radiatula</emphasis>
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, p. 104
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, pl. 10, figs 9–14.
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:
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, p. 13
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, pl. 7, fig. 9 (mentioned as fig.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B0B3301FB83AE5C1C67FEC5" author="Nordgaard, O." box="[1127,1296,317,341]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="164 - 174" refId="ref92912" refString="Nordgaard, O. (1905) Bryozoa or Polyzoa. Hydrographical and Biological Investigations in Norwegian Fiords. Bergens Museums Meereskrifter, 2, 164 - 174." type="journal article" year="1905">Nordgaard 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 172
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 5,
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
figs. 16, 17;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B0B3301FEA2AE3D18C8FEE3" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[326,447,347,372]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 584" refId="ref91342" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1962) Bryozoa of the northern Seas of the USSR. Identification Keys on the Fauna of the USSR, 76, 1 - 584. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1962">Kluge 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 543, fig. 380; 1975, p. 660, fig. 380;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B0B3301FCBCAE3D1D53FEE4" author="Gostilovskaya, M. G." box="[856,1060,348,372]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refId="ref89329" refString="Gostilovskaya, M. G. (1978) Bryozoa of the White Sea. Nauka, Leningrad, USSR, 248 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1978">Gostilovskaya 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 229, fig. 145;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B0B3301FB31AE3D1C08FEE3" author="Androsova, E. I." box="[1237,1407,347,372]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="90 - 204" refId="ref86122" refString="Androsova, E. I. (1958) Bryozoa of the order Cheilostomata of the northern part of the Sea of Japan. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 5, 90 - 204. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1958">Androsova 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 173, fig. 104;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B0B3301FEB2AE1B1B14FE02" author="Winston, J. E. & Hayward, P. J." box="[342,611,378,402]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref96358" refString="Winston, J. E. & Hayward, P. J. (2012) The marine bryozoans of the northeast coast of the United States: Maine to Virginia. Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoir, 11, 1 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11688" type="journal article" year="2012">Winston & Hayward 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 124, fig. 79;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B0B3301FCECAE1B1AF2FE02" author="Taylor, P. D." box="[776,901,378,402]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="69 - 82" refId="ref95700" refString="Taylor, P. D. (2021) Pleistocene bryozoans from the Clyde Clay Formation of Scotland, and the Holocene retreat of cold-water species. Taxonomy, 1, 69 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / taxonomy 1020008" type="journal article" year="2021">Taylor 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 76, fig. 5a–e.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B0B3301FF73AEFB1B17FE21" blockId="60.[151,1437,255,433]" box="[151,608,409,433]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B0B3301FF73AEFB1B2CFE21" authority=": Nordgaard 1918, p. 78" authorityName="Nordgaard" authorityPageNumber="78" authorityYear="1918" box="[151,603,409,433]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Discopora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="radiatula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B0B3301FF73AEFB1811FE21" box="[151,358,409,433]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Discopora radiatula</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B0B3301FE90AEF81B6BFE21" author="Nordgaard, O." box="[372,540,409,433]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref93104" refString="Nordgaard, O. (1918) Bryozoa from the Arctic regions. TromsO Museums Aarshefter, 40, 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="1918">Nordgaard 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 78
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B0B3301FF73AEB71814FD18" blockId="60.[151,1436,470,648]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B0B3301FF73AEB718F2FE7E" bold="true" box="[151,389,470,494]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Additional references.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B0B3301FE6FAEB71AEDFE7E" ID-CoL="4S3H8" authority=": Nordgaard 1906, p. 32" authorityName="Nordgaard" authorityPageNumber="32" authorityYear="1906" box="[395,922,470,494]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="radiatula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B0B3301FE6FAEB71BD1FE7E" box="[395,678,470,494]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Rhamphostomella radiatula</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B0B3301FD50AEB71A2CFE7E" author="Nordgaard, O." box="[692,859,470,494]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 44" refId="ref92941" refString="Nordgaard, O. (1906) Bryozoa from the second ' Fram' Expedition 1898 - 1902. Reports of the second Norwegian Arctic Expedition of the ' Fram' 1898 - 1902. Videnskabs Selskabet i Kristiania, 8, 1 - 44." type="journal article" year="1906">Nordgaard 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 32
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 41; 1924, p. 9;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B0B3301FBD8AEB71DC2FE7E" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[1084,1205,470,494]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="181 - 204" refId="ref90875" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1907) Kritische Erorterungen zu den Bryozoologischen Arbeiten von K. Chworostansky. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 1, 181 - 204." type="journal article" year="1907">Kluge 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 196; 1908a, p. 534; 1928, p. 257; 1961, p. 142; 1964, p. 190;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B0B3301FD80AE941A58FD9D" author="Gostilovskaya, M. G." box="[612,815,501,525]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="434 - 471" refId="ref89200" refString="Gostilovskaya, M. G. (1957) Bryozoa of the White Sea. Materials of Complex Investigations of the White Sea, 1, 434 - 471. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1957">Gostilovskaya 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 455;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B0B3301FC67AE941D44FD9D" author="Kluge, G. A. & Androsova, E. I. & Gostilovskaya, M. G." box="[899,1075,501,525]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="173 - 256" refId="ref91442" refString="Kluge, G. A., Androsova, E. I. & Gostilovskaya, M. G. (1959) Class Bryozoa. The list of marine fauna of the southern Sakhalin and southern Kuril Islands. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 6, 173 - 256. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1959">
|
||
Kluge
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B0B3301FC23AE971A84FD9D" box="[967,1011,501,525]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1959
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 213;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B0B3301FB6CAE941C79FD9D" author="Hansen, B. K." box="[1160,1294,501,525]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="3 - 74" refId="ref90231" refString="Hansen, B. K. (1962) Bryozoa. The Gotthaab Expedition 1928. Meddelelser om GrOnland, 81, 3 - 74." type="journal article" year="1962">Hansen 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 40;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B0B3301FAB2AE94198BFDBC" author="Gontar, V. I." pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refId="ref88216" refString="Gontar, V. I. (1980) Bryozoan Fauna of the Order Cheilostomata of the Kuril Islands Coastal Waters. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR, 226 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1980">Gontar 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 13; 1992, p. 198; 1993b, p. 202;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B0B3301FD9CAD751AEDFDBC" author="Mawatari, S. F. & Mawatari, S." box="[632,922,532,556]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref92687" refString="Mawatari, S. F. & Mawatari, S. (1981) A preliminary list of cheilostomatous bryozoans collected along the coast of Hokkaido. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, 21, 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="1981">Mawatari & Mawatari 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 56;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B0B3301FC0CAD751DE6FDBC" author="Denisenko, N. V." box="[1000,1169,532,556]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refId="ref87248" refString="Denisenko, N. V. (1988) Distribution and Ecology of Bryozoa of the Barents Sea and Adjacent Areas of the Arctic Ocean. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR, 207 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1988">Denisenko 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 13; 1990, p. 39; 2013, p. 184;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B0B3301FEF0AD531B53FDDA" author="Gontar, V. I. & Denisenko, N. V." box="[276,548,562,586]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="341 - 371" refId="ref88701" refString="Gontar, V. I. & Denisenko, N. V. (1989) Arctic Ocean Bryozoa. In: Herman, Y. (Ed.), The Arctic Seas. Climatology, Oceanography, Geology, and Biology. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, USA, pp. 341 - 371. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4613 - 0677 - 1 _ 14" type="book chapter" year="1989">Gontar & Denisenko 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 354;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B0B3301FD98AD531A32FDDA" author="Bennike, O. & Hansen, K. B. & Knudsen, K. L. & Penney, D. N. & Rasmussen, K. L." box="[636,837,562,586]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="194 - 215" refId="ref86311" refString="Bennike, O., Hansen, K. B., Knudsen, K. L., Penney, D. N. & Rasmussen, K. L. (1994) Quaternary marine stratigraphy and geochronology in central West Greenland. Boreas, 23, 194 - 215. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1502 - 3885.1994. tb 00599. x" type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Bennike
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B0B3301FD33AD521A73FDDA" box="[727,772,562,586]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 199; Grishankov 1995, p. 48;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B0B3301FB7EAD531C3CFDDA" author="Grischenko, A. V." box="[1178,1355,562,586]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="153 - 192" refId="ref89452" refString="Grischenko, A. V. (1997) Bryozoans (Ctenostomida, Cheilostomida) of the shelf zone of the Commander Islands. In: Rzhavsky, A. V. (Ed.), Benthic Flora and Fauna of the Shelf Zone of the Commander Islands. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 153 - 192. [in Russian with English summary]" type="book chapter" year="1997">Grischenko 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 175; 2002, p. 115; 2003b, p. 237;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B0B3301FE0BAD301BDCFDF9" author="Gontar, V. I. & Hop, H. & Voronkov, A. Yu." box="[495,683,593,617]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="187 - 204" refId="ref88781" refString="Gontar, V. I., Hop, H. & Voronkov, A. Yu. (2001) Diversity and distribution of Bryozoa in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Polish Polar Research, 22, 187 - 204." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Gontar
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B0B3301FDD8AD331B1EFDF9" box="[572,617,593,617]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 195;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B0B3301FCE0AD301AC6FDF9" author="Kuklinski, P." box="[772,945,593,617]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="193 - 206" refId="ref91761" refString="Kuklinski, P. (2002 b) Fauna of Bryozoa from Kongsfjorden, West Spitsbergen. Polish Polar Research, 23, 193 - 206." type="journal article" year="2002">Kuklinski 2002b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 203; Ostrovsky 2009, p. 206, fig. 78b; 2013, p. 8, fig. 2.41b.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B0B3301FF73ADD418A1FBCD" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B0B3301FF73ADD41ADFFD64" blockId="60.[151,1437,693,2016]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B0B3301FF73ADD418F7FD5F" bold="true" box="[151,384,693,719]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B0B3301FE62ADD61ADFFD64" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405354" collectionCode="R" country="Iceland" location="Iceland" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" specimenCode="NHMUK 1911.10" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="neotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B0B3301FE62ADD61895FD40" box="[390,482,695,720]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<typeStatus id="549B2CC00B0B3301FE62ADD61895FD40" box="[390,482,695,720]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="neotype">Neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B0B3301FE14ADD71B2DFD40" box="[496,602,694,720]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB863A190B0B3301FD85ADD71BC8FD41" box="[609,703,694,721]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="Museum">1911.10</specimenCode>
|
||
.1.1592, two fragments from one colony, ex
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B0B3301FB4CADD71878FD64" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Copenhagen Museum Collection</collectorName>
|
||
, from
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B0B3301FEB3ADBB18E4FD64" box="[343,403,730,756]" name="G.E. MacGinitie" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">G.M.</collectorName>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B0B3301FE77ADBB18DEFD64" box="[403,425,730,756]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">R</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B0B3301FE57ADBB1B15FD64" box="[435,610,730,756]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Levinsen, A.M.</collectorName>
|
||
Norman Collection, Iceland.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B0B3301FF23AD9F1B0EFC38" blockId="60.[151,1437,693,2016]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B0B3301FF23AD9F1BB3FCAC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405344" collectionCode="NHMW" collectorName="L. Lorenz Collection & F. Fischer." country="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" elevation="75" location="Austro-Hungarian Polar Expedition" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" specimenCode="NHMW 72987" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB863A190B0B3301FF23AD9F1805FC88" box="[199,370,766,792]" collectionCode="NHMW" country="Austria" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/91g3-0mnw" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="Museum">NHMW 72987</specimenCode>
|
||
, one colony fragment,
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B0B3301FD8BAD9F1A2CFC88" box="[623,859,766,792]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">L. Lorenz Collection</collectorName>
|
||
, II
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B0B3301FC98AD9F1C7AFC88" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B0B3302FF73AFF61AA4FE3D:8EFFC4B90B0B3301FC98AD9F1C7AFC88" box="[892,1293,766,792]" country="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" name="Austro-Hungarian Polar Expedition" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Austro-Hungarian Polar Expedition</location>
|
||
, 1882–1883,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B0B3301FF73AC431862FCAC" box="[151,277,802,828]" name="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Jan Mayen</collectingCountry>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B0B3301FE82AC4318ADFCAC" box="[358,474,802,828]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="13.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="75.0" valueMax="130.0" valueMin="20.0">
|
||
<elevation id="000D75510B0B3301FE82AC4318ADFCAC" box="[358,474,802,828]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="13.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="75.0" valueMax="130.0" valueMin="20.0">20–130 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, collector
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B0B3301FDABAC431BB3FCAC" box="[591,708,802,828]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">F. Fischer.</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B0B3301FD2FAC4318F1FCF0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405401" collectionCode="NHMW" collectorName="L. Lorenz Collection & F. Fischer." country="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" elevation="75" location="Austro-Hungarian Polar Expedition" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" specimenCode="NHMW 72987" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB863A190B0B3301FD2FAC431AFAFCAD" box="[715,909,802,829]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="Museum">NHMUK 1899.5</specimenCode>
|
||
.1.878, six colony fragments, no locality given,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B0B3301FF73AC2719DEFCF0" box="[151,169,838,864]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">T</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B0B3301FF52AC2718F1FCF0" box="[182,390,838,864]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Hincks Collection</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B0B3301FE77AC271A17FCF0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405334" box="[403,864,838,865]" collectionCode="ZIRAS" country="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" specimenCode="ZIRAS 19" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB863A190B0B3301FE77AC271B72FCF1" box="[403,517,838,865]" collectionCode="ZIRAS" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">ZIRAS 19</specimenCode>
|
||
/50114, two colony fragments
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B0B3301FC88AC2719A5FC38" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405329" collectingDate="1992-07-23" collectionCode="KIENM" country="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" county="Bering Sea" elevation="10" latitude="54.79" location="Collection" longLatPrecision="106" longitude="167.655" municipality="Commander Islands" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B0B3301FC88AC271ABFFCF0" box="[876,968,838,864]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">KIENM</collectionCode>
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B0B3301FC35AC271D3EFCF0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B0B3302FF73AFF61AA4FE3D:8EFFC4B90B0B3301FC35AC271D3EFCF0" box="[977,1097,838,864]" country="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" county="Bering Sea" latitude="54.79" longLatPrecision="106" longitude="167.655" municipality="Commander Islands" name="Collection" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Collection</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B0B3301FBB1AC271D0DFCF0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B0B3302FF73AFF61AA4FE3D:8EFFC4B90B0B3301FBB1AC271D0DFCF0" box="[1109,1146,838,864]" country="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" county="Bering Sea" latitude="54.79" longLatPrecision="106" longitude="167.655" municipality="Commander Islands" name="Stn" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Stn</location>
|
||
132,
|
||
<date id="FF9EB4A20B0B3301FB59AC271C23FCF0" box="[1213,1364,838,864]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" value="1992-07-23">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFDA4D4A0B0B3301FB59AC271C23FCF0" box="[1213,1364,838,864]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" value="1992-07-23">23 July 1992</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B0B3301FA85AC271839FC14" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B0B3302FF73AFF61AA4FE3D:8EFFC4B90B0B3301FA85AC271839FC14" country="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" county="Bering Sea" latitude="54.79" longLatPrecision="106" longitude="167.655" municipality="Commander Islands" name="Rock Sivuchy Kamen" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Rock Sivuchy Kamen</location>
|
||
, coastal waters of
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B0B3301FDFAAC0B1BCBFC14" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B0B3302FF73AFF61AA4FE3D:8EFFC4B90B0B3301FDFAAC0B1BCBFC14" box="[542,700,874,900]" country="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" county="Bering Sea" latitude="54.79" longLatPrecision="106" longitude="167.655" municipality="Commander Islands" name="Medny Island" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Medny Island</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFB08180B0B3301FD2CAC0B1ADBFC14" box="[712,940,874,900]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Commander Islands</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62FEEAEE0B0B3301FC5CAC0B1D41FC14" box="[952,1078,874,900]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Bering Sea</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B0B3301FBA6AC0A1DC8FC14" box="[1090,1215,874,902]" degrees="54" direction="north" minutes="47.4" orientation="latitude" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" precision="92" value="54.79">54°47.4ʹ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B0B3301FB2FAC0A1C26FC14" box="[1227,1361,874,902]" degrees="167" direction="east" minutes="39.3" orientation="longitude" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" precision="92" value="167.655">167°39.3ʹ E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B0B3301FF73ACEF19A5FC38" box="[151,210,910,936]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="10.0">
|
||
<elevation id="000D75510B0B3301FF73ACEF19A5FC38" box="[151,210,910,936]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B0B3301FF3AACEF1849FC38" box="[222,318,910,936]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">SCUBA</collectionCode>
|
||
, collector
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B0B3301FE56ACEF1B02FC38" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405449" box="[434,629,910,936]" collectionCode="V" collectorName="Shalukhanov" country="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B0B3301FE56ACEF18BEFC38" box="[434,457,910,936]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||
.I.
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B0B3301FE05ACEF1B02FC38" box="[481,629,910,936]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Shalukhanov</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B0B3301FF23ACD018A1FBCD" blockId="60.[151,1437,693,2016]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B0B3301FF23ACD018C8FC5B" bold="true" box="[199,447,945,971]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Additional material.</emphasis>
|
||
157 colonies and colony fragments. IMB Collection (1973) Stns 149/384, 229/587; (2011) Stn 27/22;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B0B3301FE87ACB718C2FC60" box="[355,437,982,1008]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">PIBOC</collectionCode>
|
||
Collection (1991) Stns 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 41;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B0B3301FC5AACB71D6DFC60" box="[958,1050,982,1008]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">KIENM</collectionCode>
|
||
Collection (1992) Stns 3, 5, 7, 20, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, 38, 43, 44, 46, 56, 58, 61, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 75, 79, 81, 88, 94, 96, 97, 99, 110, 111, 116, 119, 121, 128, 129, 130, 132, 136, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148; A.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B0B3301FC27AB7F1AAEFBA8" box="[963,985,1054,1080]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||
. Grischenko Collection (1992) Stns 7, 8 (see Appendix 1 for details).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B0B3303FF23AB071BCFFD61" lastPageId="62" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B0B3301FF23AB071A39FB7C" blockId="60.[151,1437,693,2016]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B0B3301FF23AB071809FB10" bold="true" box="[199,382,1126,1152]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Measurements.</emphasis>
|
||
ZIRAS 19/50114, Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B0B3301FB61AB071C60FB10" box="[1157,1303,1126,1152]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-17@61.[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 18. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877).ZIRAS 19/50114 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea).A. Developing zooids with forming ooecia near colony margin. B. Distal view of marginal zooids with developing ooecia (arrows). C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in relatively young part of colony.E.Ovicellate (to the right) and non-ovicellate zooids with well-developed, bulge-like coarse tubercles of secondary calcification in older part of colony. F. Single ovicellate zooid, showing form of secondary orifice and ooecium in relatively young part of colony. G. Group of ovicellate zooids with ooecia overgrown by secondary calcification in relatively young part of colony. H. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing suboral avicularium and median process in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, ring scar and areolae. J. Close-up of frontal-shield interior, showing median lyrula. K. Basal surface of colony that was overgrowing another bryozoan colony, Celleporella hyalina. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral section of zooids showing two ooecia, suboral avicularium, areolae (upper row) and zooidal lateral walls with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 250 μm; C, J, L, 50 μm; D, K, 500 μm; E, F, I, 100 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521177/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 18A–M</figureCitation>
|
||
). ZL, 0.48– 0.77 (0.61 ± 0.07). ZW, 0.35–0.53 (0.41 ± 0.05). ZD, 0.41–0.58 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B0B3301FC97ABEA1AF6FB34" box="[883,897,1163,1188]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 2). OrL, 0.15–0.27 (0.21 ± 0.03). OrW, 0.18– 0.28 (0.22 ± 0.02). OeL, 0.20–0.25 (0.22 ± 0.01). OeW, 0.22–0.35 (0.28 ± 0.04). Av(s)L, 0.05–0.09 (0.07 ± 0.01) (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B0B3301FA6AABCE1CEBFB58" box="[1422,1436,1199,1224]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 10). P(m)N, 12–19 (17) (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B0B3301FE23ABB218A2FB7C" box="[455,469,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 20). P(oe)N, 4–10 (8) (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B0B3301FD11ABB21A74FB7C" box="[757,771,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 20).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B0B3301FF23AB941ACDFAEC" blockId="60.[151,1437,693,2016]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B0B3301FF23AB94182EFA9F" bold="true" box="[199,345,1269,1295]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Colonies encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B0B3301FCBFAB971AB5FA80" box="[859,962,1270,1296]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-17@61.[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 18. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877).ZIRAS 19/50114 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea).A. Developing zooids with forming ooecia near colony margin. B. Distal view of marginal zooids with developing ooecia (arrows). C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in relatively young part of colony.E.Ovicellate (to the right) and non-ovicellate zooids with well-developed, bulge-like coarse tubercles of secondary calcification in older part of colony. F. Single ovicellate zooid, showing form of secondary orifice and ooecium in relatively young part of colony. G. Group of ovicellate zooids with ooecia overgrown by secondary calcification in relatively young part of colony. H. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing suboral avicularium and median process in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, ring scar and areolae. J. Close-up of frontal-shield interior, showing median lyrula. K. Basal surface of colony that was overgrowing another bryozoan colony, Celleporella hyalina. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral section of zooids showing two ooecia, suboral avicularium, areolae (upper row) and zooidal lateral walls with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 250 μm; C, J, L, 50 μm; D, K, 500 μm; E, F, I, 100 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521177/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 18A</figureCitation>
|
||
), more or less circular, attaining
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B0B3301FAD5AB971CF7FA80" box="[1329,1408,1270,1296]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="14.0">14 mm</quantity>
|
||
in maximal dimension, bright pink-reddish to brown-yellow when alive, light brown to pink when dry. Zooids small, hexagonal, trapezoid, oval to pyriform, arranged in checkered pattern, demarcated by fine sinuous sutures between lateral and transverse walls; sutures less visible in older parts of colony.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B0B3301FF23AAE71B4DF9E8" blockId="60.[151,1437,693,2016]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Frontal shield umbonuloid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B0B3301FE1FAAE71BCFFA30" box="[507,696,1414,1440]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-17@61.[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 18. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877).ZIRAS 19/50114 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea).A. Developing zooids with forming ooecia near colony margin. B. Distal view of marginal zooids with developing ooecia (arrows). C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in relatively young part of colony.E.Ovicellate (to the right) and non-ovicellate zooids with well-developed, bulge-like coarse tubercles of secondary calcification in older part of colony. F. Single ovicellate zooid, showing form of secondary orifice and ooecium in relatively young part of colony. G. Group of ovicellate zooids with ooecia overgrown by secondary calcification in relatively young part of colony. H. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing suboral avicularium and median process in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, ring scar and areolae. J. Close-up of frontal-shield interior, showing median lyrula. K. Basal surface of colony that was overgrowing another bryozoan colony, Celleporella hyalina. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral section of zooids showing two ooecia, suboral avicularium, areolae (upper row) and zooidal lateral walls with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 250 μm; C, J, L, 50 μm; D, K, 500 μm; E, F, I, 100 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521177/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 18A, D–G, I</figureCitation>
|
||
), strongly thickened, convex, smooth in youngest zooids, normally with numerous tubercles of differing form and size, concentrated around secondary orifice and also distributed over entire frontal surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B0B3301FE74AAAF1B6CFA78" box="[400,539,1486,1512]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-17@61.[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 18. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877).ZIRAS 19/50114 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea).A. Developing zooids with forming ooecia near colony margin. B. Distal view of marginal zooids with developing ooecia (arrows). C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in relatively young part of colony.E.Ovicellate (to the right) and non-ovicellate zooids with well-developed, bulge-like coarse tubercles of secondary calcification in older part of colony. F. Single ovicellate zooid, showing form of secondary orifice and ooecium in relatively young part of colony. G. Group of ovicellate zooids with ooecia overgrown by secondary calcification in relatively young part of colony. H. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing suboral avicularium and median process in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, ring scar and areolae. J. Close-up of frontal-shield interior, showing median lyrula. K. Basal surface of colony that was overgrowing another bryozoan colony, Celleporella hyalina. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral section of zooids showing two ooecia, suboral avicularium, areolae (upper row) and zooidal lateral walls with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 250 μm; C, J, L, 50 μm; D, K, 500 μm; E, F, I, 100 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521177/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 18D–H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Large, deep circular areolae along zooidal margins, separated by short, narrow (in young zooids) to thick (in older zooids) interareolar ridges. Secondary calcification may be strongly developed, resulting in general thickening of frontal shield and enlargement of tubercles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B0B3301FBEBA9771D02F9A0" box="[1039,1141,1558,1584]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-17@61.[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 18. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877).ZIRAS 19/50114 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea).A. Developing zooids with forming ooecia near colony margin. B. Distal view of marginal zooids with developing ooecia (arrows). C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in relatively young part of colony.E.Ovicellate (to the right) and non-ovicellate zooids with well-developed, bulge-like coarse tubercles of secondary calcification in older part of colony. F. Single ovicellate zooid, showing form of secondary orifice and ooecium in relatively young part of colony. G. Group of ovicellate zooids with ooecia overgrown by secondary calcification in relatively young part of colony. H. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing suboral avicularium and median process in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, ring scar and areolae. J. Close-up of frontal-shield interior, showing median lyrula. K. Basal surface of colony that was overgrowing another bryozoan colony, Celleporella hyalina. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral section of zooids showing two ooecia, suboral avicularium, areolae (upper row) and zooidal lateral walls with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 250 μm; C, J, L, 50 μm; D, K, 500 μm; E, F, I, 100 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521177/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 18E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Umbonuloid component occupying about 60% of length of frontal shield (62% in one measured zooid), with accretionary banding (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B0B3301FAD8A95B19B2F9E8" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-17@61.[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 18. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877).ZIRAS 19/50114 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea).A. Developing zooids with forming ooecia near colony margin. B. Distal view of marginal zooids with developing ooecia (arrows). C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in relatively young part of colony.E.Ovicellate (to the right) and non-ovicellate zooids with well-developed, bulge-like coarse tubercles of secondary calcification in older part of colony. F. Single ovicellate zooid, showing form of secondary orifice and ooecium in relatively young part of colony. G. Group of ovicellate zooids with ooecia overgrown by secondary calcification in relatively young part of colony. H. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing suboral avicularium and median process in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, ring scar and areolae. J. Close-up of frontal-shield interior, showing median lyrula. K. Basal surface of colony that was overgrowing another bryozoan colony, Celleporella hyalina. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral section of zooids showing two ooecia, suboral avicularium, areolae (upper row) and zooidal lateral walls with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 250 μm; C, J, L, 50 μm; D, K, 500 μm; E, F, I, 100 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521177/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 18I, J, L</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ring scar discrete (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B0B3301FE54A93F1B5AF9E8" box="[432,557,1630,1656]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-17@61.[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 18. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877).ZIRAS 19/50114 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea).A. Developing zooids with forming ooecia near colony margin. B. Distal view of marginal zooids with developing ooecia (arrows). C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in relatively young part of colony.E.Ovicellate (to the right) and non-ovicellate zooids with well-developed, bulge-like coarse tubercles of secondary calcification in older part of colony. F. Single ovicellate zooid, showing form of secondary orifice and ooecium in relatively young part of colony. G. Group of ovicellate zooids with ooecia overgrown by secondary calcification in relatively young part of colony. H. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing suboral avicularium and median process in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, ring scar and areolae. J. Close-up of frontal-shield interior, showing median lyrula. K. Basal surface of colony that was overgrowing another bryozoan colony, Celleporella hyalina. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral section of zooids showing two ooecia, suboral avicularium, areolae (upper row) and zooidal lateral walls with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 250 μm; C, J, L, 50 μm; D, K, 500 μm; E, F, I, 100 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521177/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 18I, L</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B0B3301FF23A9E31991F898" blockId="60.[151,1437,693,2016]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Primary orifice (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B0B3301FE60A9E31B74F90C" box="[388,515,1666,1692]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-17@61.[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 18. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877).ZIRAS 19/50114 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea).A. Developing zooids with forming ooecia near colony margin. B. Distal view of marginal zooids with developing ooecia (arrows). C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in relatively young part of colony.E.Ovicellate (to the right) and non-ovicellate zooids with well-developed, bulge-like coarse tubercles of secondary calcification in older part of colony. F. Single ovicellate zooid, showing form of secondary orifice and ooecium in relatively young part of colony. G. Group of ovicellate zooids with ooecia overgrown by secondary calcification in relatively young part of colony. H. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing suboral avicularium and median process in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, ring scar and areolae. J. Close-up of frontal-shield interior, showing median lyrula. K. Basal surface of colony that was overgrowing another bryozoan colony, Celleporella hyalina. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral section of zooids showing two ooecia, suboral avicularium, areolae (upper row) and zooidal lateral walls with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 250 μm; C, J, L, 50 μm; D, K, 500 μm; E, F, I, 100 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521177/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 18B, I</figureCitation>
|
||
) deeply submerged, circular to oval; distal and lateral margins formed by upper, terminal part of distal transverse wall (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B0B3301FD84A9C71BBAF950" box="[608,717,1702,1728]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-17@61.[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 18. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877).ZIRAS 19/50114 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea).A. Developing zooids with forming ooecia near colony margin. B. Distal view of marginal zooids with developing ooecia (arrows). C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in relatively young part of colony.E.Ovicellate (to the right) and non-ovicellate zooids with well-developed, bulge-like coarse tubercles of secondary calcification in older part of colony. F. Single ovicellate zooid, showing form of secondary orifice and ooecium in relatively young part of colony. G. Group of ovicellate zooids with ooecia overgrown by secondary calcification in relatively young part of colony. H. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing suboral avicularium and median process in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, ring scar and areolae. J. Close-up of frontal-shield interior, showing median lyrula. K. Basal surface of colony that was overgrowing another bryozoan colony, Celleporella hyalina. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral section of zooids showing two ooecia, suboral avicularium, areolae (upper row) and zooidal lateral walls with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 250 μm; C, J, L, 50 μm; D, K, 500 μm; E, F, I, 100 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521177/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 18A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Distal margin of orifice rounded, proximal margin concave, tapering, with prominent, conical, acute median lyrula, curving in frontal direction (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B0B3301FBA7A9AB1C6AF974" box="[1091,1309,1738,1764]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-17@61.[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 18. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877).ZIRAS 19/50114 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea).A. Developing zooids with forming ooecia near colony margin. B. Distal view of marginal zooids with developing ooecia (arrows). C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in relatively young part of colony.E.Ovicellate (to the right) and non-ovicellate zooids with well-developed, bulge-like coarse tubercles of secondary calcification in older part of colony. F. Single ovicellate zooid, showing form of secondary orifice and ooecium in relatively young part of colony. G. Group of ovicellate zooids with ooecia overgrown by secondary calcification in relatively young part of colony. H. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing suboral avicularium and median process in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, ring scar and areolae. J. Close-up of frontal-shield interior, showing median lyrula. K. Basal surface of colony that was overgrowing another bryozoan colony, Celleporella hyalina. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral section of zooids showing two ooecia, suboral avicularium, areolae (upper row) and zooidal lateral walls with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 250 μm; C, J, L, 50 μm; D, K, 500 μm; E, F, I, 100 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521177/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 18A, B, G, I, J</figureCitation>
|
||
). Condyles absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B0B3301FF23A8731860F870" blockId="60.[151,1437,693,2016]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Secondary orifice (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B0B3301FE47A8731B47F8BC" box="[419,560,1810,1836]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-17@61.[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 18. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877).ZIRAS 19/50114 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea).A. Developing zooids with forming ooecia near colony margin. B. Distal view of marginal zooids with developing ooecia (arrows). C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in relatively young part of colony.E.Ovicellate (to the right) and non-ovicellate zooids with well-developed, bulge-like coarse tubercles of secondary calcification in older part of colony. F. Single ovicellate zooid, showing form of secondary orifice and ooecium in relatively young part of colony. G. Group of ovicellate zooids with ooecia overgrown by secondary calcification in relatively young part of colony. H. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing suboral avicularium and median process in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, ring scar and areolae. J. Close-up of frontal-shield interior, showing median lyrula. K. Basal surface of colony that was overgrowing another bryozoan colony, Celleporella hyalina. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral section of zooids showing two ooecia, suboral avicularium, areolae (upper row) and zooidal lateral walls with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 250 μm; C, J, L, 50 μm; D, K, 500 μm; E, F, I, 100 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521177/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 18D, G</figureCitation>
|
||
) irregularly oval or broadly triangular in outline, with narrowly sinuate, Ushaped proximal margin, cormidial; distally restricted by vertical thickening of proximal wall of daughter zooid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B0B3301FF44A83B185EF8E4" box="[160,297,1882,1908]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-17@61.[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 18. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877).ZIRAS 19/50114 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea).A. Developing zooids with forming ooecia near colony margin. B. Distal view of marginal zooids with developing ooecia (arrows). C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in relatively young part of colony.E.Ovicellate (to the right) and non-ovicellate zooids with well-developed, bulge-like coarse tubercles of secondary calcification in older part of colony. F. Single ovicellate zooid, showing form of secondary orifice and ooecium in relatively young part of colony. G. Group of ovicellate zooids with ooecia overgrown by secondary calcification in relatively young part of colony. H. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing suboral avicularium and median process in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, ring scar and areolae. J. Close-up of frontal-shield interior, showing median lyrula. K. Basal surface of colony that was overgrowing another bryozoan colony, Celleporella hyalina. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral section of zooids showing two ooecia, suboral avicularium, areolae (upper row) and zooidal lateral walls with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 250 μm; C, J, L, 50 μm; D, K, 500 μm; E, F, I, 100 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521177/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 18D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
); proximally formed by thin-walled, low peristome of two lappets from frontal shield, one of which incorporates cystid of suboral avicularium (on left or right side). In ovicellate zooids, peristomial lappets connecting with ooecium, overgrowing its proximal surface toward each other and forming incomplete circle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B0B3301FB06A8C31C1FF82C" box="[1250,1384,1954,1980]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-17@61.[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 18. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877).ZIRAS 19/50114 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea).A. Developing zooids with forming ooecia near colony margin. B. Distal view of marginal zooids with developing ooecia (arrows). C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in relatively young part of colony.E.Ovicellate (to the right) and non-ovicellate zooids with well-developed, bulge-like coarse tubercles of secondary calcification in older part of colony. F. Single ovicellate zooid, showing form of secondary orifice and ooecium in relatively young part of colony. G. Group of ovicellate zooids with ooecia overgrown by secondary calcification in relatively young part of colony. H. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing suboral avicularium and median process in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, ring scar and areolae. J. Close-up of frontal-shield interior, showing median lyrula. K. Basal surface of colony that was overgrowing another bryozoan colony, Celleporella hyalina. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral section of zooids showing two ooecia, suboral avicularium, areolae (upper row) and zooidal lateral walls with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 250 μm; C, J, L, 50 μm; D, K, 500 μm; E, F, I, 100 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521177/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 18F–H</figureCitation>
|
||
). No oral spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5FC2EA0B0A3300FF73A90E1CEAF860" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521177" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6521177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521177/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" startId="61.[151,250,1647,1671]" targetBox="[213,1374,181,1623]" targetPageId="61">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B0A3300FF73A90E1CEAF860" blockId="61.[151,1437,1647,2032]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B0A3300FF73A90E1869F917" bold="true" box="[151,286,1647,1671]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">FIGURE 18.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B0A3300FEC6A90E1BADF917" authority="(Hincks, 1877)" baseAuthorityName="Hincks" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[290,730,1647,1671]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="radiatula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B0A3300FEC6A90E1B4BF917" box="[290,572,1647,1671]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Rhamphostomella radiatula</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B0A3300FDA3A90E1BA5F917" author="Hincks, T." box="[583,722,1647,1671]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="97 - 112" refId="ref90573" refString="Hincks, T. (1877) On Polyzoa from Iceland and Labrador. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 19, 97 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937708682099" type="journal article" year="1877">Hincks, 1877</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. ZIRAS 19/50114 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea). A. Developing zooids with forming ooecia near colony margin. B. Distal view of marginal zooids with developing ooecia (arrows). C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in relatively young part of colony. E. Ovicellate (to the right) and non-ovicellate zooids with well-developed, bulge-like coarse tubercles of secondary calcification in older part of colony. F. Single ovicellate zooid, showing form of secondary orifice and ooecium in relatively young part of colony. G. Group of ovicellate zooids with ooecia overgrown by secondary calcification in relatively young part of colony. H. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing suboral avicularium and median process in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, ring scar and areolae. J. Close-up of frontal-shield interior, showing median lyrula. K. Basal surface of colony that was overgrowing another bryozoan colony,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B0A3300FF0DA8EE18CCF837" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[233,443,1935,1959]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Hippothoidae" genus="Celleporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="hyalina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B0A3300FF0DA8EE18CCF837" box="[233,443,1935,1959]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Celleporella hyalina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral section of zooids showing two ooecia, suboral avicularium, areolae (upper row) and zooidal lateral walls with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 250 μm; C, J, L, 50 μm; D, K, 500 μm; E, F, I, 100 μm; M, 200 μm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B093303FF23AFF61C12FEF5" blockId="62.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Cystid of suboral avicularium small, with tubercular surface and one communication pore (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B093303FB55AFF61C45FF21" box="[1201,1330,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-17@61.[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 18. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877).ZIRAS 19/50114 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea).A. Developing zooids with forming ooecia near colony margin. B. Distal view of marginal zooids with developing ooecia (arrows). C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in relatively young part of colony.E.Ovicellate (to the right) and non-ovicellate zooids with well-developed, bulge-like coarse tubercles of secondary calcification in older part of colony. F. Single ovicellate zooid, showing form of secondary orifice and ooecium in relatively young part of colony. G. Group of ovicellate zooids with ooecia overgrown by secondary calcification in relatively young part of colony. H. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing suboral avicularium and median process in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, ring scar and areolae. J. Close-up of frontal-shield interior, showing median lyrula. K. Basal surface of colony that was overgrowing another bryozoan colony, Celleporella hyalina. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral section of zooids showing two ooecia, suboral avicularium, areolae (upper row) and zooidal lateral walls with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 250 μm; C, J, L, 50 μm; D, K, 500 μm; E, F, I, 100 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521177/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 18D, F</figureCitation>
|
||
), situated medially and transversely relative to zooidal midline, within pseudosinus of secondary orifice. Avicularian frontal surface (rostral/postmandibular areas) concave, crossing zooidal midline, facing obliquely distally. Rostrum short, curved, with tip hooked in profile, directed laterally to distolaterally and upwards (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B093303FBA8AE621C78FE8D" box="[1100,1295,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-17@61.[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 18. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877).ZIRAS 19/50114 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea).A. Developing zooids with forming ooecia near colony margin. B. Distal view of marginal zooids with developing ooecia (arrows). C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in relatively young part of colony.E.Ovicellate (to the right) and non-ovicellate zooids with well-developed, bulge-like coarse tubercles of secondary calcification in older part of colony. F. Single ovicellate zooid, showing form of secondary orifice and ooecium in relatively young part of colony. G. Group of ovicellate zooids with ooecia overgrown by secondary calcification in relatively young part of colony. H. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing suboral avicularium and median process in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, ring scar and areolae. J. Close-up of frontal-shield interior, showing median lyrula. K. Basal surface of colony that was overgrowing another bryozoan colony, Celleporella hyalina. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral section of zooids showing two ooecia, suboral avicularium, areolae (upper row) and zooidal lateral walls with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 250 μm; C, J, L, 50 μm; D, K, 500 μm; E, F, I, 100 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521177/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 18C, D, F–I</figureCitation>
|
||
), sometimes concealed within peristome and barely visible frontally. Palate short, lingulate to broadly triangular, foramen elongate oval; palatal face at right angle to postmandibular area, with semicircular opesia. Crossbar complete.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B093303FF23AE0E1881FE19" blockId="62.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,502,367,393]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">No adventitious avicularia.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B093303FF23AEF21C0BFDAD" blockId="62.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Ovicells cleithral, initially hyperstomial, soon becoming subimmersed and later appearing endozooidal when only frontal area of ooecium remains visible (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B093303FD7FAED61A30FE41" box="[667,839,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-17@61.[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 18. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877).ZIRAS 19/50114 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea).A. Developing zooids with forming ooecia near colony margin. B. Distal view of marginal zooids with developing ooecia (arrows). C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in relatively young part of colony.E.Ovicellate (to the right) and non-ovicellate zooids with well-developed, bulge-like coarse tubercles of secondary calcification in older part of colony. F. Single ovicellate zooid, showing form of secondary orifice and ooecium in relatively young part of colony. G. Group of ovicellate zooids with ooecia overgrown by secondary calcification in relatively young part of colony. H. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing suboral avicularium and median process in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, ring scar and areolae. J. Close-up of frontal-shield interior, showing median lyrula. K. Basal surface of colony that was overgrowing another bryozoan colony, Celleporella hyalina. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral section of zooids showing two ooecia, suboral avicularium, areolae (upper row) and zooidal lateral walls with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 250 μm; C, J, L, 50 μm; D, K, 500 μm; E, F, I, 100 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521177/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 18F, G, M</figureCitation>
|
||
), being sunken in secondary calcification originating from frontal shields of distal and distolateral zooids. Ooecium formed by distal autozooid, ooecial fold arising on colony periphery concurrently with formation of frontal shield of distal zooid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B093303FBFAAE9E1DFEFD89" box="[1054,1161,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-17@61.[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 18. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877).ZIRAS 19/50114 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea).A. Developing zooids with forming ooecia near colony margin. B. Distal view of marginal zooids with developing ooecia (arrows). C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in relatively young part of colony.E.Ovicellate (to the right) and non-ovicellate zooids with well-developed, bulge-like coarse tubercles of secondary calcification in older part of colony. F. Single ovicellate zooid, showing form of secondary orifice and ooecium in relatively young part of colony. G. Group of ovicellate zooids with ooecia overgrown by secondary calcification in relatively young part of colony. H. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing suboral avicularium and median process in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, ring scar and areolae. J. Close-up of frontal-shield interior, showing median lyrula. K. Basal surface of colony that was overgrowing another bryozoan colony, Celleporella hyalina. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral section of zooids showing two ooecia, suboral avicularium, areolae (upper row) and zooidal lateral walls with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 250 μm; C, J, L, 50 μm; D, K, 500 μm; E, F, I, 100 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521177/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 18A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ooecium with straight proximal margin and scattered circular, oval to slit-like pseudopores, some occluded by secondary calcification.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B093303FF23AD261A28FD15" blockId="62.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Zooids interconnected by three mural pore chambers (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B093303FCA4AD261AD9FDF1" box="[832,942,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-17@61.[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 18. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877).ZIRAS 19/50114 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea).A. Developing zooids with forming ooecia near colony margin. B. Distal view of marginal zooids with developing ooecia (arrows). C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in relatively young part of colony.E.Ovicellate (to the right) and non-ovicellate zooids with well-developed, bulge-like coarse tubercles of secondary calcification in older part of colony. F. Single ovicellate zooid, showing form of secondary orifice and ooecium in relatively young part of colony. G. Group of ovicellate zooids with ooecia overgrown by secondary calcification in relatively young part of colony. H. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing suboral avicularium and median process in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, ring scar and areolae. J. Close-up of frontal-shield interior, showing median lyrula. K. Basal surface of colony that was overgrowing another bryozoan colony, Celleporella hyalina. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral section of zooids showing two ooecia, suboral avicularium, areolae (upper row) and zooidal lateral walls with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 250 μm; C, J, L, 50 μm; D, K, 500 μm; E, F, I, 100 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521177/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 18M</figureCitation>
|
||
) in each distolateral wall and multiporous septula in transverse walls, sometimes with buttressed recesses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B093303FF23ADEE1AF3FD5D" blockId="62.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Basal surface of zooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B093303FE08ADEE1B21FD39" box="[492,598,655,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-17@61.[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 18. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877).ZIRAS 19/50114 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea).A. Developing zooids with forming ooecia near colony margin. B. Distal view of marginal zooids with developing ooecia (arrows). C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in relatively young part of colony.E.Ovicellate (to the right) and non-ovicellate zooids with well-developed, bulge-like coarse tubercles of secondary calcification in older part of colony. F. Single ovicellate zooid, showing form of secondary orifice and ooecium in relatively young part of colony. G. Group of ovicellate zooids with ooecia overgrown by secondary calcification in relatively young part of colony. H. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing suboral avicularium and median process in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, ring scar and areolae. J. Close-up of frontal-shield interior, showing median lyrula. K. Basal surface of colony that was overgrowing another bryozoan colony, Celleporella hyalina. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral section of zooids showing two ooecia, suboral avicularium, areolae (upper row) and zooidal lateral walls with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 250 μm; C, J, L, 50 μm; D, K, 500 μm; E, F, I, 100 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521177/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 18K</figureCitation>
|
||
) fully calcified, inflated, rough, textured by irregular lineation, without protuberances. Boundaries between zooids unrecognizable basally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B093303FF23ADB61BCFFD61" blockId="62.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,696,727,753]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Ancestrula and early astogeny not observed.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B093303FF23AD9A1DA5FA0D" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B093303FF23AD9A1B1AFC7D" blockId="62.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FF23AD9A184CFC85" bold="true" box="[199,315,763,789]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FEA0AD9A18ACFC85" author="Smitt, F. A." box="[324,475,763,789]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="3 - 320" refId="ref95369" refString="Smitt, F. A. (1868 a) Kritisk forteckning ofver Skandinaviens Hafs-Bryozoer. Part 4. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Academiens Forhandlingar, 25, 3 - 320." type="journal article" year="1868">Smitt (1868a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 28, fig. 193) initially illustrated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B093303FC65AD9A1D7DFC85" baseAuthorityName="Hincks" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[897,1034,763,789]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="radiatula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FC65AD9A1AE5FC84" box="[897,914,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FC46AD9A1D7DFC85" box="[930,1034,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">radiatula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B093303FB2AAD9A1CE2FC85" authorityName=": Smitt" authorityYear="1868" box="[1230,1429,763,789]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Celleporidae" genus="Cellepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="plicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FB2AAD9A1CE2FC85" box="[1230,1429,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Cellepora plicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, together with three other species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FDFAAC7E1BB6FCA9" author="Hincks, T." box="[542,705,799,825]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="97 - 112" refId="ref90573" refString="Hincks, T. (1877) On Polyzoa from Iceland and Labrador. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 19, 97 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937708682099" type="journal article" year="1877">Hincks (1877)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B093303FCA4AC7E1ABEFCA9" baseAuthorityName="Hincks" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[832,969,799,825]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="radiatula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FCA4AC7E1A26FCA8" box="[832,849,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FC85AC7E1ABEFCA9" box="[865,969,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">radiatula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a separate species (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B093303FB16AC7E1C25FCA9" authorityName="Johnston" authorityYear="1838" box="[1266,1362,799,825]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Lepralia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FB16AC7E1C25FCA9" box="[1266,1362,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lepralia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B093303FF73AC22199EFCCD" box="[151,233,835,861]" name="Iceland" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Iceland</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Labrador, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FE37AC221B0FFCCE" author="Lorenz, L. von" box="[467,632,835,862]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="83 - 100" refId="ref92348" refString="Lorenz, L. von (1886) Bryozoen von Jan Mayen. Die Internationale Polarforschung 1882 - 1883. Die Osterreichische Polarstation von Jan Mayen, 3, 83 - 100." type="journal article" year="1886">Lorenz (1886)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
moved it to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B093303FCF2AC221A97FCCD" authorityName="Grischenko & Gordon & Taylor & Kuklinski & Denisenko & Spencer-Jones & Ostrovsky" authorityYear="2022" box="[790,992,835,861]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FCF2AC221A97FCCD" box="[790,992,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Rhamphostomella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although we found six fragments of this species on a slide in the T. Hincks Collection housed in the Natural History Museum, London (NHMUK 1899.5.1.878, with the inscription “? Part of type material”), they are in poor condition and cannot be used for identification or comparison. Accordingly, we selected a
|
||
<typeStatus id="549B2CC00B093303FCFFACCE1A03FC59" box="[795,884,943,969]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B093303FC5DACCE1D7CFC59" box="[953,1035,943,969]" name="Iceland" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Iceland</collectingCountry>
|
||
from the A.M. Norman Collection, also in Natural History Museum, London.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B093303FF23AC961B94FB55" blockId="62.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
The following combination of characters distinguishes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B093303FCA2AC961AA7FB81" baseAuthorityName="Hincks" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[838,976,1015,1041]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="radiatula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FCA2AC961A20FB80" box="[838,855,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FC8CAC961AA7FB81" box="[872,976,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">radiatula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from congeners: 1) suboral and frontal tubercles present, 2) small zooidal size, and 3) the right-angled aspect of the avicularian frontal surface.As discussed above, the only congener having a similarly right-angled frontal face to the suboral avicularium is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B093303FB39AB5E1C2BFBC9" authorityName="Gontar" authorityYear="1993" box="[1245,1372,1087,1113]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="alutacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FB39AB5E1D99FBC8" box="[1245,1262,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FB18AB5E1C2BFBC9" box="[1276,1372,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">alutacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. That species has a broad pseudosinus in the secondary orifice, in contrast to the narrow pseudosinus in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B093303FAEFAB021CE2FBED" baseAuthorityName="Hincks" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1291,1429,1123,1149]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="radiatula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FAEFAB021C6BFBEC" box="[1291,1308,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FAC9AB021CE2FBED" box="[1325,1429,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">radiatula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the frontal surface of the avicularium is well visible in frontal view compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B093303FB97ABE61D8BFB31" baseAuthorityName="Hincks" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1139,1276,1159,1185]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="radiatula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FB97ABE61DF3FB30" box="[1139,1156,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FB70ABE61D8BFB31" box="[1172,1276,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">radiatula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the avicularian frontal surface is barely visible frontally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B093303FF23ABAE1AD4FA9D" blockId="62.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FF23ABAE182EFB79" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[199,345,1231,1257]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 584" refId="ref91342" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1962) Bryozoa of the northern Seas of the USSR. Identification Keys on the Fauna of the USSR, 76, 1 - 584. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1962">Kluge (1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FE83ABAF18D7FB79" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[359,416,1230,1257]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref91415" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1975) Bryozoa of the Northern Seas of the USSR. Amerind Publishing, New Delhi, 711 pp." type="book" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) described the primary orifice of Arctic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B093303FC91ABAE1A89FB79" baseAuthorityName="Hincks" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[885,1022,1231,1257]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="radiatula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FC91ABAE1AF1FB78" box="[885,902,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FC72ABAE1A89FB79" box="[918,1022,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">radiatula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as having a pair of small triangular points on the median lyrula. We did not observe these in our material.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B093303FF23AA761DA5FA0D" blockId="62.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FF23AA76182EFAA1" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[199,345,1303,1329]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 584" refId="ref91342" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1962) Bryozoa of the northern Seas of the USSR. Identification Keys on the Fauna of the USSR, 76, 1 - 584. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1962">Kluge (1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FE82AA7718E8FAA1" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[358,415,1302,1329]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref91415" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1975) Bryozoa of the Northern Seas of the USSR. Amerind Publishing, New Delhi, 711 pp." type="book" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) indicated that colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B093303FD3DAA761A15FAA1" baseAuthorityName="Hincks" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[729,866,1303,1329]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="radiatula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FD3DAA761B9DFAA0" box="[729,746,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FD1EAA761A15FAA1" box="[762,866,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">radiatula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
loosely overgrow the substratum. In contrast, our observations of a large number of specimens show that colonies are tightly cemented to a variety of hard substrata (barnacles, shells of molluscs, stones, etc.). In most cases, the basal wall of colonies conforms to irregularities in the substratum microtopography, resulting in very uneven patterning of the basal surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B093303FBB9AAE21DB1FA0D" box="[1117,1222,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-17@61.[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 18. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877).ZIRAS 19/50114 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea).A. Developing zooids with forming ooecia near colony margin. B. Distal view of marginal zooids with developing ooecia (arrows). C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in relatively young part of colony.E.Ovicellate (to the right) and non-ovicellate zooids with well-developed, bulge-like coarse tubercles of secondary calcification in older part of colony. F. Single ovicellate zooid, showing form of secondary orifice and ooecium in relatively young part of colony. G. Group of ovicellate zooids with ooecia overgrown by secondary calcification in relatively young part of colony. H. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing suboral avicularium and median process in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, ring scar and areolae. J. Close-up of frontal-shield interior, showing median lyrula. K. Basal surface of colony that was overgrowing another bryozoan colony, Celleporella hyalina. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral section of zooids showing two ooecia, suboral avicularium, areolae (upper row) and zooidal lateral walls with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 250 μm; C, J, L, 50 μm; D, K, 500 μm; E, F, I, 100 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521177/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 18K</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B093303FF23AAC61C0DF9E5" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B093303FF23AAC61C0DF9E5" blockId="62.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FF23AAC6185BFA51" bold="true" box="[199,300,1447,1473]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B093303FED7AAC61B1BFA51" baseAuthorityName="Hincks" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[307,620,1447,1473]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="radiatula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FED7AAC61B1BFA51" box="[307,620,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Rhamphostomella radiatula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found at depths of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B093303FC4AAAC61D63FA51" box="[942,1044,1447,1473]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.41" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="0.02" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="141.0" valueMax="280.0" valueMin="2.0">2–280 m</quantity>
|
||
, predominantly on hard bottoms— rocks (including vertical surfaces and crevices), boulders, blocks, and gravel—and scattered on mixed seabeds with sand or silt overlain with broken shells. In addition to rocky surfaces, colonies encrust bivalve mollusc shells, ascidians, colonies of other bryozoans (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B093303FD8DA9721A12F9BC" box="[617,869,1555,1581]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Flustrellidridae" genus="Flustrellidra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenostomatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FD8DA9721A12F9BC" box="[617,869,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Flustrellidra gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B093303FC9CA9721D2DF9BD" box="[888,1114,1555,1581]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Candidae" genus="Tricellaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="beringia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FC9CA9721D2DF9BD" box="[888,1114,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Tricellaria beringia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B093303FB88A9721CFBF9BD" baseAuthorityName="Canu & Bassler" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[1132,1420,1555,1581]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Celleporidae" genus="Celleporina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="robertsoniae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FB88A9721CFBF9BD" box="[1132,1420,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Celleporina robertsoniae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), polychaete tubes, sponges, barnacles and occasionally holdfasts of brown and red algae, and exists as a part of cryptic community inhabiting the cavities formed by the crustose coralline alga
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B093303FBF2A93A1C04F9E4" authorityName="Lebednik" authorityYear="1977" box="[1046,1395,1627,1653]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Hapalidiaceae" genus="Clathromorphum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Corallinales" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="nereostratum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FBF2A93A1C04F9E4" box="[1046,1395,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Clathromorphum nereostratum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B093302FF23A91F1AA4FE3D" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B093302FF23A91F189FFEF6" blockId="62.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="63.[151,1437,151,429]" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FF23A91F1816F908" bold="true" box="[199,353,1662,1688]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
This is a boreal-Arctic, circumpolar, sublittoral species. In the Arctic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B093303FB7BA91E1C5CF909" baseAuthorityName="Hincks" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1183,1323,1663,1689]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="radiatula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FB7BA91E1DC7F908" box="[1183,1200,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FB27A91E1C5CF909" box="[1219,1323,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">radiatula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been reported from the Barents Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FDE5A9C21BC8F92D" author="Nordgaard, O." box="[513,703,1699,1725]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 34" refId="ref92835" refString="Nordgaard, O. (1896) Systematisk Fortegnelse over de i Norge hidtil observerede arter af marine Polyzoa. I. Cheilostomata. Bergens Museums Aarborg 1894 - 1895, 2, 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="1896">Nordgaard 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FD28A9C21A70F92D" author="Nordgaard, O." box="[716,775,1699,1725]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref93104" refString="Nordgaard, O. (1918) Bryozoa from the Arctic regions. TromsO Museums Aarshefter, 40, 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="1918">1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FCF1A9C21AA6F92D" author="Bidenkap, O." box="[789,977,1699,1725]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="503 - 540" refId="ref86383" refString="Bidenkap, O. (1900 a) Die Bryozoen. I Teil: Die Bryozoen von Spitzbergen und Konig-Karls-Land. Fauna Arctica, 1, 503 - 540." type="journal article" year="1900">Bidenkap 1900a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FC3BA9C21D5FF92D" author="Bidenkap, O." box="[991,1064,1699,1725]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="249 - 263" refId="ref86413" refString="Bidenkap, O. (1900 b) Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Untersuchungsfahrt des Deutschen Seefischerei-Vereins nach der Bareninsel und Westspitzbergen, ausgefurt im Sommer 1898 auf S. M. S ' Olga'. III. Die Bryozoen. Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, Neue Folge, 4, 249 - 263." type="journal article" year="1900">1900b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FBD2A9C21DC9F92D" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[1078,1214,1699,1725]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="31 - 55" refId="ref90813" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1906) Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Untersuchungsfahrt des Deutschen Seefischerei-Vereins nach der Bareninsel und Westspitzbergen, ausgefurt im Sommer 1898 auf S. M. S. ' Olga'. VIII. Erganzungsbericht uber die von der ' Olga' - Expedition gesammelten Bryozoen. Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, Neue Folge, 8, 31 - 55." type="journal article" year="1906">Kluge 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FB28A9C31C70F92D" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[1228,1287,1698,1725]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="376 - 393" refId="ref90985" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1915) Bryozoa. In: Derjugin, K. (Ed.), Fauna of the Kolsky Gulf and Conditions of its Existence. Zapiski Academii Nauk, Series 8, 34, 376 - 393. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1915">1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FAF0A9C21C38F92D" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[1300,1359,1699,1725]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 584" refId="ref91342" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1962) Bryozoa of the northern Seas of the USSR. Identification Keys on the Fauna of the USSR, 76, 1 - 584. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1962">1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FAB8A9C31CE0F92D" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[1372,1431,1698,1725]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref91415" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1975) Bryozoa of the Northern Seas of the USSR. Amerind Publishing, New Delhi, 711 pp." type="book" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FF73A9A61827F971" author="Denisenko, N. V." box="[151,336,1735,1761]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref87248" refString="Denisenko, N. V. (1988) Distribution and Ecology of Bryozoa of the Barents Sea and Adjacent Areas of the Arctic Ocean. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR, 207 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1988">Denisenko 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FEBEA9A618E1F971" author="Denisenko, N. V." box="[346,406,1735,1761]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref87292" refString="Denisenko, N. V. (1990) Distribution and ecology of Bryozoa of the Barents Sea. Kolsky Scientific Center of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Appatity, USSR, 156 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), White Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FDCDA9A61A7BF971" author="Gostilovskaya, M. G." box="[553,780,1734,1761]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="434 - 471" refId="ref89200" refString="Gostilovskaya, M. G. (1957) Bryozoa of the White Sea. Materials of Complex Investigations of the White Sea, 1, 434 - 471. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1957">Gostilovskaya 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FCF2A9A61A26F971" author="Gostilovskaya, M. G." box="[790,849,1735,1761]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref89329" refString="Gostilovskaya, M. G. (1978) Bryozoa of the White Sea. Nauka, Leningrad, USSR, 248 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1978">1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Grishankov 1995; Ostrovsky 2009, 2013), Kara Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FF7BA98A182AF895" author="Nordgaard, O." box="[159,349,1771,1797]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref93080" refString="Nordgaard, O. (1912) Bryozoaires. Duc d'Orleans Campagne Arctiques de 1907. Charles Bulens, Bruxelles, 43 pp." type="book" year="1912">Nordgaard 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FE88A98A1882F895" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[364,501,1771,1797]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 584" refId="ref91342" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1962) Bryozoa of the northern Seas of the USSR. Identification Keys on the Fauna of the USSR, 76, 1 - 584. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1962">Kluge 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FDE7A98B1B49F895" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[515,574,1770,1797]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref91415" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1975) Bryozoa of the Northern Seas of the USSR. Amerind Publishing, New Delhi, 711 pp." type="book" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Denisenko 2021), Canadian Arctic Archipelago (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FB99A98A1C4CF895" author="Nordgaard, O." box="[1149,1339,1771,1797]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 44" refId="ref92941" refString="Nordgaard, O. (1906) Bryozoa from the second ' Fram' Expedition 1898 - 1902. Reports of the second Norwegian Arctic Expedition of the ' Fram' 1898 - 1902. Videnskabs Selskabet i Kristiania, 8, 1 - 44." type="journal article" year="1906">Nordgaard 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FAAEA98A19A4F8B9" author="Osburn, R. C." pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="363 - 376" refId="ref93686" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1932) Biological and oceanographic conditions in Hudson Bay, 6. Bryozoa of Hudson Bay and Strait. Contributions to Canadian Biology and Fisheries, 7, 363 - 376. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / f 32 - 029" type="journal article" year="1932">Osburn 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Baffin Bay (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FE95A86E1B7CF8BA" author="Hansen, B. K." box="[369,523,1807,1834]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="3 - 74" refId="ref90231" refString="Hansen, B. K. (1962) Bryozoa. The Gotthaab Expedition 1928. Meddelelser om GrOnland, 81, 3 - 74." type="journal article" year="1962">Hansen 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Davis Strait (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FD57A86E1A3CF8B9" author="Hansen, B. K." box="[691,843,1807,1833]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="3 - 74" refId="ref90231" refString="Hansen, B. K. (1962) Bryozoa. The Gotthaab Expedition 1928. Meddelelser om GrOnland, 81, 3 - 74." type="journal article" year="1962">Hansen 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FCB3A86E1AA9F8B9" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[855,990,1807,1833]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 584" refId="ref91342" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1962) Bryozoa of the northern Seas of the USSR. Identification Keys on the Fauna of the USSR, 76, 1 - 584. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1962">Kluge 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FC0DA86F1D53F8B9" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[1001,1060,1806,1833]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref91415" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1975) Bryozoa of the Northern Seas of the USSR. Amerind Publishing, New Delhi, 711 pp." type="book" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Labrador (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FB4BA86E1C35F8B9" author="Hincks, T." box="[1199,1346,1807,1833]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="97 - 112" refId="ref90573" refString="Hincks, T. (1877) On Polyzoa from Iceland and Labrador. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 19, 97 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937708682099" type="journal article" year="1877">Hincks 1877</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FAAAA86E1819F8DD" author="Gontar, V. I. & Denisenko, N. V." pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="341 - 371" refId="ref88701" refString="Gontar, V. I. & Denisenko, N. V. (1989) Arctic Ocean Bryozoa. In: Herman, Y. (Ed.), The Arctic Seas. Climatology, Oceanography, Geology, and Biology. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, USA, pp. 341 - 371. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4613 - 0677 - 1 _ 14" type="book chapter" year="1989">Gontar & Denisenko 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B093303FE3BA8521B23F8DD" box="[479,596,1843,1869]" name="Greenland" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FD86A8521A7BF8DD" author="Levinsen, G. M. R." box="[610,780,1843,1869]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="545 - 634" refId="ref92231" refString="Levinsen, G. M. R. (1914) Conspectus Faunae Groenlandicae. Bryozoa, Endoprocta, Pterobranchia og Enteropneusta. Meddelelser om GrOnland, 23, 545 - 634." type="journal article" year="1914">Levinsen 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FCFCA8521D3FF8DD" author="Denisenko, N. V. & Blicher, M. E." box="[792,1096,1843,1869]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="73" refId="ref87545" refString="Denisenko, N. V. & Blicher, M. E. (2021) Bryozoan diversity, biogeographic patterns and distribution in Greenland waters. Marine Biodiversity, 51, 73. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 021 - 01213 - 9" type="journal article" year="2021">Denisenko & Blicher 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B093303FB55A8521C51F8DD" box="[1201,1318,1843,1869]" name="Greenland" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FAD0A85219A5F8E1" author="Levinsen, G. M. R." pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="545 - 634" refId="ref92231" refString="Levinsen, G. M. R. (1914) Conspectus Faunae Groenlandicae. Bryozoa, Endoprocta, Pterobranchia og Enteropneusta. Meddelelser om GrOnland, 23, 545 - 634." type="journal article" year="1914">Levinsen 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FF05A836186BF8E1" author="Levinsen, G. M. R." box="[225,284,1879,1905]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="432 - 472" refId="ref92264" refString="Levinsen, G. M. R. (1916) Danmark-Ekspeditionen til Gronlands Nordostkyst 1906 - 1908. Bryozoa. Meddelelser om GrOnland, 43, 432 - 472." type="journal article" year="1916">1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FECFA8361B1FF8E1" author="Denisenko, N. V. & Blicher, M. E." box="[299,616,1879,1905]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="73" refId="ref87545" refString="Denisenko, N. V. & Blicher, M. E. (2021) Bryozoan diversity, biogeographic patterns and distribution in Greenland waters. Marine Biodiversity, 51, 73. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 021 - 01213 - 9" type="journal article" year="2021">Denisenko & Blicher 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B093303FD9BA8361A3CF8E1" box="[639,843,1879,1905]" name="Jan Mayen Island" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Jan Mayen Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FCBAA8361A82F8E1" author="Lorenz, L. von" box="[862,1013,1879,1905]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="83 - 100" refId="ref92348" refString="Lorenz, L. von (1886) Bryozoen von Jan Mayen. Die Internationale Polarforschung 1882 - 1883. Die Osterreichische Polarstation von Jan Mayen, 3, 83 - 100." type="journal article" year="1886">Lorenz 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FBE0A8361DB8F8E1" author="Nordgaard, O." box="[1028,1231,1879,1905]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="503 - 567" refId="ref92985" refString="Nordgaard, O. (1907 a) Bryozoaires. In: Grieg, M. G. (Ed.), Memoire de Invertebres du Fond. Duc d'Orlean, Croisiere Oceanographique Accomplie a Bord de la Belgica dans la Mer du Gronland 1905. s. n., Bruxelles, pp. 503 - 567." type="book chapter" year="1907">Nordgaard 1907a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B093303FB02A8361C4FF8E1" box="[1254,1336,1879,1905]" name="Iceland" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Iceland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FAAFA83619A5F805" author="Hincks, T." pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="97 - 112" refId="ref90573" refString="Hincks, T. (1877) On Polyzoa from Iceland and Labrador. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 19, 97 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937708682099" type="journal article" year="1877">Hincks 1877</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FF04A81A18EAF805" author="Nordgaard, O." box="[224,413,1915,1941]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref93156" refString="Nordgaard, O. (1924) Bryozoa from Iceland. Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter, 2, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1924">Nordgaard 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Franz Josef Land (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FD6CA81A1A30F805" author="Denisenko, N. V." box="[648,839,1915,1941]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref87292" refString="Denisenko, N. V. (1990) Distribution and ecology of Bryozoa of the Barents Sea. Kolsky Scientific Center of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Appatity, USSR, 156 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1990">Denisenko 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Spitsbergen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FC14A81A1DB0F805" author="Gontar, V. I. & Hop, H. & Voronkov, A. Yu." box="[1008,1223,1915,1941]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="187 - 204" refId="ref88781" refString="Gontar, V. I., Hop, H. & Voronkov, A. Yu. (2001) Diversity and distribution of Bryozoa in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Polish Polar Research, 22, 187 - 204." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Gontar
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B093303FBADA81A1D0AF805" box="[1097,1149,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FB31A81A1CE2F806" author="Kuklinski, P." box="[1237,1429,1915,1942]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="193 - 206" refId="ref91761" refString="Kuklinski, P. (2002 b) Fauna of Bryozoa from Kongsfjorden, West Spitsbergen. Polish Polar Research, 23, 193 - 206." type="journal article" year="2002">Kuklinski 2002b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B093303FEC9A8FE18F0F829" box="[301,391,1951,1977]" name="Norway" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FE71A8FE1B54F829" author="Smitt, F. A." box="[405,547,1951,1977]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="3 - 320" refId="ref95369" refString="Smitt, F. A. (1868 a) Kritisk forteckning ofver Skandinaviens Hafs-Bryozoer. Part 4. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Academiens Forhandlingar, 25, 3 - 320." type="journal article" year="1868">Smitt 1868a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FDCAA8FE1B9FF829" author="Nordgaard, O." box="[558,744,1950,1977]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="164 - 174" refId="ref92912" refString="Nordgaard, O. (1905) Bryozoa or Polyzoa. Hydrographical and Biological Investigations in Norwegian Fiords. Bergens Museums Meereskrifter, 2, 164 - 174." type="journal article" year="1905">Nordgaard 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FD17A8FE1A58F829" author="Nordgaard, O." box="[755,815,1951,1977]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref93104" refString="Nordgaard, O. (1918) Bryozoa from the Arctic regions. TromsO Museums Aarshefter, 40, 1 - 99." type="journal article" year="1918">1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the northwestern Atlantic it has been reported from St Lawrence Gulf (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FE95A8A2188DF84D" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[369,506,1987,2013]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 584" refId="ref91342" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1962) Bryozoa of the northern Seas of the USSR. Identification Keys on the Fauna of the USSR, 76, 1 - 584. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1962">Kluge 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FDE2A8A31B48F84D" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[518,575,1986,2013]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref91415" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1975) Bryozoa of the Northern Seas of the USSR. Amerind Publishing, New Delhi, 711 pp." type="book" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and in the Gulf of Maine (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B093303FC9FA8A21DDBF84D" author="Winston, J. E. & Hayward, P. J." box="[891,1196,1987,2013]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref96358" refString="Winston, J. E. & Hayward, P. J. (2012) The marine bryozoans of the northeast coast of the United States: Maine to Virginia. Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoir, 11, 1 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11688" type="journal article" year="2012">Winston & Hayward 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the northwestern Pacific there are records from Africa Cape, eastern Kamchatka (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B083302FC76AFF61D68FF21" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[914,1055,151,177]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="118 - 143" refId="ref91300" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1961) Species list of Bryozoa of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 7, 118 - 143. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1961">Kluge 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Grischenko 2002), Commander Islands, Bering Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B083302FE60AFDA1B7AFF45" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[388,525,187,213]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="118 - 143" refId="ref91300" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1961) Species list of Bryozoa of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 7, 118 - 143. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1961">Kluge 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B083302FDFFAFDA1B97FF45" author="Grischenko, A. V." box="[539,736,187,213]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="153 - 192" refId="ref89452" refString="Grischenko, A. V. (1997) Bryozoans (Ctenostomida, Cheilostomida) of the shelf zone of the Commander Islands. In: Rzhavsky, A. V. (Ed.), Benthic Flora and Fauna of the Shelf Zone of the Commander Islands. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 153 - 192. [in Russian with English summary]" type="book chapter" year="1997">Grischenko 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2002, 2003b; our data); Urup, Chiproy and Simushir Islands of the middle Kuril Islands, Sea of Okhotsk (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B083302FD45AFBE1A42FF69" author="Gontar, V. I." box="[673,821,223,249]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" refId="ref88216" refString="Gontar, V. I. (1980) Bryozoan Fauna of the Order Cheilostomata of the Kuril Islands Coastal Waters. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR, 226 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1980">Gontar 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B083302FCA6AFBE1AFBFF69" author="Gontar, V. I." box="[834,908,223,249]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="200 - 203" refId="ref88450" refString="Gontar, V. I. (1993 b) Phylum Bryozoa. List of invertebrate species of the continental slope of the Kuril Islands. Exploration of the Fauna of the Seas, 46, 200 - 203. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1993">1993b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; our data); western coastal waters of southern Sakhalin Island (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B083302FEB6AE621B67FE8D" author="Androsova, E. I." box="[338,528,258,285]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="90 - 204" refId="ref86122" refString="Androsova, E. I. (1958) Bryozoa of the order Cheilostomata of the northern part of the Sea of Japan. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 5, 90 - 204. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1958">Androsova 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B083302FDFFAE621BABFE8D" author="Kluge, G. A. & Androsova, E. I. & Gostilovskaya, M. G." box="[539,732,258,285]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="173 - 256" refId="ref91442" refString="Kluge, G. A., Androsova, E. I. & Gostilovskaya, M. G. (1959) Class Bryozoa. The list of marine fauna of the southern Sakhalin and southern Kuril Islands. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 6, 173 - 256. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1959">
|
||
Kluge
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B083302FD82AE621BE1FE8D" box="[614,662,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1959
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Moneron Island in the Sea of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B083302FB86AE621DD5FE8D" box="[1122,1186,259,285]" name="Japan" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B083302FB54AE621C4FFE8E" author="Kluge, G. A." box="[1200,1336,259,286]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="118 - 143" refId="ref91300" refString="Kluge, G. A. (1961) Species list of Bryozoa of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR. Explorations of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR, 7, 118 - 143. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1961">Kluge 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the Pacific coast of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E45C800B083302FEAFAE4618CEFED1" box="[331,441,295,321]" country="Japan" name="Hokkaido" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Hokkaido</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B083302FE2CAE461A7FFED1" author="Mawatari, S. F. & Mawatari, S." box="[456,776,295,321]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="41 - 58" refId="ref92687" refString="Mawatari, S. F. & Mawatari, S. (1981) A preliminary list of cheilostomatous bryozoans collected along the coast of Hokkaido. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, 21, 41 - 58." type="journal article" year="1981">Mawatari & Mawatari 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the northeastern Pacific it occurs in the Gulf of Alaska near Kodiak Island (our data).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B083302FF23AE0E1AA4FE3D" blockId="63.[151,1437,151,429]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B083302FF23AE0E18C3FE19" author="Bennike, O. & Hansen, K. B. & Knudsen, K. L. & Penney, D. N. & Rasmussen, K. L." box="[199,436,367,393]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="194 - 215" refId="ref86311" refString="Bennike, O., Hansen, K. B., Knudsen, K. L., Penney, D. N. & Rasmussen, K. L. (1994) Quaternary marine stratigraphy and geochronology in central West Greenland. Boreas, 23, 194 - 215. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1502 - 3885.1994. tb 00599. x" type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Bennike
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B083302FECFAE0E182BFE19" box="[299,348,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B083302FDAFAE0E1BA5FE19" baseAuthorityName="Hincks" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[587,722,367,393]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="radiatula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B083302FDAFAE0E1B2BFE18" box="[587,604,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B083302FD8EAE0E1BA5FE19" box="[618,722,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">radiatula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from middle Pleistocene deposits in central western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B083302FAC5AE0E1CEEFE19" box="[1313,1433,367,393]" name="Greenland" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B083302FF73AEF21846FE3D" author="Taylor, P. D." box="[151,305,403,429]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="69 - 82" refId="ref95700" refString="Taylor, P. D. (2021) Pleistocene bryozoans from the Clyde Clay Formation of Scotland, and the Holocene retreat of cold-water species. Taxonomy, 1, 69 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / taxonomy 1020008" type="journal article" year="2021">Taylor (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported this species from Pleistocene deposits of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F337D2F20B083302FC8DAEF21AB8FE3D" box="[873,975,403,429]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |