542 lines
75 KiB
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542 lines
75 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="53098F5EE4E680C1D099F26B3D71629A">Taxonomy of the sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Bahia State, including ontogenetic variation and an illustrated key to the Brazilian species</mods:title>
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<treatment id="FF6987EEFF8EFFF2FF5443F97E7AF8EB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4701419" ID-GBIF-Taxon="181198553" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4701419" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FF6987EEFF8EFFF2FF5443F97E7AF8EB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FF6987EEFF8EFFF2FF5443F97E7AF8EB" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<subSubSection id="3FDA6573FF8EFFF7FF5443F97E25FAF2" box="[151,599,1261,1288]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="777F36F8FF8EFFF7FF5443F97E25FAF2" blockId="35.[151,599,1261,1323]" box="[151,599,1261,1288]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<heading id="2C378194FF8EFFF7FF5443F97E25FAF2" bold="true" box="[151,599,1261,1288]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="B0C04D7BFF8EFFF7FF5443F97E25FAF2" ID-CoL="486KG" ID-ENA="466997" authority="(Perrier, 1881)" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[151,599,1261,1288]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Nymphaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="arenatus">
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<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8EFFF7FF5443F97E25FAF2" bold="true" box="[151,599,1261,1288]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8EFFF7FF5443F97DE9FAFD" bold="true" box="[151,411,1261,1288]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Nymphaster arenatus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8EFFF7FE6943F97E3DFAF2" author="Perrier, E." box="[426,591,1261,1287]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref60978" refString="Perrier, E. (1881) Description sommaire des especes nouvelles d'Asteries. Museum of Comparative Zoology Bulletin, 9, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1881">Perrier, 1881</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3FDA6573FF8EFFF7FF5442057D4AFADE" box="[151,312,1297,1323]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="description">
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<paragraph id="777F36F8FF8EFFF7FF5442057D4AFADE" blockId="35.[151,599,1261,1323]" box="[151,312,1297,1323]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<figureCitation id="EFFB2A7DFF8EFFF7FF5442057D4AFADE" box="[151,312,1297,1323]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 19" captionStart-1="FIGURE 20" captionStartId-0="36.[151,250,1854,1878]" captionStartId-1="37.[151,250,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox-0="[222,1366,181,1830]" captionTargetBox-1="[199,1388,181,1847]" captionTargetId-0="figure-25@36.[222,1366,181,1830]" captionTargetId-1="figure-17@37.[199,1388,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId-0="36" captionTargetPageId-1="37" captionText-0="FIGURE 19. Specimen (R 70 mm) of Nymphaster arenatus (Perrier, 1881) (USNM 18524): (A) abactinal and (B) actinal view of body; (C) abactinal plates (arrows indicate pedicellariae site); (D) madreporite; (E) apophysis in the adambulacral plates; (F) furrow spines (arrows indicate pedicellariae site); (G) interradial actinal region; and (H) oral region. Scale bars: A–B, 30 mm; C–D, 3 mm; E–G, 2 mm; H, 4 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 20. Specimen (R 55 mm) of Nymphaster arenatus (Perrier, 1881) (USNM 18524): (A) abactinal and (B) actinal view of body; (C) abactinal plates; (D) madreporite; (E) inferomarginal plates and furrow spines; (F) furrow spines and pedicellariae (black arrows); (G) interradial actinal region; and (H) oral region. Scale bars: A–B, 20 mm; C, F, 2 mm; D, 1 mm; E, G–H, 4 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4691124" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4691126" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4691124/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4691126/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Figures 19–20</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3FDA6573FF8EFFF7FF5442437F21FA9B" box="[151,851,1366,1390]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="777F36F8FF8EFFF7FF5442437F21FA9B" blockId="35.[151,1436,1366,1513]" box="[151,851,1366,1390]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="57D011D6FF8EFFF7FF5442437F21FA9B" box="[151,851,1366,1390]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<treatmentCitation id="F66110E9FF8EFFF7FF5442437E4EFA9B" author="Perrier, E." box="[151,572,1366,1390]" page="21" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" year="1881">
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<taxonomicName id="B0C04D7BFF8EFFF7FF5442437E4EFA9B" ID-CoL="76M4S" authority="Perrier, 1881: 21" authorityName="Perrier" authorityPageNumber="21" authorityYear="1881" box="[151,572,1366,1390]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pentagonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="arenatus">
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||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8EFFF7FF5442437DFBFA9B" box="[151,393,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Pentagonaster arenatus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8EFFF7FE4C42427E4EFA9B" author="Perrier, E." box="[399,572,1366,1390]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref60978" refString="Perrier, E. (1881) Description sommaire des especes nouvelles d'Asteries. Museum of Comparative Zoology Bulletin, 9, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1881">Perrier, 1881: 21</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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||
<treatmentCitation id="F66110E9FF8EFFF7FD8442427EDDFA9B" author="Perrier, E." box="[583,687,1366,1390]" page="236" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" year="1884">
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<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8EFFF7FD8442427EDDFA9B" author="Perrier, E." box="[583,687,1366,1390]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="127 - 276" refId="ref61004" refString="Perrier, E. (1884) Memoire sur les etoiles de mer recueillies dans la mer des Antilles et le golfe du Mexique: durant les expeditions de dragace faites sous la direction de M. Alexandre Agassiz. Archives Museum National d'histoire Naturelle Paris, 6 (2), 127 - 276. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 82184" type="journal article" year="1884">1884: 236</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
, pl. 7, figs. 3–4.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="777F36F8FF8EFFF7FF5442607ED4FA79" blockId="35.[151,1436,1366,1513]" box="[151,678,1396,1421]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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||
<taxonomicName id="B0C04D7BFF8EFFF7FF5442607D01FA79" box="[151,371,1396,1420]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Nympluister" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="basilicus">
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<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8EFFF7FF5442607D01FA79" box="[151,371,1396,1420]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Nympluister basilicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="F66110E9FF8EFFF7FE4E42607E20FA78" author="Tommasi, L. R." box="[397,594,1396,1421]" page="12" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" year="1970">
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<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8EFFF7FE4E42607E20FA78" author="Tommasi, L. R." box="[397,594,1396,1421]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 61" refId="ref63359" refString="Tommasi, L. R. (1970) Lista dos asteroides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes Avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 18, 1 - 61, 38 pls." type="journal article" year="1970">Tommasi, 1970: 12</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
, fig. 35.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="777F36F8FF8EFFF7FF544287790EFA1C" blockId="35.[151,1436,1366,1513]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<taxonomicName id="B0C04D7BFF8EFFF7FF5442877D02FA5E" ID-CoL="486KG" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[151,368,1427,1451]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Nymphaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="arenatus">
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<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8EFFF7FF5442877D02FA5E" box="[151,368,1427,1451]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Nymphaster arenatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="F66110E9FF8EFFF7FE4942877EA8FA5E" author="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E." box="[394,730,1427,1452]" page="254" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" year="1992">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8EFFF7FE4942877EA8FA5E" author="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E." box="[394,730,1427,1452]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref52515" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5860 / choice. 30 - 2659" type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey 1992: 254–255</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, figs. 38d, 41e, f, pl. 61A–C;
|
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<treatmentCitation id="F66110E9FF8EFFF7FBCB42877963FA5E" author="Entrambasaguas, L." box="[1032,1297,1427,1451]" page="95" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" year="2003">
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<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8EFFF7FBCB42877963FA5E" author="Entrambasaguas, L." box="[1032,1297,1427,1451]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref54338" refString="Entrambasaguas, L. (2003) Estudio de la fauna de equinodermos del archipielago de Cabo Verde: escalas de variabilidad espacial y factores que explican su distribucion. Tesis de licenciatura no publicada. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia. [unknown pagination]" type="book" year="2003">Entrambasaguas 2003: 95</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; Entrambasa- guas 2008: 59;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8EFFF7FEA042A67E19FA3F" author="Campos, L. S. & Moura, R. B. & Alcantara, P. F. & Vasconcelos, R. F. & Curbelo-Fernandez, M. P. & Verissimo, I. & Cavalcanti, G. H." box="[355,619,1458,1482]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="139 - 146" refId="ref51672" refString="Campos, L. S., Moura, R. B., Alcantara, P. F., Vasconcelos, R. F., Curbelo-Fernandez, M. P., Verissimo, I. & Cavalcanti, G. H. (2010 b) On two new records of the Family Brisingidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Brazilian continental margin. In: Harris, L. G., Boettger, S. A., Walker, C. W. & Lesser, M. P. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 12 th International Echinoderm Conference, Durham, New Hampshire, 7 - 11 August 2006. CRC Press Boca Raton, Florida and Balkema Taylor & Francis Group, London, pp. 139 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9780203869543 - c 21" type="book chapter" year="2010">
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||
Campos
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||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8EFFF7FE7E42A77D82FA3F" box="[445,496,1458,1482]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2010b: 149
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||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 5C;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8EFFF7FD0A42A6785EFA3F" author="Benavides-Serrato, M. & Borrero-Perez, G. & Diaz-Sanchez, C." box="[713,1068,1458,1482]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref50205" refString="Benavides-Serrato, M., Borrero-Perez, G. & Diaz-Sanchez, C. (2011) Equinodermos del caribe colombiano: Crinodea, Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea. Vol. 1. Marquillas, Santa Marta, 384 pp." type="book" year="2011">
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||
Benavides-Serrato
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||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8EFFF7FC4842A77FCAFA3F" box="[907,952,1458,1482]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011: 165
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8EFFF7FBF442A67894FA3F" author="Costa, P. A. S. & Mincarone, M. M. & Braga, A. C. & Martins, A. S. & Lavrado, H. P. & Haimovici, M. & Falcao, A. P. C." box="[1079,1254,1458,1482]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1053 - 1064" refId="ref53145" refString="Costa, P. A. S., Mincarone, M. M., Braga, A. C., Martins, A. S., Lavrado, H. P., Haimovici, M. & Falcao, A. P. C. (2015) Megafaunal communities along a depth gradient on the tropical Brazilian continental margin. Marine Biology Research, 11 (10), 1053 - 1064. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000.2015.1062521" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B504F81AFF8EFFF7FBF442A67803FA3F" box="[1079,1137,1458,1482]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Costa</collectingRegion>
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8EFFF7FBB442A778D6FA3F" box="[1143,1188,1458,1482]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Soaréz 2016: 78;
|
||
<subSubSection id="3FDA6573FF8EFFF7FF0442C4790EFA1C" box="[199,1404,1488,1513]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="description">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8EFFF7FF0442C47DE3FA1C" author="Sandino, O. B. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Caballero-Ochoa, A. A. & Conejeros-Vargas, C. A. & Marquez-Borras, F. & Ayala-Aguilera, A. P. & Laguarda-Figueras, A." box="[199,401,1488,1513]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="288 - 298" refId="ref62033" refString="Sandino, O. B., Solis-Marin, F. A., Caballero-Ochoa, A. A., Conejeros-Vargas, C. A., Marquez-Borras, F., Ayala-Aguilera, A. P. & Laguarda-Figueras, A. (2017) Equinodermos de Nicaragua: nuevos registros del Pacifico y Caribe Sur. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 65, 288 - 298. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 65 i 1 - 1.31696" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Sandino
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8EFFF7FEE242C57D3FFA1D" box="[289,333,1488,1512]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: S294;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8EFFF7FE1842C47F64FA1C" author="Rubio-Polania, J. C. & Torruco-Gomez, D. & Gonzalez-Solis, A. & Ordaz, J. & Caamal-Jimenez, Y." box="[475,790,1488,1513]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="184 - 195" refId="ref61909" refString="Rubio-Polania, J. C., Torruco-Gomez, D., Gonzalez-Solis, A., Ordaz, J. & Caamal-Jimenez, Y. (2018) Benthic megafauna of outer margins of the continental shelf of Yucatan Peninsula. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 24, 184 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. rsma. 2018.08.014" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Rubio-Polania
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8EFFF7FDB742C57ED2FA1D" box="[628,672,1488,1512]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2018: 190
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Borrero-Peìrez
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8EFFF7FC7E42C57F82FA1D" box="[957,1008,1488,1512]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019: 5;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8EFFF7FB9342C47888FA1C" author="Mah, C. L." box="[1104,1274,1488,1513]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="201 - 260" refId="ref58219" refString="Mah, C. L. (2020 b) New species, occurrence records and observations of predation by deep-sea Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the North Atlantic by NOAA ship Okeanos Explorer. Zootaxa, 4766 (2), 201 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4766.2.1" type="journal article" year="2020">Mah 2020b: 230</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 13A–E.
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3FDA6573FF8EFFF7FF5441027D31F968" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="777F36F8FF8EFFF7FF5441027EA4F9A0" blockId="35.[151,1437,1558,2017]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8EFFF7FF5441027DFAF9C5" bold="true" box="[151,392,1558,1584]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
(4 specs,
|
||
<quantity id="B0389B1DFF8EFFF7FDD341027EE2F9C4" box="[528,656,1558,1585]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.75" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="57.5" valueMax="70.0" valueMin="45.0">45–70 mm</quantity>
|
||
<collectionCode id="11D1AE3DFF8EFFF7FD5C41037EC7F9C4" box="[671,693,1559,1585]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">R</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C7A83CA5FF8EFFF7FD1341037DE5F9A0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3080394442" collectingDate="1887-12-26" collectionCode="R" country="Brazil" elevation="1496" latitude="-15.65" location="Canavieiras" longLatPrecision="1284" longitude="-38.533333" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bahia">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0FD77668FF8EFFF7FD1341037F4BF9C4" box="[720,825,1559,1585]" name="Brazil" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B504F81AFF8EFFF7FC8841037FFDF9C4" box="[843,911,1559,1585]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Bahia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="721F6023FF8EFFF7FC6141037854F9C4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FF6987EEFF8EFFF2FF5443F97E7AF8EB:721F6023FF8EFFF7FC6141037854F9C4" box="[930,1062,1559,1585]" country="Brazil" latitude="-15.65" longLatPrecision="1284" longitude="-38.533333" name="Canavieiras" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" stateProvince="Bahia">Canavieiras</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="12F4503FFF8EFFF7FBFD410278E9F9C4" box="[1086,1179,1558,1585]" degrees="15" direction="south" minutes="39" orientation="latitude" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" precision="925" value="-15.65">15º39’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="12F4503FFF8EFFF7FB6C41037963F9C7" box="[1199,1297,1559,1586]" degrees="38" direction="west" minutes="32" orientation="longitude" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" precision="925" value="-38.533333">38º32’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
)—
|
||
<quantity id="B0389B1DFF8EFFF7FAFB410379E5F9C4" box="[1336,1431,1559,1586]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.496" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="m" value="1496.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FCEDD1CBFF8EFFF7FAFB410379E5F9C4" box="[1336,1431,1559,1586]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.496" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="m" value="1496.0">1496 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="037E1038FF8EFFF7FF54412F7D6BF9A0" box="[151,281,1595,1621]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" value="1887-12-26">
|
||
<collectingDate id="133AE9D0FF8EFFF7FF54412F7D6BF9A0" box="[151,281,1595,1621]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" value="1887-12-26">26.xii.1887</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 4 specs,
|
||
<collectionCode id="11D1AE3DFF8EFFF7FE47412F7DE5F9A0" box="[388,407,1595,1621]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">R</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C7A83CA5FF8EFFF7FE5D412E7EA0F9A0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3080394427" box="[414,722,1594,1621]" collectionCode="USNM" country="Brazil" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" specimenCode="USNM 18524" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<quantity id="B0389B1DFF8EFFF7FE5D412E7E65F9A0" box="[414,535,1594,1621]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.75" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="57.5" valueMax="70.0" valueMin="45.0">45–70 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="27669E83FF8EFFF7FDE6412F7EB8F9A0" box="[549,714,1594,1621]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="Museum">USNM 18524</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="777F36F8FF8EFFF7FF04414A7D31F968" blockId="35.[151,1437,1558,2017]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8EFFF7FF04414A7DA4F98D" bold="true" box="[199,470,1630,1656]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Comparative material.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C7A83CA5FF8EFFF7FE1F414B793BF98C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3080394330" box="[476,1353,1631,1658]" collectingDate="1999-06-29" collectionCode="R" country="Brazil" latitude="-19.716667" location="Cabo Frio" longLatPrecision="1271" longitude="-38.6" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0FD77668FF8EFFF7FE1F414B7E37F98C" box="[476,581,1631,1657]" name="Brazil" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B504F81AFF8EFFF7FD8D414B7E82F98C" box="[590,752,1631,1657]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="721F6023FF8EFFF7FD39414B7F18F98C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FF6987EEFF8EFFF2FF5443F97E7AF8EB:721F6023FF8EFFF7FD39414B7F18F98C" box="[762,874,1631,1657]" country="Brazil" latitude="-19.716667" longLatPrecision="1271" longitude="-38.6" name="Cabo Frio" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro">Cabo Frio</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="12F4503FFF8EFFF7FCBA414B7FA5F98C" box="[889,983,1631,1657]" degrees="19" direction="south" minutes="43" orientation="latitude" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" precision="925" value="-19.716667">19°43’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="12F4503FFF8EFFF7FC21414B783EF98F" box="[994,1100,1631,1658]" degrees="38" direction="west" minutes="36" orientation="longitude" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" precision="925" value="-38.6">38°36’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="037E1038FF8EFFF7FB9C414B78A8F98C" box="[1119,1242,1631,1657]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" value="1999-06-29">
|
||
<collectingDate id="133AE9D0FF8EFFF7FB9C414B78A8F98C" box="[1119,1242,1631,1657]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" value="1999-06-29">29.vi.1999</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="61C6FD71FF8EFFF7FB27414B795EF98C" box="[1252,1324,1631,1657]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="generic">1 spec</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="11D1AE3DFF8EFFF7FAF5414B793BF98C" box="[1334,1353,1631,1657]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">R</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C7A83CA5FF8EFFF7FA8C414A7D4DF968" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3080394406" collectionCode="EQMN" country="Brazil" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" specimenCode="EQMN 2325" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro">
|
||
<quantity id="B0389B1DFF8EFFF7FA8C414A79EFF98C" box="[1359,1437,1630,1657]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="52.0">52 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="27669E83FF8EFFF7FF5C41977D45F968" box="[159,311,1666,1693]" collectionCode="EQMN" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">EQMN 2325</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3FDA6573FF8EFFF2FF0441B2794DFD5F" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="777F36F8FF8EFFF2FF0441B27D12FE00" blockId="35.[151,1437,1558,2017]" lastBlockId="38.[151,1437,151,1509]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8EFFF7FF0441B27837F935" bold="true" box="[199,1093,1702,1729]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Description (arms broken: R
|
||
<quantity id="B0389B1DFF8EFFF7FDE441B27E08F934" box="[551,634,1702,1729]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
|
||
, r
|
||
<quantity id="B0389B1DFF8EFFF7FD5941B27E9EF934" box="[666,748,1702,1729]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="21.0">21 mm</quantity>
|
||
and R
|
||
<quantity id="B0389B1DFF8EFFF7FC8041B27FE7F934" box="[835,917,1702,1729]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="69.0">69 mm</quantity>
|
||
and r
|
||
<quantity id="B0389B1DFF8EFFF7FC2041B2784AF935" box="[995,1080,1702,1728]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="27.0">27 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Body stellate, flat, broad disc, long arms (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EFFB2A7DFF8EFFF7FEDD41DF7DD9F910" box="[286,427,1739,1765]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[222,1366,181,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-25@36.[222,1366,181,1830]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 19. Specimen (R 70 mm) of Nymphaster arenatus (Perrier, 1881) (USNM 18524): (A) abactinal and (B) actinal view of body; (C) abactinal plates (arrows indicate pedicellariae site); (D) madreporite; (E) apophysis in the adambulacral plates; (F) furrow spines (arrows indicate pedicellariae site); (G) interradial actinal region; and (H) oral region. Scale bars: A–B, 30 mm; C–D, 3 mm; E–G, 2 mm; H, 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4691124" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4691124/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 19A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
); R/r 2.9, 19 SM plates, R/SM# 3.68. Abactinal plates low-tabulate, irregularly round, completely covered by regularly spaced, rounded granules; 4–12 central granules. Some plates with small, excavated sugar-tong pedicellariae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EFFB2A7DFF8EFFF7FDC340077E1BF8D8" box="[512,617,1811,1837]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[222,1366,181,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-25@36.[222,1366,181,1830]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 19. Specimen (R 70 mm) of Nymphaster arenatus (Perrier, 1881) (USNM 18524): (A) abactinal and (B) actinal view of body; (C) abactinal plates (arrows indicate pedicellariae site); (D) madreporite; (E) apophysis in the adambulacral plates; (F) furrow spines (arrows indicate pedicellariae site); (G) interradial actinal region; and (H) oral region. Scale bars: A–B, 30 mm; C–D, 3 mm; E–G, 2 mm; H, 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4691124" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4691124/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 19C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Papular area includes center of disc; six papular pores surround each plate; single papule in each pore. Madreporite larger than adjacent abactinal plates (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EFFB2A7DFF8EFFF7FB9C402378B8F8A4" box="[1119,1226,1847,1873]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[222,1366,181,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-25@36.[222,1366,181,1830]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 19. Specimen (R 70 mm) of Nymphaster arenatus (Perrier, 1881) (USNM 18524): (A) abactinal and (B) actinal view of body; (C) abactinal plates (arrows indicate pedicellariae site); (D) madreporite; (E) apophysis in the adambulacral plates; (F) furrow spines (arrows indicate pedicellariae site); (G) interradial actinal region; and (H) oral region. Scale bars: A–B, 30 mm; C–D, 3 mm; E–G, 2 mm; H, 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4691124" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4691124/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 19D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Subcentral anus, surrounded by small, conical spinelets. Superomarginal plates in contact throughout length of arm, covered by large, regularly-spaced, rounded granules. Terminal plates of specimens broken. Inferomarginal plates about twice as wide as long in interradial arc, square-shaped in middle region of arm and about twice as long as wide in distal region of arm. Granulation of inferomarginal plates similar to that of superomarginal plates. Actinal plates rhombic to polygonal, covered by regularly spaced, large, rounded granules slightly larger than those on marginal plates. Some actinal plates with excavate, sugar-tong pedicellariae almost twice as large as abactinal pedicellariae. Adambulacral plates about 1–1.5x as long as wide, half the size of adjacent actinal plates. Furrow margin strongly angular. Apophyses poorly developed from 3
|
||
<superScript id="80B59BB0FF8BFFF2FDF646167E31FEE5" attach="none" box="[565,579,258,272]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">rd</superScript>
|
||
–4
|
||
<superScript id="80B59BB0FF8BFFF2FD9C46167E1EFEE5" attach="left" box="[607,620,258,272]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">th</superScript>
|
||
plate, fully developed from eighth plate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EFFB2A7DFF8BFFF2FB86461778DEFEE8" box="[1093,1196,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[222,1366,181,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-25@36.[222,1366,181,1830]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 19. Specimen (R 70 mm) of Nymphaster arenatus (Perrier, 1881) (USNM 18524): (A) abactinal and (B) actinal view of body; (C) abactinal plates (arrows indicate pedicellariae site); (D) madreporite; (E) apophysis in the adambulacral plates; (F) furrow spines (arrows indicate pedicellariae site); (G) interradial actinal region; and (H) oral region. Scale bars: A–B, 30 mm; C–D, 3 mm; E–G, 2 mm; H, 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4691124" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4691124/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 19E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Eight adambulacral spines on proximal plates; number of spines increases with apophysis development, up to 11 spines distally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EFFB2A7DFF8BFFF2FAAC46337CB4FE90" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[222,1366,181,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-25@36.[222,1366,181,1830]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 19. Specimen (R 70 mm) of Nymphaster arenatus (Perrier, 1881) (USNM 18524): (A) abactinal and (B) actinal view of body; (C) abactinal plates (arrows indicate pedicellariae site); (D) madreporite; (E) apophysis in the adambulacral plates; (F) furrow spines (arrows indicate pedicellariae site); (G) interradial actinal region; and (H) oral region. Scale bars: A–B, 30 mm; C–D, 3 mm; E–G, 2 mm; H, 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4691124" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4691124/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 19F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Adambulacral spines compressed, moderately long, with rounded tips. 3–4 irregular rows of subambulacral “spines” with 4–5 large, rounded granules slightly taller than actinal granules. Some of first row spines elongated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EFFB2A7DFF8BFFF2FF6346877D70FE58" box="[160,258,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[222,1366,181,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-25@36.[222,1366,181,1830]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 19. Specimen (R 70 mm) of Nymphaster arenatus (Perrier, 1881) (USNM 18524): (A) abactinal and (B) actinal view of body; (C) abactinal plates (arrows indicate pedicellariae site); (D) madreporite; (E) apophysis in the adambulacral plates; (F) furrow spines (arrows indicate pedicellariae site); (G) interradial actinal region; and (H) oral region. Scale bars: A–B, 30 mm; C–D, 3 mm; E–G, 2 mm; H, 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4691124" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4691124/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 19F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Spatulate pedicellariae with 2–4 valves, until 4
|
||
<superScript id="80B59BB0FF8BFFF2FCD946867F55FE55" attach="none" box="[794,807,402,416]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">th</superScript>
|
||
–5
|
||
<superScript id="80B59BB0FF8BFFF2FC8046867F22FE55" attach="left" box="[835,848,402,416]" fontSize="6" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">th</superScript>
|
||
adambulacral plate. Oral plates long, triangular, with 9–10 spines each, similar to those of adambulacral plates; median spines slightly taller and more compressed than others (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EFFB2A7DFF8BFFF2FF2846CF7D21FE00" box="[235,339,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[222,1366,181,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-25@36.[222,1366,181,1830]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 19. Specimen (R 70 mm) of Nymphaster arenatus (Perrier, 1881) (USNM 18524): (A) abactinal and (B) actinal view of body; (C) abactinal plates (arrows indicate pedicellariae site); (D) madreporite; (E) apophysis in the adambulacral plates; (F) furrow spines (arrows indicate pedicellariae site); (G) interradial actinal region; and (H) oral region. Scale bars: A–B, 30 mm; C–D, 3 mm; E–G, 2 mm; H, 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4691124" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4691124/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 19H</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="23BF6670FF89FFF0FF54402A7D8DF837" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4691124" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4691124" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4691124/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" startId="36.[151,250,1854,1878]" targetBox="[222,1366,181,1830]" targetPageId="36">
|
||
<paragraph id="777F36F8FF89FFF0FF54402A7D8DF837" blockId="36.[151,1437,1854,1986]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF89FFF0FF54402A7D6DF8A3" bold="true" box="[151,287,1854,1878]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">FIGURE 19.</emphasis>
|
||
Specimen (R 70 mm) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B0C04D7BFF89FFF0FDDC402A7FE3F8A3" authority="(Perrier, 1881)" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[543,913,1854,1878]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Nymphaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="arenatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF89FFF0FDDC402A7E8AF8A3" box="[543,760,1854,1878]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Nymphaster arenatus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF89FFF0FCC7402A7FF8F8A3" author="Perrier, E." box="[772,906,1854,1878]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref60978" refString="Perrier, E. (1881) Description sommaire des especes nouvelles d'Asteries. Museum of Comparative Zoology Bulletin, 9, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1881">Perrier, 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 18524): (A) abactinal and (B) actinal view of body; (C) abactinal plates (arrows indicate pedicellariae site); (D) madreporite; (E) apophysis in the adambulacral plates; (F) furrow spines (arrows indicate pedicellariae site); (G) interradial actinal region; and (H) oral region. Scale bars: A–B, 30 mm; C–D, 3 mm; E–G, 2 mm; H, 4 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="23BF6670FF88FFF1FF54405B7CB4F826" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4691126" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4691126" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4691126/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" startId="37.[151,250,1871,1895]" targetBox="[199,1388,181,1847]" targetPageId="37">
|
||
<paragraph id="777F36F8FF88FFF1FF54405B7CB4F826" blockId="37.[151,1436,1871,2003]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF88FFF1FF54405B7D52F892" bold="true" box="[151,288,1871,1895]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">FIGURE 20.</emphasis>
|
||
Specimen (R 55 mm) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B0C04D7BFF88FFF1FDDC405B7FE3F89D" authority="(Perrier, 1881)" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[543,913,1871,1896]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Nymphaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="arenatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF88FFF1FDDC405B7E8AF892" box="[543,760,1871,1895]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Nymphaster arenatus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF88FFF1FCC7405B7FF8F89D" author="Perrier, E." box="[772,906,1871,1896]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref60978" refString="Perrier, E. (1881) Description sommaire des especes nouvelles d'Asteries. Museum of Comparative Zoology Bulletin, 9, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1881">Perrier, 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 18524): (A) abactinal and (B) actinal view of body; (C) abactinal plates; (D) madreporite; (E) inferomarginal plates and furrow spines; (F) furrow spines and pedicellariae (black arrows); (G) interradial actinal region; and (H) oral region. Scale bars: A–B, 20 mm; C, F, 2 mm; D, 1 mm; E, G–H, 4 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="777F36F8FF8BFFF2FF0446EA7EB0FD70" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FF0446EA7FB3FDED" bold="true" box="[199,961,510,537]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
Ontogenetic variation (arms broken: R 45 and
|
||
<quantity id="B0389B1DFF8BFFF2FD3246EB7F31FDEC" box="[753,835,511,537]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="55.0">55 mm</quantity>
|
||
, r
|
||
<quantity id="B0389B1DFF8BFFF2FCA346EA7FC7FDED" box="[864,949,510,536]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Average R/r 3.3. Differ from largest specimen by having 4–8 central granules on abactinal plates (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EFFB2A7DFF8BFFF2FCCD45377F07FDC8" box="[782,885,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[199,1388,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-17@37.[199,1388,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 20. Specimen (R 55 mm) of Nymphaster arenatus (Perrier, 1881) (USNM 18524): (A) abactinal and (B) actinal view of body; (C) abactinal plates; (D) madreporite; (E) inferomarginal plates and furrow spines; (F) furrow spines and pedicellariae (black arrows); (G) interradial actinal region; and (H) oral region. Scale bars: A–B, 20 mm; C, F, 2 mm; D, 1 mm; E, G–H, 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4691126" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4691126/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 20C</figureCitation>
|
||
); six adambulacral spines in the proximal region; 2–3 irregular rows of subambulacral “spines”, with 2–5 granules (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EFFB2A7DFF8BFFF2FCB445537FA9FD94" box="[887,987,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[199,1388,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-17@37.[199,1388,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 20. Specimen (R 55 mm) of Nymphaster arenatus (Perrier, 1881) (USNM 18524): (A) abactinal and (B) actinal view of body; (C) abactinal plates; (D) madreporite; (E) inferomarginal plates and furrow spines; (F) furrow spines and pedicellariae (black arrows); (G) interradial actinal region; and (H) oral region. Scale bars: A–B, 20 mm; C, F, 2 mm; D, 1 mm; E, G–H, 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4691126" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4691126/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 20F</figureCitation>
|
||
); pedicellariae until the tenth adambulacral plate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EFFB2A7DFF8BFFF2FECD457F7D00FD70" box="[270,370,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[199,1388,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-17@37.[199,1388,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 20. Specimen (R 55 mm) of Nymphaster arenatus (Perrier, 1881) (USNM 18524): (A) abactinal and (B) actinal view of body; (C) abactinal plates; (D) madreporite; (E) inferomarginal plates and furrow spines; (F) furrow spines and pedicellariae (black arrows); (G) interradial actinal region; and (H) oral region. Scale bars: A–B, 20 mm; C, F, 2 mm; D, 1 mm; E, G–H, 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4691126" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4691126/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 20F</figureCitation>
|
||
); eight oral spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EFFB2A7DFF8BFFF2FD8E457F7EC4FD70" box="[589,694,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[199,1388,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-17@37.[199,1388,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 20. Specimen (R 55 mm) of Nymphaster arenatus (Perrier, 1881) (USNM 18524): (A) abactinal and (B) actinal view of body; (C) abactinal plates; (D) madreporite; (E) inferomarginal plates and furrow spines; (F) furrow spines and pedicellariae (black arrows); (G) interradial actinal region; and (H) oral region. Scale bars: A–B, 20 mm; C, F, 2 mm; D, 1 mm; E, G–H, 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4691126" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4691126/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 20H</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="777F36F8FF8BFFF2FF04459A794DFD5F" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,1509]" box="[199,1343,654,682]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FF04459A7D3AFD5D" bold="true" box="[199,328,654,680]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Coloration</emphasis>
|
||
. The abactinal surface is orange and the actinal surface is cream-colored (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FB46459B7941FD5F" author="Halpern, J. A." box="[1157,1331,655,682]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="193 - 286" refId="ref56288" refString="Halpern, J. A. (1970 b) Goniasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) of the straits of Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science, 20 (1), 193 - 286." type="journal article" year="1970">Halpern 1970b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3FDA6573FF8BFFF2FF0445A67F44FBE4" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="777F36F8FF8BFFF2FF0445A679F1FCE0" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FF0445A67D13FD39" bold="true" box="[199,353,690,716]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Gulf of Mexico, Mexico, Nicaragua, Colombia (Soaréz 2016;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FBD445A77882FD38" author="Sandino, O. B. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Caballero-Ochoa, A. A. & Conejeros-Vargas, C. A. & Marquez-Borras, F. & Ayala-Aguilera, A. P. & Laguarda-Figueras, A." box="[1047,1264,691,717]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="288 - 298" refId="ref62033" refString="Sandino, O. B., Solis-Marin, F. A., Caballero-Ochoa, A. A., Conejeros-Vargas, C. A., Marquez-Borras, F., Ayala-Aguilera, A. P. & Laguarda-Figueras, A. (2017) Equinodermos de Nicaragua: nuevos registros del Pacifico y Caribe Sur. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 65, 288 - 298. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 65 i 1 - 1.31696" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Sandino
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FBBB45A778DAFD38" box="[1144,1192,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FB3945A77D63FD04" author="Rubio-Polania, J. C. & Torruco-Gomez, D. & Gonzalez-Solis, A. & Ordaz, J. & Caamal-Jimenez, Y." pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="184 - 195" refId="ref61909" refString="Rubio-Polania, J. C., Torruco-Gomez, D., Gonzalez-Solis, A., Ordaz, J. & Caamal-Jimenez, Y. (2018) Benthic megafauna of outer margins of the continental shelf of Yucatan Peninsula. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 24, 184 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. rsma. 2018.08.014" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Rubio-Polania
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FF5445C37CBAFD04" box="[151,200,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Borrero-Peìrez
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FE0945C37D89FD04" box="[458,507,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FD9345C37EA7FD07" author="Mah, C. L." box="[592,725,727,754]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="201 - 260" refId="ref58219" refString="Mah, C. L. (2020 b) New species, occurrence records and observations of predation by deep-sea Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the North Atlantic by NOAA ship Okeanos Explorer. Zootaxa, 4766 (2), 201 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4766.2.1" type="journal article" year="2020">Mah 2020b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0FD77668FF8BFFF2FD2B45C37F20FD04" box="[744,850,727,753]" name="Brazil" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B504F81AFF8BFFF2FC9845C37FEDFD04" box="[859,927,727,753]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Bahia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B504F81AFF8BFFF2FC6845C3783FFD04" box="[939,1101,727,753]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FB9845C37947FD04" author="Ventura, C. R. R. & Verissimo, I. & Nobre, C. C. & Zama, P. C." box="[1115,1333,727,753]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="258" refId="ref63988" refString="Ventura, C. R. R., Verissimo, I., Nobre, C. C. & Zama, P. C. (2007) Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. & Viana, M. S. (Eds.), Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da Zona Economica Exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1. Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Serie Livros 25. Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 258." type="book chapter" year="2007">
|
||
Ventura
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FB7845C3789EFD04" box="[1211,1260,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FA8345C37D52FCE0" author="Campos, L. S. & Moura, R. B. & Alcantara, P. F. & Vasconcelos, R. F. & Curbelo-Fernandez, M. P. & Verissimo, I. & Cavalcanti, G. H." pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="139 - 146" refId="ref51672" refString="Campos, L. S., Moura, R. B., Alcantara, P. F., Vasconcelos, R. F., Curbelo-Fernandez, M. P., Verissimo, I. & Cavalcanti, G. H. (2010 b) On two new records of the Family Brisingidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Brazilian continental margin. In: Harris, L. G., Boettger, S. A., Walker, C. W. & Lesser, M. P. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 12 th International Echinoderm Conference, Durham, New Hampshire, 7 - 11 August 2006. CRC Press Boca Raton, Florida and Balkema Taylor & Francis Group, London, pp. 139 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9780203869543 - c 21" type="book chapter" year="2010">
|
||
Campos
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FF5445EF7CBAFCE0" box="[151,200,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2010b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FEE845EF7D9CFCE0" author="Costa, P. A. S. & Mincarone, M. M. & Braga, A. C. & Martins, A. S. & Lavrado, H. P. & Haimovici, M. & Falcao, A. P. C." box="[299,494,762,789]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1053 - 1064" refId="ref53145" refString="Costa, P. A. S., Mincarone, M. M., Braga, A. C., Martins, A. S., Lavrado, H. P., Haimovici, M. & Falcao, A. P. C. (2015) Megafaunal communities along a depth gradient on the tropical Brazilian continental margin. Marine Biology Research, 11 (10), 1053 - 1064. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000.2015.1062521" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Costa
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FEB145EF7DD1FCE0" box="[370,419,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FDC345EF7E22FCE0" bold="true" box="[512,592,763,789]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Depth.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="B0389B1DFF8BFFF2FD9445EF7E96FCE0" box="[599,740,763,789]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="1550.0" valueMax="3000.0" valueMin="100.0">100–3000 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FD3145EF7F85FCE0" author="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E." box="[754,1015,763,789]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref52515" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5860 / choice. 30 - 2659" type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; NMNH 1592525; FSBC I 74877).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="777F36F8FF8BFFF2FF04440A7DFEFC1B" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FF04440A7DFEFCCC" bold="true" box="[199,396,798,825]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Biological notes.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B0C04D7BFF8BFFF2FE56440B7EF4FCCD" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[405,646,799,825]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Nymphaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="arenatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FE56440B7EF4FCCD" box="[405,646,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Nymphaster arenatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lives on soft, unconsolidated sediment and is classified as scavenger and predator (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FEF744577D8AFCA8" author="Costa, P. A. S. & Mincarone, M. M. & Braga, A. C. & Martins, A. S. & Lavrado, H. P. & Haimovici, M. & Falcao, A. P. C." box="[308,504,834,861]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1053 - 1064" refId="ref53145" refString="Costa, P. A. S., Mincarone, M. M., Braga, A. C., Martins, A. S., Lavrado, H. P., Haimovici, M. & Falcao, A. P. C. (2015) Megafaunal communities along a depth gradient on the tropical Brazilian continental margin. Marine Biology Research, 11 (10), 1053 - 1064. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000.2015.1062521" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B504F81AFF8BFFF2FEF744577D04FCA8" box="[308,374,835,861]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Costa</collectingRegion>
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FEBE44577DDDFCA8" box="[381,431,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FDC744577E9EFCA8" author="Wagstaff, M. C. & Howell, K. L. & Bett, B. J. & Billett, D. S. M. & Brault, S. & Stuart, C. T. & Rex, M. A." box="[516,748,835,861]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="177 - 185" refId="ref64983" refString="Wagstaff, M. C., Howell, K. L., Bett, B. J., Billett, D. S. M., Brault, S., Stuart, C. T. & Rex, M. A. (2014) β-diversity of deep-sea holothurians and asteroids along a bathymetric gradient (NE Atlantic). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 508, 177 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 10877" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Wagstaff
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FDAC44577ED3FCA8" box="[623,673,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FD3444577F0FFCAB" author="Mah, C. L." box="[759,893,835,862]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="201 - 260" refId="ref58219" refString="Mah, C. L. (2020 b) New species, occurrence records and observations of predation by deep-sea Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the North Atlantic by NOAA ship Okeanos Explorer. Zootaxa, 4766 (2), 201 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4766.2.1" type="journal article" year="2020">Mah 2020b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It feeds on fouling organisms, debris, epifauna and decomposing organisms (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FE2444737EB4FC74" author="Ventura, C. R. R. & Verissimo, I. & Nobre, C. C. & Zama, P. C." box="[487,710,871,897]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="258" refId="ref63988" refString="Ventura, C. R. R., Verissimo, I., Nobre, C. C. & Zama, P. C. (2007) Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. & Viana, M. S. (Eds.), Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regiao central da Zona Economica Exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1. Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Serie Livros 25. Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 258." type="book chapter" year="2007">
|
||
Ventura
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FD8B44737E08FC74" box="[584,634,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FD1A44737FA5FC77" author="Campos, L. S. & Moura, R. B. & Alcantara, P. F. & Vasconcelos, R. F. & Curbelo-Fernandez, M. P. & Verissimo, I. & Cavalcanti, G. H." box="[729,983,871,898]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="139 - 146" refId="ref51672" refString="Campos, L. S., Moura, R. B., Alcantara, P. F., Vasconcelos, R. F., Curbelo-Fernandez, M. P., Verissimo, I. & Cavalcanti, G. H. (2010 b) On two new records of the Family Brisingidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Brazilian continental margin. In: Harris, L. G., Boettger, S. A., Walker, C. W. & Lesser, M. P. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 12 th International Echinoderm Conference, Durham, New Hampshire, 7 - 11 August 2006. CRC Press Boca Raton, Florida and Balkema Taylor & Francis Group, London, pp. 139 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9780203869543 - c 21" type="book chapter" year="2010">
|
||
Campos
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FCFE44737F04FC74" box="[829,886,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2010b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
filmed a specimen with an inflated disc in the Campus Basin, between
|
||
<quantity id="B0389B1DFF8BFFF2FE32449F7E0CFC50" box="[497,638,907,933]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="850.0" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="700.0">700–1000 m</quantity>
|
||
of depth. A species of polychaete has been found within thestar’s interradius, possibly in a commensal interaction in which the polychaete consumes leftovers from food caught by the sea star (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FF3A44C77D0DFC1B" author="Mah, C. L." box="[249,383,979,1006]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="201 - 260" refId="ref58219" refString="Mah, C. L. (2020 b) New species, occurrence records and observations of predation by deep-sea Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the North Atlantic by NOAA ship Okeanos Explorer. Zootaxa, 4766 (2), 201 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4766.2.1" type="journal article" year="2020">Mah 2020b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="777F36F8FF8BFFF2FF0444E37F44FBE4" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,1509]" box="[199,822,1014,1041]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C7A83CA5FF8BFFF2FF0444E37F44FBE4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3080394454" box="[199,822,1014,1041]" collectionCode="MCZ" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" specimenCode="MCZ 437" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FF0444E37D36FBE4" bold="true" box="[199,324,1015,1041]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<typeStatus id="A87B885AFF8BFFF2FF0444E37D4DFBE4" box="[199,319,1015,1041]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCode id="27669E83FF8BFFF2FE8844E37DCBFBE4" box="[331,441,1015,1041]" collectionCode="MCZ" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="Museum">MCZ 437</specimenCode>
|
||
(designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FDA844E37F5BFBE4" author="Halpern, J. A." box="[619,809,1014,1041]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="193 - 286" refId="ref56288" refString="Halpern, J. A. (1970 b) Goniasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) of the straits of Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science, 20 (1), 193 - 286." type="journal article" year="1970">Halpern [1970b]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3FDA6573FF8BFFF2FF04430F7EBEFBC3" box="[199,716,1050,1078]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="777F36F8FF8BFFF2FF04430F7EBEFBC3" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,1509]" box="[199,716,1050,1078]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FF04430F7D14FBC1" bold="true" box="[199,358,1050,1077]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Type locality.</emphasis>
|
||
Off
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0FD77668FF8BFFF2FE59430F7E76FBC0" box="[410,516,1051,1077]" name="Barbados" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Barbados</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FDD1430F7EB2FBC3" author="Halpern, J. A." box="[530,704,1051,1078]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="193 - 286" refId="ref56288" refString="Halpern, J. A. (1970 b) Goniasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) of the straits of Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science, 20 (1), 193 - 286." type="journal article" year="1970">Halpern 1970b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3FDA6573FF8BFFF2FF04432B7E65F9A5" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="777F36F8FF8BFFF2FF04432B7E70FA10" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FF04432B7D49FBAC" bold="true" box="[199,315,1087,1113]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
All specimens examined here have broken arm-tips such that the number of superomarginal plates could not be counted. Some of the ontogenetic variation observed here were also noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FB6543777917FB8B" author="Halpern, J. A." box="[1190,1381,1123,1150]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="193 - 286" refId="ref56288" refString="Halpern, J. A. (1970 b) Goniasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) of the straits of Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science, 20 (1), 193 - 286." type="journal article" year="1970">Halpern (1970b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The variation in number of proximal adambulacral spines, however, is not consistent across studies. The specimens R
|
||
<quantity id="B0389B1DFF8BFFF2FF5443BE7D7DFB30" box="[151,271,1194,1221]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="50.0" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="45.0">45–55 mm</quantity>
|
||
described here and the specimen from Rio de Janeiro (R
|
||
<quantity id="B0389B1DFF8BFFF2FC4443BE7FA4FB30" box="[903,982,1194,1221]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="52.0">52 mm</quantity>
|
||
) have six spines, the specimen described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FF7F43DB7DA1FB1C" author="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E." box="[188,467,1231,1257]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref52515" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5860 / choice. 30 - 2659" type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(R
|
||
<quantity id="B0389B1DFF8BFFF2FDC343DB7E23FB1C" box="[512,593,1231,1257]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="61.0">61 mm</quantity>
|
||
) has about seven spines; the specimens R
|
||
<quantity id="B0389B1DFF8BFFF2FBFB43DB78C1FB1C" box="[1080,1203,1231,1257]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.95" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.9" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="69.5" valueMax="70.0" valueMin="69.0">69–70 mm</quantity>
|
||
described here have 7–8 spines, and the specimen described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FDB443E77F42FAFB" author="Halpern, J. A." box="[631,816,1267,1294]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="193 - 286" refId="ref56288" refString="Halpern, J. A. (1970 b) Goniasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) of the straits of Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science, 20 (1), 193 - 286." type="journal article" year="1970">Halpern (1970b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(R
|
||
<quantity id="B0389B1DFF8BFFF2FC9A43E77FDAFAF8" box="[857,936,1267,1293]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="96.0">96 mm</quantity>
|
||
) has 6–7 spines. The variation in the number of irregular rows of subambulacral “spines” seems to be more consistent. The specimens R
|
||
<quantity id="B0389B1DFF8BFFF2FB724202795EFAC4" box="[1201,1324,1302,1329]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="50.0" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="45.0">45–55 mm</quantity>
|
||
have 2–3 rows, the specimen R
|
||
<quantity id="B0389B1DFF8BFFF2FE51422F7D93FAA0" box="[402,481,1339,1365]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="61.0">61 mm</quantity>
|
||
has 1–4 rows, and the specimens R
|
||
<quantity id="B0389B1DFF8BFFF2FCBE422F7F84FAA0" box="[893,1014,1339,1365]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.25" metricValueMax="9.6" metricValueMin="6.9" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="82.5" valueMax="96.0" valueMin="69.0">69–96 mm</quantity>
|
||
have 3–4 rows. The same applies for the number of oral spines as follows: the specimens R
|
||
<quantity id="B0389B1DFF8BFFF2FD36424A7F1FFA8C" box="[757,877,1374,1401]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="50.0" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="45.0">45–55 mm</quantity>
|
||
have 6–8 spines, the specimen R
|
||
<quantity id="B0389B1DFF8BFFF2FB27424B7940FA8C" box="[1252,1330,1375,1401]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="61.0">61 mm</quantity>
|
||
has 8–12 spines, the specimens R 69–70 have 9–10 spines and the specimen
|
||
<quantity id="B0389B1DFF8BFFF2FC5F42977F9EFA68" box="[924,1004,1411,1437]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="96.0">96 mm</quantity>
|
||
has 10–11 spines.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FB0442977912FA68" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[1223,1376,1411,1437]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="599 - 648" refId="ref54893" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1913) Four new genera and fifty-eight new species of starfishes from the Philippine Islands, Celebes, and the Moluccas. Proceedings of the US National Museum, 43, 599 - 648. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.43 - 1944.599" type="journal article" year="1913">Fisher (1913)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
used this character to separate species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B0C04D7BFF8BFFF2FDE842B37EC0FA34" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1889" box="[555,690,1447,1473]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Nymphaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FDE842B37EC0FA34" box="[555,690,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Nymphaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0FD77668FF8BFFF2FCE242B37FEDFA34" box="[801,927,1447,1473]" name="Philippines" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
and most likely overestimated the number of species recorded: a total of nine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="777F36F8FF8BFFF2FF5441227E65F9A5" blockId="38.[151,535,1590,1617]" box="[151,535,1590,1617]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FF5441227E65F9A5" bold="true" box="[151,535,1590,1617]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
Genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B0C04D7BFF8BFFF2FF2D41227E65F9A5" authority="Verrill, 1899" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[238,535,1590,1617]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Plinthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FF2D41227D06F9A4" bold="true" box="[238,372,1590,1617]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Plinthaster</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FEB841227E65F9A5" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[379,535,1590,1616]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="145 - 234" refId="ref64750" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1899) Revision of certain genera and species of starfishes, with descriptions of new forms. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 10 (1), 145 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 7031" type="journal article" year="1899">Verrill, 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3FDA6573FF8BFFF2FF54416F78E2F966" box="[151,1168,1659,1683]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="type_taxon">
|
||
<paragraph id="777F36F8FF8BFFF2FF54416F78E2F966" blockId="38.[151,1168,1659,1683]" box="[151,1168,1659,1683]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FF54416F7D51F966" bold="true" box="[151,291,1659,1683]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Type species.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B0C04D7BFF8BFFF2FEE9416F7EE3F966" ID-CoL="4KG8Y" authority="(Perrier, 1884)" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[298,657,1659,1683]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Plinthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dentatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FEE9416F7D85F966" box="[298,503,1659,1683]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Plinthaster dentatus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FDC7416F7EF8F966" author="Perrier, E." box="[516,650,1659,1683]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="127 - 276" refId="ref61004" refString="Perrier, E. (1884) Memoire sur les etoiles de mer recueillies dans la mer des Antilles et le golfe du Mexique: durant les expeditions de dragace faites sous la direction de M. Alexandre Agassiz. Archives Museum National d'histoire Naturelle Paris, 6 (2), 127 - 276. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 82184" type="journal article" year="1884">Perrier, 1884</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="A87B885AFF8BFFF2FD5D416F7EB9F966" box="[670,715,1659,1683]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">type</typeStatus>
|
||
by subsequent designation by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FBC0416F78F7F966" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[1027,1157,1659,1683]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="171 - 173" refId="ref54789" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1910) New genera of starfishes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 5 (26), 171 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931008692747" type="journal article" year="1910">Fisher, 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3FDA6573FF8BFFF2FF5441A87E7AF8EB" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="777F36F8FF8BFFF2FF5441A87E7AF8EB" blockId="38.[151,1436,1724,1823]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FF5441A87D79F923" bold="true" box="[151,267,1724,1750]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B0C04D7BFF8BFFF2FED741A87DE2F923" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[276,400,1724,1750]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Plinthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FED741A87DE2F923" box="[276,400,1724,1750]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Plinthaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has four valid species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B0C04D7BFF8BFFF2FD6741A97F82F922" authority="(Fisher, 1906)" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[676,1008,1724,1751]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Plinthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ceramoidea">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FD6741A97F34F923" box="[676,838,1724,1750]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">P. ceramoidea</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FC9441A87F95F922" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[855,999,1724,1751]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="987 - 1130" refId="ref54729" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1906) The starfishes of the Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 23, 987 - 1130." type="journal article" year="1906">Fisher, 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Pacific Ocean),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B0C04D7BFF8BFFF2FB7841A97CABF90F" authority="(Perrier, 1884)" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Plinthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dentatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FB7841A9794AF923" box="[1211,1336,1724,1750]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">P. dentatus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FA8B41A87CA2F90F" author="Perrier, E." pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="127 - 276" refId="ref61004" refString="Perrier, E. (1884) Memoire sur les etoiles de mer recueillies dans la mer des Antilles et le golfe du Mexique: durant les expeditions de dragace faites sous la direction de M. Alexandre Agassiz. Archives Museum National d'histoire Naturelle Paris, 6 (2), 127 - 276. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 82184" type="journal article" year="1884">Perrier, 1884</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Amphiatlantic, and Pacific Ocean),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B0C04D7BFF8BFFF2FDB641F57F03F90F" authority="Mah, 2018" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2018" box="[629,881,1760,1787]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Plinthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lenaigae">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FDB641F57EF4F90F" box="[629,646,1761,1786]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FD5041F47E81F90F" box="[659,755,1760,1786]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">lenaigae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FD3A41F47F03F90F" author="Mah, C. L." box="[761,881,1760,1786]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 116" refId="ref58134" refString="Mah, C. L. (2018) New genera, species and occurrence records of Goniasteridae (Asteroidea; Echinodermata) from the Indian Ocean. Zootaxa, 4539 (1), 1 - 116. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4539.1.1" type="journal article" year="2018">Mah, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B0C04D7BFF8BFFF2FC6641F578D8F90F" authority="Mah, 2018" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2018" box="[933,1194,1760,1787]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Plinthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="untiedtae">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FC6641F57FC4F90F" box="[933,950,1761,1786]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FC0041F47859F90F" box="[963,1067,1760,1786]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">untiedtae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13514B09FF8BFFF2FBF141F478D8F90F" author="Mah, C. L." box="[1074,1194,1760,1786]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 116" refId="ref58134" refString="Mah, C. L. (2018) New genera, species and occurrence records of Goniasteridae (Asteroidea; Echinodermata) from the Indian Ocean. Zootaxa, 4539 (1), 1 - 116. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4539.1.1" type="journal article" year="2018">Mah, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Indian Ocean). Only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B0C04D7BFF8BFFF2FF5440117D67F8EB" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[151,277,1796,1823]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Plinthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dentatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FF5440117CDAF8EB" box="[151,168,1797,1822]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="45B4EAEAFF8BFFF2FF7540107D67F8EB" box="[182,277,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">dentatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is recorded in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0FD77668FF8BFFF2FE7F40107E76F8EB" box="[444,516,1796,1822]" name="Brazil" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |