549 lines
84 KiB
XML
549 lines
84 KiB
XML
<document id="6DE72E74410E0A441EDBD5DFCCA89FDA" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5297.3.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8004960" ID-ZooBank="564FF0B3-96C1-4EEA-9A06-C2C6ABA80B34" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1685959270257" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Bertozzi, Terry & Guzinski, Jaro" docDate="2023" docId="03D34843FFD42A0FFF2F9290FB4EFD2A" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5297.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5297 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5297.3.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Mixophyes balbus Straughan 1968" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="325" masterDocId="FFEA303BFFC02A17FFB89432FFADFFDB" masterDocTitle="A new species of barred frog, Mixophyes (Anura: Myobatrachidae) from south-eastern Australia identified by molecular genetic analyses" masterLastPageNumber="336" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="321" updateTime="1685981627800" updateUser="valdenar" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="B8D8F45C24A75A282BE5950AF2298EEC">A new species of barred frog, Mixophyes (Anura: Myobatrachidae) from south-eastern Australia identified by molecular genetic analyses</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E7D8BD34F97FE9405EAE44BD6BF89D43">Bertozzi, Terry</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="56341835D21D0711F5CD3517CA8381BA">Guzinski, Jaro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="5862A0FDBDF734BF54FFE75AE0900CE0">2023</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C360AADEFFD42A03FF2F9290FE03F93A" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD42A03FF2F9290FDE3F967" blockId="20.[151,590,1698,1797]" box="[151,590,1698,1725]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
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<heading id="D08D4E39FFD42A03FF2F9290FDE3F967" bold="true" box="[151,590,1698,1725]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD42A03FF2F9290FDE3F967" bold="true" box="[151,590,1698,1725]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD42A03FF2F9290FDE4F967" ID-CoL="43S2D" ID-ENA="326987" authority="Straughan, 1968" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[151,585,1698,1725]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">
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<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD42A03FF2F9290FEDEF966" bold="true" box="[151,371,1698,1725]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Mixophyes balbus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFD42A03FEC29290FDE4F967" author="Straughan, I. R." box="[378,585,1698,1724]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" pagination="52 - 59" refId="ref23822" refString="Straughan, I. R. (1968) A taxonomic review of the genus Mixophyes (Anura, Leptodactylidae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 93, 52 - 59." type="journal article" year="1968">Straughan, 1968</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD42A03FF2F92F5FE03F93A" blockId="20.[151,590,1698,1797]" box="[151,430,1735,1761]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Northern Stuttering Frog</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C360AADEFFD42A03FF2F92D9FE99F8DE" box="[151,308,1771,1797]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD42A03FF2F92D9FE99F8DE" blockId="20.[151,590,1698,1797]" box="[151,308,1771,1797]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
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(
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<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFD42A03FF2792D9FF45F8DE" box="[159,232,1771,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1845,1869]" captionTargetBox="[254,1334,181,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-23@18.[254,1334,181,1810]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cross bar patterns on hindlimbs of Mixophyes. Side by side comparison of A) thigh and B) tibia-fibula in life of left Mixophyes balbus from Coombadjha Creek Washpool NP and right M. australis sp. nov. from Congewai Creek, Watagan NP. Thighs of Mixophyes balbus from C) Little Styx River, New England NP, D) Thungutti Creek, New England NP, E) Coombadjha Creek, Washpool NP, and Mixophyes australis sp. nov. from F) Congewai Creek, Watagan NP, G) Frying Pan Creek, Chichester SF and H) Sharpes Creek, Gloucester Tops NP." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004974" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004974/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Figs 6</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFD42A03FF4C92D9FEA9F8DE" box="[244,260,1771,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1489,1513]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-23@22.[151,1436,181,1465]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 7. Mixophyes balbus in life. A) Rockadooie Ck, Curramore SF, Michael Mahony, B) Coombadjha Ck, Washpool NP, Stephen Mahony, C) Washpool NP, Gibraltar Range, Stephen Mahony, D) Coombadjha Ck, Washpool NP, Stephen Mahony, E) Forestland SF, Stephen Mahony, F) Forestland SF, Stephen Mahony." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004976" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004976/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">7</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFD42A03FEA892D9FE86F8DE" box="[272,299,1771,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1987,2011]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,348,1964]" captionTargetId="figure-114@29.[151,1435,345,1964]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 11. Images of Mixophyes balbus holotype, scale bar 10 mm (AMS R25922)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004984/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">11</figureCitation>
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)
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C360AADEFFD42A03FF2F9301FC84F8AA" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD42A03FF2F9301FC84F8AA" blockId="20.[151,1436,1842,2013]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
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<materialsCitation id="3B12F308FFD42A03FF2F9301FC84F8AA" collectingDate="1965-10-15" collectionCode="AMS, R" country="United Kingdom" county="South Wales" elevation="1448" location="Point Lookout" municipality="New South Wales" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD42A03FF2F9301FEA9F896" bold="true" box="[151,260,1843,1869]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
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<typeStatus id="54C147F7FFD42A03FF2F9301FEA9F896" box="[151,260,1843,1869]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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.
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<collectionCode id="ED6B6190FFD42A03FEAA9301FEE2F896" box="[274,335,1843,1869]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">AMS</collectionCode>
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<collectionCode id="ED6B6190FFD42A03FEE09300FEC1F896" box="[344,364,1842,1869]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">R</collectionCode>
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||
.25922, a male collected from
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<location id="8EA5AF8EFFD42A03FD709301FCC3F896" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D34843FFD42A0FFF2F9290FB4EFD2A:8EA5AF8EFFD42A03FD709301FCC3F896" box="[712,878,1843,1869]" country="United Kingdom" county="South Wales" municipality="New South Wales" name="Point Lookout" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Point Lookout</location>
|
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,
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||
<location id="8EA5AF8EFFD42A03FCC39301FC1DF896" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D34843FFD42A0FFF2F9290FB4EFD2A:8EA5AF8EFFD42A03FCC39301FC1DF896" box="[891,944,1843,1869]" country="United Kingdom" county="South Wales" municipality="New South Wales" name="New" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">New</location>
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<collectingCountry id="F36DB9C5FFD42A03FC009301FBB8F896" box="[952,1045,1843,1869]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">England</collectingCountry>
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<location id="8EA5AF8EFFD42A03FBA69301FB10F896" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D34843FFD42A0FFF2F9290FB4EFD2A:8EA5AF8EFFD42A03FBA69301FB10F896" box="[1054,1213,1843,1869]" country="United Kingdom" county="South Wales" municipality="New South Wales" name="National Park" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">National Park</location>
|
||
,
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||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA1632FFFD42A03FB729301FA34F896" box="[1226,1433,1843,1869]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
|
||
New
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||
<collectingCounty id="62A481D9FFD42A03FAB09301FA34F896" box="[1288,1433,1843,1869]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">South Wales</collectingCounty>
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</collectingMunicipality>
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, between 4,250 and
|
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<quantity id="4C8254B0FFD42A03FEC99364FE4CF8AA" box="[369,481,1878,1905]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4478" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" unit="ft" value="4750.0">
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<elevation id="00571E66FFD42A03FEC99364FE4CF8AA" box="[369,481,1878,1905]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4478" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" unit="ft" value="4750.0">4,750 feet</elevation>
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</quantity>
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||
altitude on
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<date id="FFC4DF95FFD42A03FDDE9364FC88F8AA" box="[614,805,1878,1905]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" value="1965-10-15">
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<collectingDate id="EF80267DFFD42A03FDDE9364FC88F8AA" box="[614,805,1878,1905]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" value="1965-10-15">15 October 1965</collectingDate>
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</date>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C360AADEFFD42A02FF7F9348FEACFF0E" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="322" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" type="description">
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<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD42A03FF7F9348FEDDF84F" bold="true" box="[199,368,1914,1940]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Dimensions of</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B12F308FFD42A03FEC09349FC0CF862" collectionCode="SVL, MT" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD42A03FEC09349FDE3F84F" bold="true" box="[376,590,1914,1941]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
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<typeStatus id="54C147F7FFD42A03FEC09349FE72F84E" box="[376,479,1915,1941]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">holotype</typeStatus>
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(in mm).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
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<collectionCode id="ED6B6190FFD42A03FDEE9349FD23F84E" box="[598,654,1915,1941]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">SVL</collectionCode>
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, 70; TL, 43; HL, 27; HW, 27; EN, 6; IND, 6; ED, 8; IOD, 17; TD, 7; FLL, 19; Fin3L, 14;
|
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<collectionCode id="ED6B6190FFD42A03FEC593ADFE05F862" box="[381,424,1951,1977]" country="Russia" name="Mus. Tinro, Vladyvostok" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">MT</collectionCode>
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, 6.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFD42A03FE7593ADFD3DF862" author="Straughan, I. R." box="[461,656,1951,1977]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" pagination="52 - 59" refId="ref23822" refString="Straughan, I. R. (1968) A taxonomic review of the genus Mixophyes (Anura, Leptodactylidae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 93, 52 - 59." type="journal article" year="1968">Straughan (1968)</bibRefCitation>
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recorded the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6B6190FFD42A03FC9F93ADFCF6F862" box="[807,859,1951,1977]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">SVL</collectionCode>
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of the
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||
</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="3B12F308FFD42A02FC1093ADFA31FF6A" collectionCode="SVL" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="322" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C147F7FFD42A03FC1093ADFBA7F862" box="[936,1034,1951,1977]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
as
|
||
<quantity id="4C8254B0FFD42A03FB9693ACFB2DF862" box="[1070,1152,1950,1977]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" unit="mm" value="75.0">75 mm</quantity>
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||
. We are unable to explain this discrepancy other than measurement error by Straughan and note that none of the males that we measured had an
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6B6190FFD52A02FF0394A5FF42FF6A" box="[187,239,151,177]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">SVL</collectionCode>
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>
|
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<quantity id="4C8254B0FFD52A02FEBF94A5FEC2FF6A" box="[263,367,151,177]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.06" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" unit="mm" value="70.6">70.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
(Supplementary
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F8CCEEFFD52A02FD8B94A5FD36FF6A" box="[563,667,151,177]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,239,473,499]" captionText="TABLE 2. Advertisement call traits of Mixophyes. For details of call traits see Materials and Methods. *Data from the type locality of M. balbus recorded by Straughan (1966), and **Cann River, Victoria from the far south of the distribution recorded by Littlejohn (1987). DF—dominant frequency (Hz). N—the number of males recorded. Pulse rate (pulses per second). NP—National Park. nd—not determined. 1recorded on a Sony Walkman WMD60 with a Sony Electret microphone, 2recorded on a Marantz PMD60 with a Rode N1 directional microphone. 3Recorded by D. Stewart, Sound Devices with Sennheiser MKE600 directional microphone. Note duration and note repetition rate were corrected for temperature. Call recordings from several locations for both species have been deposited at the Australian Museum as multimedia records, and the call recording for M. australis sp. nov. from the type locality is attached to the database record for R188750." pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Table S2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFD52A02FD0A94A5FCD5FF6A" author="Straughan, I. R." box="[690,888,151,177]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" pagination="52 - 59" refId="ref23822" refString="Straughan, I. R. (1968) A taxonomic review of the genus Mixophyes (Anura, Leptodactylidae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 93, 52 - 59." type="journal article" year="1968">Straughan (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not provide any other measurements of the
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C147F7FFD52A02FF2F9489FF50FF0E" box="[151,253,187,213]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C360AADEFFD52A02FF7F94ECFAD6FF22" box="[199,1403,222,249]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" type="materials_examined">
|
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<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD52A02FF7F94ECFAD6FF22" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,1403,222,249]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
|
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<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FF7F94ECFE1AFF23" bold="true" box="[199,439,222,248]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Material Examined.</emphasis>
|
||
Vouchers examined for morphological analyses are listed in Supplementary
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F8CCEEFFD52A02FAAA94EDFADAFF22" box="[1298,1399,223,249]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,239,473,499]" captionText="TABLE 2. Advertisement call traits of Mixophyes. For details of call traits see Materials and Methods. *Data from the type locality of M. balbus recorded by Straughan (1966), and **Cann River, Victoria from the far south of the distribution recorded by Littlejohn (1987). DF—dominant frequency (Hz). N—the number of males recorded. Pulse rate (pulses per second). NP—National Park. nd—not determined. 1recorded on a Sony Walkman WMD60 with a Sony Electret microphone, 2recorded on a Marantz PMD60 with a Rode N1 directional microphone. 3Recorded by D. Stewart, Sound Devices with Sennheiser MKE600 directional microphone. Note duration and note repetition rate were corrected for temperature. Call recordings from several locations for both species have been deposited at the Australian Museum as multimedia records, and the call recording for M. australis sp. nov. from the type locality is attached to the database record for R188750." pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Table S2</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C360AADEFFD52A02FF7F9530FCEAFCE2" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD52A02FF7F9530FD52FDBA" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FF7F9530FEEFFEC7" bold="true" box="[199,322,258,284]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD52A02FEE89531FD89FEC6" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[336,548,259,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FEE89531FD89FEC6" box="[336,548,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Mixophyes balbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD52A02FC869531FC7EFEC6" box="[830,979,259,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hihihorlo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FC869531FC7EFEC6" box="[830,979,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">M. hihihorlo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by a interrupted vertebral stripe (vs. uninterrupted) and presence of dark triangular patch on upper lip in front of nostril (vs. absent); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD52A02FA989515FA3FFE9B" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[1312,1426,295,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iteratu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FA989515FA3FFE9B" box="[1312,1426,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">M. iteratu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
s and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD52A02FF709579FEC2FEBE" box="[200,367,331,357]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carbinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FF709579FEC2FEBE" box="[200,367,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">M. carbinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by absence of black colouration with numerous small rounded pale spots on posterior surface of thigh (vs. light brown without any pale spots); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD52A02FCB4955DFC24FE53" box="[780,905,367,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coggeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FCB4955DFC24FE53" box="[780,905,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">M. coggeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having posterior of thigh uniform (vs. with irregular pale blotches); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD52A02FE5695A1FDDFFE76" authorityName="Loveridge" authorityYear="1933" box="[494,626,403,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schevilli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FE5695A1FDDFFE76" box="[494,626,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">M. schevilli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having a discontinuous (vs. continuous) mid-dorsal stripe; from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD52A02FAC695A1FF78FE0A" authorityName="Corben & Ingram" authorityYear="1987" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fleayi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FAC695A1FF78FE0A" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">M. fleayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD52A02FEB49585FE06FE0A" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[268,427,439,465]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FEB49585FE06FE0A" box="[268,427,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">M. fasciolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by lack of prominent black spots on flanks and further from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD52A02FBE09585FB5AFE0A" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[1112,1271,439,465]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FBE09585FB5AFE0A" box="[1112,1271,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">M. fasciolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by occurrence of pigmented patches on maxilla; from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD52A02FDE895E9FD75FE2E" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[592,728,475,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FDE895E9FD75FE2E" box="[592,728,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">M. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FD6795E9FC95FE2E" bold="true" box="[735,824,475,501]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFD52A02FD6795E9FC95FE2E" box="[735,824,475,501]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
by having five wider and more diffusely marked cross bands on thigh (vs. up to ten thin dark cross band in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD52A02FD5F95CDFCC2FDC2" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[743,879,511,537]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FD5F95CDFCC2FDC2" box="[743,879,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">M. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FCCE95CDFC77FDC3" bold="true" box="[886,986,510,537]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFD52A02FCCE95CDFC7FFDC3" box="[886,978,510,537]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; male advertisement call comprises one to four notes with mean number of pulses in first and second notes being more than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD52A02FBDE9611FB43FDE6" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1126,1262,547,573]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FBDE9611FB43FDE6" box="[1126,1262,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">M. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FB4D9611FAE2FDE6" bold="true" box="[1269,1359,547,573]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFD52A02FB4D9611FAE2FDE6" box="[1269,1359,547,573]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(mean 12.24 vs. 7.24) with more double pulses in these notes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD52A02FF7F9659FCEAFCE2" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
|
||
In the field
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD52A02FEFA9659FE1CFD5E" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[322,433,619,645]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FEFA9659FE1CFD5E" box="[322,433,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">M. balbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most likely to be confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD52A02FC9F9659FC6EFD5E" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[807,963,619,645]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FC9F9659FC6EFD5E" box="[807,963,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">M. fasciolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD52A02FC4D9659FBC3FD5F" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[1013,1134,619,645]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iteratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FC4D9659FBA1FD5F" box="[1013,1036,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FBA09659FBC3FD5F" box="[1048,1134,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">iteratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which occur sympatrically. In addition to the features listed above,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD52A02FDE996BDFD6CFD72" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[593,705,655,681]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FDE996BDFD6CFD72" box="[593,705,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">M. balbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD52A02FC5796BDFBC7FD73" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[1007,1130,655,680]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iteratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FC5796BDFBC7FD73" box="[1007,1130,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">M. iteratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the webbing on the toes reaching only to the second joint on the third toe, compared to distal joint in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD52A02FBB39681FB25FD17" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[1035,1160,691,716]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iteratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FBB39681FB25FD17" box="[1035,1160,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">M. iteratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD52A02FB6F9681FADAFD16" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[1239,1399,691,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FB6F9681FADAFD16" box="[1239,1399,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">M. fasciolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the occurrence of a metallic silver-blue crescent in the top quarter of the iris (vs. absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD52A02FB2B96E5FA9FFD2A" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[1171,1330,727,753]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FB2B96E5FA9FFD2A" box="[1171,1330,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">M. fasciolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and the absence of sharply demarcated cross bands on the limbs that form distinct triangular markings on the posterior surfaces of the arms and legs (vs. presence in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD52A02FD20972DFC9AFCE2" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[664,823,799,825]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FD20972DFC9AFCE2" box="[664,823,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">M. fasciolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C360AADEFFD52A00FF7F9770FD89FC86" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="324" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD52A02FF7F9770FAD6FC7E" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FF7F9770FDE6FC87" bold="true" box="[199,587,834,860]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Description including variation.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFD52A02FDEE9771FC84FC86" author="Straughan, I. R." box="[598,809,835,861]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" refId="ref23782" refString="Straughan, I. R. (1966) An analysis of the species recognition and species isolation in Queensland frogs. Ph. D Thesis, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland. [unknown pagination]" type="book" year="1966">Straughan’s (1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFD52A02FC809771FCDCFC86" author="Straughan, I. R." box="[824,881,835,861]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" pagination="52 - 59" refId="ref23822" refString="Straughan, I. R. (1968) A taxonomic review of the genus Mixophyes (Anura, Leptodactylidae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 93, 52 - 59." type="journal article" year="1968">1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) description of variation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD52A02FB059771FA9CFC86" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[1213,1329,835,861]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FB059771FA9CFC86" box="[1213,1329,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">M. balbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
included material from the southern group which we show is a new species. Here we provide detailed images of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C147F7FFD52A02FA889755FACDFC5A" box="[1328,1376,871,897]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">type</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFD52A02FAD79755FF1FFC7E" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1987,2011]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,348,1964]" captionTargetId="figure-114@29.[151,1435,345,1964]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 11. Images of Mixophyes balbus holotype, scale bar 10 mm (AMS R25922)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004984/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
) and a revised description of variation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD52A02FD3E97B9FD5AFC7E" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[646,759,907,933]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FD3E97B9FD5AFC7E" box="[646,759,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">M. balbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that excludes material from the range of the new species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD52A02FF7F979DFD02FBCA" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
|
||
A moderate sized frog, sexually dimorphic, females larger (up to
|
||
<quantity id="4C8254B0FFD52A02FC18979DFC43FC12" box="[928,1006,943,969]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.3" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" unit="mm" value="83.0">83 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL) than males (up to
|
||
<quantity id="4C8254B0FFD52A02FABA979DFAFCFC12" box="[1282,1361,943,969]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" unit="mm" value="71.0">71 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL). Females are an average of 1.2 times the SVL of males (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F8CCEEFFD52A02FCB997E1FCFBFC36" box="[769,854,978,1005]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,239,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 5. Mean (+SD) and ranges for 12 body measurements (see Material & Methods) and eight ratios of Mixophyes balbus and M. australis sp. nov. N—sample size." pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
), but they are otherwise similar in body proportions (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F8CCEEFFD52A02FF2797C5FF59FBCA" box="[159,244,1014,1041]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,239,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 5. Mean (+SD) and ranges for 12 body measurements (see Material & Methods) and eight ratios of Mixophyes balbus and M. australis sp. nov. N—sample size." pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
), colour in preservative and patterning.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD52A02FF7F9029FBFBFAEA" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Tympanum large, conspicuous (TD/ED mean = 0.79±0.07, 0.62–0.96), oval shaped with longer axis vertical. Eyes prominent, pupil vertical, iris in life silver-blue or brown above, brown below. Head flattened, length slightly shorter than or equal to width (HL/HW mean = 0.93±0.05, 0.70–1.03); snout prominent (ED/EN mean = 1.4±0.1, 1.2–1.7), gently rounded when viewed from above and in profile; nostrils more lateral than superior; canthus rostralis well defined, slightly concave; loreal region nearly flat, inclined laterally; eye to naris distance slightly smaller than or approximately equal to internarial span (EN/IND mean = 0.88±0.1, 0.71–1.13). Vomerine teeth relatively long, oblique rows angled from anterior margin of choanae to midline between choanae. Tongue approximately rectangular, not notched posteriorly. Dorsum smooth or finely granular, belly smooth.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD52A02FF7F9109FC11FA8E" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,956,1338,1365]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Hind limbs long and robust (TL/SVL mean = 0.6±0.02, 0.55–0.65).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD52A02FF7F916DFE6AFA1A" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Fingers moderately long, robust, unwebbed, relative length 3>2=4=1. Subarticular and palmar tubercles prominent. Finely granular brown nuptial pad on first and second finger and extends ventrally to the inner palmar tubercle in breeding males.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD52A02FF7F91F9FEE9F942" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
|
||
Toes moderately webbed; on outer side of toes webbing reaches penultimate subarticular tubercle on toes 1 and 2, penultimate tubercle on toe 3, and second subarticular tubercle on toe 4. Tips of toes slightly expanded but lacking obvious discs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFD52A02FE2F9221FE45F9F6" box="[407,488,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1987,2011]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,348,1964]" captionTargetId="figure-114@29.[151,1435,345,1964]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 11. Images of Mixophyes balbus holotype, scale bar 10 mm (AMS R25922)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004984/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). Relative lengths of toes 4>5>3>2>1. Prominent round or oval conical sub-articular tubercles present; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; inner metatarsal tubercle prominent relatively straight, with well-developed outer edge, approximately equal to length of toe 1, not sharp or keratinized, pigmentation same as plantar surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD52A02FF7F9290FC3AF806" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD52A02FF7F9290FDBFF967" bold="true" box="[199,530,1698,1725]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Colour and Pattern in Life.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal surfaces rich copper to tan or dark brown, sometimes with burnt orange or pink wash towards groin; a posteriorly oriented v-shaped inter-orbital bar that extends as a mid-dorsal stripe, finely edged in black and highly variable in length and shape with uneven edges terminating in mid-sacral region; remainder of dorsal surface either sparsely flecked with small black spots or a few larger blotches but not both (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFD52A02FF279301FF4AF896" box="[159,231,1843,1869]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1489,1513]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-23@22.[151,1436,181,1465]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 7. Mixophyes balbus in life. A) Rockadooie Ck, Curramore SF, Michael Mahony, B) Coombadjha Ck, Washpool NP, Stephen Mahony, C) Washpool NP, Gibraltar Range, Stephen Mahony, D) Coombadjha Ck, Washpool NP, Stephen Mahony, E) Forestland SF, Stephen Mahony, F) Forestland SF, Stephen Mahony." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004976" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004976/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). A dark triangular patch on either side of snout with apex at external nostril does not incorporate area immediately surrounding nostril. A dark lateral head-stripe extends from slightly posterior of nostril, through eye, curves over tympanum, and extends posteriorly down anterior margin of tympanum, sometimes including upper third of tympanum, terminating above axilla; width variable but in all cases posterior margin is widest. Loreal region light-brown coloured with darker patches along upper jaw (maxilla).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF05A9DDFFD62A01FF2F91E3FCE2F9EA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004976" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8004976" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004976/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" startId="22.[151,250,1489,1513]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1465]" targetPageId="22" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD62A01FF2F91E3FCE2F9EA" blockId="22.[151,1437,1489,1586]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD62A01FF2F91E3FEBEFA31" bold="true" box="[151,275,1489,1514]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD62A01FEA191E3FE7CFA32" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[281,465,1489,1513]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD62A01FEA191E3FE7CFA32" box="[281,465,1489,1513]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Mixophyes balbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in life.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD62A01FDA791E3FD9CFA32" bold="true" box="[543,561,1489,1513]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">A</emphasis>
|
||
) Rockadooie Ck, Curramore SF, Michael Mahony,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD62A01FB8591E0FBE3FA31" bold="true" box="[1085,1102,1490,1514]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">B</emphasis>
|
||
) Coombadjha Ck, Washpool NP, Stephen Mahony,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD62A01FEF691C7FECDF9D6" bold="true" box="[334,352,1525,1549]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">C</emphasis>
|
||
) Washpool NP, Gibraltar Range, Stephen Mahony,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD62A01FCDF91C4FCD4F9D5" bold="true" box="[871,889,1526,1550]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">D</emphasis>
|
||
) Coombadjha Ck, Washpool NP, Stephen Mahony,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD62A01FA3B91C4FA39F9D5" bold="true" box="[1411,1428,1526,1550]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">E</emphasis>
|
||
) Forestland SF, Stephen Mahony,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD62A01FE5F9228FE5BF9E9" bold="true" box="[487,502,1562,1586]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">F</emphasis>
|
||
) Forestland SF, Stephen Mahony.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD62A01FF7F9252FF75F93D" blockId="22.[151,1437,1632,2018]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Lateral surfaces and groin flushed with reddish tan or peach, without spots or blotches, these surfaces noticeably lighter than dorsum, with colour diffusing gradually into ventral colouration. Venter including throat and ventral surface of thighs immaculate white, cream or with light lemon-yellow wash; lower jaw edged with diffuse brown wash.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD62A01FF7F92C2FC7BF8F5" blockId="22.[151,1437,1632,2018]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">In adults, iris dark brown merging into golden brown above pupil with brown to iridescent pale blue dorsal crescent. Upper third of iris in juveniles may be as above or flame orange.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD62A01FF7F930AFD3BF865" blockId="22.[151,1437,1632,2018]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Upper surfaces of legs, feet, arms and hands with dark transverse cross bars, not extending on to posterior thighs; posterior surface of thighs uniform brown to burnt orange brown and slightly mottled; anterior lateral edge of shank, posterior lateral edge of arms, and plantar surface of feet and of tarsal surface dark brown; lateral palmar surfaces of outer fingers dark brown to black.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD62A00FF7F93F5FD89FC86" blockId="22.[151,1437,1632,2018]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="324" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD62A01FF7F93F5FE0DF839" bold="true" box="[199,416,1991,2018]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Reproductive call.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B12F308FFD62A00FE1D93FAFE6FFC86" collectionCode="MM, AMS, R" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="324" latitude="-0.48" longLatPrecision="558" longitude="-0.084" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1">
|
||
The male advertisement call comprises one to four short notes repeated in rapid succession. Because of the variation in the number of notes in the call we provide means and ranges for measurements of call traits for the first two notes. Mean duration for a two note call is 0.45 s (range 0.45–0.48 s). The first note is of longer duration than the second (means 0.68 and 0.41 s, ranges 0.39–0.96 s, and 0.28–0.63 s respectively), with a short inter-note interval (mean 0.36 s), and with more pulses in the first than the second note (mean 12.8, and 9.1, ranges 9–17 and 3–12 respectively). Pulse duration is much shorter (mean 0.015 s, range 0.014–0.016 s) than inter-pulse interval (0.083 s, range 0.081–0.084 s). Pulse structure varies within notes, with single pulses produced initially, followed by a series of pulses produced in couplets (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F8CCEEFFD72A00FD54955DFCE9FE52" box="[748,836,367,393]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,239,473,499]" captionText="TABLE 2. Advertisement call traits of Mixophyes. For details of call traits see Materials and Methods. *Data from the type locality of M. balbus recorded by Straughan (1966), and **Cann River, Victoria from the far south of the distribution recorded by Littlejohn (1987). DF—dominant frequency (Hz). N—the number of males recorded. Pulse rate (pulses per second). NP—National Park. nd—not determined. 1recorded on a Sony Walkman WMD60 with a Sony Electret microphone, 2recorded on a Marantz PMD60 with a Rode N1 directional microphone. 3Recorded by D. Stewart, Sound Devices with Sennheiser MKE600 directional microphone. Note duration and note repetition rate were corrected for temperature. Call recordings from several locations for both species have been deposited at the Australian Museum as multimedia records, and the call recording for M. australis sp. nov. from the type locality is attached to the database record for R188750." pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFD72A00FCE9955DFC38FE52" box="[849,917,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1468,1492]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,184,1441]" captionTargetId="figure-23@26.[151,1435,181,1444]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 9. Reproductive calls of Mixophyes balbus and Mixophyes australis sp. nov. A) Oscillogram and spectrogram of a series of advertisement calls and encounter calls of Mixophyes australis sp. nov. over 40 seconds duration, B) a single call with the time axis expanded (1.5 seconds duration), C) oscillogram and spectrogram of a series of advertisement calls and encounter calls of Mixophyes balbus over 40 seconds duration, D) a single call with the time axis expanded (1.5 seconds duration), E) oscillogram and spectrogram of an encounter call of Mixophyes australis sp. nov., (0.4 second time axis), and F) oscillogram and spectrogram of an encounter call Mixophyes balbus (0.4 second time axis). a = advertisement call, e = encounter call, and kHz is kilohertz." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004980/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). The second note has more couplets than the first note (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFD72A00FEB495A1FEFCFE76" box="[268,337,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1468,1492]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,184,1441]" captionTargetId="figure-23@26.[151,1435,181,1444]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 9. Reproductive calls of Mixophyes balbus and Mixophyes australis sp. nov. A) Oscillogram and spectrogram of a series of advertisement calls and encounter calls of Mixophyes australis sp. nov. over 40 seconds duration, B) a single call with the time axis expanded (1.5 seconds duration), C) oscillogram and spectrogram of a series of advertisement calls and encounter calls of Mixophyes balbus over 40 seconds duration, D) a single call with the time axis expanded (1.5 seconds duration), E) oscillogram and spectrogram of an encounter call of Mixophyes australis sp. nov., (0.4 second time axis), and F) oscillogram and spectrogram of an encounter call Mixophyes balbus (0.4 second time axis). a = advertisement call, e = encounter call, and kHz is kilohertz." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004980/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pulse repetition rate in the first note is lower than the second note (16.1 pps vs 21.0 pps) (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F8CCEEFFD72A00FAE495A1FF05FE0A" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,239,473,499]" captionText="TABLE 2. Advertisement call traits of Mixophyes. For details of call traits see Materials and Methods. *Data from the type locality of M. balbus recorded by Straughan (1966), and **Cann River, Victoria from the far south of the distribution recorded by Littlejohn (1987). DF—dominant frequency (Hz). N—the number of males recorded. Pulse rate (pulses per second). NP—National Park. nd—not determined. 1recorded on a Sony Walkman WMD60 with a Sony Electret microphone, 2recorded on a Marantz PMD60 with a Rode N1 directional microphone. 3Recorded by D. Stewart, Sound Devices with Sennheiser MKE600 directional microphone. Note duration and note repetition rate were corrected for temperature. Call recordings from several locations for both species have been deposited at the Australian Museum as multimedia records, and the call recording for M. australis sp. nov. from the type locality is attached to the database record for R188750." pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Mean inter-call interval is 4 s (range 3–8 s) and males usually produce a series of calls before a period in which all calling ceases. Calling occurs during the spring and summer seasons when climatic conditions are suitable (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6B6190FFD72A00FAD195E9FA30FE2E" box="[1385,1437,475,501]" country="France" name="University of Montpellier" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">MM</collectionCode>
|
||
pers. obs. Details of suitable conditions not reported here). Within the calling season, calling is initiated by a male, and this stimulates calling in nearby males and a chorus of calls with a short lag time or small overlap between the call of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7C32DCFFD72A00FF599675FEE8FDBA" box="[225,325,583,609]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
|
||
and a nearby male occurs. The male encounter call which is a single note of moderate duration (mean 0.23 s, range 0.24–0.48 s) is often uttered among advertisement calls and males may produce several encounter calls in succession (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFD72A00FE8396BDFE3EFD72" box="[315,403,655,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1468,1492]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,184,1441]" captionTargetId="figure-23@26.[151,1435,181,1444]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 9. Reproductive calls of Mixophyes balbus and Mixophyes australis sp. nov. A) Oscillogram and spectrogram of a series of advertisement calls and encounter calls of Mixophyes australis sp. nov. over 40 seconds duration, B) a single call with the time axis expanded (1.5 seconds duration), C) oscillogram and spectrogram of a series of advertisement calls and encounter calls of Mixophyes balbus over 40 seconds duration, D) a single call with the time axis expanded (1.5 seconds duration), E) oscillogram and spectrogram of an encounter call of Mixophyes australis sp. nov., (0.4 second time axis), and F) oscillogram and spectrogram of an encounter call Mixophyes balbus (0.4 second time axis). a = advertisement call, e = encounter call, and kHz is kilohertz." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004980/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dominant frequency of the notes in the advertisement call differs slightly with the first note having a higher frequency than the second (817 Hz and 758 Hz, ranges 709–782, 659–961 Hz respectively). The dominant frequency of the encounter call (788 Hz, range 709 and 792Hz) is higher than the advertisement call and shows an initial narrow band frequency that expands to a broadband pattern. Advertisement and encounter calls are not frequency modulated. Representative call recordings have been deposited with the Australian Museum as multimedia record
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6B6190FFD72A00FED39771FE05FC86" box="[363,424,835,861]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">AMS</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6B6190FFD72A00FE169770FE6FFC86" box="[430,450,834,861]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">R</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.188750.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C360AADEFFD72A0FFF7F9754FB4EFD2A" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="325" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD72A00FF7F9754FC11FC36" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FF7F9754FECCFC5B" bold="true" box="[199,353,870,896]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD72A00FED29755FD9AFC5A" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[362,567,871,897]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FED29755FD9AFC5A" box="[362,567,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Mixophyes balbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in drainages that flow to the east of the Great Dividing Range from the upper reaches of the Timbarra River catchment in north-eastern NSW, south to the northern catchments of the Macleay River (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFD72A00FEE9979DFE39FC12" box="[337,404,943,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[336,1251,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-23@12.[336,1251,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map showing collection locations sampled for molecular genetic analysis of Mixophyes in eastern Australia. Alphanumeric codes refer to collection location details in Table 1. Small black dots are voucher records from the Atlas of Living Australia, yellow triangles—M. fleayi, blue circles—M. balbus northern group, red squares—M. balbus southern group." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004964" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004964/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The majority of records occur between
|
||
<quantity id="4C8254B0FFD72A00FCCD979CFBA8FC12" box="[885,1029,942,969]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" unit="m" value="1050.0" valueMax="1500.0" valueMin="600.0">600–1500 m</quantity>
|
||
asl, and the species occurs entirely within the upper North Coast Bioregion (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFD72A00FDDB97E1FC02FC36" author="Thackway, R. & Cresswell, I. D." box="[611,943,978,1005]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" refId="ref23896" refString="Thackway, R. & Cresswell, I. D. (1995) An interim biogeographic regionalisation for Australia: a framework for setting priorities in the National Reserves System Cooperative Program. Version 4.0. Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra. [program]" type="book" year="1995">Thackway & Cresswell 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD72A00FF7F97C4FCCFFB32" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FF7F97C4FE13FBCA" bold="true" box="[199,446,1014,1041]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Habitat and Ecology</emphasis>
|
||
. Statistical modelling using presence and absence data and 24 environmental predictors sampled throughout the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD72A00FDB89029FDC3FBEE" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[512,622,1051,1077]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FDB89029FDC3FBEE" box="[512,622,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">M. balbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and for northern populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD72A00FC759029FBFFFBEE" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[973,1106,1051,1077]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FC759029FBFFFBEE" box="[973,1106,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">M. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FBEF9029FB03FBEE" bold="true" box="[1111,1198,1051,1077]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFD72A00FBEF9029FB03FBEE" box="[1111,1198,1051,1077]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, showed a preference for the interiors of large forest tracts in areas with relatively cool mean annual temperatures, at sites that were typically free from any disturbance with a thick canopy and relatively simple understorey (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFD72A00FB139051FA3DFBA6" author="NSW NEFBS & Forests Biodiversity Study Report No." box="[1195,1424,1123,1149]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" refId="ref23290" refString="NSW NEFBS (1994) Fauna of North-east NSW Forests. North-east Forests Biodiversity Study Report No. 3. Unpublished Report, NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hurstville. [unknown pagination]" type="book" year="1994">NSW NEFBS 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Tracking studies indicate that the adults spend the majority of their life in the riparian zone (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFD72A00FB7890B5FF7EFB1E" author="Lemckert, F. & Morse, R." pageId="23" pageNumber="324" pagination="72 - 80" refId="ref22352" refString="Lemckert, F. & Morse, R. (1999) Frogs of the timber production forests of the Dorrigo escarpment in northern New South Wales: an inventory of species present and the conservation of threatened species. In: Campbell, A. (Ed.), Declines and Disappearances of Australian Frogs. Environment Australia, Canberra, pp. 72 - 80." type="book chapter" year="1999">Lemckert & Morse 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and adults are observed rarely in terrestrial survey transects away from the riparian zone (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFD72A00FB4B9099FF7CFB32" author="Knowles, R. & Thumm, K. & Mahony, M. & Hines, H. & Newell, D. & Cunningham, M." pageId="23" pageNumber="324" pagination="381 - 402" refId="ref21847" refString="Knowles, R., Thumm, K., Mahony, M., Hines, H., Newell, D. & Cunningham, M. (2015) Oviposition and egg mass morphology in barred frogs (Anura: Myobatrachidae: Mixophyes Gunther, 1864), its phylogenetic significance and implications for conservation management. Australian Zoologist, 37, 381 - 402. https: // doi. org / 10.7882 / AZ. 2014.040" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Knowles
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FADA9099FA30FB1E" box="[1378,1437,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but are sometimes observed on roads near riparian zones.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD72A00FF7F90C1FA2AF9F6" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FF7F90C1FE3AFAD6" bold="true" box="[199,407,1267,1293]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Eggs and larvae.</emphasis>
|
||
Embryonic development and larval morphology were described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFD72A00FB0490C1FAF7FAD6" author="Anstis, M." box="[1212,1370,1267,1293]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" refId="ref19260" refString="Anstis, M. (2013) Tadpoles and frogs of Australia. New Holland Publishers, Sydney, 829 pp." type="book" year="2013">Anstis (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from specimens collected at five locations that include two within the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD72A00FC4A9125FBCBFAEA" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[1010,1126,1303,1329]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FC4A9125FBCBFAEA" box="[1010,1126,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">M. balbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(near Point Lookout, New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36DB9C5FFD72A00FF2F9109FF59FA8E" box="[151,244,1339,1365]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
Range, Coombadjha Creek,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36DB9C5FFD72A00FDFC9109FD04FA8E" box="[580,681,1339,1365]" name="Gibraltar" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Gibraltar</collectingCountry>
|
||
Range) and three from within the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD72A00FB139109FA9BFA8E" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1195,1334,1339,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FB139109FA9BFA8E" box="[1195,1334,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">M. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FAF89109FA31FA8E" bold="true" box="[1344,1436,1339,1365]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFD72A00FAF89109FA31FA8E" box="[1344,1436,1339,1365]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(Tirrill Creek, Bulga State Forest, Sharpes Creek, Barrington Range, Gap Creek, Central Coast Range). No mention was made of morphological variation among the sites sampled that would indicate a difference between those from what is now known as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD72A00FE209195FDA5FA1A" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[408,520,1447,1473]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FE209195FDA5FA1A" box="[408,520,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">M. balbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD72A00FD879195FD6BFA1A" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[575,710,1447,1473]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FD879195FD6BFA1A" box="[575,710,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">M. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FD759195FC8AFA1A" bold="true" box="[717,807,1447,1473]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFD72A00FD759195FC8AFA1A" box="[717,807,1447,1473]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFD72A00FC8E9195FC6FFA1A" author="Anstis, M." box="[822,962,1447,1473]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" refId="ref19260" refString="Anstis, M. (2013) Tadpoles and frogs of Australia. New Holland Publishers, Sydney, 829 pp." type="book" year="2013">Anstis 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but reanalysis of these data based on our refined taxonomy is required. Larval morphology was described for specimens from Point Lookout NSW (
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C147F7FFD72A00FAD291F9FA31FA3E" box="[1386,1436,1483,1509]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">type</typeStatus>
|
||
location) by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFD72A00FE9B91DDFD9AF9D2" author="Watson, G. F. & Martin, A. A." box="[291,567,1519,1545]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" pagination="33 - 45" refId="ref24139" refString="Watson, G. F. & Martin, A. A. (1973) Life history, larval morphology and development of Australian leptodactylid frogs. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 97, 33 - 45." type="journal article" year="1973">Watson & Martin (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and are the same as described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFD72A00FC1691DDFBE7F9D2" author="Anstis, M." box="[942,1098,1519,1545]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" refId="ref19260" refString="Anstis, M. (2013) Tadpoles and frogs of Australia. New Holland Publishers, Sydney, 829 pp." type="book" year="2013">Anstis (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFD72A00FBED91DDFAE5F9D2" author="Knowles, R. & Thumm, K. & Mahony, M. & Hines, H. & Newell, D. & Cunningham, M." box="[1109,1352,1518,1545]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" pagination="381 - 402" refId="ref21847" refString="Knowles, R., Thumm, K., Mahony, M., Hines, H., Newell, D. & Cunningham, M. (2015) Oviposition and egg mass morphology in barred frogs (Anura: Myobatrachidae: Mixophyes Gunther, 1864), its phylogenetic significance and implications for conservation management. Australian Zoologist, 37, 381 - 402. https: // doi. org / 10.7882 / AZ. 2014.040" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Knowles
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FB0791DDFB5AF9D2" box="[1215,1271,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not observe any differences in egg deposition mode at four locations for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD72A00FC219221FB8CF9F6" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[921,1057,1555,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FC219221FB8CF9F6" box="[921,1057,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">M. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFD72A00FB909221FB2EF9F6" box="[1064,1155,1555,1581]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FB909221FBD1F9F6" bold="true" box="[1064,1148,1555,1581]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">sp. nov</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and one for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD72A00FAA89221FA2DF9F6" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[1296,1408,1555,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FAA89221FA2DF9F6" box="[1296,1408,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">M. balbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD72A00FF7F9204FAF8F942" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FF7F9204FCD8F98A" bold="true" box="[199,885,1590,1617]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
|
||
Assessment of IUCN threat category for
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FD279204FCD8F98A" bold="true" box="[671,885,1590,1617]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD72A00FD279204FCDCF98A" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[671,881,1590,1617]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">Mixophyes balbus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Following our systematic findings and taxonomic actions herein, it is necessary to assess the IUCN threat categories for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD72A00FC149269FBB0F9AE" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[940,1053,1627,1653]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FC149269FBB0F9AE" box="[940,1053,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">M. balbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD72A00FBEC9269FB76F9AE" authority="Bertozzi & Guzinski, 2023" authorityName="Bertozzi & Guzinski" authorityYear="2023" box="[1108,1243,1627,1653]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FBEC9269FB76F9AE" box="[1108,1243,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">M. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FB5B9269FA91F9AE" bold="true" box="[1251,1340,1627,1653]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23D983CFFD72A00FB5B9269FA91F9AE" box="[1251,1340,1627,1653]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
because previous conservation assessments were based on the presumption of a single species (Supplementary Text).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD72A0FFF7F9291FC41FE9A" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1437,151,753]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="325" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
|
||
Based on the IUCN Red List criteria (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFD72A00FDC89291FD5AF966" author="IUCN" box="[624,759,1699,1725]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" refId="ref21205" refString="IUCN (2019) Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria. Version 13. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / documents / RedListGuidelines. pdf (accessed 17 April 2023)" type="book" year="2019">IUCN 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and with information presented in other recent assessments (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFD72A00FF2792F5FE34F93A" author="Gillespie, G. R. & Roberts, J. D. & Hunter, D. & Hoskin, C. J. & Alford, R. A. & Heard, G. W. & Hines, H. & Lemckert, F. & Newell, D. & Scheele, B. C." box="[159,409,1735,1761]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" pagination="108543" refId="ref20821" refString="Gillespie, G. R., Roberts, J. D., Hunter, D., Hoskin, C. J., Alford, R. A., Heard, G. W., Hines, H., Lemckert, F., Newell, D. & Scheele, B. C. (2020) Status and priority conservation actions for Australian frog species. Biological Conservation, 247, 108543. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / J. BIOCON. 2020.108543" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Gillespie
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FEAB92F5FEFCF93A" box="[275,337,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFD72A00FE1292F5FD2FF93A" author="Geyle, H. M. & Hoskin, C. J. & Bower, D. S. & Catullo, R. & Clulow, S. & Driessen, M. & Daniels, K. & Garnett, S. T. & Gilbert, D. & Heard, G. W. & Hero, J-M. & Hines, H. B. & Hoffmann, E. P. & Hollis, G. & Hunter, D. A. & Lemckert, F. & Mahony, M. & Marantelli, G. & McDonald, K. R. & Mitchell, N. J. & Newell, D. & Roberts, J. D. & Scheele, B. C. & Scroggie, M. P. & Vanderduys, E. & Wassens, S. & West, M. & Woinarski, J. C. & Gillespie, G. R." box="[426,642,1735,1761]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" pagination="211 - 223" refId="ref20463" refString="Geyle, H. M., Hoskin, C. J., Bower, D. S., Catullo, R., Clulow, S., Driessen, M., Daniels, K., Garnett, S. T., Gilbert, D., Heard, G. W., Hero, J-M., Hines, H. B., Hoffmann, E. P., Hollis, G., Hunter, D. A., Lemckert, F., Mahony, M., Marantelli, G., McDonald, K. R., Mitchell, N. J., Newell, D., Roberts, J. D., Scheele, B. C., Scroggie, M. P., Vanderduys, E., Wassens, S., West, M., Woinarski, J. C. Z & Gillespie, G. R. (2021) Red hot frogs: identifying the Australian frogs most at risk of extinction. Pacific Conservation Biology, 28, 211 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / PC 21019" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Geyle
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FE4292F5FD94F93A" box="[506,569,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we assess
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD72A00FCA392F5FC3CF93A" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[795,913,1735,1761]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD72A00FCA392F5FC3CF93A" box="[795,913,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">M. balbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be Endangered, under category B1(a)(c) (Supplementary Text). The measured EOO (alpha-hull) is
|
||
<quantity id="4C8254B0FFD72A00FC8992D9FC30F8DE" box="[817,925,1771,1797]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4769999999999999" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" unit="km" value="1477.0">1,477 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0F541DFFD72A00FC2592D8FC08F923" attach="left" box="[925,933,1770,1784]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">2</superScript>
|
||
, which is well below the threshold score of <
|
||
<quantity id="4C8254B0FFD72A00FF1E933CFEA1F8F2" box="[166,268,1806,1833]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" unit="km" value="5000.0">5000 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0F541DFFD72A00FEB3933CFEBEF8C7" attach="left" box="[267,275,1806,1820]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">2</superScript>
|
||
, and the distribution is fragmented (occurring in <5 locations). The Area of Occupancy (AOO) in the decade 2010–2020 is
|
||
<quantity id="4C8254B0FFD72A00FE2C9301FE41F896" box="[404,492,1843,1869]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.8" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" unit="km" value="880.0">880 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0F541DFFD72A00FE549300FE59F89B" attach="left" box="[492,500,1842,1856]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">2</superScript>
|
||
, which is well below the threshold level of
|
||
<quantity id="4C8254B0FFD72A00FC419301FBF2F896" box="[1017,1119,1843,1869]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" unit="km" value="2000.0">2000 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0F541DFFD72A00FBE79300FBCAF89B" attach="left" box="[1119,1127,1842,1856]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">2</superScript>
|
||
for Endangered but above Critically Endangered (
|
||
<quantity id="4C8254B0FFD72A00FE1B9364FE50F8AA" box="[419,509,1878,1905]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" unit="km" value="500.0">500 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0F541DFFD72A00FE449364FDA9F8BF" attach="left" box="[508,516,1878,1892]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">2</superScript>
|
||
) (Supplementary Text). While observed occupancy (EOO and AOO) place this species in the Endangered category, mapping of observation records for the past two decades shows no evidence of a continued decline in occupancy that can be inferred or projected, rather the occupancy has apparently stabilised during this time period, and the EOO and AOO have remained constant in the past two decades (Supplementary Text
|
||
<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFD82A0FFF2F94A5FF40FF6A" box="[151,237,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1808,1832]" captionTargetBox="[169,1426,839,1771]" captionTargetId="figure-243@15.[161,1426,839,1771]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 4. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Principal Component Analysis of Mixophyes fleayi and M. balbus. A) PC1 v PC2, B) PC3 v PC4, C) STRUCTURE barplot of all ingroup samples, D) STRUCTURE barplot of southern group samples only." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004970" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004970/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Fig. S4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Field work indicates that the species can be found in each of the five locations, and there is no evidence of population reduction at these locations based on mapping of records over three generations (Supplementary Text
|
||
<figureCitation id="1341E5D0FFD82A0FFF2F94EDFF46FF22" box="[151,235,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[336,1251,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-23@12.[336,1251,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map showing collection locations sampled for molecular genetic analysis of Mixophyes in eastern Australia. Alphanumeric codes refer to collection location details in Table 1. Small black dots are voucher records from the Atlas of Living Australia, yellow triangles—M. fleayi, blue circles—M. balbus northern group, red squares—M. balbus southern group." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8004964" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8004964/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Fig. S1</figureCitation>
|
||
). There is evidence that declines occurred at many sites prior to 2000 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFD82A0FFBAC94EDFB5AFF22" author="NSW NEFBS & Forests Biodiversity Study Report No." box="[1044,1271,223,249]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" refId="ref23290" refString="NSW NEFBS (1994) Fauna of North-east NSW Forests. North-east Forests Biodiversity Study Report No. 3. Unpublished Report, NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hurstville. [unknown pagination]" type="book" year="1994">NSW NEFBS 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but after this time there is evidence of a gradual recovery at many sites apart from previously occupied high elevation sites, and the species occurs across its historic latitudinal range (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFD82A0FFD4F9515FC35FE9A" author="Mahony, M. J." box="[759,920,295,321]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" refId="ref22627" refString="Mahony, M. J. (2007) Amphibian monitoring in the World Heritage Gondwana Rainforest Reserves of Australia. A report prepared for the Department of Environment and Water, and New South Wales Department of Environment and Climate Change; August 2007." type="journal volume" year="2007">Mahony 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFD82A0FFC1B9515FC4DFE9A" author="Mahony, M. J." box="[931,992,295,321]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" pagination="1 - 50" refId="ref22673" refString="Mahony, M. J. (2013) Amphibian Chytrid Fungus Impact Assessment and Management Recommendations. Gondwana Rainforests of Australia World Heritage Area South from Washpool, DECCW- 721 - 2010, pp 1 - 50." type="book chapter" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD82A0FFF7F9579FE40FDC2" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,753]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
|
||
A direct threat to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD82A0FFE2E9579FDA7FEBE" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[406,522,331,357]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFE2E9579FDA7FEBE" box="[406,522,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">M. balbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the amphibian disease chytridiomycosis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFD82A0FFBB19579FB41FEBE" author="Scheele, B. C. & Hollanders, M. & Hoffmann, E. P. & Newell, D. A. & Lindenmayer, D. B. & McFadden, M. & Gilbert, D. J. & Grogan, L. F." box="[1033,1260,331,357]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" pagination="524" refId="ref23547" refString="Scheele, B. C., Hollanders, M., Hoffmann, E. P., Newell, D. A., Lindenmayer, D. B., McFadden, M., Gilbert, D. J. & Grogan, L. F. (2021) Conservation translocations for amphibian species threatened by chytrid fungus: A review, conceptual framework, and recommendations. Conservation Science and Practice, 3, e 524. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / csp 2.524" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Scheele
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFBD39579FB0AFEBE" box="[1131,1191,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The available evidence is that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7A82D6FFD82A0FFEE9955DFE6EFE52" authorityName="Straughan" authorityYear="1968" box="[337,451,367,393]" class="Amphibia" family="Myobatrachidae" genus="Mixophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFEE9955DFE6EFE52" box="[337,451,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">M. balbus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an example of a species that is susceptible to chytridiomycosis, and that population declines can be precipitous at times when climatic conditions are suitable for disease transmission and progression. The observation of gradual recovery in population abundance and distribution in the past two decades indicates that some process of selective adaptation to combat the disease may be occurring and this provides several options for conservation recovery actions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC5F955FFD82A0FFF7F9611FB4EFD2A" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,753]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
|
||
The indirect effects of climate change such as drought and wildfires may also impact on the species. The extent of fragmentation and isolation may be increased by landscape scale catastrophic wildfires (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFD82A0FFB049675FA3DFDBA" author="Legge, S. & Woinarski, J. C. S. & Scheele, B. C. & Garnett, S. T. & Lintermans, M. & Nimmo, D. G. & Whiterod, N. S. & Southwell, D. S. & Ehmke, G. & Buchan, A. & Gray, J. & Metcalfe, D. J. & Page, M. & Rumpff, L. & van Leeuwen, S. & Williams, D. & Ahyong, S. T. & Chapple, D. G. & Cowan, M. & Hossain, M. A. & Kennard, M. & Macdonald, S. & Moore, H. & Marsh, J. & McCormack, R. B. & Michael, D. & Mitchell, N. & Newell, D. & Raadik, T. A. & Tingley, R." box="[1212,1424,583,609]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" pagination="571 - 591" refId="ref22125" refString="Legge, S., Woinarski, J. C. S., Scheele, B. C., Garnett, S. T., Lintermans, M., Nimmo, D. G., Whiterod, N. S., Southwell, D. S., Ehmke, G., Buchan, A., Gray, J., Metcalfe, D. J., Page, M., Rumpff, L., van Leeuwen, S., Williams, D., Ahyong, S. T., Chapple, D. G., Cowan, M., Hossain, M. A., Kennard, M., Macdonald, S., Moore, H., Marsh, J., McCormack, R. B., Michael, D., Mitchell, N., Newell, D., Raadik, T. A. & Tingley, R. (2022) Rapid assessment of the biodiversity impacts of the 2019 - 2020 Australian megafires to guide urgent management intervention and recovery and lessons for other regions. Diversity and Distributions, 28, 571 - 591. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / ddi. 13428" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Legge
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFAB69675FAE7FDBA" box="[1294,1354,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which may exacerbate local and regional declines. However, an assessment of vulnerabilities to wildfires based on biological traits indicated some level of resilience because of the species’ burrowing behaviour and restriction to moist riparian habitats (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEB84A4FFD82A0FFE239681FDD5FD16" author="Mahony, M. J. & Hines, H. B. & Bertozzi, T. & Mahony, S. & Donnellan, S. C." box="[411,632,691,717]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" pagination="209 - 241" refId="ref23109" refString="Mahony, M. J., Hines, H. B., Bertozzi, T., Mahony, S. & Donnellan, S. C. (2022) A sixth species of northern Philoria (Anura: Myobatrachidae) from the uplands of the World Heritage forests of eastern Australia. Zootaxa, 5104 (2), 209 - 241. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5104.2.3" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Mahony
|
||
<emphasis id="B90E2547FFD82A0FFE479681FD9BFD16" box="[511,566,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). To understand and mitigate these threats we recommend that systematic monitoring be undertaken since there is good evidence of rapid declines in this species in the past.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |