treatments-xml/data/03/C4/1A/03C41A4F5D0F603F2A80413CCD4C2AB2.xml

<document ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5258.1.2" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7773275" ID-ZooBank="D5B78BB6-E7AB-4CB8-B202-AA617E06F915" approvalRequired="9" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="5" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="1" approvalRequired_for_treatments="3" checkinTime="1679898889705" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Srinivasan, Pandiarajan, Sivaruban, T., Barathy, S. &amp; Isack, Rajasekaran" docDate="2023" docId="03C41A4F5D0F603F2A80413CCD4C2AB2" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5258.1.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5258 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5258.1.2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Caenis arunachalami Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack 2023, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="FFFD62375D1C60232A174607CF3D287F" masterDocTitle="Contribution to the knowledge of family Caenidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) from Madurai District, Tamil Nadu" masterLastPageNumber="75" masterPageNumber="39" pageNumber="58" updateTime="1679899625077" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Contribution to the knowledge of family Caenidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) from Madurai District, Tamil Nadu</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Srinivasan, Pandiarajan</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0001-8118-3256</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>PG &amp; Research department of Zoology, The American College (affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University), Madurai- 625002, India. Department of Zoology, Fatima College (affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University), Madurai- 625018, India. barathyruban @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9464 - 6464 &amp; srini 15.05.1996 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 8118 - 3256</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Sivaruban, T.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>PG &amp; Research department of Zoology, The American College (affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University), Madurai- 625002, India. Department of Zoology, Fatima College (affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University), Madurai- 625018, India. barathyruban @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9464 - 6464</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Barathy, S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">barathyruban@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Isack, Rajasekaran</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0002-9952-4335</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>PG &amp; Research department of Zoology, The American College (affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University), Madurai- 625002, India. Department of Zoology, Fatima College (affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University), Madurai- 625018, India. barathyruban @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9464 - 6464 &amp; iceisack 143 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9952 - 4335</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2023-03-27</mods:number>
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<mods:number>5258</mods:number>
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773220" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7773220" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C41A4F5D0F603F2A80413CCD4C2AB2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C41A4F5D0F603F2A80413CCD4C2AB2" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="19" pageNumber="58">
<subSubSection box="[151,486,1851,1878]" pageId="19" pageNumber="58" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="19.[151,486,1851,1913]" box="[151,486,1851,1878]" pageId="19" pageNumber="58">
<heading bold="true" box="[151,486,1851,1878]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="58" reason="1">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,486,1851,1878]" pageId="19" pageNumber="58">
<taxonomicName authority="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack, 2023" authorityName="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack" authorityYear="2023" box="[151,413,1851,1878]" class="Insecta" family="Caenidae" genus="Caenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arunachalami" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,413,1851,1878]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="58">Caenis arunachalami</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[420,486,1851,1877]" pageId="19" pageNumber="58" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[151,330,1887,1913]" pageId="19" pageNumber="58" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="19.[151,486,1851,1913]" box="[151,330,1887,1913]" pageId="19" pageNumber="58">
(
<figureCitation box="[159,322,1887,1913]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 100–103" captionStart-1="FIGURES 104–106" captionStart-10="FIGURES 136–138" captionStart-11="FIGURES 139–142" captionStart-2="FIGURES 107–109" captionStart-3="FIGURES 110–113" captionStart-4="FIGURES 114–116" captionStart-5="FIGURES 117–119" captionStart-6="FIGURES 120–125" captionStart-7="FIGURES 126–128" captionStart-8="FIGURES 129–131" captionStart-9="FIGURES 132–135" captionStartId-0="21.[152,270,1544,1568]" captionStartId-1="22.[152,270,1493,1517]" captionStartId-10="27.[152,270,1053,1077]" captionStartId-11="27.[152,270,2002,2026]" captionStartId-2="23.[152,270,1056,1080]" captionStartId-3="23.[152,270,1978,2002]" captionStartId-4="24.[152,270,1055,1079]" captionStartId-5="24.[152,270,1970,1994]" captionStartId-6="25.[152,270,1069,1093]" captionStartId-7="25.[152,270,2001,2025]" captionStartId-8="26.[152,270,1039,1063]" captionStartId-9="26.[152,270,1981,2005]" captionTargetBox-0="[166,1422,633,1520]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,561,1469]" captionTargetBox-10="[193,1394,181,1030]" captionTargetBox-11="[199,1388,1138,1979]" captionTargetBox-2="[191,1396,181,1032]" captionTargetBox-3="[192,1395,1105,1955]" captionTargetBox-4="[192,1395,181,1031]" captionTargetBox-5="[197,1390,1104,1947]" captionTargetBox-6="[194,1393,181,1045]" captionTargetBox-7="[193,1394,1153,1978]" captionTargetBox-8="[186,1401,181,1015]" captionTargetBox-9="[175,1412,1087,1957]" captionTargetId-0="figure-256@21.[166,1422,633,1520]" captionTargetId-1="figure-215@22.[151,1436,561,1469]" captionTargetId-10="figure-19@27.[193,1394,181,1030]" captionTargetId-11="figure-50@27.[199,1388,1138,1979]" captionTargetId-2="figure-19@23.[191,1396,181,1032]" captionTargetId-3="figure-41@23.[192,1395,1105,1955]" captionTargetId-4="figure-21@24.[192,1395,181,1031]" captionTargetId-5="figure-44@24.[197,1390,1104,1947]" captionTargetId-6="figure-19@25.[194,1393,181,1045]" captionTargetId-7="figure-54@25.[193,1394,1153,1978]" captionTargetId-8="figure-21@26.[186,1401,181,1015]" captionTargetId-9="figure-44@26.[175,1412,1087,1957]" captionTargetPageId-0="21" captionTargetPageId-1="22" captionTargetPageId-10="27" captionTargetPageId-11="27" captionTargetPageId-2="23" captionTargetPageId-3="23" captionTargetPageId-4="24" captionTargetPageId-5="24" captionTargetPageId-6="25" captionTargetPageId-7="25" captionTargetPageId-8="26" captionTargetPageId-9="26" captionText-0="FIGURES 100–103. Male imago of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (100) dorsal view; (101) head, dorsal view; (102) foretarsus; (103) prosternal triangle." captionText-1="FIGURES 104–106. Male genitalia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (104) dorsal view; (105) penis; (106) forceps." captionText-10="FIGURES 136–138. Larva of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (136) posterolateral processes; (137) shape of sternum IX; (138) detail of shagreen field in sternum IX." captionText-11="FIGURES 139–142. SEM view of eggs of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (139) entire view; (140, 141) epithema; (142) micropyle." captionText-2="FIGURES 107–109. Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (107) female imago; (108) larva; (109) head of larva." captionText-3="FIGURES 110–113. Larva of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (110) labrum; (111) setation of labrum; (112) hypopharynx; (113) setation of hypopharynx." captionText-4="FIGURES 114–116. Larva of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (114) right mandible; (115) left mandible; (116) maxilla." captionText-5="FIGURES 117–119. Larva of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (117) labium; (118) glossa and paraglossa; (119) labial palp segment I setation." captionText-6="FIGURES 120–125. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (120) foreleg; (121) forefemur; (122) transverse row of setation in forefemur; (123) foretibia setation; (124) foretarsus setation; (125) foreclaw." captionText-7="FIGURES 126–128. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (126) midleg; (127) midtarsus setation; (128) midclaw." captionText-8="FIGURES 129–131. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (129) hindleg; (130) hindtarsus setation; (131) hindclaw." captionText-9="FIGURES 132–135. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (132) dorsal view of tergalius II; (133) setation in dorsal surface of tergalius II; (134) detail of microtrichia in tergalius II; (135) tergalius III." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773325" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773327" figureDoi-10="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773347" figureDoi-11="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773349" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773329" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773331" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773333" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773335" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773337" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773339" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773341" figureDoi-9="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773345" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7773325/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7773327/files/figure.png" httpUri-10="https://zenodo.org/record/7773347/files/figure.png" httpUri-11="https://zenodo.org/record/7773349/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/7773329/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/7773331/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/7773333/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/7773335/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/7773337/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/7773339/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/7773341/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/7773345/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="58">Figs. 100–142</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="19" pageNumber="58" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="19.[151,1437,1959,2024]" lastBlockId="20.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="19" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,396,1959,1985]" pageId="19" pageNumber="58">Materials examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2020-10-13" collectionCode="R, ZSI" collectorName="P. Srinivasan &amp; Isack &amp; Reg. No." country="India" county="South" elevation="212" location="Nagamalai" municipality="Madurai District" pageId="19" pageNumber="58" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis box="[405,515,1959,1985]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="58">
<typeStatus box="[405,511,1959,1985]" pageId="19" pageNumber="58">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
L-S-IJ, 
<collectingCounty box="[619,684,1959,1985]" pageId="19" pageNumber="58">South</collectingCounty>
<collectingCountry box="[692,752,1959,1985]" name="India" pageId="19" pageNumber="58">India</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingRegion box="[765,901,1959,1985]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="19" pageNumber="58">Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingMunicipality box="[913,1103,1959,1985]" pageId="19" pageNumber="58">Madurai District</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C41A4F5D0F603F2A80413CCD4C2AB2:8EB2FD825D0F60302E4C41A0CBEA2FBE" box="[1115,1239,1959,1985]" country="India" county="South" municipality="Madurai District" name="Nagamalai" pageId="19" pageNumber="58" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu">Nagamalai</location>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C41A4F5D0F603F2A80413CCD4C2AB2:8EB2FD825D0F60302EF341A0CA7E2FBE" box="[1252,1347,1959,1985]" country="India" county="South" municipality="Madurai District" name="Pulluthu" pageId="19" pageNumber="58" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu">Pulluthu</location>
stream, 9°95′30′′N, 78°03′92′′E, 
<quantity box="[427,499,1995,2022]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.12" pageId="19" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="212.0">
<elevation box="[427,499,1995,2022]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.12" pageId="19" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="212.0">212 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<date box="[509,630,1995,2021]" pageId="19" pageNumber="58" value="2020-10-13">
<collectingDate box="[509,630,1995,2021]" pageId="19" pageNumber="58" value="2020-10-13">13.X.2020</collectingDate>
</date>
, colls. 
<collectorName box="[706,849,1995,2022]" pageId="19" pageNumber="58">P. Srinivasan</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectionCode box="[883,905,1996,2022]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="19" pageNumber="58">R</collectionCode>
. 
<collectorName box="[914,973,1995,2021]" pageId="19" pageNumber="58">Isack</collectorName>
(
<collectorName box="[987,1088,1995,2022]" pageId="19" pageNumber="58">Reg. No.</collectorName>
<collectionCode box="[1093,1136,1995,2021]" pageId="19" pageNumber="58">ZSI</collectionCode>
–SRC/I/E/740)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2020-10-13" collectionCode="AMC, ZSI" collectorName="Reg. No." country="India" county="South" elevation="212" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="59" location="Nagamalai" municipality="Madurai District" pageId="19" pageNumber="58" specimenCount="9" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-larva="8" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis box="[1316,1437,1996,2021]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="58">
<typeStatus box="[1316,1433,1996,2021]" pageId="19" pageNumber="58">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
2 L-SJ, 2 L-S-I 
<specimenCount box="[339,353,151,177]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode box="[368,434,150,177]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2xyg-zxc2" name="Department of Biologics Research" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">AMC</collectionCode>
/ZN/255), 
<specimenCount box="[552,641,151,177]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59" type="larva">7 larvae</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode box="[656,722,150,177]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2xyg-zxc2" name="Department of Biologics Research" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">AMC</collectionCode>
/ZN/256), 
<specimenCount box="[841,918,151,177]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59" type="larva">1 larva</specimenCount>
(
<collectorName box="[933,1036,151,177]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Reg. No.</collectorName>
<collectionCode box="[1042,1084,151,177]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">ZSI</collectionCode>
–SRC/I/E/741) with same label data as holotype
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="59" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="20.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,322,222,248]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack, 2023" authorityName="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack" authorityYear="2023" box="[325,510,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Caenidae" genus="Caenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arunachalami" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[325,510,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">C.arunachalami</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[514,573,223,249]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59" rank="species">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[514,567,223,249]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">sp. n</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
can be distinguished from all other 
<taxonomicName box="[950,1112,223,249]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis box="[950,1028,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Caenis</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
by the following combination of characters: Imago: 1) dark brownish body coloration and terga III–VII and X with a darker longitudinal line medially (
<figureCitation box="[266,365,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURES 100–103" captionStartId="21.[152,270,1544,1568]" captionTargetBox="[166,1422,633,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-256@21.[166,1422,633,1520]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 100–103. Male imago of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (100) dorsal view; (101) head, dorsal view; (102) foretarsus; (103) prosternal triangle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773325/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 100</figureCitation>
); 2) base of antennal flagellum well dilated (
<figureCitation box="[876,974,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURES 100–103" captionStartId="21.[152,270,1544,1568]" captionTargetBox="[166,1422,633,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-256@21.[166,1422,633,1520]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 100–103. Male imago of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (100) dorsal view; (101) head, dorsal view; (102) foretarsus; (103) prosternal triangle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773325/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 101</figureCitation>
); 3) prosternal sclerites forming an open triangle with concave sides (
<figureCitation box="[468,566,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 100–103" captionStartId="21.[152,270,1544,1568]" captionTargetBox="[166,1422,633,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-256@21.[166,1422,633,1520]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 100–103. Male imago of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (100) dorsal view; (101) head, dorsal view; (102) foretarsus; (103) prosternal triangle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773325/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 103</figureCitation>
); 4) foretarsus segments 2–4 each with an apico-median projection (
<figureCitation box="[1325,1423,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 100–103" captionStartId="21.[152,270,1544,1568]" captionTargetBox="[166,1422,633,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-256@21.[166,1422,633,1520]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 100–103. Male imago of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (100) dorsal view; (101) head, dorsal view; (102) foretarsus; (103) prosternal triangle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773325/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 102</figureCitation>
); 5) contrasting coloration of forceps and penis (
<figureCitation box="[662,758,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURES 104–106" captionStartId="22.[152,270,1493,1517]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,561,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-215@22.[151,1436,561,1469]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 104–106. Male genitalia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (104) dorsal view; (105) penis; (106) forceps." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773327/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 104</figureCitation>
); 6) penis narrow without any bulging lobes; posterior margin nearly straight without any medial emargination (
<figureCitation box="[717,817,402,429]" captionStart="FIGURES 104–106" captionStartId="22.[152,270,1493,1517]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,561,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-215@22.[151,1436,561,1469]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 104–106. Male genitalia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (104) dorsal view; (105) penis; (106) forceps." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773327/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 105</figureCitation>
); 7) forceps short, subcylindrical, broad, apically with a long hook-like spine equipped with 2–3 small spines near the apex (
<figureCitation box="[943,1042,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURES 104–106" captionStartId="22.[152,270,1493,1517]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,561,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-215@22.[151,1436,561,1469]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 104–106. Male genitalia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (104) dorsal view; (105) penis; (106) forceps." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773327/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 106</figureCitation>
). Larva: 1) genae distinctly bulged (
<figureCitation box="[159,256,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 107–109" captionStartId="23.[152,270,1056,1080]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,181,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-19@23.[191,1396,181,1032]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 107–109. Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (107) female imago; (108) larva; (109) head of larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773329/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 109</figureCitation>
); 2) femur of each leg ochre with contrasting dark brownish patch in the 3/4 
<superScript attach="left" box="[1090,1103,474,488]" fontSize="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">th</superScript>
distal apex; tibia and tarsus of each leg ochre with dark brownish band at middle (
<figureCitation box="[721,819,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURES 129–131" captionStartId="26.[152,270,1039,1063]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,181,1015]" captionTargetId="figure-21@26.[186,1401,181,1015]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 129–131. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (129) hindleg; (130) hindtarsus setation; (131) hindclaw." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773341" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773341/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 129</figureCitation>
); 3) mesonotum with margins denticulate; 4) forefemur with a transverse row of 6–7 strongly developed spatulate setae on ¾ of distal region (
<figureCitation box="[1125,1225,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURES 120–125" captionStartId="25.[152,270,1069,1093]" captionTargetBox="[194,1393,181,1045]" captionTargetId="figure-19@25.[194,1393,181,1045]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 120–125. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (120) foreleg; (121) forefemur; (122) transverse row of setation in forefemur; (123) foretibia setation; (124) foretarsus setation; (125) foreclaw." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773337/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 122</figureCitation>
); 5) hindclaw long and slightly curved, with a row of very fine microdenticles, medial denticles larger compared to basal denticles (
<figureCitation captionStart="FIGURES 129–131" captionStartId="26.[152,270,1039,1063]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,181,1015]" captionTargetId="figure-21@26.[186,1401,181,1015]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 129–131. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (129) hindleg; (130) hindtarsus setation; (131) hindclaw." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773341" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773341/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 131</figureCitation>
); 6) tergalius II with left margin of Y-shaped ridge bearing row of long simple setae in the proximal half and row of spatulate setae in the distal half (
<figureCitation box="[608,708,655,681]" captionStart="FIGURES 132–135" captionStartId="26.[152,270,1981,2005]" captionTargetBox="[175,1412,1087,1957]" captionTargetId="figure-44@26.[175,1412,1087,1957]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 132–135. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (132) dorsal view of tergalius II; (133) setation in dorsal surface of tergalius II; (134) detail of microtrichia in tergalius II; (135) tergalius III." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773345" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773345/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 132</figureCitation>
); 7) hind margin of sternum IX posteriorly protruding and blunt triangular with a rounded tip on the apex (
<figureCitation box="[615,712,691,717]" captionStart="FIGURES 136–138" captionStartId="27.[152,270,1053,1077]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,181,1030]" captionTargetId="figure-19@27.[193,1394,181,1030]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 136–138. Larva of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (136) posterolateral processes; (137) shape of sternum IX; (138) detail of shagreen field in sternum IX." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773347" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773347/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 137</figureCitation>
). Egg: 1) chorion smooth with a flat epithema of coiled-rope 
<typeStatus box="[1388,1436,691,717]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">type</typeStatus>
located at the pole (
<figureCitation box="[371,535,727,753]" captionStart="FIGURES 139–142" captionStartId="27.[152,270,2002,2026]" captionTargetBox="[199,1388,1138,1979]" captionTargetId="figure-50@27.[199,1388,1138,1979]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 139–142. SEM view of eggs of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (139) entire view; (140, 141) epithema; (142) micropyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773349" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773349/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Figs. 140, 141</figureCitation>
); 2) micropyle with broadened mouth (
<figureCitation box="[975,1073,727,753]" captionStart="FIGURES 139–142" captionStartId="27.[152,270,2002,2026]" captionTargetBox="[199,1388,1138,1979]" captionTargetId="figure-50@27.[199,1388,1138,1979]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 139–142. SEM view of eggs of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (139) entire view; (140, 141) epithema; (142) micropyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773349" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773349/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 142</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="20" pageNumber="59" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="20.[151,1437,150,2013]" box="[199,345,762,788]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,345,762,788]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Description.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,342,798,825]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Male imago</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation box="[360,458,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURES 100–103" captionStartId="21.[152,270,1544,1568]" captionTargetBox="[166,1422,633,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-256@21.[166,1422,633,1520]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 100–103. Male imago of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (100) dorsal view; (101) head, dorsal view; (102) foretarsus; (103) prosternal triangle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773325/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 100</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis box="[482,652,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Measurements.</emphasis>
Body length: 
<quantity box="[818,909,798,825]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
; forewing length: 
<quantity box="[1120,1212,799,825]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="20" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
; foreleg length: 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="20" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
; midleg length: 
<quantity box="[378,446,835,861]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
; hindleg length: 
<quantity box="[632,721,835,861]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="20" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
; cercus length: 
<quantity box="[895,983,835,861]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="20" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="7.7">7.7 mm</quantity>
. Ratios. Head (see 
<bibRefCitation author="Malzacher, P." box="[1196,1380,834,861]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59" pagination="27 - 47" refId="ref17952" refString="Malzacher, P. (2015) Revision of the Oriental species of the genus Caenis Stephens (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Caenidae). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde A, Neue Serie, 8, 27 - 47." type="journal article" year="2015">Malzacher 2015</bibRefCitation>
; 
<figureCitation captionStart="FIGURES 4–7" captionStartId="3.[152,270,1421,1445]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,489,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-141@3.[151,1436,489,1397]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 4–7. SEM view of eggs of Caenis americani Srinivasan et al. 2021: (4) entire view; (5) epithemata; (6) closer view of chorion; (7) micropyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773280/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 4k</figureCitation>
): c: a = 2.2, a: b = 1.3; Leg: fore femur: fore tibia = 0.58; fore tibia: fore tarsus = 1.27; fore leg: hind leg = 1.75; segments of fore tarsus 1st: 2nd: 3rd: 4th: 5th = 1: 3.1: 2.8: 2.3: 1.9
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis box="[199,330,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Coloration.</emphasis>
Head: Vertex with intense blackish transverse band. Antenna: scape and pedicel light brownish, flagellum whitish shaded with gray at base. Thorax: Prothorax light brownish medially and dark brownish laterally; prosternum medially dark brownish and laterally yellowish brown. Mesonotum and metanotum dark brown; mesosternum and metasternum dark brownish. Wings hyaline, costa, and subcostal vein reddish-brown. Legs whitish, except apical part of femora and tibiae with a dark brownish patch. Abdomen: Terga I–II dark brownish, terga III–VIII with transverse light brownish tint medially and paler laterally and tergum IX &amp; X darker; terga III– VII &amp; X with a darker longitudinal line medially, in tergum VIII &amp; IX, medial longitudinal line poorly expressed. Cerci translucent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis box="[199,260,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Head</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation box="[279,381,1231,1257]" captionStart="FIGURES 100–103" captionStartId="21.[152,270,1544,1568]" captionTargetBox="[166,1422,633,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-256@21.[166,1422,633,1520]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 100–103. Male imago of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (100) dorsal view; (101) head, dorsal view; (102) foretarsus; (103) prosternal triangle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773325/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 101</figureCitation>
). Foremargin between lateral and frontal ocelli convex. Pedicel twice the length of scape; pedicel well dilated laterally. Base of the antennal flagellum well dilated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis box="[199,288,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Thorax.</emphasis>
Prosternal sclerites narrow, forming an open triangle with concave sides; transverse strip long, present just above the opening,prosternal triangle entirely washed with dark brownish pigmentation(
<figureCitation box="[1104,1198,1339,1365]" captionStart="FIGURES 100–103" captionStartId="21.[152,270,1544,1568]" captionTargetBox="[166,1422,633,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-256@21.[166,1422,633,1520]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 100–103. Male imago of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (100) dorsal view; (101) head, dorsal view; (102) foretarsus; (103) prosternal triangle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773325/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig.103</figureCitation>
).Foretarsus segments 2–4 apically with a small tongue-shaped apico-median projection, equipped with small strong spines (
<figureCitation box="[1323,1424,1375,1401]" captionStart="FIGURES 100–103" captionStartId="21.[152,270,1544,1568]" captionTargetBox="[166,1422,633,1520]" captionTargetId="figure-256@21.[166,1422,633,1520]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 100–103. Male imago of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (100) dorsal view; (101) head, dorsal view; (102) foretarsus; (103) prosternal triangle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773325/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 102</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis box="[199,305,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Tergum II without a finger-like process. Lateral filaments short. Genitalia and sternum IX as in 
<figureCitation captionStart="FIGURES 104–106" captionStartId="22.[152,270,1493,1517]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,561,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-215@22.[151,1436,561,1469]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 104–106. Male genitalia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (104) dorsal view; (105) penis; (106) forceps." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773327/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 104</figureCitation>
. Penis short, broad, without any bulging lobes, nearly in the posterior margin of styliger sclerite (
<figureCitation box="[1323,1424,1446,1473]" captionStart="FIGURES 104–106" captionStartId="22.[152,270,1493,1517]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,561,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-215@22.[151,1436,561,1469]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 104–106. Male genitalia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (104) dorsal view; (105) penis; (106) forceps." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773327/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 105</figureCitation>
). Styliger sclerite with apophyses of moderate length (
<figureCitation box="[750,849,1483,1509]" captionStart="FIGURES 104–106" captionStartId="22.[152,270,1493,1517]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,561,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-215@22.[151,1436,561,1469]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 104–106. Male genitalia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (104) dorsal view; (105) penis; (106) forceps." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773327/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 106</figureCitation>
). Forceps short, subcylindrical, broad, apically with a long hook-like spine equipped with 2–3 small spines near the apex (
<figureCitation box="[963,1064,1519,1545]" captionStart="FIGURES 104–106" captionStartId="22.[152,270,1493,1517]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,561,1469]" captionTargetId="figure-215@22.[151,1436,561,1469]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 104–106. Male genitalia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (104) dorsal view; (105) penis; (106) forceps." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773327/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 106</figureCitation>
). Genitalia entirely washed with brownish pigmentation and with very minute hairs; penis and forceps translucent; styliger sclerite dark brownish; central sclerite light brownish.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[151,1437,150,2013]" box="[199,1214,1626,1653]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,366,1626,1653]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Female imago</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation box="[382,477,1627,1653]" captionStart="FIGURES 107–109" captionStartId="23.[152,270,1056,1080]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,181,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-19@23.[191,1396,181,1032]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 107–109. Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (107) female imago; (108) larva; (109) head of larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773329/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 107</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis box="[499,669,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Measurements.</emphasis>
Body length: 
<quantity box="[828,917,1627,1653]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="20" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="3.8">3.8 mm</quantity>
; forewing length: 
<quantity box="[1121,1210,1627,1653]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="20" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="2.6">2.6 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Coloration is similar to that of males. Terga III–VIII brownish tint strongly pronounced compared to that of males.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,362,1735,1761]" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Mature larva</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation box="[381,480,1735,1761]" captionStart="FIGURES 107–109" captionStartId="23.[152,270,1056,1080]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,181,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-19@23.[191,1396,181,1032]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 107–109. Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (107) female imago; (108) larva; (109) head of larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773329/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 108</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis box="[506,676,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Measurements.</emphasis>
Body length: 
<quantity box="[846,985,1734,1761]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="3.3" pageId="20" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="3.4" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="3.3">3.3–3.5 mm</quantity>
in female; 
<quantity box="[1122,1261,1734,1761]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.4" pageId="20" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="2.45" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.4">2.4–2.5 mm</quantity>
in male. Cerci length: 
<quantity box="[238,304,1771,1797]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
in female; 
<quantity box="[436,523,1771,1797]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="20" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
in male. Antennae length: 
<quantity box="[833,973,1771,1797]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="0.75" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.7">0.7–0.8 mm</quantity>
. General body coloration is usually dark brown dorsally and pale brown ventrally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastBlockId="21.[151,1437,151,609]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis box="[199,267,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Head.</emphasis>
Length 
<quantity box="[364,468,1843,1869]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="20" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="0.37">0.37 mm</quantity>
, width 
<quantity box="[555,660,1842,1869]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8999999999999995" pageId="20" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="0.59">0.59 mm</quantity>
. General coloration dark brown, with dark blackish transverse band between lateral ocelli; vertex dark brown without any markings (
<figureCitation box="[903,1004,1879,1905]" captionStart="FIGURES 107–109" captionStartId="23.[152,270,1056,1080]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,181,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-19@23.[191,1396,181,1032]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 107–109. Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (107) female imago; (108) larva; (109) head of larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773329/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 109</figureCitation>
). Hind margin without setae, antenna with fine, thin setae on each articulation at every 3 
<superScript attach="left" box="[750,764,1914,1928]" fontSize="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">rd</superScript>
segment. Pedicel twice the length of scape and with 1–2 simple setae on lateral margins, genae distinctly bulged (
<figureCitation box="[793,892,1951,1977]" captionStart="FIGURES 107–109" captionStartId="23.[152,270,1056,1080]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,181,1032]" captionTargetId="figure-19@23.[191,1396,181,1032]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 107–109. Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (107) female imago; (108) larva; (109) head of larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773329/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 109</figureCitation>
). Mouthparts: Labrum (
<figureCitation box="[1162,1257,1951,1977]" captionStart="FIGURES 110–113" captionStartId="23.[152,270,1978,2002]" captionTargetBox="[192,1395,1105,1955]" captionTargetId="figure-41@23.[192,1395,1105,1955]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 110–113. Larva of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (110) labrum; (111) setation of labrum; (112) hypopharynx; (113) setation of hypopharynx." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773331/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="59">Fig. 110</figureCitation>
) twice as broad as long, medial emargination with thick setae, lateral margin with long simple setae, dorsal and ventral surface with scattered long, fine simple setae (
<figureCitation box="[586,683,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURES 110–113" captionStartId="23.[152,270,1978,2002]" captionTargetBox="[192,1395,1105,1955]" captionTargetId="figure-41@23.[192,1395,1105,1955]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 110–113. Larva of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (110) labrum; (111) setation of labrum; (112) hypopharynx; (113) setation of hypopharynx." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773331/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Fig. 111</figureCitation>
). Hypopharynx (
<figureCitation box="[872,967,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURES 110–113" captionStartId="23.[152,270,1978,2002]" captionTargetBox="[192,1395,1105,1955]" captionTargetId="figure-41@23.[192,1395,1105,1955]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 110–113. Larva of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (110) labrum; (111) setation of labrum; (112) hypopharynx; (113) setation of hypopharynx." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773331/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Fig. 112</figureCitation>
) with minute hair-like setae on the apical margin and emarginate, superlingua with long simple setae on the lateral margins (
<figureCitation box="[1083,1181,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 110–113" captionStartId="23.[152,270,1978,2002]" captionTargetBox="[192,1395,1105,1955]" captionTargetId="figure-41@23.[192,1395,1105,1955]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 110–113. Larva of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (110) labrum; (111) setation of labrum; (112) hypopharynx; (113) setation of hypopharynx." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773331/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Fig. 113</figureCitation>
). Right mandible (
<figureCitation captionStart="FIGURES 114–116" captionStartId="24.[152,270,1055,1079]" captionTargetBox="[192,1395,181,1031]" captionTargetId="figure-21@24.[192,1395,181,1031]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURES 114–116. Larva of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (114) right mandible; (115) left mandible; (116) maxilla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773333/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Fig. 114</figureCitation>
). Outer incisor with three denticles in which the outermost denticle possesses 4–5 long, fine setae; inner incisor with two denticles; medial margin with a small process between mola and incisors. Left mandible (
<figureCitation box="[1256,1353,258,285]" captionStart="FIGURES 114–116" captionStartId="24.[152,270,1055,1079]" captionTargetBox="[192,1395,181,1031]" captionTargetId="figure-21@24.[192,1395,181,1031]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURES 114–116. Larva of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (114) right mandible; (115) left mandible; (116) maxilla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773333/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Fig. 115</figureCitation>
). Outer incisor with four denticles; inner incisor with three denticles; medial margin without any process between mola and incisors. Dorsal surface of both mandibles scattered with scales and row of long setae laterally and a few long setae near the surface of the outer margin. Maxilla (
<figureCitation box="[669,766,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURES 114–116" captionStartId="24.[152,270,1055,1079]" captionTargetBox="[192,1395,181,1031]" captionTargetId="figure-21@24.[192,1395,181,1031]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURES 114–116. Larva of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (114) right mandible; (115) left mandible; (116) maxilla." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773333/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Fig. 116</figureCitation>
). Three-segmented maxillary palp and with ratio of 1: 0.60: 0.94; segment I with row of 4–6 spines on outer margin; segment III with longitudinal row of long setae near inner marginal surface. Labium (
<figureCitation box="[455,553,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURES 117–119" captionStartId="24.[152,270,1970,1994]" captionTargetBox="[197,1390,1104,1947]" captionTargetId="figure-44@24.[197,1390,1104,1947]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURES 117–119. Larva of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (117) labium; (118) glossa and paraglossa; (119) labial palp segment I setation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773335/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Fig. 117</figureCitation>
). Glossa with five small spines laterally; paraglossa with scattered long simple setae (
<figureCitation box="[221,318,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 117–119" captionStartId="24.[152,270,1970,1994]" captionTargetBox="[197,1390,1104,1947]" captionTargetId="figure-44@24.[197,1390,1104,1947]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURES 117–119. Larva of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (117) labium; (118) glossa and paraglossa; (119) labial palp segment I setation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773335/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Fig. 118</figureCitation>
); three-segmented labial palp with length ratio of 1: 0.81: 0.50; segment I with row of bipinnate setae in the outer margin (
<figureCitation box="[387,485,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURES 117–119" captionStartId="24.[152,270,1970,1994]" captionTargetBox="[197,1390,1104,1947]" captionTargetId="figure-44@24.[197,1390,1104,1947]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURES 117–119. Larva of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (117) labium; (118) glossa and paraglossa; (119) labial palp segment I setation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773335/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Fig. 119</figureCitation>
), segment II with scattered long hair-like setae all over the surface and in the outer margin; outer marginal surface with a row of 9–10 bipinnate setae, segment III with seven spine-like setae in the inner margin and two transverse rows of four spine-like setae on the apex.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773325" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7773325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773325/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" startId="21.[152,270,1544,1568]" targetBox="[166,1422,633,1520]" targetPageId="21">
<paragraph blockId="21.[151,1436,1544,1604]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[152,371,1544,1568]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">FIGURES 100–103.</emphasis>
Male imago of 
<taxonomicName authority="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack, 2023" authorityName="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack" authorityYear="2023" box="[532,750,1544,1568]" class="Insecta" family="Caenidae" genus="Caenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arunachalami" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[532,750,1544,1568]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Caenis arunachalami</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[756,813,1544,1568]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[756,813,1544,1568]" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
: (100) dorsal view; (101) head, dorsal view; (102) foretarsus; (103) prosternal triangle.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="21.[151,1437,1650,2037]" lastBlockId="22.[151,1437,151,537]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis box="[199,280,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Thorax</emphasis>
. Pronotum dark brown medially with traphezoidal marking medially; mesonotum dark brown. Margins of mesonotum denticulate with slight bulging. Legs: Cuticular coloration (
<figureCitation box="[994,1092,1686,1712]" captionStart="FIGURES 120–125" captionStartId="25.[152,270,1069,1093]" captionTargetBox="[194,1393,181,1045]" captionTargetId="figure-19@25.[194,1393,181,1045]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 120–125. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (120) foreleg; (121) forefemur; (122) transverse row of setation in forefemur; (123) foretibia setation; (124) foretarsus setation; (125) foreclaw." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773337/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Fig. 120</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[1105,1149,1686,1712]" captionStart="FIGURES 126–128" captionStartId="25.[152,270,2001,2025]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,1153,1978]" captionTargetId="figure-54@25.[193,1394,1153,1978]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 126–128. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (126) midleg; (127) midtarsus setation; (128) midclaw." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773339" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773339/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">126</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[1162,1208,1686,1712]" captionStart="FIGURES 129–131" captionStartId="26.[152,270,1039,1063]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,181,1015]" captionTargetId="figure-21@26.[186,1401,181,1015]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 129–131. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (129) hindleg; (130) hindtarsus setation; (131) hindclaw." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773341" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773341/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">129</figureCitation>
): Femur of each leg ochre with contrasting dark brownish patch in the 3/4 the distal apex; tibia and tarsus of each leg ochre with dark brownish band at middle. Hypodermal coloration: Coloration of legs coinciding with cuticular coloration. Coxal processes semicircular with denticulate margins. Trochanter with four small spine-like setae on the inner margin and 4–5 spatulate setae near the surface of the outer margin. Foreleg (
<figureCitation box="[924,1023,1830,1856]" captionStart="FIGURES 120–125" captionStartId="25.[152,270,1069,1093]" captionTargetBox="[194,1393,181,1045]" captionTargetId="figure-19@25.[194,1393,181,1045]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 120–125. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (120) foreleg; (121) forefemur; (122) transverse row of setation in forefemur; (123) foretibia setation; (124) foretarsus setation; (125) foreclaw." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773337/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Fig. 120</figureCitation>
): lengths of femur: tibia: tarsus: claw 0.30: 0.22: 0.17: 
<quantity box="[345,448,1866,1893]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="0.08">0.08 mm</quantity>
; femur (
<figureCitation box="[543,639,1866,1892]" captionStart="FIGURES 120–125" captionStartId="25.[152,270,1069,1093]" captionTargetBox="[194,1393,181,1045]" captionTargetId="figure-19@25.[194,1393,181,1045]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 120–125. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (120) foreleg; (121) forefemur; (122) transverse row of setation in forefemur; (123) foretibia setation; (124) foretarsus setation; (125) foreclaw." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773337/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Fig. 121</figureCitation>
) with a transverse row of 6–7 strongly developed spatulate setae on ¾ of distal region (
<figureCitation box="[340,440,1902,1928]" captionStart="FIGURES 120–125" captionStartId="25.[152,270,1069,1093]" captionTargetBox="[194,1393,181,1045]" captionTargetId="figure-19@25.[194,1393,181,1045]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 120–125. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (120) foreleg; (121) forefemur; (122) transverse row of setation in forefemur; (123) foretibia setation; (124) foretarsus setation; (125) foreclaw." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773337/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Fig. 122</figureCitation>
); distal outer margin consists of 4–5 slightly developed spatulate setae; femora covered with numerous scale bases; tibia with longitudinal row of strongly developed spatulate setae on dorsal surface (
<figureCitation box="[159,257,1974,2000]" captionStart="FIGURES 120–125" captionStartId="25.[152,270,1069,1093]" captionTargetBox="[194,1393,181,1045]" captionTargetId="figure-19@25.[194,1393,181,1045]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 120–125. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (120) foreleg; (121) forefemur; (122) transverse row of setation in forefemur; (123) foretibia setation; (124) foretarsus setation; (125) foreclaw." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773337/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="60">Fig. 123</figureCitation>
), cluster of a large pectinate seta, three bipectinate setae and two long strongly developed spatulate setae present on its distal region; tarsi with longitudinal row of spine-like setae, increasing in size towards the distal half (
<figureCitation box="[159,260,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURES 120–125" captionStartId="25.[152,270,1069,1093]" captionTargetBox="[194,1393,181,1045]" captionTargetId="figure-19@25.[194,1393,181,1045]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 120–125. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (120) foreleg; (121) forefemur; (122) transverse row of setation in forefemur; (123) foretibia setation; (124) foretarsus setation; (125) foreclaw." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773337/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">Fig. 124</figureCitation>
); proximal inner marginal surface bears two bipectinate setae; claw long, curved and pointed with 4–6 minute denticles, which are of different in size (
<figureCitation box="[696,795,186,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 120–125" captionStartId="25.[152,270,1069,1093]" captionTargetBox="[194,1393,181,1045]" captionTargetId="figure-19@25.[194,1393,181,1045]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 120–125. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (120) foreleg; (121) forefemur; (122) transverse row of setation in forefemur; (123) foretibia setation; (124) foretarsus setation; (125) foreclaw." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773337/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">Fig. 125</figureCitation>
). Midleg (
<figureCitation box="[913,1013,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 126–128" captionStartId="25.[152,270,2001,2025]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,1153,1978]" captionTargetId="figure-54@25.[193,1394,1153,1978]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 126–128. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (126) midleg; (127) midtarsus setation; (128) midclaw." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773339" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773339/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">Fig. 126</figureCitation>
): lengths of femur: tibia: tarsus: claw 0.28: 0.22: 0.18: 
<quantity box="[353,460,223,249]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="0.08">0.08 mm</quantity>
. Femur with scattered strongly developed spatulate setae all over the surface; distal outer margin consists of 4–5 slightly developed spatulate setae; tibia bears a longitudinal row of seven strongly developed spatulate setae on its surface; distal region of tibia with a large apically blunt bipinnate seta; tarsi with longitudinal row of bipinnate setae, increasing in size distally (
<figureCitation box="[857,956,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 126–128" captionStartId="25.[152,270,2001,2025]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,1153,1978]" captionTargetId="figure-54@25.[193,1394,1153,1978]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 126–128. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (126) midleg; (127) midtarsus setation; (128) midclaw." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773339" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773339/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">Fig. 127</figureCitation>
); midclaw (
<figureCitation box="[1088,1184,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 126–128" captionStartId="25.[152,270,2001,2025]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,1153,1978]" captionTargetId="figure-54@25.[193,1394,1153,1978]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 126–128. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (126) midleg; (127) midtarsus setation; (128) midclaw." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773339" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773339/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">Fig. 128</figureCitation>
) bears seven denticles (four on dorsal side and three on ventral side). Hindleg (
<figureCitation box="[787,886,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURES 129–131" captionStartId="26.[152,270,1039,1063]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,181,1015]" captionTargetId="figure-21@26.[186,1401,181,1015]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 129–131. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (129) hindleg; (130) hindtarsus setation; (131) hindclaw." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773341" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773341/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">Fig. 129</figureCitation>
): lengths of femur: tibia: tarsus: claw 0.30: 0.25: 0.20: 
<quantity box="[214,316,403,429]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="0.09">0.09 mm</quantity>
. Femur with strongly developed spatulate setae all over the surface; outer margin (both proximal and distal margin) with slightly developed spatulate setae; tibia same as of midleg; tarsi with two longitudinal rows of pectinate and bipinnate setae (
<figureCitation box="[485,582,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 129–131" captionStartId="26.[152,270,1039,1063]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,181,1015]" captionTargetId="figure-21@26.[186,1401,181,1015]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 129–131. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (129) hindleg; (130) hindtarsus setation; (131) hindclaw." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773341" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773341/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">Fig. 130</figureCitation>
); claw long and slightly curved, 2 basal denticles, and with a row of very fine microdenticles, medial denticles larger compared to basal one (
<figureCitation box="[858,955,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURES 129–131" captionStartId="26.[152,270,1039,1063]" captionTargetBox="[186,1401,181,1015]" captionTargetId="figure-21@26.[186,1401,181,1015]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 129–131. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (129) hindleg; (130) hindtarsus setation; (131) hindclaw." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773341" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773341/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">Fig. 131</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773327" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7773327" box="[152,1316,1493,1517]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773327/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="61" startId="22.[152,270,1493,1517]" targetBox="[151,1436,561,1469]" targetPageId="22">
<paragraph blockId="22.[152,1316,1493,1517]" box="[152,1316,1493,1517]" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[152,372,1493,1517]" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">FIGURES 104–106.</emphasis>
Male genitalia of 
<taxonomicName authority="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack, 2023" authorityName="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack" authorityYear="2023" box="[557,776,1493,1517]" class="Insecta" family="Caenidae" genus="Caenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arunachalami" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[557,776,1493,1517]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">Caenis arunachalami</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[782,839,1493,1517]" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[782,839,1493,1517]" pageId="22" pageNumber="61" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
: (104) dorsal view; (105) penis; (106) forceps.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="22.[151,1437,1563,2021]" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis box="[199,305,1563,1589]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Terga I, VIII, and IX dark brown; tergum X light brown; others whitish and laterally translucent. Tergum I lack posteromedian process; tergum II with a broadly blunt triangular posteromedian process and denticulate hind margin; posterolateral processes on terga I–II absent; tergum III with slightly marked posterolateral processes; terga IV–VII with well-developed posterolateral spines processes (
<figureCitation box="[1010,1107,1671,1697]" captionStart="FIGURES 136–138" captionStartId="27.[152,270,1053,1077]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,181,1030]" captionTargetId="figure-19@27.[193,1394,181,1030]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 136–138. Larva of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (136) posterolateral processes; (137) shape of sternum IX; (138) detail of shagreen field in sternum IX." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773347" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773347/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">Fig. 136</figureCitation>
); terga VIII–IX posterolateral spines subequal in size. Hind margins of terga VII and VIII with bristles and terga IX and X with small denticles. Tergalius II about twice the length of tergalius I. Tergalius II with complete and well-developed Y-shaped ridge (
<figureCitation captionStart="FIGURES 132–135" captionStartId="26.[152,270,1981,2005]" captionTargetBox="[175,1412,1087,1957]" captionTargetId="figure-44@26.[175,1412,1087,1957]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 132–135. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (132) dorsal view of tergalius II; (133) setation in dorsal surface of tergalius II; (134) detail of microtrichia in tergalius II; (135) tergalius III." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773345" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773345/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">Fig. 132</figureCitation>
); dorsal surface with numerous scales and 4 spatulate setae on the 2/3 
<superScript attach="left" box="[984,998,1779,1793]" fontSize="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">rd</superScript>
half of Y-shaped ridge (
<figureCitation box="[1271,1370,1779,1805]" captionStart="FIGURES 132–135" captionStartId="26.[152,270,1981,2005]" captionTargetBox="[175,1412,1087,1957]" captionTargetId="figure-44@26.[175,1412,1087,1957]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 132–135. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (132) dorsal view of tergalius II; (133) setation in dorsal surface of tergalius II; (134) detail of microtrichia in tergalius II; (135) tergalius III." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773345" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773345/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">Fig. 133</figureCitation>
). Left margin of Y-shaped ridge with row of long simple setae in the proximal half and row of spatulate setae in the distal half margin. Right margin of Y-shaped ridge with row of long simple setae. Ventral row of microtrichia originates at anterior 1/5 
<superScript attach="left" box="[308,321,1887,1901]" fontSize="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">th</superScript>
length of the tergalius II; microtrichia more elongated and pinnate (
<figureCitation box="[1081,1179,1887,1913]" captionStart="FIGURES 132–135" captionStartId="26.[152,270,1981,2005]" captionTargetBox="[175,1412,1087,1957]" captionTargetId="figure-44@26.[175,1412,1087,1957]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 132–135. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (132) dorsal view of tergalius II; (133) setation in dorsal surface of tergalius II; (134) detail of microtrichia in tergalius II; (135) tergalius III." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773345" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773345/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">Fig. 134</figureCitation>
). Tergalius III–VI with numerous filaments (
<figureCitation box="[392,493,1923,1950]" captionStart="FIGURES 132–135" captionStartId="26.[152,270,1981,2005]" captionTargetBox="[175,1412,1087,1957]" captionTargetId="figure-44@26.[175,1412,1087,1957]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 132–135. Larval exuvia of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (132) dorsal view of tergalius II; (133) setation in dorsal surface of tergalius II; (134) detail of microtrichia in tergalius II; (135) tergalius III." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773345" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773345/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">Fig. 135</figureCitation>
). Hind margin of sternum IX posteriorly protruding and triangular rounded on the apex (
<figureCitation box="[218,316,1959,1985]" captionStart="FIGURES 136–138" captionStartId="27.[152,270,1053,1077]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,181,1030]" captionTargetId="figure-19@27.[193,1394,181,1030]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 136–138. Larva of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (136) posterolateral processes; (137) shape of sternum IX; (138) detail of shagreen field in sternum IX." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773347" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773347/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">Fig. 137</figureCitation>
); shagreen on dorsal side of sternum IX with 4–5 irregular rows of very small denticles parallel to the hind margin (
<figureCitation box="[302,400,1995,2021]" captionStart="FIGURES 136–138" captionStartId="27.[152,270,1053,1077]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,181,1030]" captionTargetId="figure-19@27.[193,1394,181,1030]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 136–138. Larva of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (136) posterolateral processes; (137) shape of sternum IX; (138) detail of shagreen field in sternum IX." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773347" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773347/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="61">Fig. 138</figureCitation>
). Cerci translucent.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773329" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7773329" box="[152,1212,1056,1080]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773329/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" startId="23.[152,270,1056,1080]" targetBox="[191,1396,181,1032]" targetPageId="23">
<paragraph blockId="23.[152,1212,1056,1080]" box="[152,1212,1056,1080]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[152,372,1056,1080]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">FIGURES 107–109.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack, 2023" authorityName="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack" authorityYear="2023" box="[378,596,1056,1080]" class="Insecta" family="Caenidae" genus="Caenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arunachalami" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[378,596,1056,1080]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">Caenis arunachalami</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[603,660,1056,1080]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[603,660,1056,1080]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
: (107) female imago; (108) larva; (109) head of larva.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773331" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7773331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773331/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" startId="23.[152,270,1978,2002]" targetBox="[192,1395,1105,1955]" targetPageId="23">
<paragraph blockId="23.[151,1437,1978,2039]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[152,369,1978,2003]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">FIGURES 110–113.</emphasis>
Larva of 
<taxonomicName authority="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack, 2023" authorityName="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack" authorityYear="2023" box="[470,689,1979,2003]" class="Insecta" family="Caenidae" genus="Caenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arunachalami" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[470,689,1979,2003]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">Caenis arunachalami</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[696,754,1979,2003]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62">
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[696,754,1979,2003]" pageId="23" pageNumber="62" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
: (110) labrum; (111) setation of labrum; (112) hypopharynx; (113) setation of hypopharynx.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773333" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7773333" box="[152,1337,1055,1079]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773333/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" startId="24.[152,270,1055,1079]" targetBox="[192,1395,181,1031]" targetPageId="24">
<paragraph blockId="24.[152,1337,1055,1079]" box="[152,1337,1055,1079]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[152,368,1055,1079]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">FIGURES 114–116.</emphasis>
Larva of 
<taxonomicName authority="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack, 2023" authorityName="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack" authorityYear="2023" box="[468,686,1055,1079]" class="Insecta" family="Caenidae" genus="Caenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arunachalami" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[468,686,1055,1079]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">Caenis arunachalami</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[693,750,1055,1079]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[693,750,1055,1079]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
: (114) right mandible; (115) left mandible; (116) maxilla.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773335" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7773335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773335/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" startId="24.[152,270,1970,1994]" targetBox="[197,1390,1104,1947]" targetPageId="24">
<paragraph blockId="24.[151,1436,1970,2030]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[152,367,1970,1994]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">FIGURES 117–119.</emphasis>
Larva of 
<taxonomicName authority="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack, 2023" authorityName="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack" authorityYear="2023" box="[463,680,1970,1994]" class="Insecta" family="Caenidae" genus="Caenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arunachalami" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[463,680,1970,1994]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">Caenis arunachalami</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[685,741,1970,1994]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[685,741,1970,1994]" pageId="24" pageNumber="63" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
: (117) labium; (118) glossa and paraglossa; (119) labial palp segment I setation.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773337" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7773337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773337/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" startId="25.[152,270,1069,1093]" targetBox="[194,1393,181,1045]" targetPageId="25">
<paragraph blockId="25.[151,1436,1069,1129]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[152,374,1069,1093]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">FIGURES 120–125.</emphasis>
Larval exuvia of 
<taxonomicName authority="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack, 2023" authorityName="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack" authorityYear="2023" box="[561,781,1069,1093]" class="Insecta" family="Caenidae" genus="Caenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arunachalami" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[561,781,1069,1093]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">Caenis arunachalami</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[790,849,1069,1093]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[790,849,1069,1093]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
: (120) foreleg; (121) forefemur; (122) transverse row of setation in forefemur; (123) foretibia setation; (124) foretarsus setation; (125) foreclaw.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773339" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7773339" box="[152,1404,2001,2026]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773339/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" startId="25.[152,270,2001,2025]" targetBox="[193,1394,1153,1978]" targetPageId="25">
<paragraph blockId="25.[152,1404,2001,2026]" box="[152,1404,2001,2026]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[152,372,2001,2026]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">FIGURES 126–128.</emphasis>
Larval exuvia of 
<taxonomicName authority="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack, 2023" authorityName="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack" authorityYear="2023" box="[551,770,2002,2026]" class="Insecta" family="Caenidae" genus="Caenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arunachalami" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[551,770,2002,2026]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">Caenis arunachalami</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[777,834,2002,2026]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[777,834,2002,2026]" pageId="25" pageNumber="64" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
: (126) midleg; (127) midtarsus setation; (128) midclaw.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773341" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7773341" box="[152,1421,1039,1063]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773341/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="65" startId="26.[152,270,1039,1063]" targetBox="[186,1401,181,1015]" targetPageId="26">
<paragraph blockId="26.[152,1421,1039,1063]" box="[152,1421,1039,1063]" pageId="26" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[152,372,1039,1063]" pageId="26" pageNumber="65">FIGURES 129–131.</emphasis>
Larval exuvia of 
<taxonomicName authority="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack, 2023" authorityName="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack" authorityYear="2023" box="[551,770,1039,1063]" class="Insecta" family="Caenidae" genus="Caenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arunachalami" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[551,770,1039,1063]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="65">Caenis arunachalami</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[777,834,1039,1063]" pageId="26" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[777,834,1039,1063]" pageId="26" pageNumber="65" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
: (129) hindleg; (130) hindtarsus setation; (131) hindclaw.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773345" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7773345" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773345/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="65" startId="26.[152,270,1981,2005]" targetBox="[175,1412,1087,1957]" targetPageId="26">
<paragraph blockId="26.[151,1436,1981,2042]" pageId="26" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[152,373,1981,2005]" pageId="26" pageNumber="65">FIGURES 132–135.</emphasis>
Larval exuvia of 
<taxonomicName authority="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack, 2023" authorityName="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack" authorityYear="2023" box="[557,777,1982,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Caenidae" genus="Caenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arunachalami" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[557,777,1982,2006]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="65">Caenis arunachalami</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[784,842,1982,2006]" pageId="26" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[784,842,1982,2006]" pageId="26" pageNumber="65" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
: (132) dorsal view of tergalius II; (133) setation in dorsal surface of tergalius II; (134) detail of microtrichia in tergalius II; (135) tergalius III.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773347" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7773347" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773347/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="66" startId="27.[152,270,1053,1077]" targetBox="[193,1394,181,1030]" targetPageId="27">
<paragraph blockId="27.[151,1437,1053,1114]" pageId="27" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[152,373,1053,1078]" pageId="27" pageNumber="66">FIGURES 136–138.</emphasis>
Larva of 
<taxonomicName authority="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack, 2023" authorityName="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack" authorityYear="2023" box="[475,695,1054,1078]" class="Insecta" family="Caenidae" genus="Caenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arunachalami" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[475,695,1054,1078]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="66">Caenis arunachalami</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[703,761,1054,1078]" pageId="27" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[703,761,1054,1078]" pageId="27" pageNumber="66" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
: (136) posterolateral processes; (137) shape of sternum IX; (138) detail of shagreen field in sternum IX.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773349" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7773349" box="[152,1437,2002,2027]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773349/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="66" startId="27.[152,270,2002,2026]" targetBox="[199,1388,1138,1979]" targetPageId="27">
<paragraph blockId="27.[152,1437,2002,2027]" box="[152,1437,2002,2027]" pageId="27" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[152,370,2002,2026]" pageId="27" pageNumber="66">FIGURES 139–142.</emphasis>
SEM view of eggs of 
<taxonomicName authority="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack, 2023" authorityName="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack" authorityYear="2023" box="[586,803,2002,2026]" class="Insecta" family="Caenidae" genus="Caenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arunachalami" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[586,803,2002,2026]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="66">Caenis arunachalami</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[807,862,2002,2026]" pageId="27" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[807,862,2002,2026]" pageId="27" pageNumber="66" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
: (139) entire view; (140, 141) epithema; (142) micropyle.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1436,150,717]" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,253,151,177]" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">Egg.</emphasis>
Length: 105–115 μm; width: 70–80 μm. Oval (
<figureCitation box="[791,890,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURES 139–142" captionStartId="27.[152,270,2002,2026]" captionTargetBox="[199,1388,1138,1979]" captionTargetId="figure-50@27.[199,1388,1138,1979]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 139–142. SEM view of eggs of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (139) entire view; (140, 141) epithema; (142) micropyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773349" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773349/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">Fig. 139</figureCitation>
); chorion smooth with a flat epithema of coiledrope 
<typeStatus box="[209,257,187,213]" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">type</typeStatus>
located at the pole (
<figureCitation box="[488,654,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 139–142" captionStartId="27.[152,270,2002,2026]" captionTargetBox="[199,1388,1138,1979]" captionTargetId="figure-50@27.[199,1388,1138,1979]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 139–142. SEM view of eggs of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (139) entire view; (140, 141) epithema; (142) micropyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773349" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773349/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">Figs. 140, 141</figureCitation>
); micropyle situated at the subequatorial plane and slightly bent with broadened mouth (
<figureCitation box="[362,460,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURES 139–142" captionStartId="27.[152,270,2002,2026]" captionTargetBox="[199,1388,1138,1979]" captionTargetId="figure-50@27.[199,1388,1138,1979]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 139–142. SEM view of eggs of Caenis arunachalami sp. n.: (139) entire view; (140, 141) epithema; (142) micropyle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773349" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773349/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">Fig. 142</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="67" type="etymology">
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1436,150,717]" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,335,259,285]" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">Etymology.</emphasis>
This species is named in honour of Dr. M. Arunachalam (Central University of 
<collectingRegion box="[1238,1315,259,285]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">Kerala</collectingRegion>
, School of Biological Sciences, Department of Animal Science/Zoology, Periye, 
<collectingCountry box="[947,1006,295,321]" name="India" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">India</collectingCountry>
) who is the mentor and guide for the authors T. Sivaruban and S. Barathy, for his outstanding contribution to the benthic macroinvertebrates.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[199,1160,366,393]" pageId="28" pageNumber="67" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1436,150,717]" box="[199,1160,366,393]" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,352,366,393]" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">Distribution.</emphasis>
Nagamalai hills, Madurai, 
<collectingRegion box="[658,793,367,393]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[805,863,367,393]" name="India" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">India</collectingCountry>
(Southern Eastern Ghats).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="67" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1436,150,717]" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,300,403,429]" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">Ecology.</emphasis>
Larvae of 
<taxonomicName authority="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack, 2023" authorityName="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack" authorityYear="2023" box="[433,679,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Caenidae" genus="Caenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arunachalami" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[433,679,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">Caenis arunachalami</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[690,757,403,429]" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[690,757,403,429]" pageId="28" pageNumber="67" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
were collected in a freshwater stream of 
<quantity box="[1250,1310,403,429]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="67" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
wide with 80% canopy cover. The water temperature ranges between 22°C–24°C; pH 7.1–7.3. Substratum is mainly made of cobbles, pebbles, leaf litter with silt and organic matter. The larvae of the 
<taxonomicName authority="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack, 2023" authorityName="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack" authorityYear="2023" box="[983,1225,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Caenidae" genus="Caenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arunachalami" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[983,1225,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">Caenis arunachalami</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1233,1297,475,501]" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1233,1297,475,501]" pageId="28" pageNumber="67" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
shared their habitat with the larvae of 
<taxonomicName box="[438,609,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Baetidae" genus="Labiobaetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis box="[438,570,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">Labiobaetis</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[624,729,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Baetidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Baetidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="67" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1436,150,717]" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,332,546,572]" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">Discussion.</emphasis>
The male imago of 
<taxonomicName authority="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack, 2023" authorityName="Srinivasan &amp; Sivaruban &amp; Barathy &amp; Isack" authorityYear="2023" box="[572,817,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Caenidae" genus="Caenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arunachalami" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[572,817,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">Caenis arunachalami</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[826,893,547,573]" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[826,893,547,573]" pageId="28" pageNumber="67" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is distinguished from other Oriental species of 
<taxonomicName box="[151,229,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Caenidae" genus="Caenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[151,229,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">Caenis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the unique coloration of the body and genitalia. The coloration of the adult closely resembles that of the Ethiopian species 
<taxonomicName authority="Malzacher 2021" authorityName="Malzacher" authorityYear="2021" box="[355,759,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Caenidae" genus="Caenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gretathunbergae">
<emphasis box="[355,572,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">C. gretathunbergae</emphasis>
Malzacher 2021
</taxonomicName>
(Malzacher 2021, 
<figureCitation box="[970,1052,618,645]" captionStart="FIGURES 8–15" captionStartId="4.[152,270,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,813,1721]" captionTargetId="figure-296@4.[151,1436,813,1721]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8–15. Caenis maduraiensis Balasubramanian and Muthukatturaja, 2021: (8) male imago (holotype); (9) head of male imago; (10) forceps; (11) forefemur of larval exuvia; (12) hindfemur of larval exuvia; (13) hindclaw; (14) sternum IX of male larval exuvia; (15) shagreen field in the dorsal surface of sternum IX." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7773282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7773282/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
), however, the new species can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Malzacher" authorityYear="2021" box="[372,591,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Caenidae" genus="Caenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ephemeroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gretathunbergae">
<emphasis box="[372,591,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="67">C. gretathunbergae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, by the shape of forceps and penis in the male imago and by the shape of sternum IX in the larva (Malzacher 2021).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>