190 lines
20 KiB
XML
190 lines
20 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="3DBBE25FEF88216B0EB4B2F4A1CA3D77">Cercopithecidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2338672197C8F9C9F277DB917A496197">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5884CDB3FFC52D1D5F72F3A8F0381D97">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BEC17082BFB96FD3C61DF61DF9454250">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="A9B9F5808ADA5BF4E13BBEF96E26B4EE">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="8F2D671A73D2819AEC61E4F1B2E0833A">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="EFE0EB09D4274A9283FA5BDAEA853501">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="C6057B77682563256E09CDCDC548DC93">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<treatment id="CE199B17FFECFFE9FFEE6368F948FCBC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6863253" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197824491" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6863253" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE199B17FFECFFE9FFEE6368F948FCBC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE199B17FFECFFE9FFEE6368F948FCBC" lastPageNumber="672" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FFEE6368FF47F95A" box="[183,240,1656,1702]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FFEE6368FF47F95A" blockId="45.[181,1036,1656,1783]" box="[183,240,1656,1702]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFECFFE9FFEE6368FF47F95A" box="[183,240,1656,1702]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
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<figureCitation id="DE8B3684FFECFFE9FFEE6368FF47F95A" box="[183,240,1656,1702]" captionStart="Plate 41: Cercopithecidae" captionStartId="44.[101,130,3401,3426]" captionTargetBox="[10,2740,17,3635]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="49. Patas Monkey (Erythrocebus patas), 50. Grivet Monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops), 51. Tantalus Monkey (Chlorocebus tantalus), 52. Green Monkey (Chlorocebus sabaeus), 53. Malbrouck Monkey (Chlorocebus cynosuros), 54. Vervet Monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus), 55. Bale Mountains Monkey (Chlorocebus djamdjamensis), 56. L’Hoest’s Monkey (Allochrocebus lhoesti), 57. Preuss’s 9 Monkey Allochrocebus (null), 58. Sun-tailed Monkey (Allochrocebus solatus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867445" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867445/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">50.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FE5B6368FD82F95A" box="[258,565,1656,1702]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FE5B6368FD82F95A" blockId="45.[181,1036,1656,1783]" box="[258,565,1656,1702]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFECFFE9FE5B6368FD82F95A" box="[258,565,1656,1702]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
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||
<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFECFFE9FE5B6368FD82F95A" box="[258,565,1656,1702]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Grivet Monkey</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FD256368FC52F95A" box="[636,997,1656,1702]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FD256368FC52F95A" blockId="45.[181,1036,1656,1783]" box="[636,997,1656,1702]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFECFFE9FD256368FC52F95A" box="[636,997,1656,1702]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
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||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9FD256368FC52F95A" ID-CoL="5XW8T" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[636,997,1656,1702]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Chlorocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aethiops">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9FD256368FC52F95A" box="[636,997,1656,1702]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Chlorocebus aethiops</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FFEE63A4FD20F909" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FFEE63A4FBBCF931" blockId="45.[181,1036,1656,1783]" box="[183,1035,1716,1741]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFECFFE9FFEE63A4FBBCF931" box="[183,1035,1716,1741]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9FFEE63A4FEB3F931" bold="true" box="[183,260,1716,1741]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFECFFE9FE5463A4FE05F931" box="[269,434,1716,1741]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Grivet d'Ethiopie</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9FE9E63A4FD95F931" bold="true" box="[455,546,1716,1741]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFECFFE9FD7263A4FC9CF931" box="[555,811,1716,1741]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Athiopien-Griinmeerkatze</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9FC1963A4FC2CF931" bold="true" box="[832,923,1716,1741]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFECFFE9FCFF63A4FBBCF931" box="[934,1035,1716,1741]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Mono tota</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FFEF63F0FD20F909" blockId="45.[181,1036,1656,1783]" box="[182,663,1760,1781]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFECFFE9FFEF63F0FD20F909" box="[182,663,1760,1781]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9FFEF63F0FE1AF909" bold="true" box="[182,429,1760,1781]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFECFFE9FEEF63F0FE45F909" box="[438,498,1760,1781]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Grivet</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFECFFE9FEA663F0FD20F909" box="[511,663,1760,1781]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Vervet Monkey</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FC466230FAD1F8BD" box="[799,1382,1824,1857]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FC466230FAD1F8BD" blockId="45.[799,1388,1824,2251]" box="[799,1382,1824,1857]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9FC466230FC0DF8BD" bold="true" box="[799,954,1824,1857]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9FC916230FAD5F8BD" ID-CoL="PW9" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[968,1378,1824,1857]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Simia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aethiops">Simia aethiops Linnaeus, 1758</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FC796258FBB7F895" box="[800,1024,1864,1897]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FC796258FBB7F895" blockId="45.[799,1388,1824,2251]" box="[800,1024,1864,1897]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
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<materialsCitation id="F6D8205CFFECFFE9FC796258FBB7F895" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864421336" box="[800,1024,1864,1897]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Sudan, Sennaar.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FC7A6263FC7DF6BE" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FC7A6263FC7DF6BE" blockId="45.[799,1388,1824,2251]" lastBlockId="45.[184,1393,2266,3468]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9FC7A6263FC18F86C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[803,943,1907,1936]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Chlorocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="45" pageNumber="674" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aethiops">C. aethiops</taxonomicName>
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intergrades with
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9FBEA6263FADDF86C" baseAuthorityName="F. Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[1203,1386,1907,1936]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Chlorocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pygerythrus">C. pygerythrus</taxonomicName>
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in south-western Ethiopia; it is unclear if the resulting hybrids are the
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9FB9762ADFCD5F7FA" form="originally" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" rank="form">form originally</taxonomicName>
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described as C. a. zavattari. Some authors recognize the
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9FB026D1CFAA9F7D1" box="[1115,1310,2060,2093]" form="matschiei" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" rank="form">form matschiei</taxonomicName>
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from the western highlands of Ethiopia as a distinct subspecies. It is said to have a more fawn-to-russet back than typical
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9FBA46D93FCFDF737" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Chlorocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="45" pageNumber="674" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aethiops">C. aethiops</taxonomicName>
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, with the internal aspects of the limbs more gray. Its tail is also shorter, with a reduced terminal tuft and reduced tufts at the base. A more likely possibility is that it is merely a population of
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9FB3D6DE9FB58F6E6" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1124,1263,2297,2330]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Chlorocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="45" pageNumber="674" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aethiops">C. aethiops</taxonomicName>
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that has hybridized extensively with C.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9FD3B6C35FCA9F6BE" authorityName="Neumann" authorityYear="1902" box="[610,798,2341,2370]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="djamdjamensis">djamdjamensis</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FFE16C40FC0FF644" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="distribution">
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<caption id="12CF7A89FFECFFE9FFE16C40FC0FF644" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867195" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867195" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867195/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" targetBox="[187,767,1839,2245]" targetPageId="45">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FFE16C40FC0FF644" blockId="45.[184,1393,2266,3468]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9FFE16C40FEDFF695" bold="true" box="[184,360,2384,2409]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Distribution.</emphasis>
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NE Africa E of the White Nile, in Eritrea, Ethiopia (S to the Omo River and E as far as the Rift Valley), Djibouti, SE Sudan (from Khartoum in the N to Mongalla in the S), and E South Sudan; possibly in S Egypt.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FFE06CD2FDD3F530" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="description">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FFE06CD2FDD3F530" blockId="45.[184,1393,2266,3468]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9FFE06CD2FE01F623" bold="true" box="[185,438,2498,2527]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 42-60 cm (males) and 30-50 cm (females), tail 46-76 cm (males) and 41-66 cm (females); weight 3.1-6.4 kg (males) and 1.5-4.9 kg (females). The Grivet Monkey is grizzled-olive above with a white underside, grayish limbs, and a yellowish-grizzled-olive crown. Face is black, with a fine white moustache and fluffy, elongated cheek fringes, the latter continuous with a narrow white brow band. Hands and feet are pale, with light brown digits. There is a white tuft at the base of the tail. Scrotum is sky-blue.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FFE36FC5FBBEF494" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FFE36FC5FBBEF494" blockId="45.[184,1393,2266,3468]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9FFE36FC5FE9EF50E" bold="true" box="[186,297,2773,2802]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Savanna and open woodland and often forest-grassland mosaic habitats. Grivet Monkeys are normally in close proximity to rivers. They are extremely adaptable and are found in rural and urban environments; the latter may increase risk of problems arising from human-wildlife conflict in cultivated areas.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FFE26E65FD27F35F" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FFE26E65FD27F35F" blockId="45.[184,1393,2266,3468]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9FFE26E65FE7DF472" bold="true" box="[187,458,2933,2958]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Grivet Monkeys eat mainly grasses, fruits, flowers, bulbs, roots, young leaves, eggs, and animal prey. The latter category includes invertebrates, chameleons, fledgling birds, and small mammals such as rodents and even galagos (
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9FA536EACFF44F3F8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Mammalia" family="Galagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Galagidae</taxonomicName>
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). They are especially fond offigs and other fruiting trees, and in some areas, they are heavily dependent on parts of thorn trees (
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9FC2D691EFC7AF3D7" box="[884,973,3086,3115]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Acacia</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFECFFE9FCBB691EFBDEF3D7" box="[994,1129,3086,3115]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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), including seeds, gums, thorns, and bark. Grivet Monkeys raid crops and are considered a major pest in some parts of their distribution. If not hunted, they become habituated to humans and even take handouts from tourists.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FFE469BBFBEAF30C" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FFE469BBFBEAF30C" blockId="45.[184,1393,2266,3468]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9FFE469BBFEF4F334" bold="true" box="[189,323,3243,3272]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Female Grivet Monkeys show no sexual swelling. A single offspring is born after a 6month gestation. Individuals may live more than 30 years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FFE569EBFBDAF2E4" box="[188,1133,3323,3352]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FFE569EBFBDAF2E4" blockId="45.[184,1393,2266,3468]" box="[188,1133,3323,3352]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9FFE569EBFE11F2E4" bold="true" box="[188,422,3323,3352]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Grivet Monkeys are diurnal and mainly terrestrial.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FFE46831F618FE99" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FFE46831F618FE99" blockId="45.[184,1393,2266,3468]" lastBlockId="45.[1449,2657,285,832]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9FFE46831FC3EF2C2" bold="true" box="[189,905,3361,3390]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Grivet Monkeys live in groups of 6-20 individuals, averaging a dozen. Behavioral and genetic studies indicate that males transfer among groups, while females tend to remain in their natal groups. Like other members of this genus, Grivet Monkeys have a complex social structure; most groups have multiple adult males that are usually outnumbered by adult females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FAF3647BF8ADFD34" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FAF3647BF8ADFD34" blockId="45.[1449,2657,285,832]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9FAF3647BF8B3FE70" bold="true" box="[1450,1796,363,396]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Grivet Monkeys are listed as Class B in the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. They are often common and are able to adapt to a wide variety of habitats throughout their distribution. There are presumed to be no major threats. It is known to occur in one protected area: Awash National Park in Ethiopia. Genetic analyses of some populations in Ethiopia indicate a low level of variability compared with many other cercopithecines, suggesting the possibility that populations of Grivet Monkeys have undergone fluctuations in size in recent times as a result of climate change.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFECFFE9FAF567C6F948FCBC" pageId="45" pageNumber="672" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFECFFE9FAF567C6F948FCBC" blockId="45.[1449,2657,285,832]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFECFFE9FAF567C6F9F1FD13" bold="true" box="[1452,1606,726,751]" pageId="45" pageNumber="672">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Butynski (2002b), Dandelot & Prévost (1972), Dorst & Dandelot (1970), Groves (2001), Kingdon (1997), Kingdon & Butynski (2008b), Oates (2011), Shimada (2000), Shimada & Shotake (1997), Turner (1981), Zinner, Pelaez & Torkler (2002).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |