238 lines
33 KiB
XML
238 lines
33 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="383369C3466E3AC646874512BEFA9DC0">
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<mods:title id="F6A6BB873D31278BDD351C3734E446C7">Cercopithecidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="416EA653A7781F9452FFAC2BF2305063">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4E91217C53F55B2C12925C81D0D2BE75">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9CD152F8CF2DA30DA0CC838D238F436C">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="9881711639C72B950E3FA21003DB8494">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="84B50741C4728B325B4CED73332897B4" type="pubDate">2013-03-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="EFC8828F9E31A3E24AF8F7017EF9A2FF">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="3F87634DA15D1235994FF7A925C8C421">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="7C07B7EF76BA52A299F86D28941B36A4">
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<mods:title id="EB7C10A47182DEDB56CD5D9CD542E46C">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<treatment id="CE199B17FFE3FFE6FF2C64A3F818F50C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6863223" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197824578" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6863223" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE199B17FFE3FFE6FF2C64A3F818F50C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE199B17FFE3FFE6FF2C64A3F818F50C" lastPageNumber="661" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE3FFE6FF2C64A3FF1AFE1D" box="[117,173,435,481]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE3FFE6FF2C64A3FF1AFE1D" blockId="34.[114,1108,435,561]" box="[117,173,435,481]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFE3FFE6FF2C64A3FF1AFE1D" box="[117,173,435,481]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
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<figureCitation id="DE8B3684FFE3FFE6FF2C64A3FF1AFE1D" box="[117,173,435,481]" captionStart="Plate 39: Cercopithecidae" captionStartId="34.[118,148,3443,3468]" captionTargetBox="[13,2745,18,3637]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="39. Yellow Baboon (Papio cynocephalus), 40. Kinda Baboon (Papio kindae), 41. Chacma Baboon (Papio ursinus), 42. Olive Baboon (Papio anubus), 43. Guinea Baboon (Papio papio), 44. Hamadryas Baboon (Papio hamadryas), 45. Gelada (Theropithecus gelada)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867441/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">39.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE3FFE6FFE064A3FE58FE1D" box="[185,495,435,481]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE3FFE6FFE064A3FE58FE1D" blockId="34.[114,1108,435,561]" box="[185,495,435,481]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFE3FFE6FFE064A3FE58FE1D" box="[185,495,435,481]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFE3FFE6FFE064A3FE58FE1D" box="[185,495,435,481]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">Yellow Baboon</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE3FFE6FD6D64A3FC3AFE1D" box="[564,909,435,481]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE3FFE6FD6D64A3FC3AFE1D" blockId="34.[114,1108,435,561]" box="[564,909,435,481]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFE3FFE6FD6D64A3FC3AFE1D" box="[564,909,435,481]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FD6D64A3FC3AFE1D" ID-CoL="4CKYY" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[564,909,435,481]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cynocephalus">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE3FFE6FD6D64A3FC3AFE1D" box="[564,909,435,481]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">Papio cynocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE3FFE6FF2A64E3FBE4FDCC" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE3FFE6FF2A64E3FC10FDF4" blockId="34.[114,1108,435,561]" box="[115,935,499,520]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFE3FFE6FF2A64E3FC10FDF4" box="[115,935,499,520]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE3FFE6FF2A64E3FF76FDF4" bold="true" box="[115,193,499,520]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFE3FFE6FF9364E3FE29FDF4" box="[202,414,499,520]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">Babouin cynocéphale</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE3FFE6FEEA64E3FDB9FDF4" bold="true" box="[435,526,499,520]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFE3FFE6FD4E64E3FD28FDF4" box="[535,671,499,520]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">Gelber Pavian</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE3FFE6FDEC64E3FCB8FDF4" bold="true" box="[693,783,499,520]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFE3FFE6FC4364E3FC10FDF4" box="[794,935,499,520]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">Papion dorado</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE3FFE6FF2A670BFBE4FDCC" blockId="34.[114,1108,435,561]" box="[115,1107,539,560]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFE3FFE6FF2A670BFBE4FDCC" box="[115,1107,539,560]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE3FFE6FF2A670BFEDDFDCC" bold="true" box="[115,362,539,560]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFE3FFE6FE2B670BFD45FDCC" box="[370,754,539,560]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">Central Yellow Baboon (cynocephalus)</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFE3FFE6FC59670BFBE4FDCC" box="[768,1107,539,560]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">Northern Yellow Baboon (ibeanus)</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE3FFE6FD83674FFC93FD5F" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE3FFE6FD83674FFC93FD5F" blockId="34.[730,1315,607,1030]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE3FFE6FD83674FFCC2FD80" bold="true" box="[730,885,607,636]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FCD2674FFC97FD5F" ID-CoL="3YK8" authority="Linnaeus, 1766" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Simia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cynocephalus">Simia cynocephalus Linnaeus, 1766</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE3FFE6FC6B6792FABBFD37" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE3FFE6FC6B6792FABBFD37" blockId="34.[730,1315,607,1030]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
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<materialsCitation id="F6D8205CFFE3FFE6FC6B6792FABBFD37" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864421338" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">Africa. Restricted by J. A. Allen in 1925 to “Kenya, inland from Mombasa.”</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE3FFE6FD8267C5FE18FA6C" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE3FFE6FD8267C5FE18FA6C" blockId="34.[730,1315,607,1030]" lastBlockId="34.[112,1320,1037,3349]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FD8267C5FC17FD0E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[731,928,725,754]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cynocephalus">P. cynocephalus</taxonomicName>
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hybridizes with
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FBD167C5FB48FD0E" box="[1160,1279,725,754]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anubis">P. anubis</taxonomicName>
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in the eastern part of Tsavo and Amboseli national parks in Kenya. There is a broad clinal hybrid zone of PF.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FB066657FAB5FC94" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[1119,1282,839,872]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cynocephalus">cynocephalus</taxonomicName>
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x
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FD82667EFCE3FC73" box="[731,852,878,911]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anubis">P. anubis</taxonomicName>
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between Laikipia district, just to the north-east and east of Mount Kenya, and the Lower
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FC9866D1FBB1FC22" box="[961,1030,961,990]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Tana" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Tana</taxonomicName>
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River, Kenya coast. Baboons in this more than 200km-wide region are intermediate and are difficult to allocate to either
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FC8C611DFB2FFBD2" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[981,1176,1037,1070]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cynocephalus">P. cynocephalus</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FB90611DFF22FBA9" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anubis">P. anubis</taxonomicName>
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(baboons become increasingly “yellow-like” in their phenotypes toward the Kenya coast). Whether their distribution overlaps with
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FC4B614BFC08FB80" box="[786,959,1115,1148]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hamadryas">P. hamadryas</taxonomicName>
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in Somalia is not clear. In respective contact zones in Zambia, they hybridize with
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FC216192FC5AFB5F" authorityName="Lonnberg" authorityYear="1919" box="[888,1005,1154,1187]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kindae">P. kindae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FB696192FB18FB5F" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[1072,1199,1154,1187]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ursinus">P. ursinus</taxonomicName>
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griseipes. Molecular studies also indicate that
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FD3661BAFC83FB37" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[623,820,1194,1227]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cynocephalus">P. cynocephalus</taxonomicName>
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hybridized with
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FB4661BAFB0AFB37" box="[1055,1213,1194,1227]" genus="The" pageId="34" pageNumber="659" rank="species" species="kipunji">the Kipunji</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FB8D61BAFE8FFB0E" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Rungwecebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kipunji">Rungwecebus kipunji</taxonomicName>
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) in southern Tanzania. Historically, several forms of
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FB4361C1FB69FB0E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[1050,1246,1233,1266]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cynocephalus">P. cynocephalus</taxonomicName>
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have been described, of which a few might merit subspecies status (e.g. Luangwa Valley Yellow or Dwarf Chacma Baboon, P. c. jubilaeus). P. c.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FC256030FC65FABD" authorityName="Lonnberg" authorityYear="1919" box="[892,978,1312,1345]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kindae">kindae</taxonomicName>
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is recognized here as a separate species. Limits to distributions of the two subspecies are poorly known. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE3FFE6FF2A6086FB13F9A8" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" type="distribution">
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<caption id="12CF7A89FFE3FFE6FF2A6086FB13F9A8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867173" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867173" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867173/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" targetBox="[118,698,617,1022]" targetPageId="34">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE3FFE6FF2A6086FDB5FA4B" blockId="34.[112,1320,1037,3349]" box="[115,514,1430,1463]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE3FFE6FF2A6086FDB5FA4B" bold="true" box="[115,514,1430,1463]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE3FFE6FF2A60D6FE38F9FA" blockId="34.[112,1320,1037,3349]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FF2A60D6FE38F9FA" authority="Linnaeus, 1766" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="cynocephalus" subSpecies="cynocephalus">P.c.cynocephalusLinnaeus,1766—Tanzania,Malawi,EZambia(EofLuangwaRiver),andNMozambique.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE3FFE6FF2A631CFB13F9A8" blockId="34.[112,1320,1037,3349]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FF2A631CFE6BF9D1" authority="Thomas, 1893" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1893" box="[115,476,1548,1581]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="cynocephalus" subSpecies="ibeanus">P. c. ibeanus Thomas, 1893</taxonomicName>
|
||
— SE Somalia, E Kenya (including Manda I), and NE Tanzania; possibly in extreme SE Ethiopia but the N limit in Somalia is not known.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE3FFE6FF2B634FFC8DF6BC" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE3FFE6FF2B634FFC8DF6BC" blockId="34.[112,1320,1037,3349]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE3FFE6FF2B634FFEC7F980" bold="true" box="[114,368,1631,1660]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 62-85 cm (males) and 51-69 cm (females), tail 53— 66 cm (males) and 34-57 cm (females); weight 20-28 kg (males) and 8-13 kg (females). Sexual dimorphism in body weights of Yellow Baboons is pronounced, with female body mass only 54-56% of male body mass. The Yellow Baboon differs from Chacma (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FFA563E8FEC9F8E5" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[252,382,1784,1817]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ursinus">P. ursinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and Olive (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FD6B63E8FD1DF8E5" box="[562,682,1784,1817]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anubis">P. anubis</taxonomicName>
|
||
) baboons by its relatively lanky
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FB3063E8FB18F8E5" box="[1129,1199,1784,1817]" pageId="34" pageNumber="744" rank="form">form</taxonomicName>
|
||
, smaller head, and elongated, slender limbs. Upper body of the Yellow Baboon is yellowishfawn to yellowish-gray, with white on the underside, inner surfaces of limbs, cheeks, sides of the muzzle, and fringes of hands and feet. Males have a slight median nuchal crest of long hair, but little or no shoulder mane. Flank hairs on both sexes are elongated and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FE5562D1FEF8F822" box="[268,335,1985,2014]" pageId="34" pageNumber="744" rank="form">form</taxonomicName>
|
||
an inconspicuous fringe. Face, palms of hands, and soles of feet are black. Nostrils do not protrude beyond the upperlip. Ischial callosities are small and grayish-black; in males, they
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FEA66D1BFDF4F7D0" box="[511,579,2059,2092]" pageId="34" pageNumber="744" rank="form">form</taxonomicName>
|
||
a continuous ridge but in females they are separated by the genitalia. Tail is often carried almost vertically, then falling downward in a low, “broken” fashion. Females show prominent swellings of their perineum when sexually receptive. Infants are born with black natal coats that change to adult coloration at 3-6 months of age. Subspecific morphological differences are slight among Yellow Baboons. In the “Central Yellow Baboon” (P. ¢.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FC546DC8FC01F70D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[781,950,2264,2289]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cynocephalus">cynocephalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), furis straight, and males lack any trace of a shoulder mane. In the “Northern Yellow Baboon” (P. c. ibeanus), fur is wavy, and males have a trace of a shoulder mane.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE3FFE6FF2A6C56FB1DF5D0" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE3FFE6FF2A6C56FB1DF5D0" blockId="34.[112,1320,1037,3349]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE3FFE6FF2A6C56FF55F69B" bold="true" box="[115,226,2374,2407]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Largely fire-climax miombo (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FDC86C56FC85F69B" box="[657,818,2374,2407]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Brachystegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Brachystegia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FC1D6C56FC72F69B" box="[836,965,2374,2407]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) woodland. In this zone and especially to the north-east, Yellow Baboons occupy dry bushland, thickets, steppes, and the coastal littoral (including mangroves) zone, as long as access to fresh water sources for drinking is provided. Yellow Baboons are able to persist in secondary and highly fragmented vegetation, and they can adapt to disturbed habitats near human settlements,living in cultivated areas if there is native habitat for refuge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE3FFE6FF2A6F22FCEAF472" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE3FFE6FF2A6F22FCEAF472" blockId="34.[112,1320,1037,3349]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE3FFE6FF2A6F22FE36F5AF" bold="true" box="[115,385,2610,2643]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Like all baboons, Yellow Baboons are opportunistic omnivores. In parts of their distribution, they feed primarily on seeds,fleshy, pods, and exudates of leguminous trees. It has been hypothesized that they prefer foods with an unusual chemistry, implying that they have special digestive adaptations, possibly explaining why the boundaries of its distribution do not follow any geographic discontinuities but coincide very closely with the distribution of a specific plant community. Nevertheless, in other areas of their distribution, Yellow Baboons have diets very similar to those of other baboons. They feed on grasses, shoots, fungi, lichens, and animal prey (including invertebrates, lizards, birds, and small mammals).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE3FFE6FF2A6E83F85DFE49" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE3FFE6FF2A6E83F85DFE49" blockId="34.[112,1320,1037,3349]" lastBlockId="34.[1381,2593,287,2800]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE3FFE6FF2A6E83FF4DF448" bold="true" box="[115,250,2963,2996]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In Amboseli, female Yellow Baboons show theirfirst sexual swellings at 4-6 years of age and have their first infant, on average, at 5-9 years. Their menstrual cycle takes 26-52 days. Male maturation takes longer, and they are considered adults at c.8 years old. The gestation period of the Yellow Baboon is ¢.180 days. Births occur throughout the year, and interbirth intervals are usually 22-27 months. Males try to monopolize access to females that are sexually receptive. A male and a female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FB916947FABCF384" box="[1224,1291,3159,3192]" pageId="34" pageNumber="744" rank="form">form</taxonomicName>
|
||
a temporary consortship (several minutes to days). Most mating happens during these consort periods. The consorting male is often challenged by other males, and male consort partners may change several times during any one receptive period. Hence, female Yellow Baboons usually mate with several partners. Females give copulation calls, i.e. they vocalize during and shortly after copulation. Life expectancy in wild females is c.14-15 years, but females have been recorded living up to 27 years in the wild. Because of the social system and dispersal pattern of the Yellow Baboon,itis more difficult to estimate male life span in the wild.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE3FFE6FA3064ACF6B8FE21" box="[1385,2319,444,477]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE3FFE6FA3064ACF6B8FE21" blockId="34.[1381,2593,287,2800]" box="[1385,2319,444,477]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE3FFE6FA3064ACF9E3FE21" bold="true" box="[1385,1620,444,477]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Yellow Baboon are diurnal and mainly terrestrial.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE3FFE6FA3264F3F6B7F9D7" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE3FFE6FA3264F3F6B7F9D7" blockId="34.[1381,2593,287,2800]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE3FFE6FA3264F3F785FDF8" bold="true" box="[1387,2098,483,516]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Home range size and daily movement vary considerably depending on habitat, group size, and season. If food is abundant, daily movements are less than 4 km, but in the dry season, Yellow Baboons can move 8-10 km/day. Besides food, home ranges contain essential localized resources such as water and sleeping sites. Yellow Baboons usually sleep in trees. Like Chacma and Olive baboons, they live in multimale-multifemale groups of 20-80 individuals. Groups are rarely less than 20 or more than 100 individuals. Adult sex ratios within groups can vary substantially, but there are typically more females than males. Groups are not substructured into one-male units, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6F751660EF691FCC3" authority="Baboons" authorityName="Baboons" box="[2056,2342,798,831]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" genus="Hamadryas" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Hamadryas Baboons</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6F665660EF65EFCC3" box="[2364,2537,798,831]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hamadryas">P. hamadryas</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or Geladas (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FAA86656F8B3FC9B" authorityName="Ruppell" authorityYear="1835" box="[1521,1796,838,871]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Theropithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gelada">Theropithecus gelada</taxonomicName>
|
||
), although solitary one-male units have been observed. Most male Yellow Baboons emigrate from their natal groups at 7-13 years of age. Secondary emigration into a third group has also been recorded. Females remain in their natal groups and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6F93C66ACF8B1FC21" box="[1637,1798,956,989]" form="linear" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" rank="form">form linear</taxonomicName>
|
||
dominance hierarchies. High ranking mothers support their daughters during rank conflicts, resulting in a dominance rank of the daughter just below the mother. Rank positions are “heritable,” and dominance relationships among matrilines within a group can remain stable over generations. Males also establish a dominance hierarchy that usually regulates access to receptive females. The dominant male in a group can sire more than 80% of all offspring, but low-ranking males can
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6FAA761B8F966FB35" box="[1534,1745,1192,1225]" form="coalitions" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" rank="form">form coalitions</taxonomicName>
|
||
to challenge higher-ranking males and to take over sexually receptive females. The social network among related females is the most stable social structure within a group of Yellow Baboons. Grooming and otheraffiliative behavior are exchanged predominantly within these networks. Studies suggest that these tight relationships provide a fitness advantage for females. Females with a tighter network live longer and reproduce more successfully. Females and males may also
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6F620607DF5ABFA72" box="[2425,2588,1389,1422]" form="bonds" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" rank="form">form bonds</taxonomicName>
|
||
outside sexual consortships, called “friendships.” These relationships likely benefit a female via protection for herself and her offspring against sexual harassment and infanticide by other males. The male benefits because it may protect its own offspring or it may invest in future sexual relationship with respective females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE3FFE6FA356321F947F75C" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE3FFE6FA356321F947F75C" blockId="34.[1381,2593,287,2800]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE3FFE6FA356321F960F9AE" bold="true" box="[1388,1751,1585,1618]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List, including both subspecies. Yellow Baboons are listed as vermin in the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. They are used extensively in biomedical research and often shot as crop pests. They are widespread and locally common, but patchily distributed over their extensive distribution. They have been locally displaced by agriculture, development, and infrastructure projects. The Northern Yellow Baboon occurs in a number of protected areas, including Amboseli National Park and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE3FFE6F75D625CF7FDF899" box="[2052,2122,1868,1893]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Tana" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Tana</taxonomicName>
|
||
River National Primate Reserve in Kenya and Mikumi, Saadani, Katavi and possibly Ruaha national parks in Tanzania. Its status in Somalia and Ethiopia is unclear. The Central Yellow Baboon is also widespread and common and occurs in various protected areas: Ruaha National Park (possibly), Udzungwa Mountains National Park, and Selous Game Reserve in Tanzania; Niassa Reserve, Quirimbas National Park and Gilé National Reserve in Mozambique; and Kasungu and Liwonde national parks in Malawi. There are no major range-wide threats believed to be resulting in any significant population decline of the Central Yellow Baboon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE3FFE6FA346DA1F818F50C" pageId="34" pageNumber="661" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE3FFE6FA346DA1F818F50C" blockId="34.[1381,2593,287,2800]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE3FFE6FA346DA1F9B0F736" bold="true" box="[1389,1543,2225,2250]" pageId="34" pageNumber="661">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Alberts & Altmann (2001, 2004), Alberts et al. (2006), Allen (1925), Altmann, J. (1980), Altmann, J. et al. (1981), Altmann, S.A. (1979, 1998), Altmann, S.A. & Altmann (1970), Altmann, S.A. et al. (1987), Bentley-Condit & Smith (1999), Booth & Freedman (1970), Caro (1999), Charpentier, Fontaine et al. (2012), Charpentier, Tung et al. (2008), Collins (1981, 1984), Condit & Smith (1994), Drews (1996), Freedman (1963), Frost et al. (2003), Groves (2001), Grubb (2006), Hausfater (1975, 1976), Hausfater & Bearce (1976), Hausfater & Takacs (1987), Hausfater et al. (1982), Hayes et al. (1990), Hendrickx & Kraemer (1969), Hill (1970), Johnson (1990), Jolly (1993, 1997/1998, 2007), Jolly & Phillips-Conroy (2006), Keller et al. (2010), Kingdon (1971, 1997), Kleindorfer & Wasser (2004), Krebs (2011), Lee & Oliver (1979), McCuskey (1975), Newman et al. (2004), Nguyen Nga et al. (2009), Norton et al. (1987), Pereira (1983), Phillips-Conroy & Rogers (1985), Pochron (2000), Post (1982), Rasmussen (1979, 1981, 1983), Rhine & Westlund (1981), Rhine, Norton, Rogers & Wasser (1992), Rhine, Norton & Wasser (2000), Rhine, Norton, Wynn & Wynn (1989), Rhine, Norton, Wynn, Wynn & Rhine (1986), Rogers & Kidd (1996), Samuels & Altmann (1986), Silk, Alberts & Altmann (2006), Silk, Altmann & Alberts (2006), Swedell (2011), Tung et al. (2008), Vinson (2005), Wahungu (1998, 2001), Wasser (1983), Wildman et al. (2004), Yalden et al. (1977), Zinner, Amold & Roos (2009), Zinner, Buba et al. (2011), Zinner, Groeneveld et al. (2009), Zinner, Kraft & Roos (2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |