235 lines
29 KiB
XML
235 lines
29 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="DE77AF198420091977BE8BE1309C2A02">Cercopithecidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C1FE53390CE93F5DEFD95F13F8765811">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9B418F9662F8CB13DF92CD916BBFB8C9">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6A62F2371AFDEE9C0024EFE13513C2E5">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="3AE75E4DD753FA31DE7F643A6CF6161F">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:placeTerm id="2D3AE48C42518CC8BAED1279A746A0B8">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="9A4023C910BB05B644CF72132E970730">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<treatment id="CE199B17FFB6FFBCFA3F6FE4FAFFF356" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6863478" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197824530" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6863478" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE199B17FFB6FFBCFA3F6FE4FAFFF356" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE199B17FFB6FFBCFA3F6FE4FAFFF356" lastPageId="120" lastPageNumber="748" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB6FFB3FA3F6FE4FA01F4DE" box="[1382,1462,2804,2850]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB6FFB3FA3F6FE4FA01F4DE" blockId="119.[1377,2411,2804,2929]" box="[1382,1462,2804,2850]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFB6FFB3FA3F6FE4FA01F4DE" box="[1382,1462,2804,2850]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">
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<figureCitation id="DE8B3684FFB6FFB3FA3F6FE4FA01F4DE" box="[1382,1462,2804,2850]" captionStart="Plate 52: Cercopithecidae" captionStartId="119.[105,135,3414,3439]" captionTargetBox="[7,2738,13,3641]" captionTargetPageId="118" captionText="149. Tenasserim Langur (Trachypithecus barber), 150. Dusky Langur (Trachypithecus obscurus), 151. Phayre’s Langur (Trachypithecus phayrei), 152. Indochinese Gray Langur (Trachypithecus crepusculus), 153. Cat Ba Langur (Trachypithecus poliocephalus), 154. White-headed Langur (Trachypithecus leucocephalus), 155. Delacour’s Langur (Trachypithecus delacouri), 156. Francois’s Langur (Trachypithecus francoisi), 157. Black Langur (Trachypithecus ebenus), 158. Laos Langur (Trachypithecus laotum), 159. Hatunh Langur (Trachypithecus hatinhensis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867475/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">151.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB6FFB3FA9F6FE4F8ADF4DE" box="[1478,1818,2804,2850]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB6FFB3FA9F6FE4F8ADF4DE" blockId="119.[1377,2411,2804,2929]" box="[1478,1818,2804,2850]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFB6FFB3FA9F6FE4F8ADF4DE" box="[1478,1818,2804,2850]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFB6FFB3FA9F6FE4F8ADF4DE" box="[1478,1818,2804,2850]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">Phayre’s Langur</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB6FFB3F83D6FE4F742F4DE" box="[1892,2293,2804,2850]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB6FFB3F83D6FE4F742F4DE" blockId="119.[1377,2411,2804,2929]" box="[1892,2293,2804,2850]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFB6FFB3F83D6FE4F742F4DE" box="[1892,2293,2804,2850]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB6FFB3F83D6FE4F742F4DE" ID-CoL="57SDM" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[1892,2293,2804,2850]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phayrei">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB6FFB3F83D6FE4F742F4DE" box="[1892,2293,2804,2850]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">Trachypithecus phayrei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB6FFB3FA3B6E24F6DDF48D" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB6FFB3FA3B6E24F767F4B5" blockId="119.[1377,2411,2804,2929]" box="[1378,2256,2868,2889]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">
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||
<heading id="1D479D6DFFB6FFB3FA3B6E24F767F4B5" box="[1378,2256,2868,2889]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">
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||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB6FFB3FA3B6E24FA07F4B5" bold="true" box="[1378,1456,2868,2889]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFB6FFB3FAE36E24F9DFF4B5" box="[1466,1640,2868,2889]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">Langur de Phayre</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB6FFB3F9246E24F96FF4B5" bold="true" box="[1661,1752,2868,2889]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFB6FFB3F9BB6E24F81EF4B5" box="[1762,1961,2868,2889]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">Phayre-Brillenlangur</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB6FFB3F8E46E24F7AEF4B5" bold="true" box="[1981,2073,2868,2889]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFB6FFB3F77A6E24F767F4B5" box="[2083,2256,2868,2889]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">Langur de Phayre</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB6FFB3FA3B6E4CF6DDF48D" blockId="119.[1377,2411,2804,2929]" box="[1378,2410,2908,2929]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFB6FFB3FA3B6E4CF6DDF48D" box="[1378,2410,2908,2929]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB6FFB3FA3B6E4CF9EEF48D" bold="true" box="[1378,1625,2908,2929]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFB6FFB3F93A6E4CF8F6F48D" box="[1635,1857,2908,2929]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">Phayre’s Leaf Monkey</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFB6FFB3F8096E4CF6DDF48D" box="[1872,2410,2908,2929]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">Phayre's Leaf-monkey; Shan States Langur (shanicus)</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB6FFB3FA3B6E8EF837F443" box="[1378,1920,2974,3007]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB6FFB3FA3B6E8EF837F443" blockId="119.[1377,2583,2974,3327]" box="[1378,1920,2974,3007]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB6FFB3FA3B6E8EFA4AF443" bold="true" box="[1378,1533,2974,3007]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB6FFB3F9506E8EF8CCF443" authority="Blyth, 1847" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1847" box="[1545,1915,2974,3007]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phayrei">Presbytis phayrei Blyth, 1847</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB6FFB3F8D26E8EF7DFF443" box="[1931,2152,2974,3007]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB6FFB3F8D26E8EF7DFF443" blockId="119.[1377,2583,2974,3327]" box="[1931,2152,2974,3007]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">
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<materialsCitation id="F6D8205CFFB6FFB3F8D26E8EF7DFF443" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864421379" box="[1931,2152,2974,3007]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">Burma, Arakan.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB6FFB3FA3F6ED5F7D4F3F1" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB6FFB3FA3F6ED5F7D4F3F1" blockId="119.[1377,2583,2974,3327]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">
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1. playrei is a member of the
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB6FFB3F8536ED5F8C2F41A" authorityName="Heuglin" authorityYear="1863" box="[1802,1909,3013,3046]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">obscurus</taxonomicName>
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species group, which also includes 7.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB6FFB3F6FD6ED5F5A7F41A" authorityName="Heuglin" authorityYear="1863" box="[2468,2576,3013,3046]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">obscurus</taxonomicName>
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, 1:
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB6FFB3FAD16EFCF9AFF3F1" baseAuthorityName="Elliot" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[1416,1560,3052,3085]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crepusculus">crepusculus</taxonomicName>
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, and 1.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB6FFB3F9D26EFCF962F3F1" baseAuthorityName="Blyth" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[1675,1749,3052,3085]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbei">barbei</taxonomicName>
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. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB6FFB3FA3B6908F8CAF305" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" type="distribution">
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<caption id="12CF7A89FFB6FFB3FA3B6908F8CAF305" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867411" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867411/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" targetBox="[188,770,305,713]" targetPageId="120">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB6FFB3FA3B6908F945F3C9" blockId="119.[1377,2583,2974,3327]" box="[1378,1778,3096,3125]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">
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||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB6FFB3FA3B6908F945F3C9" bold="true" box="[1378,1778,3096,3125]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB6FFB3FA3F692BF7D1F37F" blockId="119.[1377,2583,2974,3327]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">
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1. p.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB6FFB3FAE9692BF90DF3A0" authority="Blyth, 1847" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1847" box="[1456,1722,3131,3164]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phayrei">phayrei Blyth, 1847</taxonomicName>
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— E Bangladesh, NE India (Assam, Mizoram, and Tripura states), and W Myanmar (SE through Arakan to Pegu).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB6FFB3FA3F699DF8CAF305" blockId="119.[1377,2583,2974,3327]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">I. p. shanicus Wroughton, 1917 — SW China (Yingjiang-Namting River and Tunchong-Homushu Pass districts in W Yunnan Province), and N & E Myanmar (Shan States and neighboring dry zone of N Myanmar).</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<caption id="12CF7A89FFB6FFB3FF306846F9DEF26B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867475" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867475" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867475/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" startId="119.[105,135,3414,3439]" targetBox="[7,2738,13,3641]" targetPageId="118">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB6FFB3FF306846F63EF26B" blockId="119.[103,2480,3414,3481]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">
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On following pages: 152. Indochinese Gray Langur (
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB6FFB3FDFC6846FC63F293" baseAuthorityName="Elliot" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[677,980,3414,3439]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crepusculus">Trachypithecus crepusculus</taxonomicName>
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); 153. Cat Ba Langur (
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB6FFB3FB926846FAD9F293" authorityName="Reichenbach" authorityYear="1862" box="[1227,1390,3414,3439]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Trachypithecus</taxonomicName>
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||
(
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB6FFB3FF36686EFEC9F26B" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1932" box="[111,382,3454,3479]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="delacouri">Trachypithecus delacouri</taxonomicName>
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||
); 156. Francgois's Langur (
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB6FFB3FDC3686EFC15F26B" baseAuthorityName="de Pousargues" baseAuthorityYear="1898" box="[666,930,3454,3479]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="francoisi">Trachypithecus francoisi</taxonomicName>
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); 157. Black Langur (
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB6FFB3FBD3686EFA34F26B" box="[1162,1411,3454,3479]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ebenus">Trachypithecus ebenus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB6FFB3F80C6846F72AF293" authorityName="Tan" authorityYear="1957" box="[1877,2205,3414,3439]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucocephalus">Trachypithecus leucocephalus</taxonomicName>
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); 155. Delacour’s Langur);,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB6FFB3F930686EF8E8F26B" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1921" box="[1641,1887,3454,3479]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laotum">Trachypithecus laotum</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 159. Hatinh Langur (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB6FFB3F70F686EF6C9F26B" baseAuthorityName="Dao" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[2134,2430,3454,3479]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="119" pageNumber="752" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hatinhensis">Trachypithecus hatinhensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB6FFB3FA2F6846F9DEF26B" blockId="119.[103,2480,3414,3481]" pageId="119" pageNumber="747">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB6FFB3FA2F6846F9BBF293" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1911" box="[1398,1548,3414,3439]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="119" pageNumber="747" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poliocephalus">poliocephalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 154. White-headed Langur 158. Laos Langur (
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB9FFBCFC7A6435FA84FC1F" pageId="120" pageNumber="748" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB9FFBCFC7A6435FA84FC1F" blockId="120.[802,1390,293,720]" lastBlockId="120.[179,1393,726,3242]" pageId="120" pageNumber="748">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB9FFBCFC7A6435FBA8FEBA" bold="true" box="[803,1055,293,326]" pageId="120" pageNumber="748">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 42-60 cm (males) and 44-57 cm (females), tail 75— 86 cm (males) and 72-80 cm (females); weight 5:7.9-1 kg (males) and 6.4-7.5 kg (females). Phayre’s Langur is very similar to the Dusky Langur (7.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB9FFBCFBDD64FEFB58FDF7" authorityName="Heuglin" authorityYear="1863" box="[1156,1263,494,523]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="120" pageNumber="748" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">obscurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in overall appearance, butits legs,tail, and crown cap are not so contrastingly pale colored. Face is dark gray, except for white ocular rings and a depigmented area on mouth and nasal septum. The nominate subspecies (1. p.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB9FFBCFE1467C6FE1EFD0B" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1847" box="[333,425,726,759]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="120" pageNumber="748" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phayrei">phayrei</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is dark brown, buffy or gray-brown above, with sharply contrasting gray or whitish underparts. Its face is black, except for a fleshy-white muzzle and a white ring encircling each eye. There is no whorl behind its eyebrows. The “Shan States Langur” (1. p. shanicus) is generally fawn colored, with a trace of lightening on nape and hands. Its feet are slightly darker than the rest of its body. There is either a single tall whorl or a parting behind its brows, but no crest on its crown. The depigmented area around its mouth is very wide, and white aroundits eyes is restricted to innersides.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB9FFBCFFE066FAFAE7FB7D" pageId="120" pageNumber="748" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB9FFBCFFE066FAFAE7FB7D" blockId="120.[179,1393,726,3242]" pageId="120" pageNumber="748">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB9FFBCFFE066FAFE9FFBF7" bold="true" box="[185,296,1002,1035]" pageId="120" pageNumber="748">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Primary and secondary high-elevation evergreen, semi-evergreen, and mixed moist deciduous forests throughout most of its range. In some areas,it also occurs in sparse woodlands and bamboo forests. Phayre’s Langur prefers dense cover and bamboo thickets along hillsides and streams. It can also be found in tea plantations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB9FFBCFFE06198FD51FA40" pageId="120" pageNumber="748" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB9FFBCFFE06198FD51FA40" blockId="120.[179,1393,726,3242]" pageId="120" pageNumber="748">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB9FFBCFFE06198FE75FB55" bold="true" box="[185,450,1160,1193]" pageId="120" pageNumber="748">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Phayre’s Langur feeds mainly on leaves, flowers, seeds, sap, gum, figs, and bamboo shoots. In Bangladesh, mature leaves and young shoots
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB9FFBCFB8B61BFFAA1FB2C" box="[1234,1302,1199,1232]" pageId="120" pageNumber="744" rank="form">form</taxonomicName>
|
||
a major part of the diet (66%), followed by flowers and buds (16%) and fruits and seeds (14%). Seasons influence dietary choice, with leaves dominating the diet in December (76%) and the lowest preference for foliage (49%) in April. Fruits and seeds are preferred mostly in June (57%) when leaf consumption is low (15%). Consumption of flower and buds peaks in April (41%) and is lowest in January (9%). Bamboo shoots
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB9FFBCFFE0608FFF4AFA40" box="[185,253,1439,1468]" pageId="120" pageNumber="744" rank="form">form</taxonomicName>
|
||
a significant proportion ofits diet.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB9FFBCFFE060D3FBA0F92C" pageId="120" pageNumber="748" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB9FFBCFFE060D3FBA0F92C" blockId="120.[179,1393,726,3242]" pageId="120" pageNumber="748">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB9FFBCFFE060D3FE88FA18" bold="true" box="[185,319,1475,1508]" pageId="120" pageNumber="748">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Natal coat of Phayre’s Languris straw-colored. The gestation period of the nominate subspecies is 205 days, and the reproductive cycle is 28 days. Females are receptive throughout the ovarian cycle and during gestation. The average mating interval is 17 days. Female Phayre’s Langurs mate with subadult males during non-ovulatory periods and with alpha males during the periovulatory period. This reproductive strategy may confuse males regarding paternity and reduce the risk of infanticide from male aggression. Females mate in exchange for male security.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB9FFBCFFEE63CAFD64F841" pageId="120" pageNumber="748" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB9FFBCFFEE63CAFD64F841" blockId="120.[179,1393,726,3242]" pageId="120" pageNumber="748">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB9FFBCFFEE63CAFE1FF90B" bold="true" box="[183,424,1754,1783]" pageId="120" pageNumber="748">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Early mornings and late afternoons are peak foraging times for of Phayre’s Langurs in Bangladesh. They prefer to rest in certain trees such as the breadfruit tree (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB9FFBCFEC56239FD9DF8BA" box="[412,554,1833,1862]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="120" pageNumber="748" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Artocarpus</taxonomicName>
|
||
chaplasha,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB9FFBCFD9B6239FCFBF8BA" box="[706,844,1833,1862]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="120" pageNumber="748" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB9FFBCFCFD6239FA9FF8BA" box="[932,1320,1833,1862]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Gmelina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="120" pageNumber="748" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arborea">Gmelina arborea (LLamiaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
that provide good shade, and trees or bamboos such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB9FFBCFCD46245FAD2F892" box="[909,1381,1877,1902]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Actinidiaceae" genus="Actinidia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="120" pageNumber="748" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chinensis">Actinidia chinensis (Actinidiaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB9FFBCFFE36268FEF0F869" box="[186,327,1912,1941]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Melocanna" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="120" pageNumber="748" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Melocanna</taxonomicName>
|
||
baccifera, M. bambusoides and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB9FFBCFDAC6268FCDCF869" box="[757,875,1912,1941]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Bambusa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="120" pageNumber="748" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Bambusa</taxonomicName>
|
||
tulda (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB9FFBCFC8D6268FBFEF869" box="[980,1097,1912,1941]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="120" pageNumber="748" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB9FFBCFBC96268FB51F869" box="[1168,1254,1912,1941]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="120" pageNumber="748" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Acacia</taxonomicName>
|
||
mangium (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB9FFBCFF9F62B0FEFEF841" box="[198,329,1952,1981]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="120" pageNumber="748" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) that offer moderate shade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB9FFBCFFE062D3FE04F755" pageId="120" pageNumber="748" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB9FFBCFFE062D3FE04F755" blockId="120.[179,1393,726,3242]" pageId="120" pageNumber="748">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB9FFBCFFE062D3FC30F818" bold="true" box="[185,903,1987,2020]" pageId="120" pageNumber="748">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
In Bangladesh, Phayre’s Langurs split into subgroups while foraging but communicate and maintain contact visually and with vocalizations. Group size has a significant effect on infant development. Infants develop more slowly in the larger groups. This phenomenon is attributed to intragroup competition for resources that exert a negative effect on individual energy and time budgets.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB9FFBCFFE06DBFFDA5F3CE" pageId="120" pageNumber="748" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB9FFBCFFE06DBFFDA5F3CE" blockId="120.[179,1393,726,3242]" pageId="120" pageNumber="748">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB9FFBCFFE06DBFFDAFF72C" bold="true" box="[185,536,2223,2256]" pageId="120" pageNumber="748">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List, including both subspecies. Both subspecies have undergone declines of more than 50% over the last three generations because of habitat loss and hunting. Phayre’s Langur is protected under Schedule I, Part I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972; Schedule III of the Bangladesh Wild Life (Preservation) Order, 1973; and Category I of the Chinese Wildlife Protection Act. In Myanmar,it has been protected since 1994. Phayre’s Langur is commonly hunted for its gallstones, which are used in traditional medicine. In 2008, the total number of the Shan States Langur was estimated at fewer than 2500 individuals. Phayre’s Langur occurs in at least eleven protected areas: the nominate subspecies in Lawachara National Park and Rama-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary in Bangladesh and Dampa, Gumti, Sepahijala, and Trishna wildlife sanctuaries in India, and the Shan States Langur in Gaoligongshan, Daxueshan, and Tongbiguan national nature reserves in China and Pidaung Wildlife Sanctuary and Popa Mountain National Park in Myanmar. In India and Bangladesh, populations are small and severely fragmented and are affected by changes in land use such as conversion of forests to tea and timber plantations, logging for paper mills and charcoal production, livestock ranching, shifting agriculture and human settlement, and habitat degradation through harvesting of non-timber forest produce. In Bangladesh, Phayre’s Langur has declined by more than 80% in the last 20 years because of tourism, plantations, exotic species replacing indigenous varieties, encroachments, and the construction of roads and railway tracks. In China, populations of Phayre’s Langur in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve and Tongbiguan Nature Reserve are healthy. There is no information on its status in Myanmar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB9FFBCFFE06952FAFFF356" pageId="120" pageNumber="748" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB9FFBCFFE06952FAFFF356" blockId="120.[179,1393,726,3242]" pageId="120" pageNumber="748">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB9FFBCFFE06952FEE4F3A7" bold="true" box="[185,339,3138,3163]" pageId="120" pageNumber="748">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Aziz & Feeroz (2009), Bhattacharya & Charaborty (1990), Bleisch, Brockelman et al. (2008), Choudhury (1987, 1994a, 1994b), Groves (2001), Gupta (1997, 1998, 2000), Gupta & Kumar (1994), Lu et al. (2010), Molur et al. (2003), Pages et al. (2005), Pan Ruliang et al. (1993), Timmins, Duckworth et al. (2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |