207 lines
24 KiB
XML
207 lines
24 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="CB9EE9DCA3EC7D98EDE70BF753A025AE">Cercopithecidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="22C312E3D2EFF3E9F33C939F68C6FC87">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="947A7E0A70FC5CBED50D01F6B48EA223">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="65F10C1E6EF9CF03ED3C1D4FE820EACA">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="45B91F957DE995F1F41CB87F5C74784F">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="7E0D77B04AB024DFB06C90C7D9772FA7">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:titleInfo id="66AE7F40D62A6EE3751A0AA2DBF139F5">
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<mods:title id="7807F8CD1877719F02629EDB600BDD84">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<treatment id="CE199B17FFB2FFB7FF226941F8C0F646" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6863462" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197824532" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6863462" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE199B17FFB2FFB7FF226941F8C0F646" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE199B17FFB2FFB7FF226941F8C0F646" lastPageNumber="743" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB2FFB7FF226941FF7DF383" box="[123,202,3153,3199]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB2FFB7FF226941FF7DF383" blockId="115.[118,1257,3153,3320]" box="[123,202,3153,3199]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFB2FFB7FF226941FF7DF383" box="[123,202,3153,3199]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">
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<figureCitation id="DE8B3684FFB2FFB7FF226941FF7DF383" box="[123,202,3153,3199]" captionStart="Plate 51: Cercopithecidae" captionStartId="113.[119,149,3415,3440]" captionTargetBox="[12,2743,14,3643]" captionTargetPageId="112" captionText="140. Golden Langur (Trachypithecus gee), 141. Capped Langur (Trachypithecus pileatus), 142. Shortridge’s Langur (Trachypithecus shortridgei), 143. East Javan Langur (Trachypithecus auratus), 144. West Javan Langur (Trachypithecus mauritius), 145. Silvered Langur (Trachypithecus cristatus), 146. Selangor Silvery Langur (Trachypithecus selangorensis), 147. Germain’s Langur (Trachypithecus germaini), 148. Annamese Langur (Trachypithecus margarita)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867473" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867473/files/figure.png" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">145.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB2FFB7FF856941FD9EF383" box="[220,553,3153,3199]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB2FFB7FF856941FD9EF383" blockId="115.[118,1257,3153,3320]" box="[220,553,3153,3199]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFB2FFB7FF856941FD9EF383" box="[220,553,3153,3199]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFB2FFB7FF856941FD9EF383" box="[220,553,3153,3199]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">Silvered Langur</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB2FFB7FD2B6941FBAEF383" box="[626,1049,3153,3199]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB2FFB7FD2B6941FBAEF383" blockId="115.[118,1257,3153,3320]" box="[626,1049,3153,3199]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFB2FFB7FD2B6941FBAEF383" box="[626,1049,3153,3199]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB2FFB7FD2B6941FBAEF383" ID-CoL="57SD8" baseAuthorityName="Raffles" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[626,1049,3153,3199]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB2FFB7FD2B6941FBAEF383" box="[626,1049,3153,3199]" italics="true" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">Trachypithecus cristatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB2FFB7FF216980FEA0F30F" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB2FFB7FF216980FC7EF359" blockId="115.[118,1257,3153,3320]" box="[120,969,3216,3237]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFB2FFB7FF216980FC7EF359" box="[120,969,3216,3237]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB2FFB7FF216980FF73F359" bold="true" box="[120,196,3216,3237]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFB2FFB7FF976980FED5F359" box="[206,354,3216,3237]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">Langur a coiffe</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB2FFB7FE2E6980FE65F359" bold="true" box="[375,466,3216,3237]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFB2FFB7FE826980FD06F359" box="[475,689,3216,3237]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">Grauer Haubenlangur</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB2FFB7FD9C6980FC97F359" bold="true" box="[709,800,3216,3237]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFB2FFB7FC736980FC7EF359" box="[810,969,3216,3237]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">Langur plateado</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB2FFB7FF2E69A8FEA0F30F" blockId="115.[118,1257,3153,3320]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFB2FFB7FF2E69A8FEA0F30F" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB2FFB7FF2E69A8FED9F331" bold="true" box="[119,366,3256,3277]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFB2FFB7FE2E69A8FDE6F331" box="[375,593,3256,3277]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">Silvered Leaf Monkey</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFB2FFB7FD0669A8FCB0F331" box="[607,775,3256,3277]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">Silvered Monkey</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFB2FFB7FC4D69A8FC16F331" box="[788,929,3256,3277]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">Silvery Langur</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFB2FFB7FCF769A8FEA0F30F" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">Silvery Lutung; Miller's Silvered Langur (vigilans)</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB2FFB7FF2F683AFD3AF2BF" box="[118,653,3370,3395]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB2FFB7FF2F683AFD3AF2BF" blockId="115.[117,1321,3370,3484]" box="[118,653,3370,3395]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB2FFB7FF2F683AFEA5F2BF" bold="true" box="[118,274,3370,3395]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB2FFB7FE46683AFD3FF2BF" authority="Raffles, 1821" authorityName="Raffles" authorityYear="1821" box="[287,648,3370,3395]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Simia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristata">Simia cristata Raffles, 1821</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB2FFB7FDC1683AFA97F2BF" box="[664,1312,3370,3395]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB2FFB7FDC1683AFA97F2BF" blockId="115.[117,1321,3370,3484]" box="[664,1312,3370,3395]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">
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<materialsCitation id="F6D8205CFFB2FFB7FDC1683AFA97F2BF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864421372" box="[664,1312,3370,3395]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">Indonesia, Sumatra, Bencoolen (= Bengkulu).</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB2FFB7FF226859F595FE46" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB2FFB7FF226859F595FE46" blockId="115.[117,1321,3370,3484]" lastBlockId="115.[2014,2601,299,718]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">
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T.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB2FFB7FFC56859FE88F296" authorityName="Roos, Nadler & Walter" authorityYear="2008" box="[156,319,3401,3434]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="selangorensis">selangorensis</taxonomicName>
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was first described as a subspecies of T.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB2FFB7FC206859FC55F296" baseAuthorityName="Raffles" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[889,994,3401,3434]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">cristatus</taxonomicName>
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, but is now considered a distinct species. T.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB2FFB7FEFD6860FDBAF26D" baseAuthorityName="Raffles" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[420,525,3440,3473]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">cristatus</taxonomicName>
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is closely related to T.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB2FFB7FC076860FC76F26D" box="[862,961,3440,3473]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auratus">auratus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB2FFB7FC816860FBCFF26D" authorityName="Griffith" authorityYear="1821" box="[984,1144,3440,3473]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mauritius">T. mauritius</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB2FFB7FBD66860FA94F26D" baseAuthorityName="A. Milne-Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1167,1315,3440,3473]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="germaini">T. germaini</taxonomicName>
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, 1.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB2FFB7F74D643BF727FEB8" baseAuthorityName="Elliot" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[2068,2192,299,324]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margarita">margarita</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB2FFB7F658643BF663FEB8" authorityName="Roos, Nadler & Walter" authorityYear="2008" box="[2305,2516,299,324]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="selangorensis">T. selangorensis</taxonomicName>
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, and together they
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB2FFB7F7EC645AF68EFE97" box="[2229,2361,330,363]" form="the" genus="The" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" rank="form">form the</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB2FFB7F617645AF601FE97" baseAuthorityName="Raffles" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[2382,2486,330,363]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">cristatus</taxonomicName>
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species group. Two subspecies are recognized, although they are genetically very similar.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB2FFB7F88764D4F951FD08" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" type="distribution">
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<caption id="12CF7A89FFB2FFB7F88764D4F951FD08" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867399" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867399" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867399/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" targetBox="[1400,1982,304,711]" targetPageId="115">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB2FFB7F88764D4F6D9FE1D" blockId="115.[2014,2601,299,718]" box="[2014,2414,452,481]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">
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||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB2FFB7F88764D4F6D9FE1D" bold="true" box="[2014,2414,452,481]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB2FFB7F8BB64F8F753FD5A" blockId="115.[2014,2601,299,718]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">1. c. cnistatus Raffles, 1821 — Borneo, Sumatra, Bangka, Belitung, and Riau (Bintan, Combol, Sugi, and perhaps Batam) and Lingga (Bakung, Lingga) Archipelagos, off E Sumatra.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB2FFB7F8BB67A5F951FD08" blockId="115.[2014,2601,299,718]" lastBlockId="115.[1393,2601,727,2490]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">1: c. vigilans G. S. Miller, 1913 — Natuna Is (Serasan I), off W Borneo.</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB2FFB7FA2D67EFF913FA45" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" type="description">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB2FFB7FA2D67EFF913FA45" blockId="115.[1393,2601,727,2490]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB2FFB7FA2D67EFF9C5FCE0" bold="true" box="[1396,1650,767,796]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 50-58 cm (males) and 46-51 cm (females), tail 67— 75 cm (males) and 66-75 cm (females); weight ¢.6-6 kg (males) and ¢.5-7 kg (females). The Silvered Languris variable in color. Circumfacial hair is erect and forward-curled, there is a high pointed crest (but less pointed and high that in the Selangor Silvery Langur, 1.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB2FFB7F94F6689F908FC46" authorityName="Roos, Nadler & Walter" authorityYear="2008" box="[1558,1727,921,954]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="selangorensis">selangorensis</taxonomicName>
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), and face is slaty-black. Adult female Silvered Langurs have irregular patches of white on inner parts of upper thighs. Teeth and jaws are relatively short. The nominate subspecies
|
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB2FFB7F81966F7F81EFBF4" baseAuthorityName="Raffles" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[1856,1961,999,1032]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">cristatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be divided into two main morphs, which are very distinct but not genetically and geographically separated (although they are somewhat more so in Sumatra). The silvery-gray “wltimus” morph predominates in northern Sumatra;it is uniformly dark gray, tipped with paler gray;it has a black-tinged forehead and yellowish groin and underside oftail. The “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB2FFB7F7F86195F6BEFB5A" baseAuthorityName="Raffles" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[2209,2313,1157,1190]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">cristatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
” morph has shorter hair tips, especially on its back, giving it an overall almost gray-green color. It occurs further south on Sumatra and on Bangka, Belitung, and Riau Islands. Both morphs occur at almost equal frequencies in Borneo, with the “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB2FFB7F72E61EBF768FAE0" baseAuthorityName="Raffles" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[2167,2271,1275,1308]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">cristatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
” morph being perhaps slightly more common. There is an additional, rare reddish morph in Sabah, Borneo. “Miller’s Silvered Langur” (7. c. vigilans) is rather darker than the nominate subspecies, with less lightened hair tips. Its crown is dark and surrounded by a well-defined zone of long hair tips.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB2FFB7FA2A60D0F87EF9AB" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB2FFB7FA2A60D0F87EF9AB" blockId="115.[1393,2601,727,2490]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB2FFB7FA2A60D0FA55FA1D" bold="true" box="[1395,1506,1472,1505]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Primary and secondary forests including coastal, montane, mangrove, swamp, and riparian forest in Sumatra and mainly riparian and mangrove forests in Borneo. The Silvered Langur is sometimes found in plantations. Depending on the region,it is sympatric with different species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB2FFB7F8036326F872F9AB" authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1821" box="[1882,1989,1590,1623]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Presbytis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB2FFB7FA2A634DF680F982" box="[1395,2359,1629,1662]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB2FFB7FA2A634DF680F982" blockId="115.[1393,2601,727,2490]" box="[1395,2359,1629,1662]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB2FFB7FA2A634DF9CFF982" bold="true" box="[1395,1656,1629,1662]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
There is no information available for this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB2FFB7FA2A6395F593F8E0" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB2FFB7FA2A6395F593F8E0" blockId="115.[1393,2601,727,2490]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB2FFB7FA2A6395FA4EF95A" bold="true" box="[1395,1529,1669,1702]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Silvered Langur is not a seasonal breeder. The gestation period averages 194-6 days, and the ovarian cycle lasts c.24 days. It usually has singletons (twins are rare). Newborns are golden-orange in color, with white on the hands, feet, and face. [ts coat gradually changes to grayish at 3-5 months of age. Allomothering is common.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB2FFB7FA286232F6ACF8BF" box="[1393,2331,1826,1859]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB2FFB7FA286232F6ACF8BF" blockId="115.[1393,2601,727,2490]" box="[1393,2331,1826,1859]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB2FFB7FA286232F9EBF8BF" bold="true" box="[1393,1628,1826,1859]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
There is no information available for this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB2FFB7FA2A625AF9F0F86D" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB2FFB7FA2A625AF9F0F86D" blockId="115.[1393,2601,727,2490]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB2FFB7FA2A625AF78DF897" bold="true" box="[1395,2106,1866,1899]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
There is no information available for this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB2FFB7FA2A628DF973F6B8" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB2FFB7FA2A628DF973F6B8" blockId="115.[1393,2601,727,2490]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB2FFB7FA2A628DF962F846" bold="true" box="[1395,1749,1949,1978]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List, including the nominate subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFB2FFB7F76262D9F713F81E" baseAuthorityName="Raffles" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[2107,2212,1993,2018]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">cristatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the subspecies vigilans is classified as Critically Endangered. Major risks for Miller’s Silvered Langur are its restricted distribution (only 62 km* on Serasan Island) and ongoing loss of suitable habitat due to deforestation. The nominate subspeciesis still wide-ranging, but it too is suffering from habitat loss throughoutits range. On Borneo, threats are mainly due to land clearance (oil palm plantations), and forest fires. Silvered Langurs are hunted for their meat in Sarawak and are often kept as pets in Sumatra. The nominate subspecies occurs in various protected areas, including Bukit Barisan Selatan and Gunung Leuser national parks in Indonesia and Bako National Park in Malaysia. An overall population estimate is not available.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFB2FFB7FA2A6C47F8C0F646" pageId="115" pageNumber="743" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFB2FFB7FA2A6C47F8C0F646" blockId="115.[1393,2601,727,2490]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFB2FFB7FA2A6C47F9BAF690" bold="true" box="[1395,1549,2391,2412]" pageId="115" pageNumber="743">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Groves (2001), Harding (2010), Hooijer (1960), MacKinnon & MacKinnon (1987), Maryanto et al. (1997), Nijman & Meijaard (2008b), Roos et al. (2008), Shelmidine, Borries & Koenig (2007), Shelmidine, Borries & McCann (2009), Weitzel et al. (1988).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |