203 lines
25 KiB
XML
203 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document id="C372BC2E5A7988F6449DFFACBE5F8103" ID-CLB-Dataset="100956" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6867065" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3d520847-5163-4b5c-87bf-2cdceb781098" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-89-7" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867065" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1658256599114" checkinUser="jonas" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2013" docId="CE199B17FF9BFF9EFF916DB3F9D9F8B8" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_3_Cercopithecidae_0550.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Presbytis melalophos" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="718" masterDocId="3220E36FFFC1FFC4FF596510FFB7FFFC" masterDocTitle="Cercopithecidae" masterLastPageNumber="755" masterPageNumber="550" pageNumber="718" updateTime="1699359875441" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="D143FDB280A2A9D3D76C99E417ABD7B2" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="21B83B9B83233ADDFCF9D4A92BADEAA4">
|
||
<mods:title id="C40A7F9E9299FC70AF871669B2EF1677">Cercopithecidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="494F50CE7BE28705AAFDF1181757754B" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="6947F5ECB58FF1FD0EAB377495F8ACA5">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="83F6DD9ABC64390A17B0A997B5EBEE6B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="BC4CA0A28A0002E4F25794953E711037">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="EE4CBB8A80FA573D4B23BE222ACFFB88" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="D18BAE2F81FBE510FA595A71B689C0B1">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="2EF4A931FDC0B5BEDF3897CC81014570">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="2F225244BFFE8CA3C23080A1F397DF95">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="6CCE71D5DF83BE07DFD591FA89D52B2D" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="A50C8D84B827FB9A904D699A5739130A">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="95638C6613666FE7597B5C3F2AB651A9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="D5F9830DAC9B85629C3899B5FBF8A7C0">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="4464AED00E57E0FDF73DC1C9E2F4A507">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="E1C778CD5E396B6D6CA27240B67426FC" type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo id="DD5F129C0D3FBF95511B635D9287A0AF">
|
||
<mods:dateIssued id="E2A1DFB18A8CF7AB0E4A1DA9F410D5E3">2013</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther id="A88867E506F99E0FCBC930F0CAE4F30D" type="pubDate">2013-03-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher id="2DBE00A410097A0524DA19BEE026D2F3">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place id="03B1B3A9490B0BA52ACEAFC832D2D207">
|
||
<mods:placeTerm id="88CD2B65D184CDC516970CFD78B8C6B1">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="F8629660F826BFB336115A3EC63C9525">
|
||
<mods:title id="C4F98432B1F74BF3D400D3F87BAF5C8A">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="C812B7F5ED6A5C6C13C5A60CFB116A6E">
|
||
<mods:extent id="709ACD3F41854FA5FC4BF3D35593F8EC" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="3F8B5608A9688E0737B87E2D14233AF4">550</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="9088C90DF4BEB1455FCADECF7AD4618E">755</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="E26A318E55F28B5D090B3D5B2B07141F">book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="920D1289FF33DDCF212FB7ECD4854CF2" type="CLB-Dataset">100956</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="3FCD58BB0FA63D009F4A7618BA01AAA0" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6867065</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="E686880D2A426EF5F6BA82A029B10E11" type="GBIF-Dataset">3d520847-5163-4b5c-87bf-2cdceb781098</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="01168A48F0428FBC37E8154AAEF0CC22" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-89-7</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="F999A622412969484C47EB9EAE20D147" type="Zenodo-Dep">6867065</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="CE199B17FF9BFF9EFF916DB3F9D9F8B8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6863392" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197824759" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6863392" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE199B17FF9BFF9EFF916DB3F9D9F8B8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE199B17FF9BFF9EFF916DB3F9D9F8B8" lastPageNumber="718" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9BFF9EFF916DB3FEAFF72D" box="[200,280,2211,2257]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9BFF9EFF916DB3FEAFF72D" blockId="90.[195,1379,2211,2340]" box="[200,280,2211,2257]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<heading id="1D479D6DFF9BFF9EFF916DB3FEAFF72D" box="[200,280,2211,2257]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<figureCitation id="DE8B3684FF9BFF9EFF916DB3FEAFF72D" box="[200,280,2211,2257]" captionStart="Plate 47: Cercopithecidae" captionStartId="87.[100,130,3411,3432]" captionTargetBox="[13,2745,15,3644]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="5. 5- 6 kg ( females ). The Sabah Grizzled Languris gray above and below, except white belly and inner surfaces of limbs, contrasting with black on hands and feet. Crown is gray, with a tall black crest on back of head and two frontal whorls. Facial skin is red- dish, with bluish lips and a pair of distinct black spots on each side of the face, between eyes and mouth — a pattern sometimes seen in more contrastingly colored individuals of Hose’s Langur ( Presbytis hoset (null), 6. [MISSING], 7. [MISSING], 8. [MISSING], 9. [MISSING], 10. [MISSING], 11. [MISSING], 12. [MISSING], 13. [MISSING], 14. [MISSING], 15. [MISSING], 16. [MISSING], 17. [MISSING], 18. [MISSING], 19. [MISSING], 20. [MISSING], 21. [MISSING], 22. [MISSING], 23. [MISSING], 24. [MISSING], 25. [MISSING], 26. [MISSING], 27. [MISSING], 28. [MISSING], 29. [MISSING], 30. [MISSING], 31. [MISSING], 32. [MISSING], 33. [MISSING], 34. [MISSING], 35. [MISSING], 36. [MISSING], 37. [MISSING], 38. [MISSING], 39. [MISSING], 40. [MISSING], 41. [MISSING], 42. [MISSING], 43. [MISSING], 44. [MISSING], 45. [MISSING], 46. [MISSING], 47. [MISSING], 48. [MISSING], 49. [MISSING], 50. [MISSING], 51. [MISSING], 52. [MISSING], 53. [MISSING], 54. [MISSING], 55. [MISSING], 56. [MISSING], 57. [MISSING], 58. [MISSING], 59. [MISSING], 60. [MISSING], 61. [MISSING], 62. [MISSING], 63. [MISSING], 64. [MISSING], 65. [MISSING], 66. [MISSING], 67. [MISSING], 68. [MISSING], 69. [MISSING], 70. [MISSING], 71. [MISSING], 72. [MISSING], 73. [MISSING], 74. [MISSING], 75. [MISSING], 76. [MISSING], 77. [MISSING], 78. [MISSING], 79. [MISSING], 80. [MISSING], 81. [MISSING], 82. [MISSING], 83. [MISSING], 84. [MISSING], 85. [MISSING], 86. [MISSING], 87. [MISSING], 88. [MISSING], 89. [MISSING], 90. [MISSING], 91. [MISSING], 92. [MISSING], 93. [MISSING], 94. [MISSING], 95. [MISSING], 96. [MISSING], 97. [MISSING], 98. [MISSING], 99. [MISSING], 100. [MISSING], 101. [MISSING], 102. [MISSING], 103. [MISSING], 105. Javan Langur (Presbytis comata), 106. Banded Langur (Presbytis femoralis), 107. Cross-marked Langur (Presbytis chrysomelas), 108. White-fronted Langur (Presbytis frontata), 109. Hose’s Langur (Presbytis hosei), 110. Miller’s Langur (Presbytis canicrus), 111. Sabah Grizzled Langur (Presbytis sabana), 112. Black-crested Sumatran Langur (Presbytis melalophos), 113. Black-and-white Langur (Presbytis bicolor), 114. Black Sumatran Langur (Presbytis sumatrana), 115. Mitered Langur (Presbytis mitrata)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867463" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867463/files/figure.png" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">112.</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9BFF9EFE706DB3FC0BF72D" box="[297,956,2211,2257]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9BFF9EFE706DB3FC0BF72D" blockId="90.[195,1379,2211,2340]" box="[297,956,2211,2257]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<heading id="1D479D6DFF9BFF9EFE706DB3FC0BF72D" box="[297,956,2211,2257]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF9BFF9EFE706DB3FC0BF72D" box="[297,956,2211,2257]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">Black-crested Sumatran Langur</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9BFF9EFCA46DB3FAD5F72D" box="[1021,1378,2211,2257]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9BFF9EFCA46DB3FAD5F72D" blockId="90.[195,1379,2211,2340]" box="[1021,1378,2211,2257]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<heading id="1D479D6DFF9BFF9EFCA46DB3FAD5F72D" box="[1021,1378,2211,2257]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9BFF9EFCA46DB3FAD5F72D" ID-CoL="4MBB9" baseAuthorityName="Raffles" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[1021,1378,2211,2257]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melalophos">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9BFF9EFCA46DB3FAD5F72D" box="[1021,1378,2211,2257]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">Presbytis melalophos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9BFF9EFF9C6DF4FBCBF6DC" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9BFF9EFF9C6DF4FB3FF705" blockId="90.[195,1379,2211,2340]" box="[197,1160,2276,2297]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<heading id="1D479D6DFF9BFF9EFF9C6DF4FB3FF705" box="[197,1160,2276,2297]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9BFF9EFF9C6DF4FEA5F705" bold="true" box="[197,274,2276,2297]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF9BFF9EFE426DF4FE55F705" box="[283,482,2276,2297]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">Langur a créte noire</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9BFF9EFEA16DF4FDE4F705" bold="true" box="[504,595,2276,2297]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF9BFF9EFD076DF4FCE5F705" box="[606,850,2276,2297]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">Rotbrauner Kammlangur</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9BFF9EFC3F6DF4FC75F705" bold="true" box="[870,962,2276,2297]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF9BFF9EFC956DF4FB3FF705" box="[972,1160,2276,2297]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">Langur de Sumatra</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9BFF9EFF9C6C1BFBCBF6DC" blockId="90.[195,1379,2211,2340]" box="[197,1148,2315,2336]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<heading id="1D479D6DFF9BFF9EFF9C6C1BFBCBF6DC" box="[197,1148,2315,2336]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9BFF9EFF9C6C1BFE0CF6DC" bold="true" box="[197,443,2315,2336]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">Other common names:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF9BFF9EFE9C6C1BFD25F6DC" box="[453,658,2315,2336]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">Mitred Leaf Monkey</vernacularName>
|
||
,
|
||
<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF9BFF9EFDC76C1BFC8FF6DC" box="[670,824,2315,2336]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">Sumatran Surili</vernacularName>
|
||
,
|
||
<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF9BFF9EFC1D6C1BFBCBF6DC" box="[836,1148,2315,2336]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">Yellow-Handed Mitered Langur</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9BFF9EFC776C5CFAC1F691" box="[814,1398,2380,2413]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9BFF9EFC776C5CFAC1F691" blockId="90.[814,1404,2380,2807]" box="[814,1398,2380,2413]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9BFF9EFC776C5CFC7EF691" bold="true" box="[814,969,2380,2413]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9BFF9EFC8E6C5CFAC6F691" authority="Raffles, 1821" authorityName="Raffles" authorityYear="1821" box="[983,1393,2380,2413]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Simia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melalophos">Simia melalophos Raffles, 1821</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9BFF9EFC766C68FC31F641" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9BFF9EFC766C68FC31F641" blockId="90.[814,1404,2380,2807]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="F6D8205CFF9BFF9EFC766C68FC31F641" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864421368" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">Indonesia, Bencoolen (= Bengkulu), Sumatra.</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9BFF9EFC776CDBFDA0F3C8" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9BFF9EFC776CDBFDA0F3C8" blockId="90.[814,1404,2380,2807]" lastBlockId="90.[198,1404,2814,3477]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">
|
||
Formerly,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9BFF9EFC9D6CDBFBF0F618" authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1821" box="[964,1095,2507,2532]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mitrata">P. mitrata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9BFF9EFB076CDBFB61F618" box="[1118,1238,2507,2532]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">P. bicolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and P. sumatrana were considered subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9BFF9EFC066F01FBA2F5CE" authorityName="Raffles" authorityYear="1821" box="[863,1045,2577,2610]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melalophos">P. melalophos</taxonomicName>
|
||
. There are widespread geographic gradients in color and individual variation (often in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9BFF9EFB906F74FABBF57D" box="[1225,1292,2660,2689]" pageId="90" pageNumber="744" rank="form">form</taxonomicName>
|
||
of wellmarked morphs), making assignment of subspecies difficult. In addition to the typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9BFF9EFCCC6FC6FBF7F50B" authorityName="Raffles" authorityYear="1821" box="[917,1088,2774,2807]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melalophos">P. melalophos</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there are three main morphs that coexist widely overits distribution. They have been described as “nobilis” (foxy-red), “ferruginea’ (less reddish), and “aurata’ (golden-buff with a black spot on chest, black hands and feet, and a white tail-tip). There is a fourth
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9BFF9EFB236E45FAE7F492" box="[1146,1360,2901,2926]" form="described" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" rank="form">form described</taxonomicName>
|
||
by N. F. Chasen in 1940 with the name fluviatilis. It is found in Palembang, Sumatra, and is similar to the Black-crested Sumatran Langur but much paler. The taxonomic status of these morphsis currently under study. According to genetic and acoustic data, the proposed distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9BFF9EFD696EFAFD6CF3F7" authorityName="Raffles" authorityYear="1821" box="[560,731,3050,3083]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melalophos">P. melalophos</taxonomicName>
|
||
may have to be extended into the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9BFF9EFFB26907FEDCF3C8" authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1821" box="[235,363,3095,3124]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mitrata">P. mitrata</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Monotypic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9BFF9EFF9F692AFC80F355" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption id="12CF7A89FF9BFF9EFF9F692AFC80F355" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867327" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867327/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" targetBox="[201,782,2396,2803]" targetPageId="90">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9BFF9EFF9F692AFC80F355" blockId="90.[198,1404,2814,3477]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9BFF9EFF9F692AFEC1F3A7" bold="true" box="[198,374,3130,3163]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
W Sumatra, from the upper Rokan River (Tanangtalu, 0° 20" N, 99° 59’ E), just N of Gunung Talakmau, S to the upper Batang Hari River and beyond along the Barisan Range, W of Lampung Province.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9BFF9EFF9E69A3F982FDAB" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9BFF9EFF9E69A3F982FDAB" blockId="90.[198,1404,2814,3477]" lastBlockId="90.[1465,2676,288,1866]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9BFF9EFF9E69A3FE73F32C" bold="true" box="[199,452,3251,3280]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—body 34:1-39.7 cm (males, n = 15) and 25.7-40.4 cm (females, n = 13), tail 68-80 cm (males, n = 15) and 67.5-86 cm (females, n = 13); weight 5.9-9 kg (males, n = 15) and 5.2-8.9 kg (females, n = 14). The Black-crested Sumatran Languris variable in its pelage and coloration. It is so-named for the distinctive, blackpointed crest on its crown. Coat color ranges from white through gray to reddishorange. Tail is normally bi-colored (dark above and white below). The Black-crested Sumatran Langur is generally reddish-orange above (tipped with black), with a white, yellow, or pale orange underside. Outersides of limbs tend to be paler (more orange), and inner sides of limbs white, with hands and feet usually orange but sometimes black. Tail is like the body above and whitish underneath for the proximal half. Facial skin is black, and cheeks are straw-colored and separated from the whitish forehead by a reddish or blackish band. Crown crest is black, and there is usually a single, indistinct whorl on forehead (none or two in some populations), as well as a U-shaped parting on nape.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9BFF9EFAE2674CF946FD08" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9BFF9EFAE2674CF946FD08" blockId="90.[1465,2676,288,1866]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9BFF9EFAE2674CF99DFD81" bold="true" box="[1467,1578,604,637]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Primary and secondary lowland and hilly rainforest, rubber plantations, and bush areas. The Black-crested Sumatran Langur uses all levels of the forest canopy. It tolerates a certain degree of habitat degradation and can be found in disturbed areas and secondary forests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9BFF9EFAE567E9F5DAFC6D" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9BFF9EFAE567E9F5DAFC6D" blockId="90.[1465,2676,288,1866]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9BFF9EFAE567E9F97FFCE6" bold="true" box="[1468,1736,761,794]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Black-crested Sumatran Langurs eat young leaves, unripe fruits, flowers (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9BFF9EF92E6630F8F8FCBD" box="[1655,1871,800,833]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Erythrina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">Erythrina indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9BFF9EF83B6630F85EFCBD" box="[1890,2025,800,833]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), mature leaves, and seeds. In Bukit Sebelah Protection Forest, much of the diet consists of leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9BFF9EF7E76640F6BAFC95" box="[2238,2317,848,873]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Hevea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Hevea</taxonomicName>
|
||
brasiliensis (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9BFF9EF6E96640FA6BFC6D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9BFF9EF9746660F82CFC6D" box="[1581,1947,880,913]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="variegata">Ficus variegata (Moraceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and they feed mainly at 15-20 m above the ground.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9BFF9EFAE56687F954FBF4" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9BFF9EFAE56687F954FBF4" blockId="90.[1465,2676,288,1866]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9BFF9EFAE56687F9F5FC44" bold="true" box="[1468,1602,919,952]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Little information is available for the Black-crested Sumatran Langurs. Allomothering is rare. Newborns are whitish-gray, with a thick, dark dorsal stripe, but no shoulder cross-stripe.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9BFF9EFAE3611DF648FBD2" box="[1466,2559,1037,1070]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9BFF9EFAE3611DF648FBD2" blockId="90.[1465,2676,288,1866]" box="[1466,2559,1037,1070]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9BFF9EFAE3611DF911FBD2" bold="true" box="[1466,1702,1037,1070]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Black-crested Sumatran Langur is diurnal and arboreal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9BFF9EFAE56124F734FB30" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9BFF9EFAE56124F734FB30" blockId="90.[1465,2676,288,1866]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9BFF9EFAE56124F735FBA9" bold="true" box="[1468,2178,1076,1109]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Home ranges of Black-crested Sumatran Langurs are 14-30 ha, and daily movements are ¢.300-1360 m. Their social groups are small, with 2-8 individuals and a single adult male. The Black-crested Sumatran Langur has never been studied in the wild.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9BFF9EFAE461C3F5F9F959" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9BFF9EFAE461C3F5F9F959" blockId="90.[1465,2676,288,1866]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9BFF9EFAE461C3F8A8FB08" bold="true" box="[1469,1823,1235,1268]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9BFF9EF9EE61E9F84DFAE6" authorityName="Raffles" authorityYear="1821" box="[1719,2042,1273,1306]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melalophos">P. melalophos melalophos</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The Black-crested Sumatran Langur is protected by Indonesian law. There has been widespread recent loss of habitat in its distribution, mainly for oil palm plantations. Nevertheless,it is still relatively common, and it seems thatit can tolerate some degree of land conversion and forest degradation. Populations are now, however, very fragmented. It is commonly trapped for the illegal pet trade, but less so than the Mitered Langur (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF9BFF9EF73E60AEF759FA23" authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1821" box="[2151,2286,1470,1503]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mitrata">P. mitrata</taxonomicName>
|
||
). This and some incidental hunting for food are threats acrossits range. It occurs in Kerinci-Seblat National Park and Bukit Sebelah Protection Forest in Sumatra. The still rather confused taxonomy, confounded by different color variants and little understood boundaries of the ranges of this and other species (formerly considered subspecies), requires further research to better understand the conservation status of the Black-crested Sumatran Langur.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF9BFF9EFAE663A4F9D9F8B8" pageId="90" pageNumber="718" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF9BFF9EFAE663A4F9D9F8B8" blockId="90.[1465,2676,288,1866]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF9BFF9EFAE663A4F9EEF931" bold="true" box="[1471,1625,1716,1741]" pageId="90" pageNumber="718">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Aimi & Bakar (1992, 1996), Brandon-Jones (1999, 2011a), Chasen (1940), Davies et al. (1988), Fleagle (1977), Groves (2001), Hooijer (1962), Kawamura (1984), Meyer, Hodges et al. (2012), Meyer, Rinaldi et al. (2011), Mukhtar et al. (1990), Nijman & Manullang (2008), Payne et al. (1985), Wilson & Wilson (1976), Zingeser (1970).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |