199 lines
20 KiB
XML
199 lines
20 KiB
XML
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<mods:mods id="E5DCC6B20B8EA425A51FAA44BAFF50FE" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="7E971E99EE8E490EAC91200AF2F69F1F">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="6269759F4AAEF70C968341D19C09CB9B" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="CD04A5350053A2A31F16DE509876145A">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="723E20B4C04F51BD3ED19B516DFFC41F" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B3D9A356127841DF3F16558C905AD85A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="9DB3928B822713F0DA8DEF85B3A2A838">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="0BA33E877C5D5043E07C79BA540CDC72">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="D030AD07E34BAA24FB6D4F6A15F1FEFA">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="69265BE9C0B105D74F839047317994F9" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="78AB38E9E8B1938E02529276F45B4CF9">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="F3F2A7CF7C0E1B7E658354353AFDCD0F">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="8879E46CCF6007B36581611CA128E3DF">
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<mods:title id="B412E0E8EFE7FC95041C235D7A8ECE59">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="F8AD08650A308A9669C8612CC6A4C0B3">
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<mods:classification id="8B0F3AA17300CE8939F67282F84CC58C">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="03F5071399C9FF72037AFE80FDD3F599" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6773123" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659208" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6773123" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F5071399C9FF72037AFE80FDD3F599" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F5071399C9FF72037AFE80FDD3F599" lastPageNumber="701" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C9FF72037AFE80FF53FEB1" box="[108,190,258,304]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C9FF72037AFE80FF53FEB1" blockId="130.[105,1065,258,387]" box="[108,190,258,304]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">
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<heading id="D0AB016999C9FF72037AFE80FF53FEB1" box="[108,190,258,304]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA8099C9FF72037AFE80FF53FEB1" box="[108,190,258,304]" captionStart="Plate 48: Bovidae" captionStartId="126.[107,137,3382,3407]" captionTargetBox="[12,2764,12,3635]" captionTargetPageId="125" captionText="208. Pyrenean Chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica), 209. Abruzzi Chamois (Rupicapra ornata), 210. Cantabrian Chamois (Rupicapra parva), 211. Alpine Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), 212. Carpathian Chamois (Rupicapra carpatica), 213. Asia Minor Chamois (Rupicapra asiatica), 214. Himalayan Brown Goral (Nemorhaedus goral), 215. Himalayan Gray Goral (Nemorhaedus bedfordi), 216. Chinese Goral (Nemorhaedus griseus), 217. Burmese Goral (Nemorhaedus evansi), 218. Long-tailed Goral (Nemorhaedus caudatus), 219. Red Goral (Nemorhaedus baileyi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512963/files/figure.png" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">218.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C9FF7203D8FE80FDD3FEB1" box="[206,574,258,304]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C9FF7203D8FE80FDD3FEB1" blockId="130.[105,1065,258,387]" box="[206,574,258,304]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">
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<heading id="D0AB016999C9FF7203D8FE80FDD3FEB1" box="[206,574,258,304]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99C9FF7203D8FE80FDD3FEB1" box="[206,574,258,304]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Long-tailed Goral</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C9FF720164FE80FBC4FEB1" box="[626,1065,258,304]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C9FF720164FE80FBC4FEB1" blockId="130.[105,1065,258,387]" box="[626,1065,258,304]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">
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<heading id="D0AB016999C9FF720164FE80FBC4FEB1" box="[626,1065,258,304]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699C9FF720164FE80FBC4FEB1" baseAuthorityName="Milne-Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[626,1065,258,304]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Nemorhaedus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="130" pageNumber="701" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caudatus">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799C9FF720164FE80FBC4FEB1" box="[626,1065,258,304]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Nemorhaedus caudatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C9FF72037DFEC3FCC4FEFC" pageId="130" pageNumber="701" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C9FF72037DFEC3FC59FED7" blockId="130.[105,1065,258,387]" box="[107,948,321,342]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">
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<heading id="D0AB016999C9FF72037DFEC3FC59FED7" box="[107,948,321,342]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799C9FF72037DFEC3FF5AFED7" bold="true" box="[107,183,321,342]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99C9FF7203D6FEC3FE7BFED7" box="[192,406,321,342]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Goral a longue queue</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799C9FF7202BCFEC3FDE8FED7" bold="true" box="[426,517,321,342]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99C9FF720119FEC3FD40FED7" box="[527,685,321,342]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Nordchina-Goral</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799C9FF7201D5FEC3FCF3FED7" bold="true" box="[707,798,321,342]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99C9FF720031FEC3FCB4FED7" box="[807,857,321,342]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Goral</vernacularName>
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colilargo
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C9FF72037CFEEAFCC4FEFC" blockId="130.[105,1065,258,387]" box="[106,809,360,381]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">
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<heading id="D0AB016999C9FF72037CFEEAFCC4FEFC" box="[106,809,360,381]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799C9FF72037CFEEAFE8DFEFC" bold="true" box="[106,352,360,381]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99C9FF72027CFEEAFE1AFEFC" box="[362,503,360,381]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Chinese Goral</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99C9FF720113FEEAFCC4FEFC" box="[517,809,360,381]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Manchurian Long-tailed Goral</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C9FF7201C4FE2DFC96FE75" pageId="130" pageNumber="701" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C9FF7201C4FE2DFC96FE75" blockId="130.[721,1308,431,854]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799C9FF7201C4FE2DFC80FE4D" bold="true" box="[722,877,431,460]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699C9FF72009DFE2DFC9BFE75" authority="Milne-Edwards, 1867" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1867" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Antilope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="130" pageNumber="701" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caudata">Antilope caudata Milne-Edwards, 1867</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C9FF720091FE55FB75FE75" box="[903,1176,471,500]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C9FF720091FE55FB75FE75" blockId="130.[721,1308,431,854]" box="[903,1176,471,500]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC5899C9FF720091FE55FB75FE75" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198429" box="[903,1176,471,500]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C9FF720091FE55FC33FE75" box="[903,990,471,500]" name="Russia" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Russia</collectingCountry>
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(Amurland).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C9FF7201C4FE78FD29FCFA" pageId="130" pageNumber="701" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C9FF7201C4FE78FD29FCFA" blockId="130.[721,1308,431,854]" lastBlockId="130.[101,1309,858,2584]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">
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Previously classified as a subspecies of N. goral. N. c. raddeanus is a synonym. Analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene indicates that Long-tailed Goral populations in
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C9FF720051FD15FC77FD39" box="[839,922,663,696]" name="South Korea" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Korea</collectingCountry>
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may be genetically distinct from populations in
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C9FF720714FD3CFBB5FD5E" box="[1026,1112,702,735]" name="China" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">China</collectingCountry>
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. The generic name was originally spelled
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699C9FF72077FFD67FAF9FC87" box="[1129,1300,741,774]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Naemorhedus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="130" pageNumber="701" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Naemorhedus</taxonomicName>
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, but the spelling
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699C9FF7200D4FC8FFB80FCAF" box="[962,1133,781,814]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Nemorhaedus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="130" pageNumber="701" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nemorhaedus</taxonomicName>
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, despite being an unjustified emendation, is “in prevailing” usage and is used here. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C9FF72037EFC00FC3CFC4A" pageId="130" pageNumber="701" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D99C9FF72037EFC00FC3CFC4A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512791" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512791" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512791/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="701" targetBox="[103,698,437,844]" targetPageId="130">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C9FF72037EFC00FC3CFC4A" blockId="130.[101,1309,858,2584]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799C9FF72037EFC00FEF5FC22" bold="true" box="[104,280,898,931]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Russian Far East, NE
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C9FF720159FC00FD4EFC22" box="[591,675,898,931]" name="China" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">China</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799C9FF7201AFFC00FC8FFC22" box="[697,866,898,931]" country="China" name="Nei Mongol" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Nei Mongol</collectingRegion>
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and
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799C9FF7200BAFC00FBEDFC22" box="[940,1024,898,931]" country="China" name="Hebei" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Hebei</collectingRegion>
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E to
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799C9FF72075AFC00FAE4FC22" box="[1100,1289,898,931]" country="China" name="Heilongjiang" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Heilongjiang</collectingRegion>
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), and Korean Peninsula; apparently W to extreme SE Mongolia.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C9FF72037EFC53FAFAFA87" pageId="130" pageNumber="701" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C9FF72037EFC53FAFAFA87" blockId="130.[101,1309,858,2584]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799C9FF72037EFC53FEB0FC73" bold="true" box="[104,349,977,1010]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 109-132 cm (males) and 106-135 cm (females), tail
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099C9FF7207FAFC53FF57FB9B" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="130" pageNumber="701" unit="cm" value="16.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="14.0">14— 18 cm</quantity>
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(males) and 13-17 cm (females) but 37-48 cm to tip oftail hairs, shoulder height 69-75 cm, ear 11.5-15 cm; weight 26-47 kg (males) and 24-45 kg (females). Horn length ¢.15-18 cm, up to 23-5 cm (males), horn basal girth ¢.7-10 cm (males). Body color of the Long-tailed Goral is brown;legs are creamy to yellow-gray, with dark line on front of foreleg; and the dorsal stripe is usually inconspicuous. Underside pale, groin and axillae white, throat white extending forward to chin, and tail usually black and appears long and bushy due to length oftail hairs. Diploid chromosome numberis 56.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C9FF72037EFA8EFC36FA4B" pageId="130" pageNumber="701" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C9FF72037EFA8EFC36FA4B" blockId="130.[101,1309,858,2584]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799C9FF72037EFA8EFF3BFAAC" bold="true" box="[104,214,1292,1325]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Habitat.</emphasis>
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The Long-tailed Goral occupies precipitous terrain with cliff component at elevations of 80-2000 m. In
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C9FF7202E7FAB1FDA7FAD5" box="[497,586,1331,1364]" name="Russia" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Russia</collectingCountry>
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, they occur in seashore cliffs, usually at 100-300 m, and in inland montane areas of mixed pine forests and oak woodlands at 300-800 m. They use slopes of 45-90° and can tolerate snow cover up to
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099C9FF7200DBFA00FBC9FA22" box="[973,1060,1410,1443]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="130" pageNumber="701" unit="cm" value="35.0">35 cm</quantity>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699C9FF720720FA00FB64FA22" box="[1078,1161,1410,1443]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Boselaphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="130" pageNumber="701" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">Major</taxonomicName>
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predators are Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) and Eurasian Lynxes (Lynx lynx).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C9FF720371FA53FD44F9E6" pageId="130" pageNumber="701" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C9FF720371FA53FD44F9E6" blockId="130.[101,1309,858,2584]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799C9FF720371FA53FE98FA73" bold="true" box="[103,373,1489,1522]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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In
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C9FF7202A7FA53FDE7FA73" box="[433,522,1489,1522]" name="Russia" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Russia</collectingCountry>
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, diet of the Long-tailed Goral varies seasonally, butis primarily graminoids (77-82% seasonally). Browse dominates the diet only in summer but can constitute up to 40% in winter. Gorals dig through snow to feed and spend 72-82% oftheir total active time feeding.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C9FF720371F9F0FE7AF8AA" pageId="130" pageNumber="701" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C9FF720371F9F0FE7AF8AA" blockId="130.[101,1309,858,2584]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799C9FF720371F9F0FF00F90E" bold="true" box="[103,237,1650,1679]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Both sexes attain sexual maturity at 1-5 years, but males first participate in the rut at 2.5 years. Estrus lasts 15-30 hours. After a gestation of 210 days, a single offspring, rarely twins, is born. Kids are able to follow mother at 3—4 days. Longevity in captivity 1s up to 18 years but in the wild they rarely live more than twelve years. Only young males disperse.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C9FF720373F8B1FC24F8FA" pageId="130" pageNumber="701" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C9FF720373F8B1FC24F8FA" blockId="130.[101,1309,858,2584]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799C9FF720373F8B1FEB9F8D5" bold="true" box="[101,340,1843,1876]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Long-tailed Goral is diurnal or nocturnal, usually feeding at night. They have 4-5 feeding periods from 05:00 h to 21:00 h.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C9FF720370F800FDCFF7E6" pageId="130" pageNumber="701" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C9FF720370F800FDCFF7E6" blockId="130.[101,1309,858,2584]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799C9FF720370F800FCCBF822" bold="true" box="[102,806,1922,1955]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Movements have not been studied in detail. Males occupy 22-55 ha and mark vegetation in home ranges with the postcornual gland, a gland behind the base of the horn. Groups consisted of two females with young; 2-5 animals less than three years old; an adult male and 1-3 subadult males; or mixed groups (at least one adult male and female and various individuals of both sexes) of up to 16 animals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C9FF720370F7ECFC64F6FA" pageId="130" pageNumber="701" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C9FF720370F7ECFC64F6FA" blockId="130.[101,1309,858,2584]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799C9FF720370F7ECFE26F70E" bold="true" box="[102,459,2158,2191]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix I. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Long-tailed Gorals occur in fragmented populations. In the early 1900s, the estimated population of the Long-tailed Goral was 2000 individuals in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C9FF72072DF73FFB79F75F" box="[1083,1172,2237,2270]" name="Russia" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. By 1980, it was reduced to no more than 550. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C9FF7201B3F766FCB5F684" box="[677,856,2276,2309]" name="South Korea" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">South Korea</collectingCountry>
|
||
, fewer than 300 remain. Illegal hunting can be a major cause of adult mortality. Enforcement of game laws is a priority. There is need to expand and increase protected areas, prevent range deterioration by livestock, and limit human intrusions in goral habitats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C9FF720370F60BFDD3F599" pageId="130" pageNumber="701" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C9FF720370F60BFDD3F599" blockId="130.[101,1309,858,2584]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799C9FF720370F60BFEEDF623" bold="true" box="[102,256,2441,2466]" pageId="130" pageNumber="701">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Allen (1940), Baskin & Danell (2003), Bromley & Kucherenko (1983), Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1966), Groves & Grubb (1985, 2011), Grubb (2005), Heptner et al. (1988), Lovari (1997), MacKinnon (2008), Min et al. (2004), Myslenkov & Voloshina (1989), Soma & Kada (1984), Soma et al. (1987), Wang Sung et al. (1997), Weinberg et al. (1997), Won (1997).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |