259 lines
28 KiB
XML
259 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="A803D108B4EFF3EF6ECA431C923C4F56" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F5071399C4FF7F03D8FA24F6A3FA4F" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Philantomba aequatorialis" docType="treatment" docVersion="17" lastPageNumber="714" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="714" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="848B81C9F1058D6EAC11967D2CC4B395" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E38C81D74AA0511F541B7AB2B427A446">
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<mods:title id="9089ADF98DF51AE44898D35D83A29E20">Bovidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="3397FF5122E693CB78448492ECCA4377" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="E05BB638E1B38706774929D2A873E6F8">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="8DCE074D03FDB04E8E41BA16C53E439D" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="5EEC37838FF4C4303270B7962A9823AC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="86A97B6128E7BB584120A7DFFAB44173">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="C39520EFB5E098B06576D8B56EC19545">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="D9F77AA0006339B5C812EB081A204FDF">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="F153B4553C8B8CA1846374C479C025E0" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="EB67FAA2AB86B0A004C1528E492F3FD0">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="3FA1F738A6956ED85219EFBBBB081E21">
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<mods:placeTerm id="4ADECDA6033B78F3AA8B56ACD581F1FE">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="AE2D50E3D45C19EAE0ABD09A151FD91C">
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<mods:title id="A0FF8DBD16E8AE08721D0159160513C3">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="653D4382715B4C02AA3813F84E63139B">
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<mods:start id="4047395DF524971DD57CD04BF068C42B">444</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="73949863D2A7A76D5B5F49085B225AEB">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="1A0304FF463A3B3DF2EE525F1EFFD613" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6512484</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="FBF3514DFB69114424B0528567184028" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F5071399C4FF7F03D8FA24F6A3FA4F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6773158" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659323" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6773158" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F5071399C4FF7F03D8FA24F6A3FA4F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F5071399C4FF7F03D8FA24F6A3FA4F" lastPageNumber="714" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C4FF7F03D8FA24FECDFA51" box="[206,288,1446,1488]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C4FF7F03D8FA24FECDFA51" blockId="143.[204,1272,1446,1568]" box="[206,288,1446,1488]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
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<heading id="D0AB016999C4FF7F03D8FA24FECDFA51" box="[206,288,1446,1488]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA8099C4FF7F03D8FA24FECDFA51" box="[206,288,1446,1488]" captionStart="Plate 51: Bovidae" captionStartId="142.[106,136,3389,3414]" captionTargetBox="[14,2769,14,3636]" captionTargetPageId="141" captionText="233. Western Blue Duiker (Philantomba congica), 234. Bioko Blue Duiker (Philantomba melanorhea), 235. Eastern Blue Duiker (Philantomba aequatorialis), 236. Mountain Blue Duiker (Philantomba lugens), 237. Simpson’s Blue Duiker (Philantomba simpsoni), 238. Malawi Blue Duiker (Philantomba hecki), 239. Zimbabwe Blue Duiker (Philantomba bicolor), 240. Cape Blue Duiker (Philantomba monticola), 241. Angolan Blue Duiker (Philantomba anchietae), 242. Zambian Blue Duiker (Philantomba defries)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512969" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512969/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">235.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C4FF7F0227FA24FD35FA51" box="[305,728,1446,1488]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C4FF7F0227FA24FD35FA51" blockId="143.[204,1272,1446,1568]" box="[305,728,1446,1488]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
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<heading id="D0AB016999C4FF7F0227FA24FD35FA51" box="[305,728,1446,1488]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99C4FF7F0227FA24FD35FA51" box="[305,728,1446,1488]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Eastern Blue Duiker</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C4FF7F000BFA24FB15FA51" box="[797,1272,1446,1488]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C4FF7F000BFA24FB15FA51" blockId="143.[204,1272,1446,1568]" box="[797,1272,1446,1488]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
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<heading id="D0AB016999C4FF7F000BFA24FB15FA51" box="[797,1272,1446,1488]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699C4FF7F000BFA24FB15FA51" baseAuthorityName="Matschie" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[797,1272,1446,1488]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Philantomba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aequatorialis">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799C4FF7F000BFA24FB15FA51" box="[797,1272,1446,1488]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Philantomba aequatorialis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C4FF7F03DBFA63FC68F99F" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C4FF7F03DBFA63FB6CFA77" blockId="143.[204,1272,1446,1568]" box="[205,1153,1505,1526]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
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||
<heading id="D0AB016999C4FF7F03DBFA63FB6CFA77" box="[205,1153,1505,1526]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799C4FF7F03DBFA63FEF7FA77" bold="true" box="[205,282,1505,1526]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99C4FF7F0235FA63FDECFA77" box="[291,513,1505,1526]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Céphalophe équatorial</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799C4FF7F0101FA63FD9FFA77" bold="true" box="[535,626,1505,1526]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99C4FF7F016DFA63FCA6FA77" box="[635,843,1505,1526]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Ostafrika-Blauducker</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799C4FF7F0049FA63FC57FA77" bold="true" box="[863,954,1505,1526]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99C4FF7F00D2FA63FBE9FA77" box="[964,1028,1505,1526]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Duiker</vernacularName>
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azul oriental
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C4FF7F03DBF98BFC68F99F" blockId="143.[204,1272,1446,1568]" box="[205,901,1545,1566]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
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<heading id="D0AB016999C4FF7F03DBF98BFC68F99F" box="[205,901,1545,1566]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799C4FF7F03DBF98BFE2EF99F" bold="true" box="[205,451,1545,1566]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99C4FF7F02DBF98BFD47F99F" box="[461,682,1545,1566]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Equatorial Blue Duiker</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99C4FF7F01A1F98BFC68F99F" box="[695,901,1545,1566]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F01A1F98BFCE4F99F" box="[695,777,1545,1566]" name="Tanzania" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
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Blue Duiker
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C4FF7F0022F9CDFC3BF912" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C4FF7F0022F9CDFC3BF912" blockId="143.[820,1408,1615,2036]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
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||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799C4FF7F0022F9CDFC22F9ED" bold="true" box="[820,975,1615,1644]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699C4FF7F00F5F9CDFC3CF912" authority="Matschie, 1892" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1892" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aequatorialis">Cephalophus aequatorialis Matschie, 1892</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C4FF7F00F7F9F4FB23F912" box="[993,1230,1654,1683]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C4FF7F00F7F9F4FB23F912" blockId="143.[820,1408,1615,2036]" box="[993,1230,1654,1683]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC5899C4FF7F00F7F9F4FB23F912" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198475" box="[993,1230,1654,1683]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
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||
Chagwi,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F074CF9F4FB27F912" box="[1114,1226,1654,1683]" name="Uganda" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C4FF7F0023F91CFB9BF826" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C4FF7F0023F91CFB9BF826" blockId="143.[820,1408,1615,2036]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
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Formerly considered to be a grouping of subspecies under
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699C4FF7F0722F943FB3FF963" baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1789" box="[1076,1234,1729,1762]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Philantomba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">P. monticola</taxonomicName>
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. Individuals from
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799C4FF7F0094F96EFBD3F888" box="[898,1086,1772,1801]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Pemba" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Pemba Island</collectingRegion>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F0742F96EFB38F888" box="[1108,1237,1772,1801]" name="Tanzania" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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, adjacent to
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F0020F896FC5CF8B0" box="[822,945,1812,1841]" name="Tanzania" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
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) are sometimes listed as a separate subspecies (pembae), but they are not presently considered distinct. Three subspecies are recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C4FF7F0023F833FD90F688" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D99C4FF7F0023F833FD90F688" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512825" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512825" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512825/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" targetBox="[203,797,1619,2036]" targetPageId="143">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C4FF7F0023F833FB29F84F" blockId="143.[820,1408,1615,2036]" box="[821,1220,1969,1998]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
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||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799C4FF7F0023F833FB29F84F" bold="true" box="[821,1220,1969,1998]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C4FF7F0023F855FCFFF7ED" blockId="143.[820,1408,1615,2036]" lastBlockId="143.[205,1407,2044,3452]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699C4FF7F0023F855FCFFF7ED" authority="Matschie, 1892" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1892" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Philantomba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aequatorialis" subSpecies="aequatorialis">P.a.aequatorialisMatschie,1892—fromCCentralAfricanRepublicandEDRCongo(EfromLisala,StoUpemba)toSWSudanandWUganda,withanisolatedpopulationinSSudan(ImatongMts).RangeborderedtotheSandWbytheCongoRiver.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C4FF7F03DBF7F0FEBCF73A" blockId="143.[205,1407,2044,3452]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699C4FF7F03DBF7F0FEBCF73A" authority="Heller, 1913" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1913" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Philantomba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aequatorialis" subSpecies="musculoides">P.a.musculoidesHeller,1913—EUganda,WKenya(EtotheRiftValley),andNWTanzania.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C4FF7F03DBF74BFD90F688" blockId="143.[205,1407,2044,3452]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699C4FF7F03DBF74BFD97F763" authority="Fitzinger, 1869" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1869" box="[205,634,2249,2274]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Philantomba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aequatorialis" subSpecies="sundevalli">P. a. sundevalli Fitzinger, 1869</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F01B1F74BFCCDF763" box="[679,800,2249,2274]" name="Tanzania" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799C4FF7F0023F74BFC7AF763" box="[821,919,2249,2274]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Pemba" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Pemba</collectingRegion>
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, and Mafia Is (
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F076BF74BFAEFF763" box="[1149,1282,2249,2274]" name="Tanzania" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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), coastal mainland
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F024BF76EFE5EF688" box="[349,435,2284,2313]" name="Kenya" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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||
and
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||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F02EFF76EFD94F688" box="[505,633,2284,2313]" name="Tanzania" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C4FF7F03DBF691FA81F3E8" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C4FF7F03DBF691FA81F3E8" blockId="143.[205,1407,2044,3452]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799C4FF7F03DBF691FE2CF6B1" bold="true" box="[205,449,2323,2352]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body c.
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE099C4FF7F0190F691FD33F6B1" box="[646,734,2323,2352]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" unit="cm" value="60.0">60 cm</quantity>
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, tail 6.5-9 cm, shoulder height 31-38 cm; weight 4-3 kg (3.9-5 kg) for males and 5-4 kg (4-2-6-5) for females from
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||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F074EF6B8FB3DF6D6" box="[1112,1232,2362,2391]" name="Tanzania" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
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||
. Head—body 60-67 cm, tail 8-12 cm, ear 4:7.5-6 cm, for animals of both sexes from
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||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F07DEF6E4FADAF6FE" box="[1224,1335,2406,2431]" name="Uganda" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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||
. Few specific body measurements are available for the Eastern Blue Duiker; skull measurements indicate that females are usually slightly larger than males. Overall color is a drab brown; the subspecies sundevalli tends to be paler than the other two subspecies. The dorsal surface tends to be darker in color than the flanks. A restricted black or very dark brown patch is present on the upper haunches on eitherside of the tail base; the transition between the dark croup and paler haunchesis relatively sharp, although less so than in the Western Blue Duiker (P. congica) and the Bioko Blue Duiker (P. melanorhea). The underparts range from pale gray (subspecies aequatorialis and musculoides) to whitish (sundevalli). Horns are always present in males, tending to be rather long: approximately 4-3 cm for male sundevalli and 3-17 cm for male musculoides. There is significant variation among males of subspecies aequatorialis, with a tendency for shorter horns in eastern parts of the subspecies’ range; average regional horn length varies between 2:
|
||
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||
and
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE099C4FF7F0262F4DFFE55F4FF" box="[372,440,2909,2942]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
|
||
, although an isolated specimen from south-western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F0786F4DFFB0BF4FF" box="[1168,1254,2909,2942]" name="Sudan" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
had horns 4-6 cm long. Presence of horns in femalesis highly variable. Female musculoides appear never to grow horns, and they are regularly absent from female aequatorialis (especially in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F03EEF450FE86F472" box="[248,363,3026,3059]" name="Uganda" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
). However, when present in aequatorialis and sundevalli, female horns are fully developed and relatively long; one record from Pemba is 3-4 cm. Horn length from aequatorialis females is 2.5-3.
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE099C4FF7F01BEF3A3FD03F3C3" box="[680,750,3105,3138]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
|
||
; as in the males, a single specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F0631F3A3FA90F3C3" box="[1319,1405,3105,3138]" name="Sudan" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
had very long horns: 4-05 cm. Dental formulais 10/3, C0/1,P 3/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 32.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C4FF7F03D9F3FAF719FEDB" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C4FF7F03D9F3FAF719FEDB" blockId="143.[205,1407,2044,3452]" lastBlockId="143.[1470,2679,274,1490]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799C4FF7F03D9F3FAFED3F310" bold="true" box="[207,318,3192,3217]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
The Eastern Blue Duiker inhabits a wide range of forested habitats, including lowland rainforest, montane forest, and dry thickets. The species has been recorded from sea level (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F02B1F340FDC9F35E" box="[423,548,3266,3295]" name="Tanzania" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
|
||
) to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE099C4FF7F0174F340FD2AF35E" box="[610,711,3266,3295]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
|
||
(the Rwenzori Mountains in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F077FF340FB3AF35E" box="[1129,1239,3266,3295]" name="Uganda" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Mount
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F03C6F367FEC8F287" box="[208,293,3301,3334]" name="Kenya" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F024EF367FE59F287" box="[344,436,3301,3334]" name="Kenya" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
). In the Ituri Forest,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F01F5F367FC94F287" box="[739,889,3301,3334]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
, subspecies aequatorialis densities average 24-2 ind/km?, with a range in estimates from 15 ind/km? to 69 ind/km?The subspecies musculoides in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F013BF2BAFD76F2D4" box="[557,667,3384,3413]" name="Uganda" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
lives at densities of 5-13 ind/km?. On
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F07AEF2BAFADCF2D4" box="[1208,1329,3384,3413]" name="Tanzania" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, population densities of sundevalli are highest in undisturbed high thicket, averaging 34-1 ind/km?. The lowest densities on
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F048EFE90F7FEFEB2" box="[1944,2067,274,307]" name="Tanzania" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
|
||
are in intermediate secondary thicket (14-6 ind/km?); young secondary thickets appear to be avoided.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C4FF7F06D2FEE3F7A1FD3D" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C4FF7F06D2FEE3F7A1FD3D" blockId="143.[1470,2679,274,1490]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799C4FF7F06D2FEE3F925FE03" bold="true" box="[1476,1736,353,386]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Frugivorous/folivorous. Seeds or fruits from plants such as Maesopsis, Ricinodendron, Cordia, Musanga, and Pycnanthus have been recorded in the diet in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F06D3FE2DF9D8FE51" box="[1477,1589,431,464]" name="Uganda" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
; commonly consumed leaves in this region include Milbraediodendron and Mammea africanum, as well as Isoglossa, Brachylaena, and Urtica. Captive feeding trials in the Ituri Forest,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F05B1FD80F8D1FD9E" box="[1703,1852,514,543]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
, indicated a strong preference for the fruits of Ficus exasperata; those of Aidia
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699C4FF7F05D0FDAFF826FDC7" authority="Maeposis" authorityName="Maeposis" box="[1734,1995,557,582]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="micrantha">micrantha, Maeposis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699C4FF7F04C5FDAFF6AEFDC7" authority="Cleisthanthus" authorityName="Cleisthanthus" box="[2003,2371,557,582]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schweinfurthii">schweinfurthii, Cleisthanthus</taxonomicName>
|
||
michelsonii, Klainedoxa gabonensis, and the opening flower buds of Gilbertiodendron dewevreiwere also consumed at high levels. The Eastern Blue Duiker is known to forage in agricultural areas, feeding on crops such as sweet potato (/pomea sp.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C4FF7F06D2FD40F777FCD8" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C4FF7F06D2FD40F777FCD8" blockId="143.[1470,2679,274,1490]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799C4FF7F06D2FD40F9A6FD62" bold="true" box="[1476,1611,706,739]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
There islittle specific information available forthis species, but likely breeds year-round; adult females with late-term fetuses were observed in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F0A71FD6CF60CFC8A" box="[2407,2529,750,779]" name="Tanzania" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
|
||
bushmeat markets in every month studied (July-December). There are several birth records in January-February from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F0400FCBAF869FCD8" box="[1814,1924,824,857]" name="Uganda" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
and western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F0B29FCBAF77BFCD8" box="[2111,2198,824,857]" name="Kenya" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C4FF7F06D5FCE2F58CFC29" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C4FF7F06D5FCE2F58CFC29" blockId="143.[1470,2679,274,1490]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799C4FF7F06D5FCE2F943FC00" bold="true" box="[1475,1710,864,897]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Diurnal; generally most active around dawn and dusk. Foraging patterns show short periods of activity interspersed with periods of rest and rumination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C4FF7F06D2FC2CF85BFBEC" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C4FF7F06D2FC2CF85BFBEC" blockId="143.[1470,2679,274,1490]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799C4FF7F06D2FC2CF76EFC4E" bold="true" box="[1476,2179,942,975]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Group size is typically two or three animals, most likely an adult pair and their subadult offspring. Distinct home ranges are defended against other members of the same species; territorial behavior is believed to be mostly the responsibility of the male. Each home range is covered with a network of regularly used pathways.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C4FF7F06D3FBF1F8BFFA01" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C4FF7F06D3FBF1F8BFFA01" blockId="143.[1470,2679,274,1490]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799C4FF7F06D3FBF1F8C9FB15" bold="true" box="[1477,1828,1139,1172]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II (under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699C4FF7F0BAAFBF1F68DFB15" baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1789" box="[2236,2400,1139,1172]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Philantomba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">P. monticola</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (combined with the other nine blue duiker species within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699C4FF7F0570FB43F8EAFB63" baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1789" box="[1638,1799,1217,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Philantomba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">P. monticola</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex). The widespread distribution of the Eastern Blue Duiker includes large tracts of undisturbed forest in central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F0A35FB6BF657FA8B" box="[2339,2490,1257,1290]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and it is the most common antelope species in several areas (including the Ituri Forest). Intense hunting pressure has led to localized declines in the coastal forests of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F0A83FAB5F5FEFAD9" box="[2453,2579,1335,1368]" name="Tanzania" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
and in the forests of western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599C4FF7F05E1FAE1F8A3FA01" box="[1783,1870,1379,1408]" name="Kenya" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99C4FF7F06D0FA0CF6A3FA4F" pageId="143" pageNumber="714" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599C4FF7F06D0FA0CF6A3FA4F" blockId="143.[1470,2679,274,1490]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799C4FF7F06D0FA0CF9B2FA26" bold="true" box="[1478,1631,1422,1447]" pageId="143" pageNumber="714">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Andanje et al. (2011), East (1999), IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008as), Karesh et al. (1995), Kingdon (1982), Molloy & Hart (2002), Williams et al. (1996), Wilson (2001).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |