267 lines
30 KiB
XML
267 lines
30 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="1773F13B49B1846330B361BCB791E206">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="41F8EA383ECD85405DDE6B992A66AC41">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4E0FED2E243311EF376B0DB7A10369C7">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="2F6E5B6CD7D05F02689E1678ED0627FF">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="AF7E3C410CD193A3985624215FF976B6">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:title id="C6B9B1A17441A0307006C1B49C23ABDF">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F50713993CFF8806DDF529F6C9FD9A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6773077" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659260" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6773077" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F50713993CFF8806DDF529F6C9FD9A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F50713993CFF8806DDF529F6C9FD9A" lastPageId="120" lastPageNumber="691" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8706DDF529F9F1F55C" box="[1483,1564,2731,2781]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8706DDF529F9F1F55C" blockId="119.[1479,2361,2731,2863]" box="[1483,1564,2731,2781]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<heading id="D0AB0169993CFF8706DDF529F9F1F55C" box="[1483,1564,2731,2781]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA80993CFF8706DDF529F9F1F55C" box="[1483,1564,2731,2781]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="118.[97,127,3389,3410]" captionTargetBox="[13,2761,12,3632]" captionTargetPageId="117" captionText="On following pages: 199. Kazakhstan Argali (Ovis collium); 200. Marco Polo Argali (Ovis poli); 201. Tibetan Argali (Ovis hodgsoni); 202. Altai Argali (Ovis ammon); 203. Gobi Argali (Ovis darwini); 204. Shansi Argali (Ovis jubata); 205. Snow Sheep (Owvis nivicola); 206. Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis); 207. Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512959/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">200.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF87053BF529F84BF55C" box="[1581,1958,2731,2781]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF87053BF529F84BF55C" blockId="119.[1479,2361,2731,2863]" box="[1581,1958,2731,2781]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<heading id="D0AB0169993CFF87053BF529F84BF55C" box="[1581,1958,2731,2781]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B993CFF87053BF529F84BF55C" box="[1581,1958,2731,2781]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Marco Polo Argali</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8704F8F529F762F55C" box="[2030,2191,2731,2781]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8704F8F529F762F55C" blockId="119.[1479,2361,2731,2863]" box="[2030,2191,2731,2781]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<heading id="D0AB0169993CFF8704F8F529F762F55C" box="[2030,2191,2731,2781]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993CFF8704F8F529F762F55C" ID-CoL="4B9VN" authority="Blyth, 1841" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1841" box="[2030,2191,2731,2781]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polii">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF8704F8F529F762F55C" box="[2030,2191,2731,2781]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Ovis polii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8706DFF56CF7E9F4AB" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8706DFF56CF6D4F482" blockId="119.[1479,2361,2731,2863]" box="[1481,2361,2798,2819]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<heading id="D0AB0169993CFF8706DFF56CF6D4F482" box="[1481,2361,2798,2819]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF8706DFF56CF9FBF482" bold="true" box="[1481,1558,2798,2819]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B993CFF870536F56CF8E7F482" box="[1568,1802,2798,2819]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Mouflon de Marco Polo</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF870409F56CF894F482" bold="true" box="[1823,1913,2798,2819]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B993CFF870492F56CF7C9F482" box="[1924,2084,2798,2819]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Pamir-Wildschaf</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF870B2FF56CF77EF482" bold="true" box="[2105,2195,2798,2819]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B993CFF870B8AF56CF73FF482" box="[2204,2258,2798,2819]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Argali</vernacularName>
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del Pamir
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8706DFF497F7E9F4AB" blockId="119.[1479,2361,2731,2863]" box="[1481,2052,2837,2858]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<heading id="D0AB0169993CFF8706DFF497F7E9F4AB" box="[1481,2052,2837,2858]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF8706DFF497F952F4AB" bold="true" box="[1481,1727,2837,2858]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B993CFF8705DFF497F86DF4AB" box="[1737,1920,2837,2858]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Marco Polo Sheep</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B993CFF870499F497F7E9F4AB" box="[1935,2052,2837,2858]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Pamir Argali</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF870B38F4DEF5FFF4F8" box="[2094,2578,2908,2937]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF870B38F4DEF5FFF4F8" blockId="119.[2094,2681,2908,3329]" box="[2094,2578,2908,2937]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF870B38F4DEF724F4F8" bold="true" box="[2094,2249,2908,2937]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993CFF870BC8F4DEF5E3F4F8" ID-CoL="5K3X7" authority="Blyth, 1841" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1841" box="[2270,2574,2908,2937]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poli">Ovis poli Blyth, 1841</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF870933F4DEF641F420" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF870933F4DEF641F420" blockId="119.[2094,2681,2908,3329]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC58993CFF870933F4DEF641F420" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198334" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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Pamir
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<collectingRegion id="499878E7993CFF870B26F406F775F420" box="[2096,2200,2948,2977]" country="Nigeria" name="Plateau" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Plateau</collectingRegion>
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, Russian Turkestan.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF870B39F426F6A5F35B" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF870B39F426F6A5F35B" blockId="119.[2094,2681,2908,3329]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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Usually classified as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993CFF87094AF426F762F46F" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ammon">O. ammon</taxonomicName>
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. There appears to be high genetic variation and connectivity between populations in
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF870A15F3A2F66BF3BC" box="[2307,2438,3104,3133]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
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and the Wakhan District of
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF870BD2F3CEF682F3E4" box="[2244,2415,3148,3173]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
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, but based on molecular genetic studies, argali in adjacent area of Taxkorgan,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF870A47F314F64BF332" box="[2385,2470,3222,3251]" name="China" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">China</collectingCountry>
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, appear to be isolated. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF870B39F362F80AF2A8" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D993CFF870B39F362F80AF2A8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512755" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512755" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512755/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" targetBox="[1478,2071,2914,3330]" targetPageId="119">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF870B39F362F80AF2A8" blockId="119.[2094,2681,2908,3329]" lastBlockId="119.[1480,2679,3340,3448]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF870B39F362F733F280" bold="true" box="[2095,2270,3296,3329]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Distribution.</emphasis>
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E
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF870A11F362F671F280" box="[2311,2460,3296,3329]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
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, E
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF870ADFF362F5BDF280" box="[2505,2640,3296,3329]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
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, N
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF8706DEF28EF99EF2A8" box="[1480,1651,3340,3369]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
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, N
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF8705B2F28EF8F4F2A8" box="[1700,1817,3340,3369]" name="Pakistan" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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, and W
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF87049BF28EF80EF2A8" box="[1933,2019,3340,3369]" name="China" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">China</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8806DFF2ADFD3BFCFD" lastPageId="120" lastPageNumber="691" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8806DFF2ADFD3BFCFD" blockId="119.[1480,2679,3340,3448]" lastBlockId="120.[100,1307,274,3459]" lastPageId="120" lastPageNumber="691" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF8706DFF2ADF928F2D1" bold="true" box="[1481,1733,3375,3408]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 160-180 cm (males) and 143-5 cm (females mean), tail 8:5-11.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE0993CFF870575F2D9F947F2F9" box="[1635,1706,3419,3448]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
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(males) and 9-2 cm (females mean), shoulder height 101.5-120 cm (males) and 87-2 cm (females mean), ear 10-10.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09933FF88000BFE90FC8EFEAE" box="[797,867,274,303]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
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(males) and 10-6 cm (females mean); weight 100-124 kg (males) and 48.5-61.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09933FF880034FEBBFC8FFED7" box="[802,866,313,342]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" unit="kg" value="5.0">5 kg</quantity>
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(females). Horn length up to
|
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09933FF88037CFEE3FF21FEFF" box="[106,204,353,382]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" unit="cm" value="190.0">190 cm</quantity>
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||
(males) and 33-49.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09933FF8802FCFEE3FDC2FEFF" box="[490,559,353,382]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
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||
(females), horn girth at base 32-47 cm (males) and 13.5-16 cm (females), horn mass 7.7-14.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09933FF8801BDFE0AFD07FE24" box="[683,746,392,421]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.0" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" unit="kg" value="4.0">4 kg</quantity>
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(males). They have the longest but not the most massive horns, and basal horn circumferences are greater in the Altai Argali (
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869933FF880362FE50FEEAFE72" box="[116,263,466,499]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ammon">O. ammon</taxonomicName>
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||
). Marco Polo Argali juveniles are significantly heavier than neighboring Tianshan (O. karelini) and
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959933FF8802C8FE7FFD96FD9B" box="[478,635,509,538]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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Argali (O. collium) juveniles of the same age. In winter coat, general body color on the back and body sides can be reddish-brown or rust-cinnamon-brown, but usually it is a paler grayish-brown or buff. The large white rump patch, which can have a distinct border with the body hair or have a gradual transition in light-colored individuals, extends from above the tail to the entire hindquarters and joins with the white thighs, hindlegs, belly, chest, and forelegs. The hair forming the neck ruff, which is about
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09933FF880196FD67FD3DFC87" box="[640,720,741,774]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" unit="cm" value="14.0">14 cm</quantity>
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long and is longer than body hair, covers the entire neck; it is pale and blends gradually with the body hair color. The neck ruff is absent in females. The general body color of females is similar to that of males except that the back of the neckis light brown.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9933FF880370FC00FDF3F937" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059933FF880370FC00FDF3F937" blockId="120.[100,1307,274,3459]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179933FF880370FC00FF38FC22" bold="true" box="[102,213,898,931]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Marco Polo Argali are usually associated with Pamirs, a Central Asian landform consisting of montane areas with broad valleys and steep to gently undulating hills above
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09933FF880211FC53FE9DFC73" box="[263,368,977,1010]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
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, flanked by rugged mountain ranges. Marco Polo Argali occur in habitats up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09933FF880222FC7AFE73FB98" box="[308,414,1016,1049]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" unit="m" value="5700.0">5700 m</quantity>
|
||
. They prefer undulating terrain. Their long-legged antelopian bodies are adapted for out-running predators. They descend into valleys to cross between mountains and to feed, but they will ascend precipitous terrain to escape from predators. They are associated with well-drained soils, and during winter, areas cleared of snow by wind. They avoid areas with tall vegetation. They are sympatric with Siberian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869933FF8803BFFB3FFF0BFB5F" box="[169,230,1213,1246]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ibex">Ibex</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869933FF8803EBFB3FFE55FB5F" box="[253,440,1213,1246]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibirica">Capra sibirica</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but ibexes usually occur in precipitous terrain. Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) are their principal predator. Based on skeletal remains of 145 argali in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959933FF880371FA8EFF11FAAC" box="[103,252,1292,1325]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 37-5% had been killed by wolves. Of these, 78% were rams greater than five years old and 43% were rams over seven years old. Marco Polo Argali are more vulnerable to predation during the winter, when marmots are in hibernation and Wolves concentrate on argali as their principal prey. Argali, especially older rams with large horns, are particularly vulnerable in deep snow, where running is difficult. Death rates of adult males were 33% for 4-5year-olds, 21% for 6-8year-olds, and 21% for those greater than eight years old. Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) occasionally feed on argali, but their principal prey consists of Siberian Ibexes and Greater Blue Sheep (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869933FF880364F9C5FEA1F9E9" box="[114,332,1607,1640]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Pseudois" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nayaur">Pseudois nayaur</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Lambs can be preyed upon by golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) and bearded vultures (Gypaetus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869933FF8802E7F9ECFDB0F90E" box="[497,605,1646,1679]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Cortinariaceae" genus="Bovini" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="barbatus">barbatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) but predation by raptors is insignificant. Lamb mortality in one study was 67%.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9933FF880370F943FE81F8D5" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059933FF880370F943FE81F8D5" blockId="120.[100,1307,274,3459]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179933FF880370F943FE86F95F" bold="true" box="[102,363,1729,1758]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Marco Polo Argali are primarily grazers. Grasses, sedges, and forbs are their primary foods; grasses and forbs can comprise 59-88% of their diet, based on stomach samples. In the Tajik Pamirs, males consume
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09933FF880088F889FC0AF8AD" box="[926,999,1803,1836]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.8" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" unit="kg" value="18.0">18 kg</quantity>
|
||
and females
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09933FF8807BEF889FB1FF8AD" box="[1192,1266,1803,1836]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.6" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" unit="kg" value="16.0">16 kg</quantity>
|
||
of vegetation per day.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9933FF880370F8D8FC01F7E6" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059933FF880370F8D8FC01F7E6" blockId="120.[100,1307,274,3459]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179933FF880370F8D8FF01F8FA" bold="true" box="[102,236,1882,1915]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Females attain mating age at 1-5-2-5 years. Males can reach sexual maturity at two to three years but do not participate in the rut until they are four to five years old. Mating occurs in December—January, and after a gestation period of 155-165 days, single offspring are born in the latter half of May and first half ofJune. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959933FF88076AF852FAFCF870" box="[1148,1297,2000,2033]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, both the rut and births are about half a month earlier. In the Pamirs, lamb—ewe ratios were 45:
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09933FF8803CDF7A1FEDAF7C1" box="[219,311,2083,2112]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" unit="in" value="100.0">100 in</quantity>
|
||
September and 32:
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09933FF880144F7A1FD40F7C1" box="[594,685,2083,2112]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" unit="in" value="100.0">100 in</quantity>
|
||
November. In an increasing population in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959933FF880371F7C4FF11F7E6" box="[103,252,2118,2151]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, lamb—ewe ratios can be as high as 67:
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09933FF880005F7C4FC86F7E6" box="[787,875,2118,2151]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" unit="in" value="100.0">100 in</quantity>
|
||
summer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9933FF880373F7EFFC4FF685" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059933FF880373F7EFFC4FF685" blockId="120.[100,1307,274,3459]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179933FF880373F7EFFEBCF70F" bold="true" box="[101,337,2157,2190]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Marco Polo Argali are active throughout the day, with feeding periods alternating with resting periods. On sunny, warm days they are active in the morning and evening. Lactating females usually spend less time resting and a longer time feeding than males because of the higher energy demands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9933FF880370F688FBDAF485" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059933FF880370F688FBDAF485" blockId="120.[100,1307,274,3459]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179933FF880370F688FCCCF6AA" bold="true" box="[102,801,2314,2347]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Detailed studies of movements and home ranges of Marco Polo Argali have not been conducted. During spring, males separate from female herds and move to higher elevations, but they can also shift from southto north-facing slopes. Herds can be classified according to sex and age composition: these include female, lamb, and yearling herds; male-only herds; and mixed-sex herds. Male herds are usually rams of similar age or social status, but the herd composition can vary. During summer, yearlings can form small separate herds but remain close to female groups. Yearlings can also join adult ram herds; in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959933FF88070EF59CFB40F5BE" box="[1048,1197,2590,2623]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 17-4% of male herds had yearlings. Two-year-old males can remain with female herds, but also can join herds of younger rams. Larger herds of up to 500 animals of mixed composition can be observed, especially in winter, but these are usually aggregations of several smaller herds. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959933FF88024FF53DFE0CF55D" box="[345,481,2751,2780]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, males older than five years comprised 6-3% of the population. Population densities in protected areas may exceed 2-5 ind/km?.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9933FF880371F489F9E4FED7" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059933FF880371F489F9E4FED7" blockId="120.[100,1307,274,3459]" lastBlockId="120.[1375,2577,270,545]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179933FF880371F489FE21F4AD" bold="true" box="[103,460,2827,2860]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II (under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869933FF880067F489FBEDF4AD" box="[881,1024,2827,2860]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ammon">O. ammon</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List (under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869933FF8801C6F4B4FCB2F4D2" box="[720,863,2870,2899]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="120" pageNumber="757" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ammon">O. ammon</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869933FF88006AF4B4FC22F4D2" box="[892,975,2870,2899]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Boselaphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">Major</taxonomicName>
|
||
threats to Marco Polo Argali include illegal hunting, overgrazing by domestic livestock and associated human disturbance, and dogs, which chase and occasionally kill argali. Livestock encroachment is the greatest long-term threat; livestock displace argali. Livestock can also transmit diseases and parasites such as pasteurellosis, rinderpest, malignant anthrax, and coccidian infections. Commercial hunting for meat and skins in the past accounted for 1000-4000 animals/year (a conservative estimate). Currentillegal subsistence hunting probably exceeds 500 animals/year. Even in protected areas, humans account for almost two-thirds of annual loss of males. The current population in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959933FF8803D7F316FEAAF334" box="[193,327,3220,3253]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
Pamirs is about 25,000, and an estimated 5000 occur in the Tianshan Mountains of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959933FF880226F339FE2AF35D" box="[304,455,3259,3292]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, mostly in the border-zone areas. Populations in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959933FF880795F339FB35F35D" box="[1155,1240,3259,3292]" name="China" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959933FF880370F360FEFDF282" box="[102,272,3298,3331]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
have been greatly reduced due to degraded range conditions and illegal hunting. There are an estimated
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09933FF88012EF288FD70F2AA" box="[568,669,3338,3371]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" unit="in" value="2500.0">2500 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959933FF8801BEF288FD11F2AA" box="[680,764,3338,3371]" name="China" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
and less than 1000 remain in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959933FF880788F288FF4CF2D3" name="Afghanistan" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959933FF8803CDF2B3FEBCF2D3" box="[219,337,3377,3410]" name="Pakistan" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, during the construction of a highway through prime argali habitat, Marco Polo Argali were killed for food and sport. Marco Polo Argali in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959933FF880765F2DAFB0BF2F8" box="[1139,1254,3416,3449]" name="Pakistan" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
do not exceed 150 and most are present only in the winter when they cross into
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959933FF880A8CFE8CF5E3FEAE" box="[2458,2574,270,303]" name="Pakistan" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959933FF8806B8FEBBF9E8FED7" box="[1454,1541,313,342]" name="China" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9933FF880676FEE7F6C9FD9A" pageId="120" pageNumber="691" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059933FF880676FEE7F6C9FD9A" blockId="120.[1375,2577,270,545]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179933FF880676FEE7FA14FEFF" bold="true" box="[1376,1529,357,382]" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Baskin & Danell (2003), Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1966), Fedosenko (2000), Fedosenko & Blank (2005), Fedosenko et al. (1995a, 1995b), Geist (1991a), Groves & Grubb (2011), Grubb (2005), Harris &
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79933FF880677FE3AFA5AFE4C" box="[1377,1463,440,461]" country="United Kingdom" name="Reading" pageId="120" pageNumber="691">Reading</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2008), Harris et al. (2010), Heptner et al. (1988), Kapitanova et al. (2004), Magomedov et al. (2003), Meklenburtsev (1948), Michel (2010), Roberts (1997), Schaller (1977), Schaller & Kang Aili (2008), Schaller et al. (1987), Tallone (1993), Valdez (1982), Wang Sung et al. (1997), Weinberg et al. (1997).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |