220 lines
24 KiB
XML
220 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document id="267815FC6C3C0EFAEB8000A47E533BBE" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F50713993CFF8703C3F4CEF8FEF5E7" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Ovis collium Severtzov 1873" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="690" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="690" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="535802D9962B22E2D435CE7F31489ED2">
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<mods:title id="A5348F16AA8EB60B2D1CEB9AAA43F0C0">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="890C1B455C2A7D03E59423265521BE08" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="6B7B72F3C6FBBAD150A04608E7F5E24E">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="C2FF0BFB603BF84405285AA61BF104AE" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="CB446A13926D8007ED8F0C04C45B3659">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="E54F5E8C241F579663E09F91D8092958">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="B929182CE359CCCB2362CA0CAC67FBAC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="584ACCC97E0BBB7C26ADB829A8984937">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="DE9997AF3F73FD4FBA99A6185E4BC99C" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="7A283957B1E27D36257007454CFBF041">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="002F0EC9789FFF681BB8D8F3A84BA9CD">
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<mods:placeTerm id="9BF39F5745E974790FD7E4D427CDD2FD">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="99563CBEA50B085B9537B79B963D7D79">
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<mods:title id="EF76A5575A805E24E643D873AEA5D247">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="23672D54C6F7FA0B6350F9DC6F68FFD6">
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<mods:classification id="8396D19F6E8DF3E021A2298249387969">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="C13786FCC4143D5A16F392FC0A39AA98" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6512484</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="BD0EFA0FA20620EB157326711853E91D" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F50713993CFF8703C3F4CEF8FEF5E7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6773075" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659250" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6773075" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F50713993CFF8703C3F4CEF8FEF5E7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F50713993CFF8703C3F4CEF8FEF5E7" lastPageNumber="690" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8703C3F4CEFEC8F4FB" box="[213,293,2892,2938]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8703C3F4CEFEC8F4FB" blockId="119.[209,1183,2892,3022]" box="[213,293,2892,2938]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<heading id="D0AB0169993CFF8703C3F4CEFEC8F4FB" box="[213,293,2892,2938]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA80993CFF8703C3F4CEFEC8F4FB" box="[213,293,2892,2938]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="118.[97,127,3389,3410]" captionTargetBox="[13,2761,12,3632]" captionTargetPageId="117" captionText="On following pages: 199. Kazakhstan Argali (Ovis collium); 200. Marco Polo Argali (Ovis poli); 201. Tibetan Argali (Ovis hodgsoni); 202. Altai Argali (Ovis ammon); 203. Gobi Argali (Ovis darwini); 204. Shansi Argali (Ovis jubata); 205. Snow Sheep (Owvis nivicola); 206. Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis); 207. Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512959/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">199.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF870220F4CEFD44F4FB" box="[310,681,2892,2938]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF870220F4CEFD44F4FB" blockId="119.[209,1183,2892,3022]" box="[310,681,2892,2938]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<heading id="D0AB0169993CFF870220F4CEFD44F4FB" box="[310,681,2892,2938]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B993CFF870220F4CEFD44F4FB" box="[310,681,2892,2938]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF870220F4CEFDCDF4FB" box="[310,544,2892,2938]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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Argali
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8701F9F4CEFC24F4FB" box="[751,969,2892,2938]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8701F9F4CEFC24F4FB" blockId="119.[209,1183,2892,3022]" box="[751,969,2892,2938]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<heading id="D0AB0169993CFF8701F9F4CEFC24F4FB" box="[751,969,2892,2938]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993CFF8701F9F4CEFC24F4FB" authority="Severtzov, 1873" authorityName="Severtzov" authorityYear="1873" box="[751,969,2892,2938]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="collium">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF8701F9F4CEFC24F4FB" box="[751,969,2892,2938]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Ovis collium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8703C4F40EFD9BF449" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8703C4F40EFB73F420" blockId="119.[209,1183,2892,3022]" box="[210,1182,2956,2977]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<heading id="D0AB0169993CFF8703C4F40EFB73F420" box="[210,1182,2956,2977]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF8703C4F40EFEF2F420" bold="true" box="[210,287,2956,2977]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B993CFF87023FF40EFDFCF420" box="[297,529,2956,2977]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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Mouflon du
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF8702B2F40EFDFCF420" box="[420,529,2956,2977]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF870131F40EFD6FF420" bold="true" box="[551,642,2956,2977]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B993CFF87019AF40EFC8BF420" box="[652,870,2956,2977]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Kasachstan-Wildschaf</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF87006CF40EFC38F420" bold="true" box="[890,981,2956,2977]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B993CFF8700C8F40EFBF9F420" box="[990,1044,2956,2977]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Argali</vernacularName>
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de
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF870728F40EFB73F420" box="[1086,1182,2956,2977]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Kazajistan</collectingCountry>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8703C4F431FD9BF449" blockId="119.[209,1183,2892,3022]" box="[210,630,2995,3016]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<heading id="D0AB0169993CFF8703C4F431FD9BF449" box="[210,630,2995,3016]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF8703C4F431FE25F449" bold="true" box="[210,456,2995,3016]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B993CFF8702C4F431FD9BF449" box="[466,630,2995,3016]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Karaganda Argali</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8703C7F474FD14F396" box="[209,761,3062,3095]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8703C7F474FD14F396" blockId="119.[208,1410,3062,3458]" box="[209,761,3062,3095]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF8703C7F474FE81F396" bold="true" box="[209,364,3062,3095]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993CFF87026CF474FD19F396" authority="Severtzov, 1873" authorityName="Severtzov" authorityYear="1873" box="[378,756,3062,3095]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="collium">Ovis collium Severtzov, 1873</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF870012F474FAC2F396" box="[772,1327,3062,3095]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF870012F474FAC2F396" blockId="119.[208,1410,3062,3458]" box="[772,1327,3062,3095]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC58993CFF870012F474FAC2F396" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198445" box="[772,1327,3062,3095]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Kyrgyz Steppe, North of Lake Balkhash.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8703C4F39FFE32F3E7" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8703C4F39FFE32F3E7" blockId="119.[208,1410,3062,3458]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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This species is usually classified as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993CFF8700B9F39FFBDAF3BF" box="[943,1079,3101,3134]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ammon">O. ammon</taxonomicName>
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or as a synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993CFF870670F39FFEDEF3E7" authority="Severtzov, 1873" authorityName="Severtzov" authorityYear="1873" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="karelini">O. karelini</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8703C4F3E9FA88F35A" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D993CFF8703C4F3E9FA88F35A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512753" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512753" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512753/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" targetBox="[1477,2070,280,696]" targetPageId="119">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8703C4F3E9FA88F35A" blockId="119.[208,1410,3062,3458]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF8703C4F3E9FE6CF30D" bold="true" box="[210,385,3179,3212]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Distribution.</emphasis>
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C & E
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF8702FEF3E9FD69F30D" box="[488,644,3179,3212]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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(Saur and Tarbagatai Mts between Lake Balkhash and Irtysh River N of Tianshan Mts) extending into NW
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF8700AEF310FBE0F332" box="[952,1037,3218,3251]" name="China" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">China</collectingCountry>
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; an isolated population in Ereymentau, Koitas, and Niyaz Mts, N of the town of Ereymentau town,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF8707D7F340FA8CF35A" box="[1217,1377,3266,3291]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8703C4F367F73DFCD4" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8703C4F367F73DFCD4" blockId="119.[208,1410,3062,3458]" lastBlockId="119.[1479,2681,701,2662]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF8703C4F367FE23F283" bold="true" box="[210,462,3301,3330]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 165-199 cm (males) and 136-160 cm (females), tail 10-17 cm (males) and 7-16 cm (females), shoulder height 108-135 cm (males) and 85-100 cm (females), ear 9-14.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE0993CFF8701C8F2B6FCCAF2D0" box="[734,807,3380,3409]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
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(males) and 10-14 cm (females); weight 108-157 kg (males) and 43.2-62 kg (females). Horn length 94.5-154 cm (males) and 26-32 cm (females), basal horn girth 32.3-43 cm (males), horn weight 11-15 kg (males). Average length of
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF87095AFEE2F74AFE24" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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Argali horns is shorter than the Tianshan Argali (O. karelini). Coloration resembles that of the Tianshan Argali, but is somewhat brighter and more contrast ing. Based on a color photograph, the upper portion of the face is gray contrasting sharply with the white muzzle, lower lip, chin, and throat; a white ruff surrounds the neck and extends to the white chest and brisket. The upper portion of the front and hindlegs is dark; the lower portion is white. There is a dark, wide flank stripe extending from the front leg to the hindleg. Otherwise, the
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF870BE1FC8EF67EFCAC" box="[2295,2451,780,813]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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Argali is similar to Tianshan Argali. Diploid chromosome numberis 56.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8706DEFCD9F8BFFAFA" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8706DEFCD9F8BFFAFA" blockId="119.[1479,2681,701,2662]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF8706DEFCD9F9DBFCFD" bold="true" box="[1480,1590,859,892]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Habitat.</emphasis>
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The
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF870590FCD9F8CEFCFD" box="[1670,1827,859,892]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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Argali occurs in the Kazakh Uplands at 1000-1500 m above sea level, mostly in steppe habitats. Climate is sharply continental and arid, with winters lasting for 5-5-5 months and average snow cover of 20-26 cm. Some habitats are precipitous, others undulating and gentle. Tarbagatai-Saur Mountains rise more than
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE0993CFF8706DFFC7AF9DFFB98" box="[1481,1586,1016,1049]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" unit="m" value="2500.0">2500 m</quantity>
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above sea level. In Tarbagatai, the
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF870B20FC7AF73FFB98" box="[2102,2258,1016,1049]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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Argali inhabit mainly steppe habitat on the northern slope, at elevations below
|
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<quantity id="4CA41BE0993CFF870B84FBA2F716FBC0" box="[2194,2299,1056,1089]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
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; in Saur, they mostly occur in subalpine and alpine meadows. Unlike other argali,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF870BD5FBC5F68DFBE9" box="[2243,2400,1095,1128]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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Argali often feed in shrub and open forest stands. In Kent Mountains, males feed in pine forests and rest in thick pine or dense juniper stands. More often argali females with young rest and seek secure cover in dense shrub thickets; males prefer more open habitats. Usually there is a strong ecological and spatial segregation of males and females. In summer, females with young can occur in separate mountain ranges from males. Lamb mortality during summer can be as high as 30%. Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) predation can account for 40-73% of annual mortality.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8706DEFA00F7A4F998" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8706DEFA00F7A4F998" blockId="119.[1479,2681,701,2662]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF8706DEFA00F924FA22" bold="true" box="[1480,1737,1410,1443]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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In Kazakh Upland, diet consists of higher proportions of forbs than graminoids and browse. Browse can dominate the winter diet. In more arid southern areas, browse consumption increases.
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF8704C8FA52F796FA70" box="[2014,2171,1488,1521]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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Argali often feed in cultivated grain fields in valleys in winter, spring, and summer.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8706DEF99DF6A0F937" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8706DEF99DF6A0F937" blockId="119.[1479,2681,701,2662]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF8706DEF99DF9A3F9C1" bold="true" box="[1480,1614,1567,1600]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Rut occurs in the second half of October and lasts through November. Parturition occurs from late March to early May. Newborns weigh 3.4-5 kg. About 17-33% of females twin, but twinning can decrease to 2% after harsh winters. Lamb—ewe ratios are 42-67 lambs: 100 ewes, with an average of 58 lambs:100 ewes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8706D1F93EF5D2F95C" box="[1479,2623,1724,1757]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8706D1F93EF5D2F95C" blockId="119.[1479,2681,701,2662]" box="[1479,2623,1724,1757]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF8706D1F93EF95CF95C" bold="true" box="[1479,1713,1724,1757]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Daily activity of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF87048FF93EF7DBF95C" box="[1945,2102,1724,1757]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
Argali resembles that of other argali.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8706DEF965F59BF7BE" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8706DEF965F59BF7BE" blockId="119.[1479,2681,701,2662]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF8706DEF965F796F885" bold="true" box="[1480,2171,1767,1796]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF870B91F965F6CEF885" box="[2183,2339,1767,1796]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
Argali migrate seasonally between mountain ranges. There are also irregular movements caused by droughts and steppe fires. In East Tarbagatai in the spring, the animals migrate into
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF870ACFF8B0F5C3F8D2" box="[2521,2606,1842,1875]" name="China" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
; they return in autumn. Mean group size depends on population density. During the rut in October, average group size was 3-1-8-6 animals, with densities of 2:3-15-2 ind/ km? In summer 1997, average female group size was 2—4-4, with a maximum of 11; males usually occurred alone or in pairs, with a maximum of five animals. In another study, population densities in different mountain ranges varied from 0-24 ind/km?* to 0-35 ind/km? and adult males made up 44% and yearlings 7-6-11% of the population.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8706DFF7C7F8D9F623" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8706DFF7C7F8D9F623" blockId="119.[1479,2681,701,2662]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF8706DFF7C7F8C6F7E7" bold="true" box="[1481,1835,2117,2150]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II (under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993CFF870BC7F7C7F68DF7E7" box="[2257,2400,2117,2150]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ammon">O. ammon</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List (under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86993CFF870B09F7F3F741F70F" box="[2079,2220,2161,2190]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ammon">O. ammon</taxonomicName>
|
||
). There was a distinct decline in numbers and distribution in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but numbers increased by the late 1980s, occurring in areas where the species had not been seen in years. They even populated undulating lowlands far from mountains. However, a decline occurred in the mid-1990s. There were about
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE0993CFF8704DAF690F7A5F6AA" box="[1996,2120,2322,2347]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" unit="in" value="10.0">10,000 in</quantity>
|
||
Kazakhskiy Melokosopochnik in 1990s, some
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE0993CFF87050AF6B3F990F6D3" box="[1564,1661,2353,2386]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" unit="in" value="1000.0">1000 in</quantity>
|
||
other areas of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF870458F6B3F803F6D3" box="[1870,2030,2353,2386]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and 2000-3000 in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695993CFF870BEDF6B3F6BCF6D3" box="[2299,2385,2353,2386]" name="China" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The current total estimate is about
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE68D0C2993CFF8705B0F6DBF8E8F6FB" box="[1702,1797,2393,2426]" degrees="13,000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" precision="55" value="13.0">13,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
-14,000. Most common threats are poaching, competition with livestock, and steppe fires.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E993CFF8706DFF62DF8FEF5E7" pageId="119" pageNumber="690" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605993CFF8706DFF62DF8FEF5E7" blockId="119.[1479,2681,701,2662]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A17993CFF8706DFF62DF98EF649" bold="true" box="[1481,1635,2479,2504]" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Baskin & Danell (2003), Berber (1999), Berber & Erzhanov (2003), Berber & Kalmykov (1994), Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1966), Fedosenko (2000), Fedosenko & Blank (2001), Fedosenko & Kapitonov (1983), Fedosenko & Weinberg (1999), Geist (1991a), Groves & Grubb (2011), Grubb (2005), Harris &
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E7993CFF87092DF67CFA0AF5BF" country="United Kingdom" name="Reading" pageId="119" pageNumber="690">Reading</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2008), Heptner et al. (1988), Kapitanova et al. (2004), Kapitonov & Makhmutov (1977), Magomedov et al. (2003), Weinberg et al. (1997).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |