312 lines
40 KiB
XML
312 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document id="64479B4E580691D86F1AD36C910E6C4C" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F507139928FF9406D3FC6FF6EEFCB5" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Ammotragus lervia" docType="treatment" docVersion="19" lastPageNumber="671" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="670" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="057CBF5BC4571D2E2244550D1F0577CA" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="81B3439EDD0FF15B77C36812A4ACB6EA">
|
||
<mods:title id="6C7CF9D9C816D0B5DBD84F00E2915E27">Bovidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="39C77F3141CAE19C1FED5526516E1348" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="307B293E14B308F1418082C32CADE4E7">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="B542E1720ADD1C358869532591DD9A53">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="24548B5962672A799D4BF8F785AD2387">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="C743CBB0AF17168BB3654A325384605B" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="52022749BB13E00B631A6278A8C88D11">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="B8B77A316900444B5CD067C6015A61F7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="1E06B8A2D21CD329AE14A2BE76EF5AB9">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="0FF0C4A1DB372F56ED1B4900C93BA997">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="476CE4614381F49C40FEED4E812111AA" type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo id="A55A0ECBC094AA29E7658677655942CF">
|
||
<mods:dateIssued id="3575D4B3134239F38A70633D13405909">2011</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther id="965A26B02101A1AE74082EB372BED04F" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher id="43E3989305FEF4F56DFC5DD0E878952B">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place id="E74C0CEFC42C538FE888FC2B9DC6D998">
|
||
<mods:placeTerm id="FEF2E43CABE42A07D32BD323F215FD01">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="E5A8E47BDAE8EDEE6DEA53DE2DA8255D">
|
||
<mods:title id="7FE40F6B36D68A833B6781EFD9F31EB3">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="9B4886AE1861DD9C266C5982B7F9B59C">
|
||
<mods:extent id="5B436E7A74E2F807DFC6D16029610875" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="E3D878AAB40E4FC173A2A63C053A3A6C">444</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="D1BD634E87F0B5B817B891FC3D928A8D">779</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="F5633F100D65ABF73DF96EFF6F66107B">book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="34A3C31233C0AC72099A0CA2728B478A" type="CLB-Dataset">58516</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="6D094D0BEA580BD45E9A276943882045" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6512484</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="AF136DD4DB2266F7E62E0C9E2D9D87B9" type="GBIF-Dataset">67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="30D30BAF8993F4F78CB2EE47EF5132F9" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="E4C034E88579AB092FF7D1CBB05A04C0" type="Zenodo-Dep">6512484</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03F507139928FF9406D3FC6FF6EEFCB5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6636920" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659391" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6636920" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F507139928FF9406D3FC6FF6EEFCB5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F507139928FF9406D3FC6FF6EEFCB5" lastPageId="100" lastPageNumber="671" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF9306D3FC6FF9F8FB9E" box="[1477,1557,1005,1055]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9306D3FC6FF9F8FB9E" blockId="99.[1472,2673,840,1138]" box="[1477,1557,1005,1055]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB01699928FF9306D3FC6FF9F8FB9E" box="[1477,1557,1005,1055]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<figureCitation id="1367AA809928FF9306D3FC6FF9F8FB9E" box="[1477,1557,1005,1055]" captionStart="Plate 44: Bovidae" captionStartId="96.[94,124,3392,3417]" captionTargetBox="[13,2757,13,3636]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="167. Chiru (Pantholops hodgsonii), 168. Rocky Mountain Goat (Oreamnos americanus), 169. Mishmi Takin (Budorcas taxicolor), 170. Bhutan Takin (Budorcas whitei), 171. Sichuan Takin (Budorcas tibetana), 172. Golden Takin (Budorcas bedfordi), 173. Aoudad (Ammotragus lervia), 174. Arabian Tahr (Avabitragus jayakari), 175. Himalayan Tahr (Hemutragus jemlahicus), 176. Greater Blue Sheep (Pseudois nayawr), 177. Dwarf Blue Sheep (Pseudois schaeferi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512953" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512953/files/figure.png" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">173.</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF930535FC6FF927FB9E" box="[1571,1738,1005,1055]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF930535FC6FF927FB9E" blockId="99.[1472,2673,840,1138]" box="[1571,1738,1005,1055]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB01699928FF930535FC6FF927FB9E" box="[1571,1738,1005,1055]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9928FF930535FC6FF927FB9E" box="[1571,1738,1005,1055]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Aoudad</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF9305EAFC6FF78EFB9E" box="[1788,2147,1005,1055]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9305EAFC6FF78EFB9E" blockId="99.[1472,2673,840,1138]" box="[1788,2147,1005,1055]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB01699928FF9305EAFC6FF78EFB9E" box="[1788,2147,1005,1055]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869928FF9305EAFC6FF78EFB9E" ID-CoL="CVNG" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[1788,2147,1005,1055]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ammotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lervia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF9305EAFC6FF78EFB9E" box="[1788,2147,1005,1055]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Ammotragus lervia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF9306D4FBB3F831FBEF" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9306D4FBB3F76EFBC7" blockId="99.[1472,2673,840,1138]" box="[1474,2179,1073,1094]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB01699928FF9306D4FBB3F76EFBC7" box="[1474,2179,1073,1094]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF9306D4FBB3F9E2FBC7" bold="true" box="[1474,1551,1073,1094]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9928FF930501FBB3F931FBC7" box="[1559,1756,1073,1094]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Aoudad de Barbarie</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF9305E7FBB3F8A6FBC7" bold="true" box="[1777,1867,1073,1094]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9928FF930440FBB3F831FBC7" box="[1878,2012,1073,1094]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Mahnenschaf</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF9304E7FBB3F7A1FBC7" bold="true" box="[2033,2124,1073,1094]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9928FF930B43FBB3F76EFBC7" box="[2133,2179,1073,1094]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Arrui</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9306D4FBDBF831FBEF" blockId="99.[1472,2673,840,1138]" box="[1474,2012,1113,1134]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB01699928FF9306D4FBDBF831FBEF" box="[1474,2012,1113,1134]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF9306D4FBDBF955FBEF" bold="true" box="[1474,1720,1113,1134]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Other common names:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9928FF9305D6FBDBF91DFBEF" box="[1728,1776,1113,1134]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Arrui</vernacularName>
|
||
,
|
||
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9928FF9305EBFBDBF8D3FBEF" box="[1789,1854,1113,1134]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Audad</vernacularName>
|
||
,
|
||
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9928FF93045AFBDBF831FBEF" box="[1868,2012,1113,1134]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Barbary Sheep</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF930B3EFB1DF5A6FB3D" box="[2088,2635,1183,1212]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF930B3EFB1DF5A6FB3D" blockId="99.[2088,2676,1183,1604]" box="[2088,2635,1183,1212]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF930B3EFB1DF72EFB3D" bold="true" box="[2088,2243,1183,1212]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869928FF930BC5FB1DF5ABFB3D" authority="Pallas, 1777" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1777" box="[2259,2630,1183,1212]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Antilope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lervia">Antilope lervia Pallas, 1777</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF93094CFB1DF76FFB65" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF93094CFB1DF76FFB65" blockId="99.[2088,2676,1183,1604]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B34BC589928FF93094CFB1DF76FFB65" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198398" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">N Africa.</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF930B3FFB68F582F93A" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF930B3FFB68F582F93A" blockId="99.[2088,2676,1183,1604]" lastBlockId="99.[1472,2675,1611,3451]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
The Aoudad has been hypothesized to be the ancestral form of sheep (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869928FF930AAAFA97F614FAB3" box="[2492,2553,1301,1330]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ovis</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or goat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869928FF930B20FABAF761FAD8" box="[2102,2188,1336,1369]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Capra</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but their evolutionary relationships remain in question. The Aoudad has a diploid chromosome number of 58, identical to the Ladakh Urial (O. vigner), but has anatomical similarities to goats. Immunoglobulin and seroprotein analyses and the sequence of amino acids of several hemoglobin chains do not reveal clear evolutionary relationships. Aoudads will interbreed with goats but not with sheep, and molecular data reveal a closer relationship to goats. Six subspecies have been described, but their validity needs clarification.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF9306D7F944F58BF760" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption id="DF23E68D9928FF9306D7F944F58BF760" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512700" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512700" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512700/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" targetBox="[1472,2065,1190,1605]" targetPageId="99">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9306D7F944F8BDF962" blockId="99.[1472,2675,1611,3451]" box="[1473,1872,1734,1763]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF9306D7F944F8BDF962" bold="true" box="[1473,1872,1734,1763]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9306D7F96FF6E8F88B" blockId="99.[1472,2675,1611,3451]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869928FF9306D7F96FF6E8F88B" authority="Pallas, 1777" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1777" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ammotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lervia" subSpecies="lervia">A.l.lerviaPallas,1777—Morocco,NA.l.,andNTunisia.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9306D7F896F6AFF8B0" blockId="99.[1472,2675,1611,3451]" box="[1473,2370,1812,1841]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869928FF9306D7F896F6AFF8B0" authority="Rothschild, 1921" authorityName="Rothschild" authorityYear="1921" box="[1473,2370,1812,1841]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ammotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lervia" subSpecies="angusi">A.l.angusiRothschild,1921—NWNiger(Air&TermitMassifs).</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9306D7F8B5F8D7F801" blockId="99.[1472,2675,1611,3451]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869928FF9306D7F8B5F8D7F801" authority="Rothschild, 1913" authorityName="Rothschild" authorityYear="1913" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ammotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lervia" subSpecies="blainei">A.l.blaineiRothschild,1913—SELybia,NEChad,andNW&NESudan(probablynowrestrictedtoRedSeahills).</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9306D7F808F756F826" blockId="99.[1472,2675,1611,3451]" box="[1473,2235,1930,1959]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869928FF9306D7F808F756F826" authority="Lepri, 1930" authorityName="Lepri" authorityYear="1930" box="[1473,2235,1930,1959]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ammotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lervia" subSpecies="fassini">A.l.fassiniLepri,1930—NWLibya,extremeSTunisia.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9306D7F82FF6E4F84F" blockId="99.[1472,2675,1611,3451]" box="[1473,2313,1965,1998]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869928FF9306D7F82FF6E4F84F" authority="1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827" authorityName="1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1827" box="[1473,2313,1965,1998]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ammotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lervia" subSpecies="ornatus">A.l.ornatus1.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1827—SE&SWEgypt.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9306D7F85BF72AF79C" blockId="99.[1472,2675,1611,3451]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869928FF9306D7F85BF897F877" authority="Rothschild, 1913" authorityName="Rothschild" authorityYear="1913" box="[1473,1914,2009,2038]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ammotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lervia" subSpecies="sahariensis">A. l. sahariensis Rothschild, 1913</taxonomicName>
|
||
— S
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959928FF9304A3F85BF7DEF877" box="[1973,2099,2009,2038]" name="Morocco" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959928FF930B57F85BF6F1F877" box="[2113,2332,2009,2038]" name="Western Sahara" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Western Sahara</collectingCountry>
|
||
, NW
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959928FF930A7FF85BF5E9F877" box="[2409,2564,2009,2038]" name="Mauritania" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Mauritania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, S A.l ria, extreme S
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959928FF930598F786F936F79C" box="[1678,1755,2052,2077]" name="Libya" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Libya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, NE
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959928FF930436F786F8B2F79C" box="[1824,1887,2052,2077]" name="Serbia" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Mali</collectingCountry>
|
||
, SE
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959928FF93048AF786F807F79C" box="[1948,2026,2052,2077]" name="Niger" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Niger</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and NW
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959928FF930B60F786F72EF79C" box="[2166,2243,2052,2077]" name="Chad" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Chad</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9306D4F7A1F58BF760" blockId="99.[1472,2675,1611,3451]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
Introduced, free-ranging populations occur in S
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959928FF930B6BF7A1F720F7C5" box="[2173,2253,2083,2116]" name="Spain" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the Canary Is,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959928FF930AA4F7A1F61CF7C5" box="[2482,2545,2083,2116]" name="United States of America" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79928FF93091EF7A1FA03F7ED" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79928FF9306E9F7D1F943F7ED" box="[1535,1710,2131,2156]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79928FF9305EAF7D1F8BDF7ED" box="[1788,1872,2131,2156]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
), and NE Mexico. Subspecies of free-ranging introduced populations are unknown because they originate from zoo animals of uncertain origin or from hybrids. Most introduced populations are probably from subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869928FF930932F71BF586F73B" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[2596,2667,2201,2234]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ammotragus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lervia">lervia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, derived from European zoos. The Aoudad has become a widespread invasive species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF9306D7F765F855F4D7" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9306D7F765F855F4D7" blockId="99.[1472,2675,1611,3451]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF9306D7F765F955F689" bold="true" box="[1473,1720,2279,2312]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—body means
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09928FF9304C5F765F7DFF689" box="[2003,2098,2279,2312]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.28" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" unit="cm" value="128.0">128 cm</quantity>
|
||
(males) and
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09928FF930BE7F765F6BCF689" box="[2289,2385,2279,2312]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1199999999999999" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" unit="cm" value="112.0">112 cm</quantity>
|
||
(females), tail 17-5— 20-5 cm, shoulder height 92-110 cm (males) and 80-85 cm (females); weight means
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09928FF9306D4F6B4F9E3F6D6" box="[1474,1550,2358,2391]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.2" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" unit="kg" value="82.0">82 kg</quantity>
|
||
(up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09928FF930569F6B4F937F6D6" box="[1663,1754,2358,2391]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.45" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" unit="kg" value="145.0">145 kg</quantity>
|
||
) for males and 41-3 kg (up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09928FF930B99F6B4F731F6D6" box="[2191,2268,2358,2391]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.6" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" unit="kg" value="86.0">86 kg</quantity>
|
||
) for females. Measurements and weights are from captive specimens; wild individuals probably are smaller. The Aoudad has a pale tawny brown or rufous body color and dark brown areas about the head and forequarters. The chin, undersides, and inside of legs are whitish. A short, erect hair line extends from the base of the neck to just behind the withers. Adult males have prominent long hairs on the cheeks, the throat, and the front of the neck, extending to the brisket. A unique feature is the long hair on the anterior of the upper part of the front legs. The hairs on the brisket and legs can extend to the ground. Long hair is not as well developed in females. The tail is terminally tufted and naked underneath. Males and females possess horns that grow upward and then curve downward. The longest recorded male horn length, basal circumference, and tip-to-tip spread of a specimen from Africa measured 87-9 cm, 33-2 cm, and 39-4 cm, respectively. Specimens have been recorded in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959928FF93048AF490F836F4AE" box="[1948,2011,2834,2863]" name="United States of America" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
with horns up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09928FF930BCBF490F6D8F4AE" box="[2269,2357,2834,2863]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
|
||
. Horns of females are less massive but can be equally long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9928FF9406D7F4DEFC16FE2A" lastPageId="100" lastPageNumber="671" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059928FF9406D7F4DEFC16FE2A" blockId="99.[1472,2675,1611,3451]" lastBlockId="100.[94,1302,276,3462]" lastPageId="100" lastPageNumber="671" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179928FF9306D7F4DEF9C2F4FC" bold="true" box="[1473,1583,2908,2941]" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
No ecological studies have been conducted in Africa; ecological data are from introduced populations. Aoudads in Africa occur from arid to semi-arid mountainous, rugged, broken terrain to open forests with a precipitous component. Introduced populations do well in a variety of habitats, including montane habitats associated with canyons and gorges, level terrain with brushy vegetation, and woodlands and grasslands, but Aoudads prefer precipitous terrain. They can survive in areas without rainfall. In Africa, they are found at elevations from near sea level to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09928FF930A87F3D2F616F3E8" box="[2449,2555,3152,3177]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" unit="m" value="4000.0">4000 m</quantity>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79928FF930922F3D2F9C7F311" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959928FF93052AF3F5F991F311" box="[1596,1660,3191,3216]" name="United States of America" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, they occur from less than
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09928FF930B12F3F5F784F311" box="[2052,2153,3191,3216]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
||
to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09928FF930B8BF3F5F6EAF311" box="[2205,2311,3191,3216]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.312" pageId="99" pageNumber="670" unit="m" value="2312.0">2312 m</quantity>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79928FF930A54F3F5F622F311" box="[2370,2511,3191,3216]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="99" pageNumber="670">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, in a Mediterranean climate, Aoudads used woodlands in summer, grasslands in autumn and winter, and rugged terrain in spring, during the lambing period. In Spain, in an area consisting of three habitats (open with shrubs, closed formed by forests, and mixed habitats consisting of shrubs with scattered trees), neither adult females nor subadults showed preference for a particular habitat. During the parturition period, no animals of either sex were observed in closed forest; males were most frequently sighted in mixed habitats and females in open shrub habitats. During the mating season, in October, Aoudads were mostly observed in closed rather than open habitats. Population parameters and habitat use can be variable due to variability in population size, habitats, and rainfall and forage production within and between years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E992FFF940376FE30FCD1FCB5" pageId="100" pageNumber="671" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605992FFF940376FE30FCD1FCB5" blockId="100.[94,1302,276,3462]" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A17992FFF940376FE30FE84FE52" bold="true" box="[96,361,434,467]" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In north-eastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E7992FFF94017EFE30FCF4FE52" box="[616,793,434,467]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
, diets from rumen analyses consisted of 64% browse in summer, 58:4% browse in autumn, 86% grass in winter, and 59-9% browse in spring. Mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus breviflorus) and wavyleaf oak (Quercus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86992FFF9403F3FDAEFEB6FDC8" box="[229,347,556,585]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="100" pageNumber="671" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undulata">undulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were the browse species consumed. Mountain mahogany constituted 54-3% of diets in the summer and 31-5% in the autumn. Wavyleaf oak constituted 30% of forage in summer and 54-3% during autumn. On an annual basis, browse constituted 48%, grasses 41%, and forbs 9% of diets. In western
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E7992FFF94074DFD23FAE7FD3F" box="[1115,1290,673,702]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
, annual diets were 42% browse, 38% forbs, and 10% grasses. In west-central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E7992FFF9407ADFD4FFAE6FD67" box="[1211,1291,717,742]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
, diets consisted principally of forbs and grasses. Aoudads adjust to available forage, but browse is their principal food source in arid regions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E992FFF940376FCB9FF17FA8C" pageId="100" pageNumber="671" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605992FFF940376FCB9FF17FA8C" blockId="100.[94,1302,276,3462]" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A17992FFF940376FCB9FF0BFCDD" bold="true" box="[96,230,827,860]" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Females usually first mate at 18 months. The main rut occurs in September— November. During rut, older males from formerly segregated herds search and court individual females and guard estrous females from other males. Prior to parturition, females isolate themselves in rugged terrain. After a gestation of 155-165 days, they give birth to one or two offspring. In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E7992FFF940173FC5AFCFEFC78" box="[613,787,984,1017]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
, twinning ranged from 22% to 58%. Only multiparous females produce twins. Birth weights are 3.1-4 kg. Females do not rejoin herds until the neonate is able to follow their mother, usually within two days. Most births occur in March-April but parturition can occur in other months within a population. In captive populations, high-ranking females have shorter interbirth intervals and produce a higher proportion of twins, male calves, and heavier calves. They wean their calves earlier, produce heavier male neonates, and only they have male twins.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E992FFF940348FA91FDD3FA50" pageId="100" pageNumber="671" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605992FFF940348FA91FDD3FA50" blockId="100.[94,1302,276,3462]" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A17992FFF940348FA91FEA5FAB5" bold="true" box="[94,328,1299,1332]" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Aoudads are mostly diurnal, but their grazing periods can be equally divided between night and day. When disturbed by humans, feeding activity will shift to night. There is an increasing period of inactivity during the day from winter to summer. During warm weather, Aoudads rest in shaded areas. Rough, steep terrain is used significantly more for resting sites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E992FFF940376FA55FBDCF600" pageId="100" pageNumber="671" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605992FFF940376FA55FBDCF600" blockId="100.[94,1302,276,3462]" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A17992FFF940376FA55FCF7FA79" bold="true" box="[96,794,1495,1528]" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Daily movements of three Aoudads ranged from 0-2 km to 3-4 km. Diurnal movements ranged from 0 km to 1-9 km, without significant differences between seasons. Annual home ranges of two rams averaged 1547 ha and the home range of one female was 764 ha, indicating that males have larger home ranges than females. Released animals dispersed 32-3 km within 5-7 months. Abrupt seasonal movements of up to 23-4 straight-line km are known. Aoudads are gregarious and develop a dominance hierarchy within herds, but individual female rank can change depending on age and reproductive history. Mixed herds composed of adult males and females, subadults, and young usually formed during rut, have 2-63 animals, with a mean size of 14-7. Nursery and mixed herds in a population of 500-600 have 2-45, with a mean of 7-9. In another study, mean group size declined from 25 after the rut to five in the summer and increased during the autumn and winter, especially during the rut, when adult males joined female herds. In a captive population study, the higher the relatedness and age similarity, the closer the distance between individuals, indicating an ability to recognize close relatives. One population consisted of 30% juveniles and subadults, 20% males, and 50% females. Survival rates were 35% for the neonate to one-year-old cohort, 77% per year for males 1-3-5 years of age, and 55% for males 3-5-10-5 years of age. Longevity in the wild is 10-12 years and in captivity 24 years. In the introduced populations in America predators include Coyotes (Canis latrans) and Pumas (Puma
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86992FFF94000EF745FC6EF765" box="[792,899,2247,2276]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Cortinariaceae" genus="Bovini" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="100" pageNumber="671" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="concolor">concolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but predation is usually not a significant mortality factor in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992FFF940146F768FD62F68A" box="[592,655,2282,2315]" name="United States of America" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
or
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992FFF9401D6F768FCFDF68A" box="[704,784,2282,2315]" name="Spain" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Although diseases and parasites are usually insignificant causes of mortality, there have been population die-offs caused by a helminth nematode (Elaeophora schneideri) in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992FFF940036F6BFFCB2F6DB" box="[800,863,2365,2394]" name="United States of America" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
and mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992FFF940377F6E6FF5CF600" box="[97,177,2404,2433]" name="Spain" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The greatest adult mortality factor in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992FFF940011F6E6FCABF600" box="[775,838,2404,2433]" name="United States of America" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
is sport hunting.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E992FFF940376F605F949FDA0" pageId="100" pageNumber="671" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605992FFF940376F605F949FDA0" blockId="100.[94,1302,276,3462]" lastBlockId="100.[1368,2569,276,824]" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A17992FFF940376F605FE2EF629" bold="true" box="[96,451,2439,2472]" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. An estimated 5000-10,000 Aoudads occur in Africa. They have undergone widespread extirpations and population decreases throughout most of their former range, including
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992FFF940247F584FE4CF59E" box="[337,417,2566,2591]" name="Egypt" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992FFF9402A7F584FDE6F59E" box="[433,523,2566,2591]" name="Sudan" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992FFF94010DF584FD85F59E" box="[539,616,2566,2591]" name="Libya" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">Libya</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992FFF94016EF584FD29F59E" box="[632,708,2566,2591]" name="Chad" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">Chad</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992FFF940006F584FC01F59E" box="[784,1004,2566,2591]" name="Western Sahara" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">Western Sahara</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Present distribution and status over much of their range is unknown.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86992FFF940019F5A7FC8CF5C7" box="[783,865,2597,2630]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Boselaphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="100" pageNumber="671" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">Major</taxonomicName>
|
||
threats are illegal hunting and habitat degradation and destruction due to livestock overgrazing and human disturbance. Feral camels can be forage competitors. Conservation measures include reestablishing extirpated populations, establishing protected areas with strict law enforcement and exclusion of livestock, and developing monitoring programs. Free-ranging, introduced Aoudad populations are a major management concern because of their potentially deleterious impacts on native wildlife such as deer and especially native Bighorn Sheep (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86992FFF94025DF4BEFDF1F4D8" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1804" box="[331,540,2876,2905]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="100" pageNumber="671" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">Ovis canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992FFF940186F4BEFD22F4D8" box="[656,719,2876,2905]" name="United States of America" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992FFF940001F4BEFC90F4D8" box="[791,893,2876,2905]" name="Mexico" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the Iberian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86992FFF940778F4BEFB47F4D8" box="[1134,1194,2876,2905]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="100" pageNumber="671" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ibex">Ibex</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86992FFF9407D7F4BEFF37F401" authority="Schinz, 1838" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="100" pageNumber="671" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrenaica">Capra pyrenaica</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992FFF94020CF4E5FE87F401" box="[282,362,2919,2944]" name="Spain" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Estimates are
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE0992FFF940151F4E5FD2BF401" box="[583,710,2919,2944]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="100" pageNumber="671" unit="in" value="12.0">12,000 in</quantity>
|
||
Texas,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE0992FFF940023F4E5FC70F401" box="[821,925,2919,2944]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="100" pageNumber="671" unit="in" value="4000.0">4000 in</quantity>
|
||
New
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E7992FFF9400E2F4E5FBB1F401" box="[1012,1116,2919,2944]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE0992FFF940779F4E5FB2BF401" box="[1135,1222,2919,2944]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="100" pageNumber="671" unit="in" value="400.0">400 in</quantity>
|
||
California, probably fewer than
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE0992FFF9402E7F404FDB9F426" box="[497,596,2950,2983]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="100" pageNumber="671" unit="in" value="1000.0">1000 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992FFF940176F404FD25F426" box="[608,712,2950,2983]" name="Mexico" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, more than
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE0992FFF94006DF404FC33F426" box="[891,990,2950,2983]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="100" pageNumber="671" unit="in" value="1000.0">1000 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992FFF9400FCF404FBD4F426" box="[1002,1081,2950,2983]" name="Spain" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and hundreds in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E7992FFF9403D7F430FE7FF44E" box="[193,402,2994,3023]" country="Spain" name="Canarias" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">Canary Islands</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Most introductions were for the purpose of developing sporthunting programs; they are protected in private game preserves, from which they can escape and spread. Their high birth rate, adaptability to a wide variety of habitats and foods, lack of significant predation, resistance to native and domestic animal diseases, and their potential for being vectors of diseases all pose management challenges. There is a high potential for space and forage competition with native wildlife. They are capable of dispersing widely within short periods. They are a concern to federal and state agencies in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992FFF9402D5F34BFDEFF363" box="[451,514,3273,3298]" name="United States of America" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
because of their spread into national forests, parks, and wildlife refuges. Bighorn Sheep are susceptible to die-offs from diseases transmitted from domestic sheep. Because Aoudads can thrive in areas grazed by domestic sheep and other domestic ungulates and are potential vectors of domestic sheep diseases, they are a threat to Bighorn Sheep. Aoudads are highly effective colonizers and thrive in desert habitats of Bighorn Sheep. In areas where Bighorn Sheep were extirpated, the presence of Aoudads precludes the reintroduction of Bighorn Sheep. Because the Aoudad and the Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) have similar food habits, there is potential for forage competition between the two species. The same concerns apply to the Aoudad relative to the Iberian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86992FFF940473FE34F84FFE52" box="[1893,1954,438,467]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="100" pageNumber="671" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ibex">Ibex</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other native ungulate species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992FFF940AA7FE34F5EFFE52" box="[2481,2562,438,467]" name="Spain" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In some cases, Aoudads should be eradicated or controlled to limit negative effects on native fauna and plants.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E992FFF94064FFDB2F6EEFCB5" pageId="100" pageNumber="671" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605992FFF94064FFDB2F6EEFCB5" blockId="100.[1368,2569,276,824]" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A17992FFF94064FFDB2FA1FFDC8" bold="true" box="[1369,1522,560,585]" pageId="100" pageNumber="671">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Acevedo, Cassinello, Hortal & Gortazar (2007), Bird & Upham (1980), Bunch et al. (1977), Cabrera (1932), Cassinello (1996, 1998, 2000), Cassinello & Alados (1996), Cassinello & Calabuig (2008), Cassinelo & Gomendio (1996), Cassinello, Acevedo & Hortal (2006), Cassinello, Cuzin et al. (2008), Cassinello, Serrano, Calabuig, Acosta & Pérez (2007), Cassinello, Serrano, Calabuig & Pérez (2004), Dickinson & Simpson (1980), Gray (1985), Hight & Nadler (1976), Johnston (1980), Manwell & Baker (1975), Mereu et al. (2008), Mungall (2000), Nadler, Hoffmann & Woolf (1974), Ogren (1965), Pence (1980), Pirastru et al. (2009), Rangel-Woodyard & Simpson (1980), Simpson et al. (1980),Valdez & Bunch (1980), Wacher et al. (2002).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |