208 lines
25 KiB
XML
208 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document id="08B94618B10C701209444452EE35687C" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F507139926FF9D03D8F822F5E8F46F" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Capra caucasica Guldenstadt & Pallas 1783" docType="treatment" docVersion="15" lastPageNumber="680" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="680" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="698102B9BDD24E42E374624038FECF82" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="6DDF49BC8B04B6A27BBE68AD6C7CF533">
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<mods:title id="7ADF60100F0A366A4E051676FEAA2CD2">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="2239395B2D6DF94AD224CB0A01347322" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="0C49A9D2E5C59784A49DBBDC387CE5D9">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="B76928C4BE8FD935BC2FEF5774E95DFB" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="6CCA3F78C0C696CED7DC814A0B92E3C4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A614CF666E1B6614DAD03DD520E1F906">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="0603B916F1C3B69087FD4A986C149DB4">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="61EF6A520B22FA66276035ED13AB5400">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="678E36F33715442DD7D8A4DDEC7E5504" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="6A738CD3CC4FB789CF7085E6569E4E01">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="6BFC0B29CD30E4B1EA80D2C64D127445">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="C35FEDB3B82264587FD89F6510EB04B5">
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<mods:title id="845A8BAC68C0955B3EA29E6C72E81DD9">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B931D790B57FA45054B1039D247990EC">
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<mods:classification id="F1CDC7F8415E9FE96A7108277FE1C500">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="173DE8FEF3901276918C19FDEC766205" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6512484</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="460E0641E0F725662A3B5F18E88B0497" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F507139926FF9D03D8F822F5E8F46F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6636948" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659287" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6636948" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F507139926FF9D03D8F822F5E8F46F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F507139926FF9D03D8F822F5E8F46F" lastPageNumber="680" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9926FF9D03D8F822FEF0F84F" box="[206,285,1952,1998]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059926FF9D03D8F822FEF0F84F" blockId="109.[202,1119,1952,2076]" box="[206,285,1952,1998]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
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<heading id="D0AB01699926FF9D03D8F822FEF0F84F" box="[206,285,1952,1998]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA809926FF9D03D8F822FEF0F84F" box="[206,285,1952,1998]" captionStart="Plate 45: Bovidae" captionStartId="104.[93,123,3393,3414]" captionTargetBox="[12,2758,13,3635]" captionTargetPageId="103" captionText="178. Wild Goat (Capra aegagrus), 179. Markhor (Capra falconeri), 180. Iberian Ibex (Capra pyrenaica), 181. Nubian Ibex (Capra nubiana), 182. Walia Ibex (Capra wale), 183. Alpine Ibex (Capra ibex), 184. Siberian Ibex (Capra sibirica), 185. Kuban Tur (Capra caucasica), 186. Daghestan Tur (Capra cylindricornis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512955/files/figure.png" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">185.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9926FF9D0238F822FDE2F84F" box="[302,527,1952,1998]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059926FF9D0238F822FDE2F84F" blockId="109.[202,1119,1952,2076]" box="[302,527,1952,1998]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
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<heading id="D0AB01699926FF9D0238F822FDE2F84F" box="[302,527,1952,1998]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9926FF9D0238F822FDE2F84F" box="[302,527,1952,1998]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Kuban Tur</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9926FF9D0150F822FC9AF84F" box="[582,887,1952,1998]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059926FF9D0150F822FC9AF84F" blockId="109.[202,1119,1952,2076]" box="[582,887,1952,1998]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
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<heading id="D0AB01699926FF9D0150F822FC9AF84F" box="[582,887,1952,1998]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869926FF9D0150F822FC9AF84F" ID-CoL="QS65" authority="Guldenstadt & Pallas, 1783" authorityName="Guldenstadt & Pallas" authorityYear="1783" box="[582,887,1952,1998]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caucasica">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179926FF9D0150F822FC9AF84F" box="[582,887,1952,1998]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Capra caucasica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9926FF9D03DDF862FBB2F79D" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059926FF9D03DDF862FBB2F874" blockId="109.[202,1119,1952,2076]" box="[203,1119,2016,2037]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
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<heading id="D0AB01699926FF9D03DDF862FBB2F874" box="[203,1119,2016,2037]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179926FF9D03DDF862FEF5F874" bold="true" box="[203,280,2016,2037]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9926FF9D0234F862FDECF874" box="[290,513,2016,2037]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Bouquetin du Caucase</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A179926FF9D0101F862FD9FF874" bold="true" box="[535,626,2016,2037]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9926FF9D016AF862FD33F874" box="[636,734,2016,2037]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Kuban-Tur</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A179926FF9D01E4F862FCA0F874" bold="true" box="[754,845,2016,2037]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9926FF9D0043F862FC9EF874" box="[853,883,2016,2037]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Tur</vernacularName>
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del Caucaso occidental
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059926FF9D03DCF785FBB2F79D" blockId="109.[202,1119,1952,2076]" box="[202,1119,2055,2076]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
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<heading id="D0AB01699926FF9D03DCF785FBB2F79D" box="[202,1119,2055,2076]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179926FF9D03DCF785FE2CF79D" bold="true" box="[202,449,2055,2076]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9926FF9D02DCF785FD8CF79D" box="[458,609,2055,2076]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Caucasian Ibex</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9926FF9D0178F785FCEBF79D" box="[622,774,2055,2076]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Severtzov's Tur</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9926FF9D0004F785FC34F79D" box="[786,985,2055,2076]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">West Caucasian Tur</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9926FF9D00F3F785FBB2F79D" box="[997,1119,2055,2076]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Western Tur</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9926FF9D0024F7CAFC31F710" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059926FF9D0024F7CAFC31F710" blockId="109.[818,1407,2120,2546]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179926FF9D0024F7CAFC20F7E8" bold="true" box="[818,973,2120,2153]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869926FF9D00CCF7CAFC3AF710" ID-CoL="QS65" authority="Guldenstadt & Pallas, 1783" authorityName="Guldenstadt & Pallas" authorityYear="1783" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caucasica">Capra caucasica Guldenstadt & Pallas, 1783</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9926FF9D00FEF7F6FB32F710" box="[1000,1247,2164,2193]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059926FF9D00FEF7F6FB32F710" blockId="109.[818,1407,2120,2546]" box="[1000,1247,2164,2193]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC589926FF9D00FEF7F6FB32F710" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198381" box="[1000,1247,2164,2193]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Central Caucasus.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9926FF9D0025F715FAC5F673" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059926FF9D0025F715FAC5F673" blockId="109.[818,1407,2120,2546]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
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Sometimes treated as a polytypic species with
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79926FF9D006FF740FBE6F75E" box="[889,1035,2242,2271]" country="Russia" name="Dagestan" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Daghestan</collectingRegion>
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Tur (
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869926FF9D0776F740FADCF75E" box="[1120,1329,2242,2271]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cylindricornis">C. cylindricornis</taxonomicName>
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) as a subspecies. However, mtDNA data support two clades of tur with a strong differentiation of eastern (
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79926FF9D0703F6B6FB45F6D4" box="[1045,1192,2356,2389]" country="Russia" name="Dagestan" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Daghestan</collectingRegion>
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Tur) and western (Kuban Tur) forms congruent with two species, but morphological and genetic data indicate probable hybridization of
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79926FF9D0022F653FC2BF673" box="[820,966,2513,2546]" country="Russia" name="Dagestan" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Daghestan</collectingRegion>
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x Kuban Tur. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9926FF9D03DDF678FBECF59A" box="[203,1025,2554,2587]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D9926FF9D03DDF678FBECF59A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512724" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512724" box="[203,1025,2554,2587]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512724/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" targetBox="[201,795,2130,2545]" targetPageId="109">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059926FF9D03DDF678FBECF59A" blockId="109.[203,1407,2554,3451]" box="[203,1025,2554,2587]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179926FF9D03DDF678FE96F59A" bold="true" box="[203,379,2554,2587]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Distribution.</emphasis>
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W Great Caucasus Mts in
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959926FF9D01FBF678FCB1F59A" box="[749,860,2554,2587]" name="Georgia" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Georgia</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959926FF9D00B3F678FC13F59A" box="[933,1022,2554,2587]" name="Russia" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Russia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9926FF9D03DAF5A7FB83F398" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059926FF9D03DAF5A7FB83F398" blockId="109.[203,1407,2554,3451]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179926FF9D03DAF5A7FE22F5C3" bold="true" box="[204,463,2597,2626]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 159-196 cm (males) and 136-164 (females), tail 12-17 cm (males) and 8-14 cm (females), shoulder height 90-110 cm (males) and 78-90 cm (females); weight 123-155 kg (males) and 58-71 kg (females). Horn length 66-107 cm (males); basal horn girth 28-34 cm (males). Female horns rarely exceed
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. Male horns grow upward, outward, and then backward in an arc with tips inward or outward. Horns in cross section are subtriangular, with a broad frontal surface and prominent transverse ridges in lower portion of horn. Beard length is usually longer than
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09926FF9D0255F4B1FE7BF4D5" box="[323,406,2867,2900]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" unit="cm" value="12.0">12 cm</quantity>
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and up to
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09926FF9D012AF4B1FD7CF4D5" box="[572,657,2867,2900]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" unit="cm" value="18.0">18 cm</quantity>
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, narrow and prominent. In winter, regardless of age and sex, coloration varies from grayish-brown to dirty-white. Underparts are whitish or yellowish-gray. Tail is dark brown,as are the stripes along the front of the legs and the beard in males. The rump patch is small, narrow, and whitish. Summer coats in males and females are brighter, ranging from reddish-gray to reddish-chestnut. Dimorphic coloration is not conspicuous. Diploid chromosome number is 60.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9926FF9D03D8F39DF713FCFC" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059926FF9D03D8F39DF713FCFC" blockId="109.[203,1407,2554,3451]" lastBlockId="109.[1469,2678,269,3058]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179926FF9D03D8F39DFED0F3C1" bold="true" box="[206,317,3103,3136]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Habitat.</emphasis>
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The Kuban Tur occurs in steep terrain with cliffs and valleys, rocky, broken terrain associated with meadows, and subalpine and alpine montane zones at elevations of 1000-3300 m. West Caucasusis rather humid, with rainy summers and snowy winters, especially on the southern slopes. Kuban Tur avoid forested areas of spruce and fir, occurring only in sparse pine stands; they rarely winter on the southern, Georgian, slope. Annual mortality is about 10%. In Teberda Nature Reserve, Kuban Tur remains were found in 46% of Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) droppings annually, the proportion rising to 70% in winter-spring. Annual loss due to wolf predation is about 4% of the population. Wolf predation might be higher, because these data were collected during periods of low wolf numbers. In the Caucasus Nature Reserve, the proportion of Kuban Tur remains in wolf droppings is considerably lower (about 23%), probably due to an abundance of Western Red Deer (Cervus elaphus), the main wolf prey. Eurasian Lynxes (Lynx lynx) probably prey principally on young animals and females, but they are not predators because they occur in low numbers. Large birds of prey occasionally successfully hunt newborn kids. Additional mortality of Kuban Tur is due to poaching; legal hunting is limited. In Teberda, mortality due to illegal hunting rose from 1-4% (of all animals found dead) in 1986-1990 to 21-6% in 1996-2000. Snow avalanches are a major mortality factor. On average, nine Kuban Tur were killed annually by avalanches on
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09926FF9D05FBFDF2F8D0FD10" box="[1773,1853,624,657]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
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? of wintering areas in the Caucasus Nature Reserve, about 3% of the total population. In Kabardin-Balkaria, 10-25 Kuban Tur were found dead at a single avalanche site, and the total annual mortality was estimated at no less than 4% of the population. In Teberda, mortality is about 4-6% and avalanches are supposedly responsible for 30-85% of adult tur mortality. However,these latter estimates are based on undocumented data. Avalanches are probably not a major mortality factor except in winters with abnormally high snow accumulation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9926FF9D06A9FC01F91AFAAF" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059926FF9D06A9FC01F91AFAAF" blockId="109.[1469,2678,269,3058]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179926FF9D06A9FC01F925FC25" bold="true" box="[1471,1736,899,932]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Kuban Tur consume over 150 plant species. Grasses (Bromus, Festuca,
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869926FF9D051EFC2CF8E9FC4A" authority="Phleum" authorityName="Phleum" box="[1544,1796,942,971]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Cortinariaceae" genus="Bovini" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="alopecurus">Alopecurus, Phleum</taxonomicName>
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) are forage sources, but diets vary annually. Kuban Tur also eat different plant parts in different months. In May-June, they feed on the entire plant. In July-August, they select buds and blossoms, the most nutritious parts. In winter, the animals often browse on pine, spruce, and willow. In summer, raw contents of female stomachs weigh 5.5-5 kg; male stomachs weigh 7-8 kg. In winter, stomachs of females weigh up to 8-10 kg and those of males weigh 13-14 kg. Grasses comprise 80-90% of stomach contents in summer and up to 70% in winter. During winter, tur consume over 70% of phytomass on their pastures. The Kuban Tur often visits natural salt licks, mostly in late spring to beginning of summer. Kids start salt-licking before the age of one month.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9926FF9D06D6FAB1F615F9C1" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059926FF9D06D6FAB1F615F9C1" blockId="109.[1469,2678,269,3058]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179926FF9D06D6FAB1F9ABFAD5" bold="true" box="[1472,1606,1331,1364]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Mating occurs principally in November-December. Males delay mating activity until six years of age. Males defend a single estrous female and prevent other males from mating with the guarded female. Females bear their first young at age three years or even four. Gestation lasts 165-175 days. Kids are born in May-June, but births occur as late as August. In Caucasus Nature Reserve, during 40 consecutive years, young of the year comprised about 13% (7-18%) of the population in a given year. In Teberda Nature Reserve, young of the year comprised 11% (7-16%).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9926FF9D06D6F9C4F8FDF884" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059926FF9D06D6F9C4F8FDF884" blockId="109.[1469,2678,269,3058]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179926FF9D06D6F9C4F945F9E6" bold="true" box="[1472,1704,1606,1639]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
In winter, Kuban Tur usually feed during the day, with peaks at 05:00 11:00 h and 17:00-19:00 h. In summer, there are feeding peaks at 03:00-09:00 h and 15:00-21:00 h. Kuban Tur become highly nocturnal when hunted or if they have to share pastures with livestock. During harsh weather, they seek shelter in overhanging cliffs and rock outcrops.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9926FF9D06D4F889F5FAF70F" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059926FF9D06D4F889F5FAF70F" blockId="109.[1469,2678,269,3058]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179926FF9D06D4F889F764F8AD" bold="true" box="[1474,2185,1803,1836]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Detailed movements studies have not been conducted. Some herds move 10-12 km from one mountain to another. Wintering areas can encompass 0-08-5-5 km? summer areas encompass 0-02—1-9 km?®. Kuban Tur can be highly gregarious, with herds of 100-300 individuals in high-density populations. In populations of several thousand, herds usually have 11-20 animals. Individuals may interchange between herds. Population densities are 3-6 ind/km* in populations of 1300-2700 animals. In the early 1960s, when there were 12,000 Kuban Tur in the Caucasus Nature Reserve, winter habitat consisted of about one-third of the summer habitat above timberline in the reserve; consequently, the population density was greater than 44 ind/km? in winter and only 13 ind/km? in summer habitat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9926FF9D06D5F716F97CF4D3" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059926FF9D06D5F716F97CF4D3" blockId="109.[1469,2678,269,3058]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179926FF9D06D5F716F8CFF734" bold="true" box="[1475,1826,2196,2229]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Its range is only about
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09926FF9D0549F73EF92FF75C" box="[1631,1730,2236,2269]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" unit="km" value="250.0">250 km</quantity>
|
||
in length and a maximum width of
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09926FF9D0BAEF73EF6E0F75C" box="[2232,2317,2236,2269]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" unit="km" value="70.0">70 km</quantity>
|
||
, the smallest range of any species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869926FF9D054FF760F94BF682" box="[1625,1702,2274,2307]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Capra</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The Kuban Tur is protected in several nature reserves and national parks, but their numbers on the southern slope of the Main Range in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959926FF9D0ADDF688F5D7F6AA" box="[2507,2618,2314,2347]" name="Georgia" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
are minimal. Ritsa Protected Area, which borders the Caucasus Nature Reserve, is devoid of Kuban Tur. Despite listings in regional red data books and occurring in a number of protected areas, Kuban Tur underwent a considerable, and even catastrophic, decline in the late 1980s—1990s due to uncontrolled hunting. In Teberda Nature Reserve, the population dropped from 1750 animals in 1982 to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09926FF9D0BA1F64DF6F2F671" box="[2231,2335,2511,2544]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" unit="in" value="1000.0">1000 in</quantity>
|
||
2000, and in Caucasus Nature Reserve, it declined from
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE68D0C29926FF9D048AF67CF817F596" box="[1948,2042,2558,2583]" degrees="10,000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" precision="55" value="10.0">10,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
-12,000 in the first one-half of 1970s to about 4000-6000 in 1980s, and then to about 3000. Kuban Tur numbers outside protected areas are low, even minimal. Currently, there are a total of about 5000-6000 Kuban Tur. Poaching is a major threat because of lax enforcement of game laws. It was probably extirpated in two nature reserves in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959926FF9D0B1DF510F791F532" box="[2059,2172,2706,2739]" name="Georgia" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The largest number occurs on the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959926FF9D0B0DF538F799F55A" box="[2075,2164,2746,2779]" name="Russia" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Additional threats include competition with livestock and human disturbance. There is an urgent need for additional protected areas with adequately trained personnel to monitor populations and prevent poaching.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9926FF9D06D3F4DDF5E8F46F" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059926FF9D06D3F4DDF5E8F46F" blockId="109.[1469,2678,269,3058]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179926FF9D06D3F4DDF9B2F4F9" bold="true" box="[1477,1631,2911,2936]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Baskin & Danell (2003), Bobyr, G.Y. (1997, 1999), Bobyr, K.G. & Semyonov (2008) Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1966), Groves & Grubb (2011), Grubb (2005), Heptner et al. (1988), Kotov (1968), Kudaktin (1998), Lydekker (1898), Romashin (2001), Valdez (1985), Weinberg (2008), Weinberg, Akkiev & Buchukuri (In Press), Weinberg, Valdez & Fedosenko (1997), Zalikhanov (1967), Zalkin (1955), Zvychainaya (2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |