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<document id="A758F752B0312702C7724A8C7A9D00E9" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.2186.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175­5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5311592" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629629438740" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Jones, Joshua R. &amp; Deitz, Lewis L." docDate="2009" docId="CF7A87E4FFCB894C7D9DA3CFBE98FE6C" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02186p120.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2186 (1)" docSource="https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2186.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph" docStyleId="D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Hespenedra Kramer 1966" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="31" masterDocId="3343FF9CFFD689527D0AA225BA23FC37" masterDocTitle="Phylogeny and systematics of the leafhopper subfamily Ledrinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) 2186" masterLastPageNumber="120" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="30" updateTime="1699086546085" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="D754306841163A36DECFF8769B9133E2">Phylogeny and systematics of the leafhopper subfamily Ledrinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) 2186</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="633673AECDCCB3CD701B977648E79435">Jones, Joshua R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F9E57F32211177E85AA6F73DA79DAC76">Deitz, Lewis L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="98FBC09F2C030EF61B64149F54EC88DF">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="F428874711B35D67D12BF8F524024351">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="36347D395F2E0C75456C76ECDD507602">2009-08-06</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="DCEDBDB12B1EF93757C06F683931D175">2186</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="A8326BE409654DBFED632815EF061ABE">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="985AEF27E4D843598DF5C77610A906F4">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="088BCFC9B20E9693413DB76F86859B67" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.2186.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="F95C2E2141D1326D80E88BB421E42C9D" type="ISSN">1175­5334</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="1854E42EDB92F6B4E614030FA7AE0A28" type="Zenodo-Dep">5311592</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="CF7A87E4FFCB894C7D9DA3CFBE98FE6C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6489517" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6489517" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CF7A87E4FFCB894C7D9DA3CFBE98FE6C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CF7A87E4FFCB894C7D9DA3CFBE98FE6C" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<subSubSection id="0FC96579FFCB894F7D9DA3CFB867FE10" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="476C36F2FFCB894F7D9DA3CFBBC8FE33" blockId="29.[151,580,490,551]" box="[151,491,490,516]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<heading id="1C24819EFFCB894F7D9DA3CFBBC8FE33" bold="true" box="[151,491,490,516]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" reason="1">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFCB894F7D9DA3CFBBC8FE33" bold="true" box="[151,491,490,516]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFCB894F7DE4A3CFBBC8FE33" ID-CoL="8HKFW" authority="Kramer" authorityName="Kramer" authorityYear="1966" box="[238,491,490,516]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Hespenedra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFCB894F7DE4A3CFBB5CFE33" bold="true" box="[238,383,490,516]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hespenedra</emphasis>
Kramer
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="476C36F2FFCB894F7D9DA028B867FE10" blockId="29.[151,580,490,551]" box="[151,580,525,551]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">(Pl. 4H–I, 9C, 12A, G, 13C, K, 18G)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0FC96579FFCB894F7D9DA07FB857FE46" box="[151,628,602,625]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="476C36F2FFCB894F7D9DA07FB857FE46" blockId="29.[151,946,602,689]" box="[151,628,602,625]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="67C311DCFFCB894F7D9DA07FB857FE46" box="[151,628,602,625]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<treatmentCitation id="C67210E3FFCB894F7D9DA07FBBCAFE46" author="Kramer, J. P." box="[151,489,602,625]" page="492" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" year="1966">
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFCB894F7D9DA07FBBCAFE46" ID-CoL="8HKFW" authority="Kramer, 1966: 492" authorityName="Kramer" authorityPageNumber="492" authorityYear="1966" box="[151,489,602,625]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Hespenedra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFCB894F7D9DA07FBB3BFE46" box="[151,280,602,625]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hespenedra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="23424B03FFCB894F7C14A07FBBCAFE46" author="Kramer, J. P." box="[286,489,602,625]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="469 - 502" refId="ref57713" refString="Kramer, J. P. (1966) A revision of the New World leafhoppers of the subfamily Ledrinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 92, 469 - 502." type="journal article" year="1966">Kramer, 1966: 492</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs. 62–69.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0FC96579FFCB894F7D9DA05FBB73FE86" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="476C36F2FFCB894F7D9DA05FB991FEA6" blockId="29.[151,946,602,689]" box="[151,946,634,657]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFCB894F7D9DA05FBB00FEA6" box="[151,291,634,657]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<typeStatus id="98688850FFCB894F7D9DA05FBAEAFEA6" box="[151,201,634,657]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFCB894F7C20A05FB889FEA6" authority="Spinola 1852: 277" authorityName="Spinola" authorityPageNumber="277" authorityYear="1852" box="[298,682,634,657]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Thlasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFCB894F7C20A05FBBFEFEA6" box="[298,477,634,657]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Thlasia chilensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="23424B03FFCB894F7CEEA05FB889FEA6" author="Spinola, M." box="[484,682,634,657]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="238 - 305" refId="ref59525" refString="Spinola, M. (1852) Orden VII. Hemipteros. Gay's Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile [C. Gay, Paris, France or Santiago, Chile], 7, 238 - 305." type="journal article" year="1852">Spinola 1852: 277</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="476C36F2FFCB894F7D9DA0BFBB73FE86" blockId="29.[151,946,602,689]" box="[151,336,666,689]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFCB894F7D9DA0BFBB2AFE86" box="[151,265,666,689]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Synonymy.</emphasis>
None.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0FC96579FFCB894F7D9DA0F8BE33F9CB" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="description">
<paragraph id="476C36F2FFCB894F7D9DA0F8B934F9BF" blockId="29.[151,1436,733,2035]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFCB894F7D9DA0F8BB0CFEC0" bold="true" box="[151,303,733,759]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Description.</emphasis>
Adapted from
<bibRefCitation id="23424B03FFCB894F7CE9A0F8B8B5FEC0" author="Kramer, J. P." box="[483,662,733,759]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="469 - 502" refId="ref57713" refString="Kramer, J. P. (1966) A revision of the New World leafhoppers of the subfamily Ledrinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 92, 469 - 502." type="journal article" year="1966">Kramer (1966)</bibRefCitation>
: “Moderately large (8.75–
<quantity id="802B9B17FFCB894F7EC4A0F8BE01FEC0" box="[974,1058,733,759]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
.) robust leafhoppers; head gross and well-produced beyond eyes, coronal suture and lateral margins carinate, ocelli on crown anterior to eyes, closer to midline than to lateral margins; in lateral view with crown flat, face oblique and nearly flat, area from eye to apex foliaceous, clypeus and clypellus clearly visible; clypellus base bearing paired sublateral carinae converging medially into a single longitudinal carina on apical extension in males, medially depressed longitudinally; in facial view the clypellus, lora, and clypeus slightly tumid, genae broad, lateral frontal sutures terminating at antennal bases, with a variably developed carina on midline from between antennae to apex of head, antennae moderately short, anterior and mesad of eyes, distant from lateral margins of head; pronotum short, widest posteriorly, anterior margin straight, posterior margin shallowly indented, carinate laterally, longitudinally depressed medially, females with a slight longitudinal carina in the depression extending anteriorly to the anterior margin; scutellum large, broader than long; forewings moderately long and broad, punctate-rugulose, with extra crossveinlets apically, appendix absent, claval area strongly pigmented with creamy white pigmentation in males; legs not particularly stout, macrosetae on metathoracic tibiae greatly reduced in number but clearly visible, not hidden by hairs; formula of macrosetae at apex of metathoracic femur 2–1–0. Male genitalia: genital capsule partly withdrawn into abdomen concealing base of valve, anal tube not large, connective modified Y-shape, style long with one apical lobe, aedeagus short and stout with paired ventral processes. Female genitalia: seventh sternum longer than preceding segment and with ovipositors not extending much beyond pygofer.”
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="476C36F2FFCB894F7DCDA7B0B866F998" blockId="29.[151,1436,733,2035]" box="[199,581,1429,1455]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFCB894F7DCDA7B0BB0AF998" bold="true" box="[199,297,1429,1455]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Species.</emphasis>
[1]:
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFCB894F7C68A7B0B863F998" authority="(Spinola)" baseAuthorityName="Spinola" box="[354,576,1429,1455]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Thlasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFCB894F7C68A7B0BBEAF999" box="[354,457,1429,1454]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">chilensis</emphasis>
(Spinola)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="476C36F2FFCB894F7DCDA79EBE33F9CB" blockId="29.[151,1436,733,2035]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFCB894F7DCDA79EBB3DF9E2" bold="true" box="[199,286,1467,1493]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Range.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="3FC47662FFCB894F7C23A799BB4BF9E1" box="[297,360,1468,1494]" name="Chile" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Chile</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="8517F810FFCB894F7C71A799B86FF9E1" box="[379,588,1468,1494]" country="Chile" name="Araucania" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Arauco Province</collectingRegion>
: Contulme, Palo Botado; Concepcion Province: Hualpen;
<collectingCountry id="3FC47662FFCB894F781AA799BF19F9E1" box="[1296,1338,1468,1494]" name="Iceland" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Isla</collectingCountry>
Chiloe: Dalcahue; Llanquihue Province: Lago Chapo; Valdivia Province: Chesque).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0FC96579FFCB894F7DCDA42DBBFCFA14" box="[199,479,1544,1571]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="476C36F2FFCB894F7DCDA42DBBFCFA14" blockId="29.[151,1436,733,2035]" box="[199,479,1544,1571]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFCB894F7DCDA42DBB7FFA15" bold="true" box="[199,348,1544,1570]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Host plants.</emphasis>
Unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0FC96579FFCB894F7DCDA40AB8BEFA47" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="476C36F2FFCB894F7DCDA40AB8BEFA47" blockId="29.[151,1436,733,2035]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFCB894F7DCDA40ABB9FFA7E" bold="true" box="[199,444,1583,1609]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Material examined.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFCB894F7CCFA415B873FA7E" box="[453,592,1584,1609]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Thlasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFCB894F7CCFA415B873FA7E" box="[453,592,1584,1609]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">H. chilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<materialsCitation id="F7BB3CAFFFCB894F7F6BA415BF03FA7D" box="[609,1312,1584,1610]" collectionCode="USNM, JRJ" country="Chile" location="Chile" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="3">
<specimenCount id="51D5FD7BFFCB894F7F6BA415B89CFA7D" box="[609,703,1584,1610]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="51D5FD7BFFCB894F7FC6A415B915FA7D" box="[716,822,1584,1610]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
,
<collectingCountry id="3FC47662FFCB894F7E49A415B9A6FA7D" box="[835,901,1584,1610]" name="Chile" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Chile</collectingCountry>
,
<collectionCode id="21C2AE37FFCB894F7E98A415B9CAFA7D" box="[914,1001,1584,1610]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="21C2AE37FFCB894F7EFDA415BE00FA7D" box="[1015,1059,1584,1610]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">JRJ</collectionCode>
_Led1_060–062, 064
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="F7BB3CAFFFCB894F7827A415B8BAFA47" collectionCode="AMNH, JRJ" country="Chile" location="Chile" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1">
<specimenCount id="51D5FD7BFFCB894F7827A415BFA3FA7D" box="[1325,1408,1584,1610]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="51D5FD7BFFCB894F7887A415BAC9FA47" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
,
<collectingCountry id="3FC47662FFCB894F7DFFA473BB14FA47" box="[245,311,1622,1648]" name="Chile" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Chile</collectingCountry>
,
<collectionCode id="21C2AE37FFCB894F7C49A473BB83FA47" box="[323,416,1622,1648]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">AMNH</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="21C2AE37FFCB894F7CA6A473BBFAFA47" box="[428,473,1622,1648]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">JRJ</collectionCode>
_Led1_063, 065
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0FC96579FFCB894C7DCDA458BE98FE6C" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="476C36F2FFCB894F7DCDA458B964FB6F" blockId="29.[151,1436,733,2035]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFCB894F7DCDA458BB63FAA0" bold="true" box="[199,320,1661,1687]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFCB894F7C46A458BBF9FAA1" authorityName="Kramer" authorityYear="1966" box="[332,474,1661,1686]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Hespenedra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFCB894F7C46A458BBF9FAA1" box="[332,474,1661,1686]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hespenedra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares many similarities with the
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFCB894F7E8DA458BE13FAA1" authorityName="Stal, and Evans" authorityYear="1966" box="[903,1072,1661,1686]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Petalocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFCB894F7E8DA458BE13FAA1" box="[903,1072,1661,1686]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Petalocephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
genus group, particularly the shape of the face, the carination of the frontoclypeus, the shape of the body in lateral and dorsal views, and the straight anterior margin of the pronotum. Males of
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFCB894F7FF8A4EEB95CFAD3" authorityName="Kramer" authorityYear="1966" box="[754,895,1739,1764]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Hespenedra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFCB894F7FF8A4EEB95CFAD3" box="[754,895,1739,1764]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hespenedra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have the clavus punctate and pigmented very much like some species in
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFCB894F7CD8A4D4B809FB3D" authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1836" box="[466,554,1777,1802]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Thlasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFCB894F7CD8A4D4B809FB3D" box="[466,554,1777,1802]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Thlasia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and a number of unidentified species of
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFCB894F7903A4D4BE7CFB3C" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1947" box="[1033,1119,1777,1803]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ledrini">Ledrini</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="3FC47662FFCB894F79ACA4D4BED3FB3C" box="[1190,1264,1777,1803]" name="China" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">China</collectingCountry>
. Females have longer crowns than males, similar to many ledrine genera. These similarities are not well understood, and may be merely convergent features, or retained plesiomorphies.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="476C36F2FFCB894C7DCDA540BE9AFDAD" blockId="29.[151,1436,733,2035]" lastBlockId="30.[151,1436,152,603]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Despite these similarities,
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFCB894F7CF0A540B8ABFB49" authorityName="Kramer" authorityYear="1966" box="[506,648,1893,1918]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Hespenedra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFCB894F7CF0A540B8ABFB49" box="[506,648,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hespenedra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibits many character states that are unique among
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFCB894F79F7A540BF4AFB48" authorityName="Fairmaire" authorityYear="1855" box="[1277,1385,1893,1919]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ledrinae">Ledrinae</taxonomicName>
. For example, the plantar surface of metathoracic tarsomere I bears an elongate ovoid pad of short stout white setae not seen in any other group in this study. Because
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFCB894F7FE7A596B958FBFB" authorityName="Kramer" authorityYear="1966" box="[749,891,1971,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Hespenedra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFCB894F7FE7A596B958FBFB" box="[749,891,1971,1996]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hespenedra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is currently monotypic, however, it is unclear whether or not this character is simply diagnostic for
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFCB894F7E18A5FCB9BDFBC5" box="[786,926,2009,2034]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Thlasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFCB894F7E18A5FCB9BDFBC5" box="[786,926,2009,2034]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">H. chilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or if it is also phylogenetically significant for the genus or tribe. Also, the connective is longer and more sclerotized than that of most other ledrines, and the aedeagus and styles are shorter and more robust. These differences taken in context of the topology presented herein seem to indicate its ancestral and removed position within the
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFC8894C7938A2C0BEBDFCC8" authorityName="Fairmaire" authorityYear="1855" box="[1074,1182,229,255]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ledrinae">Ledrinae</taxonomicName>
. The long and narrow median stem of the connective is somewhat like some members of the
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFC8894C7EE4A329BEB4FD12" authorityName="Stal, and Evans" authorityYear="1966" box="[1006,1175,268,293]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Petalocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFC8894C7EE4A329BEB4FD12" box="[1006,1175,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Petalocephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
genus group, and the central area of the proximal end that is not sclerotized and appears hollowed, is similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFC8894C7824A317BB6BFD44" authority="(Xerophloeini)" authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1850" baseAuthorityName="Xerophloeini" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Proranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFC8894C7824A317BFB8FD7C" box="[1326,1435,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Proranus</emphasis>
(Xerophloeini)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFC8894C7C5FA37CB85AFD44" authority="(Afrorubrini)" authorityName="Linnavuori" authorityYear="1972" baseAuthorityName="Afrorubrini" box="[341,633,345,371]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Afrorubria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFC8894C7C5FA37CBBF0FD45" box="[341,467,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Afrorubria</emphasis>
(Afrorubrini)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFC8894C7FB3A37CB980FD44" authority="(Ledrini)" authorityName="Linnavuori" authorityYear="1972" baseAuthorityName="Ledrini" box="[697,931,345,371]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Beniledra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFC8894C7FB3A37CB90FFD45" box="[697,812,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Beniledra</emphasis>
(Ledrini)
</taxonomicName>
. The aedeagus is also short in
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFC8894C781BA37CBF4AFD45" authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1836" box="[1297,1385,345,370]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Thlasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFC8894C781BA37CBF4AFD45" box="[1297,1385,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Thlasia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFC8894C7D9DA3A5BB38FDAE" authorityName="Linnavuori" authorityYear="1972" box="[151,283,384,409]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Hangklipia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFC8894C7D9DA3A5BB38FDAE" box="[151,283,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Hangklipia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the styles of
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFC8894C7CFAA3A5B85DFDAE" authorityName="Kramer" authorityYear="1966" box="[496,638,384,409]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Hespenedra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFC8894C7CFAA3A5B85DFDAE" box="[496,638,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Hespenedra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are apically flexed downward like most
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFC8894C7951A3A5BE96FDAD" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1947" box="[1115,1205,384,410]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ledrini">Ledrini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="476C36F2FFC8894C7DCDA383BB5DFE39" blockId="30.[151,1436,152,603]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
The narrowed and elongate base on which the apical macrosetae of the metathoracic femur are mounted (Pl. 13C) strongly resembles that in
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFC8894C7F47A3E8B8BDFDD1" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1865" box="[589,670,461,486]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Rubria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFC8894C7F47A3E8B8BDFDD1" box="[589,670,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Rubria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFC8894C7FBBA3E8B92DFDD0" authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="2009" box="[689,782,461,487]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Rubrini">Rubrini</taxonomicName>
—Pl. 13E), which may be
<taxonomicName id="80D34D71FFC8894C795AA3E8BEFEFDD1" authorityName="Kramer" authorityYear="1966" box="[1104,1245,461,486]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Hespenedra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="75A7EAE0FFC8894C795AA3E8BEFEFDD1" box="[1104,1245,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Hespenedra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’s closest extant relative. (
<figureCitation id="DFE82A77FFC8894C7C0CA3D1BB56FE39" box="[262,373,500,526]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="97.[151,255,1745,1769]" captionStartId-1="98.[151,255,1829,1853]" captionStartId-2="99.[151,255,1661,1685]" captionTargetBox-0="[166,1421,211,1707]" captionTargetBox-1="[188,1397,186,1808]" captionTargetBox-2="[168,1421,188,1624]" captionTargetId-0="figure-127@97.[151,1436,197,1720]" captionTargetId-1="figure-118@98.[171,1415,168,1820]" captionTargetId-2="figure-218@99.[151,1436,171,1637]" captionTargetPageId-0="97" captionTargetPageId-1="98" captionTargetPageId-2="99" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Phylogram of relationships generated from cladistic analysis of entire dataset: {= [Ledrinae sensu Oman et al. (1990) dataset] + [dataset of non-ledrine taxa included to provide resolution to ingroup taxa anticipated to ultimately place outside of Ledrinae (marked in italic bold with an asterisk*)]}. Analysis in PAUP* was rooted to Bathysmatophorus shabliovskii, and resulted in a single most parsimonious tree with a cost of 1719 steps. Bremer support values are given above the branch to which they correspond. Squares, circles and triangles indicate tribal placements of included genera in Oman et al. (1990). The boundary of Ledrinae, as it is here recognized, is marked with a black star." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Phylogram of relationships generated from cladistic analysis of pruned dataset, including only species herein recognized to belong to the subfamily Ledrinae. Analysis in PAUP* was again rooted to B. shabliovskii; Aphrodes was included as putative sister group to the Ledrinae. This second analysis resulted in a single most parsimonious tree with a cost of 1185 steps. Bremer support values are given above the branch to which they correspond; the black star marks the phylogenetic boundary of Ledrinae. Ingroup resolution is topologically identical to that in Fig. 1, but branch lengths and Bremer supports vary." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Phylogram of summarized relationships among Ledrinae genera generated from a reduced dataset including single exemplars of each available genus. If available, the type species was chosen (marked with an asterisk*). Additional exemplars were included in cases where polyphyly among species was demonstrated in previous analyses, and where a male and a female of different species in the genus were needed to provided all of the pertinent characters (i. e., genitalia). Analysis (in PAUP*, rooted to B. shabliovskii, with Aphrodes included as putative sister group to the Ledrinae) resulted in five equally parsimonious trees (cost 933). The selected topology differs slightly from Fig. 2 in the placement of E. planata as sister to T. antica, in Titiella and Hangklipia not being placed as sister taxa, and in Jukaruka being placed with Platyledra instead of Ledropsella. Numbers at internodes correspond to a list of apomorphies generated from this analysis (see Table 1). Higher taxa within Ledrinae recognized herein, including new tribes (with their distributions), and informal genus and species groups, are indicated by symbols. The inclusion of Dusuna within the Petalocephala genus group is at present uncertain, as indicated by the question marks above the open triangles." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5311594" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5311596" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5311598" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5311594/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5311596/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5311598/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="476C36F2FFC8894C7DCDA03FBE98FE6C" blockId="30.[151,1436,152,603]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">The statement in Kramer’s description that the connective is a “modified Y-shape” may falsely imply a relationship with other leafhopper subfamilies defined by having the connective Y-shaped.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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