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<mods:title id="75E08CDD1633DF0C5EF98A57254CA004">New species of mammaliaform and the cranium of Borealestes (Mammaliformes: Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of the British Isles</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F10401FF8DFF92FC9C25965B74FD2C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5856192" ID-GBIF-Taxon="192259443" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5856192" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F10401FF8DFF92FC9C25965B74FD2C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F10401FF8DFF92FC9C25965B74FD2C" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="1331" pageId="6" pageNumber="1329">
<subSubSection id="C342E69CFF8DFF9CFC9C25965F60FA2C" box="[878,1356,1454,1479]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1329" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE7B517FF8DFF9CFC9C25965F60FA2C" blockId="6.[878,1356,1454,1479]" box="[878,1356,1454,1479]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1329">
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<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8DFF9CFC9C25965F60FA2C" authority="WALDMAN &amp; SAVAGE, 1972" authorityName="WALDMAN &amp; SAVAGE" authorityYear="1972" box="[878,1356,1454,1479]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Borealestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="6" pageNumber="1329" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8DFF9CFC9C25965E23FA2D" box="[878,1039,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1329">BOREALESTES</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC9C8E6FF8DFF9CFBE725975F60FA2C" author="Waldman M &amp; Savage RJG" box="[1045,1356,1454,1479]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1329" pagination="119 - 125" refId="ref22365" refString="Waldman M, Savage RJG. 1972. The first Jurassic mammal from Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society of London 128: 119 - 125." type="journal article" year="1972">WALDMAN &amp; SAVAGE, 1972</bibRefCitation>
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<typeStatus id="54E30BB5FF8DFF9CFCDB25CE594DF9E7" box="[809,865,1527,1548]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1329">Type</typeStatus>
species:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8DFF9CFC2025CF5992F9C1" authority="Waldman &amp; Savage, 1972" authorityName="Waldman &amp; Savage" authorityYear="1972" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Borealestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="6" pageNumber="1329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serendipitus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8DFF9CFC2025CF5EDBF9E0" box="[978,1271,1526,1547]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1329">Borealestes serendipitus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC9C8E6FF8DFF9CFAF325CF5992F9C1" author="Waldman M &amp; Savage RJG" pageId="6" pageNumber="1329" pagination="119 - 125" refId="ref22365" refString="Waldman M, Savage RJG. 1972. The first Jurassic mammal from Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society of London 128: 119 - 125." type="journal article" year="1972">Waldman &amp; Savage, 1972</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE7B517FF8DFF92FCDB266D5897FDE6" blockId="6.[809,1425,1620,1887]" lastBlockId="8.[145,762,197,526]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="1331" pageId="6" pageNumber="1329">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8DFF9CFCDB266D5E9EF982" box="[809,1202,1620,1641]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1329">Revised differential diagnosis:</emphasis>
Dental formula 4.1.?5.4/4.1.5.5(6). As in other docodontans: possesses an anterior pseudotalonid basin formed by cusps a, b and g; retains plesiomorphic mammaliaform trait of attachment of postdentary elements to the dentary; has an eflected angular process (
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8DFF9CFB2226D75F38F8E8" box="[1232,1300,1774,1795]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1329">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC9C8E6FF8DFF9CFAD226D4594DF8CA" author="Simpson GG" pageId="6" pageNumber="1329" pagination="1 - 235" refId="ref22251" refString="Simpson GG. 1929. American Mesozoic Mammalia. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Yale University 3: 1 - 235." type="journal article" year="1929">Simpson, 1929</bibRefCitation>
; also see:
<bibRefCitation id="EFC9C8E6FF8DFF9CFC2627355E9CF8CA" author="Schultz JA &amp; Bhullar BAS &amp; Luo Z-X" box="[980,1200,1804,1826]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1329" pagination="9 - 38" refId="ref22169" refString="Schultz JA, Bhullar BAS, Luo Z-X. 2017. Re-examination of the Jurassic mammaliaform Docodon victor by computed tomography and occlusal functional analysis. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 26: 9 - 38." type="journal article" year="2017">
Schultz
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8DFF9CFBC027355E47F8CA" box="[1074,1131,1804,1825]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1329">et al.</emphasis>
, 2017
</bibRefCitation>
: figs 2, 3); enlarged medial ridge protuberance (
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8DFF9CFB9427125E8AF8AB" box="[1126,1190,1835,1856]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1329">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC9C8E6FF8DFF9CFB5927135FAFF8AB" author="Schultz JA &amp; Bhullar BAS &amp; Luo Z-X" box="[1195,1411,1834,1856]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1329" pagination="9 - 38" refId="ref22169" refString="Schultz JA, Bhullar BAS, Luo Z-X. 2017. Re-examination of the Jurassic mammaliaform Docodon victor by computed tomography and occlusal functional analysis. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 26: 9 - 38." type="journal article" year="2017">
Schultz
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8DFF9CFAFA27125F13F8D4" box="[1288,1343,1834,1856]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1329">et al.</emphasis>
, 2017
</bibRefCitation>
); and enlarged and pointed upper and lower canines that are twin-rooted. The lower molars of
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFD7B24E65926FB1F" authorityName="WALDMAN &amp; SAVAGE" authorityYear="1972" box="[649,778,1247,1268]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Borealestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFD7B24E65926FB1F" box="[649,778,1247,1268]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Borealestes</emphasis>
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are: elongated anteroposteriorly, with labial row of higher cusps arranged in anteroposterior alignment with largest cusp a, and lingual row of smaller cusps with distinctive anterior cusp g and larger posterior cusp c; lower molars have cusps bac in a triangular arrangement. The ag crest on cusp a is absent (present to variable extent on cusp g) and the ad crest on cusp a is also absent (but a labially oriented ad crest is present on cusp d).
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFDC625CA5892F9E3" authorityName="WALDMAN &amp; SAVAGE" authorityYear="1972" box="[564,702,1523,1544]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Borealestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFDC625CA5892F9E3" box="[564,702,1523,1544]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Borealestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a distinctive ac crest. Upper molars of
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFD8E26285928F9CD" authorityName="WALDMAN &amp; SAVAGE" authorityYear="1972" box="[636,772,1553,1574]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Borealestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFD8E26285928F9CD" box="[636,772,1553,1574]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Borealestes</emphasis>
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: buccolingually wide and anteroposteriorly short; figure 8 shape, with anteroposteriorly constricted waist; two main buccal cusps, A and C, plus a small cusp B in the buccomesial corner; lingual half of the upper molar has main anterior lingual cusp X; cusp X larger and more prominent than smaller posterior lingual cusp Y; labial cusps connected by a ridge/ ridges anteroposteriorly; transverse ridge extends between the main anterior labial cusp A and the main lingual cusp X. In the lower molars,
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFD7B277D5926F8B2" authorityName="WALDMAN &amp; SAVAGE" authorityYear="1972" box="[649,778,1860,1881]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Borealestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFD7B277D5926F8B2" box="[649,778,1860,1881]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Borealestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
most closely resembles docodontans
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFAF924E65FB7FB1F" authorityName="Sigogneau-Russell" authorityYear="2003" box="[1291,1435,1247,1268]" class="Mammalia" family="Tegotheriidae" genus="Krusatodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFAF924E65FB7FB1F" box="[1291,1435,1247,1268]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Krusatodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFCC924C459CCFAF9" box="[827,992,1277,1298]" class="Mammalia" family="Megazostrodontidae" genus="Castorocauda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFCC924C459CCFAF9" box="[827,992,1277,1298]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Castorocauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFBED24C45E98FAF9" baseAuthorityName="Lillegraven &amp; Krusat" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[1055,1204,1277,1298]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Haldanodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFBED24C45E98FAF9" box="[1055,1204,1277,1298]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Haldanodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in sharing a larger cusp c than cusp g. It resembles
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFB3B25255F42FADA" box="[1225,1390,1308,1329]" class="Mammalia" family="Megazostrodontidae" genus="Castorocauda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFB3B25255F42FADA" box="[1225,1390,1308,1329]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Castorocauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and possibly also
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFC2925025E6CFABB" authorityName="Lopatin &amp; Averianov" authorityYear="2005" box="[987,1088,1339,1360]" class="Mammalia" family="Cynodontia" genus="Itatodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFC2925025E6CFABB" box="[987,1088,1339,1360]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Itatodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a slightly recurved cusp c.
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFC5325605E1FFA85" authorityName="WALDMAN &amp; SAVAGE" authorityYear="1972" box="[929,1075,1369,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Borealestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFC5325605E1FFA85" box="[929,1075,1369,1390]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Borealestes</emphasis>
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is similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFB0325605F8EFA85" box="[1265,1442,1369,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Megazostrodontidae" genus="Castorocauda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFB0325605F8EFA85" box="[1265,1442,1369,1390]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Castorocauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFC81254159F0FA66" box="[883,988,1400,1421]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Docodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFC81254159F0FA66" box="[883,988,1400,1421]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Docodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in possessing an anterior cingulid incorporating cusp e, and cusp e is anteriorly projecting and forms part of the ddfe interlock with the neighbouring molar, as in
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFB1625ED5F42FA02" authorityName="Sigogneau-Russell" authorityYear="2003" box="[1252,1390,1492,1513]" class="Mammalia" family="Tegotheriidae" genus="Krusatodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFB1625ED5F42FA02" box="[1252,1390,1492,1513]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Krusatodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFCC925CA59CFF9E3" box="[827,995,1523,1544]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Simpsonodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFCC925CA59CFF9E3" box="[827,995,1523,1544]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Simpsonodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFC0425CA5EAFF9E3" authorityName="WALDMAN &amp; SAVAGE" authorityYear="1972" box="[1014,1155,1523,1544]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Borealestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFC0425CA5EAFF9E3" box="[1014,1155,1523,1544]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Borealestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a distinct lingual cingulid in the premolars, and a posterior labial cingulid, as seen in most other docodontans. Unlike
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFCC9267659F1F98F" box="[827,989,1615,1636]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Simpsonodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFCC9267659F1F98F" box="[827,989,1615,1636]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Simpsonodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFC1F26765EA2F98F" box="[1005,1166,1615,1636]" class="Mammalia" family="Cynodontia" genus="Agilodocodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFC1F26765EA2F98F" box="[1005,1166,1615,1636]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Agilodocodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFB3C26765F18F98F" box="[1230,1332,1615,1636]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Docodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFB3C26765F18F98F" box="[1230,1332,1615,1636]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Docodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but like most other docodontans,
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFB9E26545EDFF969" authorityName="WALDMAN &amp; SAVAGE" authorityYear="1972" box="[1132,1267,1645,1666]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Borealestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFB9E26545EDFF969" box="[1132,1267,1645,1666]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Borealestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not have dense creases and pits or other ornamentation on molar enamel surfaces.
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFB8326935ED3F954" authorityName="WALDMAN &amp; SAVAGE" authorityYear="1972" box="[1137,1279,1706,1727]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Borealestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFB8326935ED3F954" box="[1137,1279,1706,1727]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Borealestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFCC926F05E60F934" box="[827,1100,1737,1759]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFCC926F059FCF935" authority="Panciroli &amp; Benson &amp; Fernandez &amp; Butler &amp; Fraser &amp; Luo &amp; Walsh, 2021" authorityName="Panciroli &amp; Benson &amp; Fernandez &amp; Butler &amp; Fraser &amp; Luo &amp; Walsh" authorityYear="2021" box="[827,976,1737,1758]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Dobunnodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1333" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Dobunnodon</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFC2A26F35E60F934" authorityName="Sigogneau Russell" authorityYear="2003" box="[984,1100,1738,1759]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Docodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mussettae">mussettae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
in having more elevated bg crest and cd crest, and the more lingually positioned cusp e.
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFC7D273F5E3CF8F0" authorityName="WALDMAN &amp; SAVAGE" authorityYear="1972" box="[911,1040,1798,1819]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Borealestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFC7D273F5E3CF8F0" box="[911,1040,1798,1819]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Borealestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from all other docodontans, except
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFC62271C59D9F8D1" box="[912,1013,1829,1850]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Docodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFC62271C59D9F8D1" box="[912,1013,1829,1850]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Docodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in having an anterior fovea (
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFA93271F5F8FF8D0" box="[1377,1443,1830,1851]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC9C8E6FF8CFF9DFCC9277D5E1EF8B2" author="Panciroli E &amp; Benson RBJ &amp; Luo Z-X" box="[827,1074,1860,1882]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" pagination="1621884" refId="ref21887" refString="Panciroli E, Benson RBJ, Luo Z-X. 2019. The mandible and dentition of Borealestes serendipitus (Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of Skye, Scotland. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39: e 1621884." type="journal article" year="2019">
Panciroli
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFC5C277C59C6F8B2" box="[942,1002,1860,1882]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">et al.</emphasis>
, 2019
</bibRefCitation>
: fig 1B3) on the upper molars: a concave area anterior to the anterolingual crest.
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF83FF92FF6320DD5B0CFF12" authorityName="WALDMAN &amp; SAVAGE" authorityYear="1972" box="[145,288,228,249]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Borealestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF83FF92FF6320DD5B0CFF12" box="[145,288,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331">Borealestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF83FF92FE2020DD5811FF12" box="[466,573,228,249]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Docodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF83FF92FE2020DD5811FF12" box="[466,573,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331">Docodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having the anterior fovea positioned at the anteroposteriorly constricted waist of the upper molars.
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF83FF92FD83211858D6FEDD" authorityName="WALDMAN &amp; SAVAGE" authorityYear="1972" box="[625,762,289,310]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Borealestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF83FF92FD83211858D6FEDD" box="[625,762,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331">Borealestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF83FF92FEEE21795B8FFEBE" authorityName="Sigogneau-Russell" authorityYear="2003" box="[284,419,320,341]" class="Mammalia" family="Tegotheriidae" genus="Krusatodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF83FF92FEEE21795B8FFEBE" box="[284,419,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331">Krusatodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF83FF92FE5D21795866FEBE" box="[431,586,320,341]" class="Mammalia" family="Cynodontia" genus="Agilodocodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF83FF92FE5D21795866FEBE" box="[431,586,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331">Agilodocodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF83FF92FDA4217958DEFEBE" box="[598,754,320,341]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Simpsonodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF83FF92FDA4217958DEFEBE" box="[598,754,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331">Simpsonodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF83FF92FF6321675ADAFE98" box="[145,246,350,371]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Docodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF83FF92FF6321675ADAFE98" box="[145,246,350,371]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331">Docodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF83FF92FEC621675BE4FE98" baseAuthorityName="Lillegraven &amp; Krusat" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[308,456,350,371]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Haldanodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF83FF92FEC621675BE4FE98" box="[308,456,350,371]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331">Haldanodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a transversely expanded and anteroposteriorly slightly compressed lingual wing of the upper molar, similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF83FF92FD8C21A558D5FE5A" box="[638,761,412,433]" class="Mammalia" family="Cynodontia" genus="Docofossor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF83FF92FD8C21A558D5FE5A" box="[638,761,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331">Docofossor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF83FF92FF3721835B4FFE24" box="[197,355,442,463]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Dsungarodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF83FF92FF3721835B4FFE24" box="[197,355,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331">Dsungarodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF83FF92FE8021835BDAFE24" authorityName="WALDMAN &amp; SAVAGE" authorityYear="1972" box="[370,502,442,463]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Borealestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF83FF92FE8021835BDAFE24" box="[370,502,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331">Borealestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF83FF92FD8E218258D5FE3B" box="[636,761,443,464]" class="Mammalia" family="Cynodontia" genus="Docofossor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF83FF92FD8E218258D5FE3B" box="[636,761,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331">Docofossor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF83FF92FF3521E05B45FE05" box="[199,361,473,494]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Dsungarodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF83FF92FF3521E05B45FE05" box="[199,361,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331">Dsungarodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having more reduced cusps Y and Z on the upper molars, and a larger cusp X.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF27E59FFF8CFF9DFF5624735E73FB52" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5856075" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5856075" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5856075/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" startId="7.[164,242,1098,1120]" targetBox="[163,1443,195,1055]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BE7B517FF8CFF9DFF5624735E73FB52" blockId="7.[163,1443,1098,1209]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFF5624735B26FBB4" bold="true" box="[164,266,1098,1120]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Phylogeny of
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFE6924725825FB8A" authorityName="KRETZOI" authorityYear="1946" box="[411,521,1099,1121]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Docodonta</taxonomicName>
based on updated phylogenetic analysis. Strict consensus of six trees of 131 steps resulting from parsimony analysis of data matrix for docodontans and outgroups as in
<bibRefCitation id="EFC9C8E6FF8CFF9DFC2C24515EEFFB95" author="Panciroli E &amp; Benson RBJ &amp; Luo Z-X" box="[990,1219,1128,1150]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" pagination="1621884" refId="ref21887" refString="Panciroli E, Benson RBJ, Luo Z-X. 2019. The mandible and dentition of Borealestes serendipitus (Docodonta) from the Middle Jurassic of Skye, Scotland. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39: e 1621884." type="journal article" year="2019">
Panciroli
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFBB624505E55FB95" box="[1092,1145,1128,1150]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">et al.</emphasis>
(2019)
</bibRefCitation>
, with the addition of
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFF5124BC5BB5FB70" box="[163,409,1157,1179]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Borealestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuillinensis">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFF5124BC5BB5FB70" box="[163,409,1157,1179]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Borealestes cuillinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and revision of
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFDB724BC58E0FB70" authority="Panciroli &amp; Benson &amp; Fernandez &amp; Butler &amp; Fraser &amp; Luo &amp; Walsh, 2021" authorityName="Panciroli &amp; Benson &amp; Fernandez &amp; Butler &amp; Fraser &amp; Luo &amp; Walsh" authorityYear="2021" box="[581,716,1157,1179]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Dobunnodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1333" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFDB724BC58E0FB70" box="[581,716,1157,1179]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Dobunnodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFD0124BC5945FB70" authorityName="WALDMAN &amp; SAVAGE" authorityYear="1972" box="[755,873,1157,1179]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Borealestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFD0124BC5945FB70" box="[755,873,1157,1179]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">Borealestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF8CFF9DFC8724BF59F2FB70" authorityName="Sigogneau Russell" authorityYear="2003" box="[885,990,1158,1179]" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Docodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mussettae">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF8CFF9DFC8724BF59F2FB70" box="[885,990,1158,1179]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1330">mussettae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). First-to-last appearances represented by black bars (see Supporting Information). Nodes uniting taxa do not imply divergence times.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE7B517FF83FF92FF63220F5B74FD2C" blockId="8.[145,761,566,711]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF83FF92FF63220F5B43FDA7" box="[145,367,566,588]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331">Referred specimens:</emphasis>
Specimens referred to
<taxonomicName id="4C58CE94FF83FF92FD88220F5A9FFD80" class="Mammalia" family="Docodontidae" genus="Borealestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Docodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B92C6905FF83FF92FD88220F58D5FDA0" box="[634,761,566,587]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331">Borealestes</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
but not to species level from the Kilmaluag Formation, Isle of Skye:
<collectionCode id="ED492DD2FF83FF92FE37224D5808FD62" box="[453,548,628,649]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331">BRSUG</collectionCode>
29007, fragment of right dentary;
<collectionCode id="ED492DD2FF83FF92FEAD22AA5B90FD43" box="[351,444,659,680]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1331">BRSUG</collectionCode>
29008, three fragmentary molars in matrix.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>