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<document id="B3D601AFC1F534E009882049A83636AF" ID-CLB-Dataset="80832" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6707142" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ab66b2b7-9544-4411-bf61-5bc3651d7bca" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-04-6" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6707142" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1656002532852" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier &amp; Thomas E. Lacher, Jr" docDate="2017" docId="03F06D13FFEF20260D8316C20F2BFC4B" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_7_Cricetidae_0204.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Microtus pennsylvanicus" docType="treatment" docVersion="15" lastPageNumber="342" masterDocId="FFC9156BFFAE20670D37145C0837FFDB" masterDocTitle="Cricetidae" masterLastPageNumber="535" masterPageNumber="204" pageNumber="342" updateTime="1718799336328" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E6F137DF4389A8D12AB4C66E8C1834E2">
<mods:title id="716BE2FC046A10F025529D79239C6785">Cricetidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3D52BB03855009CA5543D7A3B0498A06">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A52AA4084442F71FDADB8A070DCE9A53">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C64431C0A48283A1432D6002BF0F8BF1">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateOther id="3A98A30B5441DD8BAC41C3EE73A1A1F4" type="pubDate">2017-11-30</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher id="CE0385E3060FD2B6F121533C07A32C35">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="401B014C3C97FC23935DDA8C6936DF24">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="54A132E0F1F8FEAC23D5F373A2D4B286">
<mods:title id="E8544B693681A43DE822096891D64F71">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<mods:classification id="318FB1BCA0125D74BE70A36B1BAD7AB0">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="03F06D13FFEF20260D8316C20F2BFC4B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6711634" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196220888" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6711634" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F06D13FFEF20260D8316C20F2BFC4B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F06D13FFEF20260D8316C20F2BFC4B" lastPageNumber="342" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEF20260D8316C20934FD17" box="[180,259,670,716]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D8316C20934FD17" blockId="65.[174,1378,670,837]" box="[180,259,670,716]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<heading id="D0AE6B69FFEF20260D8316C20934FD17" box="[180,259,670,716]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<figureCitation id="1362C080FFEF20260D8316C20934FD17" box="[180,259,670,716]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="64.[116,146,3216,3241]" captionTargetBox="[13,2749,15,3648]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="On following pages: 149. Meadow Vole (Microtus pennsyivanicus); 150. Long-tailed Vole (Microtus longicaudus); 151. Creeping Vole (Microtus oregoni); 152. Major's Pine Vole (Microtus majori); 153. Common Pine Vole (Microtus subterraneus); 154. Caucasian Pine Vole (Microtus daghestanicus); 155. Alpine Pine Vole (Microtus multiplex); 156. Liechtenstein’s Pine Vole (Microtus liechtensteini); 157. Tatra Pine Vole (Microtus tatricus): 158. Mediterranean Pine Vole (Microtus duodecimcostatus); 159. Lusitanian Pine Vole (Microtus lusitanicus); 160. Pyrenean Pine Vole (Microtus gerbil); 161. Savi's Pine Vole (Microtus savii): 162. Calabria Pine Vole (Microtus brachycercus); 163. Sicilian Pine Vole (Microtus nebrodensis); 164. Thomas's Pine Vole (Microtus thomasi); 165. Balkan Pine Vole (Microtus felteni); 166. Schelkovnikov's Pine Vole (Microtus schelkovnikovi): 167. Harting's Vole (Microtus hartingi); 168. Levant Vole (Microtus guentheri); 169. Dogramaci’s Vole (Microtus dogramacii); 170. Cyrenaica Vole (Microtus mustersi); 171. Social Vole (Microtus socialis): 172. Anatolian Vole (Microtus anatolicus): 173. Iranian Vole (Microtus iran); 174. Kopet Dag Pine Vole (Microtus paradoxus); 175. Common Vole (Microtus arvalis); 176. Altai Vole (Microtus obscurus); 177. East European Vole (Microtus mystacinus); 178. Kerman Vole (Microtus kermanensis); 179. Transcaspian Vole (Microtus transcaspicus); 180. Tian Shan Vole (Microtus ilaeus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6708419" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6708419/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">149.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEF20260C2316C20A1CFD17" box="[276,555,670,716]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260C2316C20A1CFD17" blockId="65.[174,1378,670,837]" box="[276,555,670,716]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<heading id="D0AE6B69FFEF20260C2316C20A1CFD17" box="[276,555,670,716]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEF20260C2316C20A1CFD17" ID-CoL="7VV89" baseAuthorityName="Ord" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[276,555,670,716]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">Meadow Vole</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEF20260F4616C20C05FD17" box="[625,1074,670,716]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260F4616C20C05FD17" blockId="65.[174,1378,670,837]" box="[625,1074,670,716]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<heading id="D0AE6B69FFEF20260F4616C20C05FD17" box="[625,1074,670,716]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260F4616C20C05FD17" ID-CoL="7VV89" baseAuthorityName="Ord" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[625,1074,670,716]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEF20260F4616C20C05FD17" box="[625,1074,670,716]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">Microtus pennsylvanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEF20260D8716830C0AFC99" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D8716830C1CFD2F" blockId="65.[174,1378,670,837]" box="[176,1067,735,756]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<heading id="D0AE6B69FFEF20260D8716830C1CFD2F" box="[176,1067,735,756]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEF20260D87168308CBFD2F" bold="true" box="[176,252,735,756]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEF20260C33168309E5FD2F" ID-CoL="7VV89" baseAuthorityName="Ord" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[260,466,735,756]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">Campagnol des prés</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEF20260CD016830A75FD2F" bold="true" box="[487,578,735,756]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEF20260F7F16830ACAFD2F" ID-CoL="7VV89" baseAuthorityName="Ord" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[584,765,735,756]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">Wiesenwhimaus</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEF20260E2516830B59FD2F" bold="true" box="[786,878,735,756]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEF20260E4416830C1CFD2F" ID-CoL="7VV89" baseAuthorityName="Ord" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[883,1067,735,756]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">Topillo de campina</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D98175A0C0AFC99" blockId="65.[174,1378,670,837]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<heading id="D0AE6B69FFEF20260D98175A0C0AFC99" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEF20260D98175A0990FCC0" bold="true" box="[175,423,774,795]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEF20260C99175A0B56FCC0" ID-CoL="7VV89" baseAuthorityName="Ord" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[430,865,774,795]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">Admiralty Island Meadow Vole (admiraltiae)</vernacularName>
,
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEF20260E47175A0CDBFCC0" ID-CoL="7VV89" baseAuthorityName="Ord" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[880,1260,774,795]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">Block Island Meadow Vole (provectus)</vernacularName>
,
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEF202609CE175A094BFC99" ID-CoL="7VV89" baseAuthorityName="Ord" baseAuthorityYear="1815" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">Chihuahua Vole (chihuahuensis)</vernacularName>
,
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEF20260CBC17710AD9FC99" ID-CoL="7VV89" baseAuthorityName="Ord" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[395,750,813,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">Penobscot Meadow Vole (shattucki)</vernacularName>
,
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEF20260FCB17710C0AFC99" ID-CoL="7VV89" baseAuthorityName="Ord" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[764,1085,813,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEF20260FCB17710BE8FC99" ID-CoL="7VV89" baseAuthorityName="Ord" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[764,991,813,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">Potholes Meadow Vole</vernacularName>
(
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEF20260ED817710C01FC99" ID-CoL="7VV89" baseAuthorityName="Ord" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[1007,1078,813,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pennsylvanicus">kincaid</vernacularName>
)
</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEF20260E22172C0D23FBDC" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260E22172C0C15FC3B" blockId="65.[789,1379,880,1307]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEF20260E22172C0B86FC4A" bold="true" box="[789,945,880,913]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260EF3172C0B6DFC63" authorityName="Ord" authorityYear="1815" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pennsylvanica">Mus pennsylvanica [sic] Ord, 1815</taxonomicName>
,
<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FFEF20260EB717C30C29FC3B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818814746" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
“meadows below Philadelphia,”
<collectingRegion id="499D12E7FFEF20260E21179B0BFBFC3B" box="[790,972,967,992]" country="United States of America" name="Pennsylvania" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">Pennsylvania</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FFEF20260EEA179B0C29FC3B" box="[989,1054,967,992]" name="United States of America" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">USA</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260E2217BA0D23FBDC" blockId="65.[789,1379,880,1307]" box="[789,1300,998,1031]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">Twenty-seven subspecies recognized.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEF20260E2210510D13F5DC" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" type="synonymic_list">
<caption id="DF268C8DFFEF20260E2210510D13F5DC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760635" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760635" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6760635/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" startId="65.[789,943,1037,1070]" targetBox="[174,766,892,1307]" targetPageId="65">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260E2210510C91FBF5" blockId="65.[789,1379,880,1307]" box="[789,1190,1037,1070]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEF20260E2210510C91FBF5" bold="true" box="[789,1190,1037,1070]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260E2010650B6CFAC0" blockId="65.[789,1379,880,1307]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260E2010650B6CFAC0" authority="Ord, 1815" authorityName="Ord" authorityYear="1815" baseAuthorityName="Ord" baseAuthorityYear="1815" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="pennsylvanicus">M.p.pennsylvanicusOrd,1815—extremeSEQuebecandNewBrunswick,Canada,andfromSouthDakota,N&amp;ENebraska,andextremeNEKansasEtotheAtlanticcoastfromMaineStoSouthCarolina,USA.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D8611750CA7FA99" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" box="[177,1168,1321,1346]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D8611750CA7FA99" authority="Bangs, 1897" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1897" box="[177,1168,1321,1346]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="acadicus">M.p.acadicusBangs,1897—PrinceEdwardIandNovaScotia,Canada.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D86110D0BF2FAB1" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" box="[177,965,1361,1386]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D86110D0BF2FAB1" authority="Heller, 1909" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1909" box="[177,965,1361,1386]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="admiraltiae">M.p.admiraltiaeHeller,1909—AdmiraltyI,Alaska,USA.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D8611240CAEFA4A" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" box="[177,1177,1400,1425]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D8611240CAEFA4A" authority="Baker, 1951" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1951" box="[177,1177,1400,1425]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="alcorni">M.p.alcorniBaker,1951—fromSWAlaska,USA,EtoSYukon,Canada.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D8611C40C9EFA62" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" box="[177,1193,1432,1465]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D8611C40C9EFA62" authority="Preble, 1902" authorityName="Preble" authorityYear="1902" box="[177,1193,1432,1465]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="aphorodemus">M.p.aphorodemusPreble,1902—SENunavutandNEManitoba,Canada.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D8611E30C86FA3B" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" box="[177,1201,1471,1504]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D8611E30C86FA3B" authority=". A. Allen, 1893" authorityName=". A. Allen" authorityYear="1893" box="[177,1201,1471,1504]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="axtecusj">M.p.axtecusJ.A.Allen,1893—restrictedrangeinNWNewMexico,USA.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D8611BA0AA7F9F4" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D8611BA0AA7F9F4" authority="Bradley &amp; Cockrum, 1968" authorityName="Bradley &amp; Cockrum" authorityYear="1968" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="chihuahuensis">M.p.chihuahuensisBradley&amp;Cockrum,1968—knownonlyfromthevicinityofGaleana,NWChihuahua,Mexico.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D8612610C4BF98D" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" box="[177,1148,1597,1622]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D8612610C4BF98D" authority="Youngman, 1967" authorityName="Youngman" authorityYear="1967" box="[177,1148,1597,1622]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="copelandi">M.p.copelandiYoungman,1967—extremeSNewBrunswick,Canada.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D8612000B2DF917" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D8612000B2DF917" authority="Audubon &amp; Bachman, 1854" authorityName="Audubon &amp; Bachman" authorityYear="1854" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="drummondii">M.p.drummondiiAudubon&amp;Bachman,1854—fromNAlaskaandNWYukonSEtoWOntario,Canada,andextremeWWashington,NIdaho,extremeNWMontana,NorthDakota,andextremeNSouthDakota,USA.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D8612870C67F92F" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" box="[177,1104,1755,1780]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D8612870C67F92F" authority="Bangs, 1896" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1896" box="[177,1104,1755,1780]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="enixus">M.p.enixusBangs,1896—C&amp;NEQuebecandLabrador,Canada.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D8612A60993F898" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D8612A60993F898" authority="S. Anderson, 1956" authorityName="S. Anderson" authorityYear="1956" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="finitus">M.p.finitusS.Anderson,1956—SWNebraska,extremeNEColorado,andextremeNWKansas,USA.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D86130D0C0DF8B1" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" box="[177,1082,1873,1898]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D86130D0C0DF8B1" authority="Bangs, 1896" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1896" box="[177,1082,1873,1898]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="fontigenus">M.p.fontigenusBangs,1896—WOntarioandSQuebec,Canada.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D8613240D7EF84A" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" box="[177,1353,1912,1937]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D8613240D7EF84A" authority="Dale, 1940" authorityName="Dale" authorityYear="1940" box="[177,1353,1912,1937]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="funebris">M.p.funebrisDale,1940—SWBritishColumbia,Canada,andNEWashington,USA.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D8613C30CB5F83B" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D8613C30CB5F83B" authority="J. A. Allen, 1894" authorityName="J. A. Allen" authorityYear="1894" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="insperatus">M.p.insperatusJ.A.Allen,1894—SEAlbertaandSWSaskatchewan,Canada,N&amp;EMontana,WNorthDakota,NEWyoming,andWSouthDakota,USA.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D8613B30D1BF7D3" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" box="[177,1324,2031,2056]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D8613B30D1BF7D3" authority="Dalquest, 1941" authorityName="Dalquest" authorityYear="1941" box="[177,1324,2031,2056]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="kincaidi">M.p.kincaidiDalquest,1941—knownonlyfromMosesLake,CWashington,USA.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D861C4A0BBAF7F4" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" box="[177,909,2070,2095]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D861C4A0BBAF7F4" authority="Bailey, 1898" authorityName="Bailey" authorityYear="1898" box="[177,909,2070,2095]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="labradorius">M.p.labradoriusBailey,1898—NWQuebec,Canada.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D861C620C4DF78C" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" box="[177,1146,2110,2135]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D861C620C4DF78C" authority="Youngman, 1967" authorityName="Youngman" authorityYear="1967" box="[177,1146,2110,2135]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="magdalenensis">M.p.magdalenensisYoungman,1967—MagdalenIs,Quebec,Canada.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D861C390CD3F7A5" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" box="[177,1252,2149,2174]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D861C390CD3F7A5" authority="Rhoads, 1894" authorityName="Rhoads" authorityYear="1894" box="[177,1252,2149,2174]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="microcephalus">M.p.microcephalusRhoads,1894—SEBritishColumbiatoSAlberta,Canada.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D861CD40CA0F77E" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" box="[177,1175,2184,2213]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D861CD40CA0F77E" authority="Baird, 1858" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1858" box="[177,1175,2184,2213]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="modestus">M.p.modestusBaird,1858—fromCColoradoStoCNewMexico,USA.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D861CEF0CB7F717" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" box="[177,1152,2227,2252]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D861CEF0CB7F717" authority="Rhoads, 1897" authorityName="Rhoads" authorityYear="1897" box="[177,1152,2227,2252]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="nigrans">M.p.nigransRhoads,1897—EVirginiaandNENorthCarolina,USA.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D861C870BFAF72F" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" box="[177,973,2267,2292]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D861C870BFAF72F" authority="Bangs, 1908" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1908" box="[177,973,2267,2292]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="provectus">M.p.provectusBangs,1908—BlockI,RhodeIsland,USA.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D861D5E097AF699" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D861D5E097AF699" authority="S. Anderson, 1956" authorityName="S. Anderson" authorityYear="1956" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="pullatus">M.p.pullatusS.Anderson,1956—C&amp;EIdaho,WMontana,WWyoming,andNCUtah,USA.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D861D0D0CE9F6B1" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" box="[177,1246,2385,2410]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D861D0D0CE9F6B1" authority="Dale, 1940" authorityName="Dale" authorityYear="1940" box="[177,1246,2385,2410]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="rubidus">M.p.rubidusDale,1940—SEAlaska,USA,andWBritishColumbia,Canada.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D861D280CA1F64A" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" box="[177,1174,2420,2449]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D861D280CA1F64A" authority="Howe, 1901" authorityName="Howe" authorityYear="1901" box="[177,1174,2420,2449]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="shattucki">M.p.shattuckiHowe,1901—IsleboroandNorthHavenIs,Maine,USA.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D861DCB0B02F663" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" box="[177,821,2455,2488]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D861DCB0B02F663" authority="Baker, 1951" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1951" box="[177,821,2455,2488]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="tananaensis">M.p.tananaensisBaker,1951—CAlaska,USA.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D861DE30B81F63B" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" box="[177,950,2495,2528]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D861DE30B81F63B" authority="Bangs, 1894" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1894" box="[177,950,2495,2528]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="terraenovae">M.p.terraenovaeBangs,1894—Newfoundland,Canada.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D861DBA0D13F5DC" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" box="[177,1316,2534,2567]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260D861DBA0A40F5DC" authority="S. Anderson, 1956" authorityName="S. Anderson" authorityYear="1956" box="[177,631,2534,2567]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="pennsylvanicus" subSpecies="uligocola">M. p. uligocola S. Anderson, 1956</taxonomicName>
— extreme SE Wyoming and NE Colorado, USA.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEF20260D871E510CB2F4B1" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D871E510CB2F4B1" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEF20260D871E51099DF5F5" bold="true" box="[176,426,2573,2606]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head—body 107-131 mm, tail 33-64 mm, ear 12-16 mm, hindfoot 18-24 mm; weight c.44 g (both sexes). Morphology of Meadow Voles varies substantially across its large North American distribution. Pelage color varies with age and among subspecies. Dorsal fur ranges from bright yellowish chestnut to dull bister (brownish yellow), with interspersed black-tipped hairs. Northern subspecies are redder, and southern subspecies tend to be black to gray. Venter is generally gray but can tend toward white or buffy. Tail is bicolored. M, has five closed loops, M, has three transverse loops and no triangles, M* has four closed triangles and a posterior loop, and M? has three closed triangles. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 46, FN = 50.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEF20260D871F2D0937F462" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D871F2D0937F462" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEF20260D871F2D0928F449" bold="true" box="[176,287,2929,2962]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">Habitat.</emphasis>
Mesic habitats, especially those with high grass undercover but also woodlands.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEF20260D861FE30D0AF3A5" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D861FE30D0AF3A5" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEF20260D861FE3098FF43B" bold="true" box="[177,440,3007,3040]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
The Meadow Vole eats many species of grasses (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF2026099F1FE30CEEF43B" authorityName="K.Koch" authorityYear="1896" box="[1192,1241,3007,3040]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Poa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Poa</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF202609DE1FE30D6AF43B" box="[1257,1373,3007,3040]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Panicum</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260DC41FB30993F3D3" box="[243,420,3055,3080]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Muhlenbergia</taxonomicName>
, all
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF20260CD31FB30A6BF3D3" box="[484,604,3055,3080]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
), sedges, mosses, other vegetation, and fungi. It occasionally eats insects and even carrion. When their numbers are high, they can affect old-field succession and damage commercial fruit trees by eating seedlings, bark, and roots. Preferred foods have low alkaloid and fiber content and high nutritive value.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEF20260D8618D80B75F24A" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF20260D8618D80B75F24A" blockId="65.[175,1383,1321,3473]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEF20260D8618D80900F37E" bold="true" box="[177,311,3204,3237]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">Breeding.</emphasis>
Breeding of Meadow Voles takes place in all seasons, although it only occurs in winter when populations are at high densities. Woodland populations of Meadow Voles had lower reproductive rates and lower adult survival than grassland populations. Gestation is c.21 days. Females can have up to ten litters/year. Litters have 1-11 young (average 4-6). Young are born hairless and pink. Fur begins to appear at c.4 days old, and young are covered with juvenile fur at c.7 days old. Eyes and ears open at c.8 days old. Weaning occurs at 12-14 days old.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEF2026089D157C0F68FE6C" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" type="activity">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF2026089D157C0F68FE6C" blockId="65.[1449,2660,288,916]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEF2026089D157C0EA1FE9A" bold="true" box="[1450,1686,288,321]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Meadow Voles are terrestrial and active
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF202605E0157C0131FE9A" box="[2263,2310,288,321]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
and night and throughout the year, with about a five-hour activity period/
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF202605B8151B00F4FEB3" box="[2191,2243,327,360]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
. Timing of activity has been related to temperature (if cold, more active during the
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEF202605FC152E00CCFE54" box="[2251,2299,370,399]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
) and vegetative cover (if minimal, more active at night).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEF2026089C159D0018FDF5" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF2026089C159D0018FDF5" blockId="65.[1449,2660,288,916]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEF2026089C159D004EFE05" bold="true" box="[1451,2169,449,478]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Home range of Meadow Voles is 405-3580 m? for males and 160-3115 m? for females. Males tend to disperse more in winter, and females disperse more in summer.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEF2026089C16680E52FCC1" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF2026089C16680E52FCC1" blockId="65.[1449,2660,288,916]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEF2026089C16680F30FD8E" bold="true" box="[1451,1799,564,597]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Subspecies chihuahuensis has not been recorded in recent years and is of conservation concern. Populations of Meadow Voles are known to fluctuate widely every 2-5 years, and hypotheses to explain this have been related to habitat quality, predation, secondary plant compounds, climate variability, stress due to high population densities, and other factors.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEF2026089B17740F2BFC4B" pageId="65" pageNumber="342" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEF2026089B17740F2BFC4B" blockId="65.[1449,2660,288,916]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEF2026089B17740E72FC9A" bold="true" box="[1452,1605,808,833]" pageId="65" pageNumber="342">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Ambrose (1973), Bradley, Ammerman et al. (2014), Cassola (2016j), Getz (1961b), Grant (1975), Hsu &amp; Benirschke (1967), Keys &amp; Van Soest (1970), Ostfeld &amp; Canham (1993), Reich (1981), Seabloom (1965), Tamarin (1977a), Van Vleck (1969).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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