202 lines
29 KiB
XML
202 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document id="6617FEFDBBA10B90201EEDA6BFF7976C" ID-CLB-Dataset="80832" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6707142" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ab66b2b7-9544-4411-bf61-5bc3651d7bca" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-04-6" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6707142" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1656002532852" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr" docDate="2017" docId="03F06D13FFB9207F0D8218A00B1CFBD3" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_7_Cricetidae_0204.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Myodes glareolus" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="303" masterDocId="FFC9156BFFAE20670D37145C0837FFDB" masterDocTitle="Cricetidae" masterLastPageNumber="535" masterPageNumber="204" pageNumber="302" updateTime="1718799336328" updateUser="carolina">
|
||
<mods:mods id="2857EA80777EEBB63A2A44284DF09528" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="175FA63B468210E7F3B4A285CB1BD211">
|
||
<mods:title id="EB6642333AB8407148919F59BE43B1B2">Cricetidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="DC2779D3B38CC0E6F22FE0EA819A074C" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="0A186C7C7F4D8EA29BB457F377142DDA">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="B3CECE575E97BE4F00D33C77D21DEE88">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="2CBEE3C76F1CB1BECDB5B988124485BA">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="3ECDD8EA719134B8CE7928205CCE5BB5" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="9C5DEE09D4C6F08F7D30D485FD3FB388">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="4CCF80F5EE23E6A1454E8CD7774CA7D7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="89A632A6CE0FCB10E3FFA2B6BECB4A8D">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="56C54792AD022A5A24D59D2A5C8AA1AC" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="3C70E89D04513DA2DABA933A813288B8">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="EE0819A203D632C35D280AD2498B336B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="54B511D73C22769201FE42F2C1D42BC2">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="696F21A502CE40DA0485033B88042A88">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="861278B44D163AF70A77665E471C16E4" type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo id="597AEE397AD99B23001797FAA7E7CEA0">
|
||
<mods:dateIssued id="76D064CCD2A777D954AF29F0BDD71625">2017</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther id="8C7A82553D7B67DCB908783D68CC3467" type="pubDate">2017-11-30</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher id="AB6A3BDB2741BCBE61A28DD79EF74C37">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place id="ABB424334751C70F76D5202D143D79B8">
|
||
<mods:placeTerm id="A79D83ED7A749C78CD1182363EAB17EF">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="BA9CFFF3C62DC97037E7E33E49EF57AD">
|
||
<mods:title id="ADF9FBB613453156CAA0C8D425ED7E47">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="0100F2EC2BE12112217176817ED6B7D6">
|
||
<mods:extent id="C6F6BE210FA6419D5EB2E14117656600" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="294314B8BEA6A8F1DF8DDFD8B01E397B">204</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="F88CA6113217C161CC10846E60B931CD">535</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="9B99D2ED582A204D8EA4EF2E0B0FD3F9">book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="D75567578E61AEA8EF4874B5593D861A" type="CLB-Dataset">80832</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="5F44B4914447B6DB0715A69A8ACC032B" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6707142</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="DA2A11E1267A84E580E1A75C2F0A4762" type="GBIF-Dataset">ab66b2b7-9544-4411-bf61-5bc3651d7bca</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="0ADA1A3A705146CEA4203678CCFA2AF2" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-04-6</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="194DF412C892C4CA773F0C8463711E1B" type="Zenodo-Dep">6707142</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03F06D13FFB9207F0D8218A00B1CFBD3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6706662" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196220845" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6706662" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F06D13FFB9207F0D8218A00B1CFBD3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F06D13FFB9207F0D8218A00B1CFBD3" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="303" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB920700D8218A008D9F2F9" box="[181,238,3324,3362]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB920700D8218A008D9F2F9" blockId="23.[179,929,3324,3403]" box="[181,238,3324,3362]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<heading id="D0AE6B69FFB920700D8218A008D9F2F9" box="[181,238,3324,3362]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<figureCitation id="1362C080FFB920700D8218A008D9F2F9" box="[181,238,3324,3362]" captionStart="Plate 11: Cricetidae" captionStartId="18.[107,137,3099,3124]" captionTargetBox="[25,2753,22,3645]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="34. Nearctic Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus), 35. Ungava Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx hudsonius), 36. Nelson's Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx nelsoni), 37. Ogilvie Mountains Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx nunatakensis), 38. Richardson’s Collared Lemming (Ducrostonyx richardsoni), 39. Palearctic Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx torquatus), 40. Unalaska Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx unalascensis), 41. Gray Red-backed Vole (Craseomys rufocanus), 42. Hokkaido Red-backed Vole (Craseomys rex), 43. Korean Red-backed Vole (Craseomys regulus), 44. Shanxi Red-backed Vole (Craseomys shanseius), 45. Anderson’s Red-backed Vole (Craseomys andersoni), 46. Smith’s Red-backed Vole (Craseomys smith), 47. Western Red-backed Vole (Myodes californicus), 48. Southern Red-backed Vole (Myodes gapperi), 49. Bank Vole (Mpyodes glareolus), 50. Tian Shan Red-backed Vole (Myodes centralis), 51. Large-eared Vole (Myodes macrotis), 52. Northern Red-backed Vole (Myodes rutilus), 53. Silver Mountain Vole (Alticola argentatus), 54. White-tailed Mountain Vole (Alticola albicauda), 55. Kashmir Mountain Vole (Alticola montosus), 56. Royle’s Mountain Vole (Alticola roylei), 57. Strelzov’s Mountain Vole (Alticola strelzouvi), 58. Tuva Mountain Vole (Alticola tuvinicus), 59. Gobi Altai Mountain Vole (Alticola barakshin), 60. null (null), 60. null (null), 61. Mongolian Mountain Vole (Alticola semicanus), 61. Mongolian Mountain Vole (Alticola semicanus), 62. Stoliczka’s Mountain Vole (Alticola stoliczkanus), 62. Stoliczka’s Mountain Vole (Alticola stoliczkanus), 63. Lemming Mountain Vole (Aschizomys lemminus), 63. Lemming Mountain Vole (Aschizomys lemminus), 64. Gansu Red-backed Vole (Caryomys eva), 64. Gansu Red-backed Vole (Caryomys eva), 65. Kolan Red-backed Vole (Caryomys inez), 65. Kolan Red-backed Vole (Caryomys inez), 66. Pere David's Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys melanogaster), 66. Pere David’s Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys melanogaster), 67. Yunnan Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys miletus), 68. Sichuan Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys chinensis), 69. Southwest China Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys custos), 70. Black-eared Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys olitor), 71. Yulongxuen Red-backed Vole (FEothenomys proditor), 72. Ward’s Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys wardi), 73. Hinton’s Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys hintoni), 74. Tarquinius Red-backed Vole (Eothenomys tarquinius), 75. Burrowing Vole (Hyperacrius fertilis), 76. Murree Vole (Hyperacrius wynnei)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6709261" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6709261/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">49.</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB920700DC818A009E6F2F9" box="[255,465,3324,3362]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB920700DC818A009E6F2F9" blockId="23.[179,929,3324,3403]" box="[255,465,3324,3362]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<heading id="D0AE6B69FFB920700DC818A009E6F2F9" box="[255,465,3324,3362]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFB920700DC818A009E6F2F9" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[255,465,3324,3362]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Mpyodes" kingdom="Plantae" language="eng" order="Pinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glareolus">Bank Vole</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB920700F2018A00B76F2F9" box="[535,833,3324,3362]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB920700F2018A00B76F2F9" blockId="23.[179,929,3324,3403]" box="[535,833,3324,3362]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<heading id="D0AE6B69FFB920700F2018A00B76F2F9" box="[535,833,3324,3362]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB920700F2018A00B76F2F9" ID-CoL="454Q3" authority="(Schreber, 1780)" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[535,833,3324,3362]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glareolus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB920700F2018A00B76F2F9" box="[535,833,3324,3362]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Mpyodes glareolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB920700D83196F0B97F293" box="[180,928,3379,3400]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB920700D83196F0B97F293" blockId="23.[179,929,3324,3403]" box="[180,928,3379,3400]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<heading id="D0AE6B69FFB920700D83196F0B97F293" box="[180,928,3379,3400]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB920700D83196F0937F293" bold="true" box="[180,256,3379,3400]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFB920700C3F196F09EAF293" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[264,477,3379,3400]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Mpyodes" kingdom="Plantae" language="fra" order="Pinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glareolus">Campagnol rousséatre</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB920700CC5196F0A7AF293" bold="true" box="[498,589,3379,3400]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFB920700F60196F0AF7F293" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[599,704,3379,3400]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Mpyodes" kingdom="Plantae" language="deu" order="Pinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glareolus">Rotelmaus</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB920700FE2196F0B07F293" bold="true" box="[725,816,3379,3400]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFB920700E01196F0B97F293" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[822,928,3379,3400]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Mpyodes" kingdom="Plantae" language="esp" order="Pinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glareolus">Topillo rojo</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB920700D8419230CB5F243" box="[179,1154,3455,3480]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB920700D8419230CB5F243" blockId="23.[178,1155,3452,3486]" box="[179,1154,3455,3480]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB920700D8419230979F243" bold="true" box="[179,334,3455,3480]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB920700C6C19230AD2F243" authority="Schreber, 1780" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1780" box="[347,741,3455,3480]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glareolus">Mus glareolus Schreber, 1780</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FFB920700FC119230CB5F243" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818814520" box="[758,1154,3455,3480]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
Island of Lolland,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FFB920700ECE19230C49F243" box="[1017,1150,3455,3480]" name="Denmark" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB92070052315700FF0FCAB" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB92070052315700FF0FCAB" blockId="23.[2067,2662,300,723]" lastBlockId="23.[1453,2662,737,3480]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
Throughout the 20" century,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB9207004C215700252FE92" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1780" box="[2549,2661,300,329]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glareolus">glareolus</taxonomicName>
|
||
was included in FEvotomys or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB92070049915130269FEAB" box="[2478,2654,335,368]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Clethrionomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Clethrionomys</taxonomicName>
|
||
; both generic names are junior synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB92070050A15C200ACFE64" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1811" box="[2109,2203,414,447]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB92070059915C201B2FE64" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[2222,2437,414,447]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glareolus">Myodes glareolus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB920700591159A010AFE3C" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1906" box="[2214,2365,454,487]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="303" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">M. centralis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and M.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB920700482159A022BFE3C" box="[2485,2588,454,487]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotis">macrotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
than to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB92070050915AD00F0FDD5" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1779" box="[2110,2247,497,526]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rutilus">M. rutilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Past and present hybridization with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB9207005AF1644012EFDEE" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1779" box="[2200,2329,536,565]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="303" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rutilus">M. rutilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
was documented in the zone of sympatry, and all individuals with alien mitochondrial genome are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB9207004D1163F000DFD70" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1780" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glareolus">M. glareolus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Large number of subspecific names was proposed for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB92070041F16EA01F8FD08" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[2344,2511,694,723]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="304" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glareolus">M. glareolus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but they were never revised. Some sources list 26 subspecies in western Europe alone, while others recognized 10-13 subspecies from the entire distribution. Phylogeographic studies using molecular markers retrieved complex evolutionary history and survival in multiple glacial refugia. Monotypic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB920700898172B0207FBD5" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption id="DF268C8DFFB920700898172B0207FBD5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760332" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6760332/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" startId="23.[1455,1624,887,920]" targetBox="[1453,2044,304,718]" targetPageId="23">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB920700898172B0207FBD5" blockId="23.[1453,2662,737,3480]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB920700898172B0E6CFC43" bold="true" box="[1455,1627,887,920]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
W Europe from Atlantic coast E to Yenisei River, N border set by Arctic tundra and S border frequently coincides with mountain ranges: Pyrenees, Alps, Apennines, and Balkan in S Europe, Pontic Mts in Anatolia, and Altai and Sayan Mts in C Asia; widespread on islands offshore Atlantic and Baltic coasts. Introduced to SW Ireland.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB92070089810480F1EF95F" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB92070089810480F1EF95F" blockId="23.[1453,2662,737,3480]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB92070089810480E9DFBEE" bold="true" box="[1455,1706,1044,1077]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 80-135 mm, tail 32-72 mm; weight 12-61 g. Sexes of Bank Voles are similarly sized. Size varies geographically and seasonally. They tend to be small in central and eastern parts of the distribution, and they are large in European mountains and northern European Russia and on some islands off Great Britain. The Bank Vole is slender, with large semicircular ears and relatively long tail ¢.50% of head-body length. Females have four pairs of nipples, and there are six plantar pads. Pelage is soft, and denser in winter (204 hairs/mm?) than summer (134 hairs/ mm?). Back is rusty, flanks are gray, and belly is light gray, occasionally washed buff. Contrast between back and flank pelage is obvious, particularly in adults. Juveniles are darker and less rusty. Various color variants have been reported (black, tan, yellow, and white), but they are rare in the wild. Skull is delicate, with moderately expanded zygomatic arches and weak mandible. Braincase and interorbital region have weak ridges that become more prominent with advanced age. Posterior edge of hard palate ends abruptly as a shelf. Molars develop roots that continue to grow so their length correlates with age. Enamelis thin, reentrant angles are partly filled by cement, and salient angles are rounded.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB92070089812D20F3AF892" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB92070089812D20F3AF892" blockId="23.[1453,2662,737,3480]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB92070089812D20E29F970" bold="true" box="[1455,1566,1678,1707]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Mature deciduous, mixed, and coniferous forests, with thick ground cover and mesic conditions from sea level to tree line at elevations of 1900-2350 m. Bank Voles also occupy shrublands, bogs, abandoned fields, hedgerows, and stands of dwarf pine (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB920700B31135C0E64F8FA" authorityName="Perry" authorityYear="1811" box="[1542,1619,1792,1825]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
mugo,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB920700B8F135C0F0CF8FA" box="[1720,1851,1792,1825]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In lowlands, they occupy a broad transitional zone between forests and steppe.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB92070089813130EC5F721" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB92070089813130EC5F721" blockId="23.[1453,2662,737,3480]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB92070089813130E8CF8AB" bold="true" box="[1455,1723,1871,1904]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Bank Voles are mostly herbivorous, with green plants and seeds forming majority in the diet, at least in deciduous and mixed forests. In boreal forests, they compensate for shortage of seeds by eating berries, lichens, and mushrooms. Fungi, roots, dead leaves, flowers, grasses, and mosses are consumed but are of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB92070073B13920254F83C" box="[2572,2659,1998,2023]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Eragrostis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minor">minor</taxonomicName>
|
||
importance. In European Russia, Bank Voles feed on ¢.280 species of herbal plants, 230 species of trees and shrubs, and 10-15 species of lichens and mosses. Animal food is of secondary importance (less than 5% of the diet), but diverse nevertheless, including annelids, gastropods, opiliones, spiders, and representatives of at least ten
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB9207007261C3B0254F75F" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1800" box="[2577,2659,2151,2180]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">major</taxonomicName>
|
||
insect orders, including beetles, butterflies, and dipterans. Daily requirements in summer are 0-69 g of food per gram of body mass. Bank Voles cache food and carry seeds in false cheek pouches.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB9207008981D5C026EF387" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB9207008981D5C026EF387" blockId="23.[1453,2662,737,3480]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB9207008981D5C0E02F6FA" bold="true" box="[1455,1589,2304,2337]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding season of Bank Voles lasts from March-April until September-October, but there is lot of variation involved. Populations at northern latitudes and high elevations have shorter and more intense breeding seasons. Abundant seed mast can extend reproduction throughout winter, and high densities can suppress breeding. Normally, breeding season lasts seven months in central Europe, five months in Finland, and 3-3-5 months in southern European mountains. Sexual maturity in males is triggered by longer photoperiod in spring. Testes of 100 mg normally contain spermatozoa, and males can sire multiple litters. Females do not have estrous cycles, and ovulation is induced by proximity of males or mating. Gestation last 18-20 days (mean 19-6 days). Numbers of embryos are 1-13 (overall species mean 4-8). There is south-tonorth cline in litter size, with larger mean counts of embryos in Siberia (5-8) and European taiga (5-8) than in southern Europe (4-5) and western Europe (4-8). Winter litters are smaller, with an average of 3-3-6 embryos. Litters of primiparous females are smaller than those of multiparous females. Postpartum females are highly fertile, and successive litters can be produced every 3—4 weeks. Young are born naked and blind, with toes fused, teeth unerupted, and ears sealed. Initial weight of c.2 g increases to 9-10 g
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB920700B261F2A0E5AF44C" box="[1553,1645,2934,2967]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="283" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">on day</taxonomicName>
|
||
18 when young start weaning. Lactation lasts 17-18 days. During the first month, young gain 0-4-0-5 g/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB920700A671FC20FB2F464" box="[1872,1925,2974,3007]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Fur and incisors emerge toward the end of the first week, ears and eyes open
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB920700A161F990FB7F43D" box="[1825,1920,3013,3046]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="283" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">on day</taxonomicName>
|
||
12-13, and young start taking solid food by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB9207004C81F990219F43D" box="[2559,2606,3013,3046]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
|
||
15. They start breeding at 1-5-2 months for females and c.2 months for males. Mortality is high (c.60%) during first six weeks of life. Life expectancy is 18-21 months, and survival of second winter is exceptional. Captive Bank Voles can live up to 40 months.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB92070089A183F0054F293" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB92070089A183F0054F293" blockId="23.[1453,2662,737,3480]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB92070089A183F0EAFF35F" bold="true" box="[1453,1688,3171,3204]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Bank Voles are active throughout the year. Circadian activity is polyphasic and normally peaks at dusk and dawn. They are most nocturnal in summer. Adult females normally maintain 2-3 nests under logs or stones, or in the ground. Nests are constructed with grasses and leaves and are 10-15 cm in diameter. Bank Voles also have several caches. They are more agile on the ground than most arvicolines (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFB920700B7519770E86F293" box="[1602,1713,3371,3400]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Microtus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and can jump and climb well.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB9207F089919130ADFFC98" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="303" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB92070089919130257F243" blockId="23.[1453,2662,737,3480]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB92070089919130050F2AB" bold="true" box="[1454,2151,3407,3440]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Bank Voles mainly move by walking and running. Most activity is at the ground level, but they climb and are good diggers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB6207F0D5F157E0ADFFC98" blockId="24.[102,1308,290,1035]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">Dispersal is male-biased, and females have more site fidelity. Home ranges in Great Britain vary widely from 261 m? to 2208 m®. Size of home range depends on season, habitat conditions, resource availability, sex, age, social status, and population context. Home ranges are larger for males (1000-8000 m?) than females (200-1000 m?) and larger in summer than winter. Home ranges of both sexes overlap during the non-breeding season. During the breeding season, females maintain exclusive home ranges. Male home ranges continue to overlap and extend over home ranges of several females. Females defend home ranges, most vigorously during pregnancy and lactation. Adults usually do not fightjuveniles. Bank Voles communicate through chemical signals and vocalization. Adults emit calls of various frequencies and are most vocal during aggressive encounters and mating. Sexually experienced males are more vocal than inexperienced males. Young emit ultrasonic calls, and their intensity and rate relate to cold stress. Scent marking is important in spatial behavior in both sexes and is also used in recognition among individuals.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB6207F0D5017160B3FFC49" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB6207F0D5017160B3FFC49" blockId="24.[102,1308,290,1035]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB6207F0D50171609FDFCB0" bold="true" box="[103,458,842,875]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Overall distribution of the Bank Voleis ¢.8,700,000 km?.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFB6207F0D5017FD0B1CFBD3" pageId="24" pageNumber="303" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFB6207F0D5017FD0B1CFBD3" blockId="24.[102,1308,290,1035]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFB6207F0D5017FD0937FC61" bold="true" box="[103,256,929,954]" pageId="24" pageNumber="303">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Abramson, Lebedev, Bannikova & Tesakov (2009), Anufriev (1994a), Bashenina (1981), Gromov & Erbajeva (1995), Kotlik et al. (2006), Melnikova et al. (2012), Mironov (2016b), Petrusewicz (1983), Shenbrot & Krasnov (2005), Shore & Hare (2008), Viro & Niethammer (1982).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |