397 lines
43 KiB
XML
397 lines
43 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1033.58539" ID-GBIF-Dataset="00e9b517-5cef-4913-af3b-6ade0bcb64e8" ID-PMC="PMC8084851" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1033-127" ID-Pensoft-UUID="2C114AF862225B9C94B030DDFCC19461" ID-PubMed="33958922" ID-ZooBank="303A0FAE2497448297AE9442BDDF71E8" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1033-127" checkinTime="1619184995717" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Thomas-Cabianca, Arianna, Martinez-Sanchez, Anabel, Villet, Martin H. & Rojo, Santos" docDate="2021" docId="03A9512DABD45FA69C6D42187474679E" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1033: 127-157" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1033" docPubDate="2021-04-22" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1033.58539" docTitle="Rhinia giriama Thomas-Cabianca & Martínez-Sánchez & Villet & Rojo 2021, comb. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="2C114AF862225B9C94B030DDFCC19461" lastPageNumber="127" masterDocId="2C114AF862225B9C94B030DDFCC19461" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Afrotropical genus Fainia Zumpt, 1958, with notes on the morphology of Rhiniidae subfamilies (Diptera, Oestroidea)" masterLastPageNumber="157" masterPageNumber="127" pageNumber="127" updateTime="1668150177699" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Revision of the Afrotropical genus Fainia Zumpt, 1958, with notes on the morphology of Rhiniidae subfamilies (Diptera, Oestroidea)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Thomas-Cabianca, Arianna</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2126-6222</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s / n, Aptdo 99 E- 03080, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">athomasbio@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Martinez-Sanchez, Anabel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s / n, Aptdo 99 E- 03080, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Villet, Martin H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4335-5667</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology & Entomology, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Makhanda 6140, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rojo, Santos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2160-9643</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s / n, Aptdo 99 E- 03080, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-04-22</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1033</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>127</mods:start>
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<mods:end>157</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1033.58539</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1033.58539</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1033-127</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">303A0FAE2497448297AE9442BDDF71E8</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">2C114AF862225B9C94B030DDFCC19461</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<subSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="results">
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||
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="181534206" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A9512DABD45FA69C6D42187474679E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A9512DABD45FA69C6D42187474679E" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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<taxonomicName LSID="03A9512D-ABD4-5FA6-9C6D-42187474679E" authority="(Lehrer, 2007 b)" authorityName="Thomas-Cabianca & Martínez-Sánchez & Villet & Rojo" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Lehrer" baseAuthorityYear="2007" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Rhinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinia giriama" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="giriama" status="comb. nov.">Rhinia giriama (Lehrer, 2007b)</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="127">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Rhinia giriama Lehrer, 2007 b comb. nov. holotype (SMNHTAU (TAUI) 318987) general body and head views A lateral habitus view B dorsal habitus view and details of cell r 4 + 5 showing long petiole (red square and arrow) and C head frontal view. Scale bars: 2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1033.58539.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/534853" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas-Cabianca & Martínez-Sánchez & Villet & Rojo" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Thomas-Cabianca & Martínez-Sánchez & Villet & Rojo" baseAuthorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Fainia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fainia giriama" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="giriama" status="comb. nov.">Fainia giriama</taxonomicName>
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≡
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas-Cabianca & Martínez-Sánchez & Villet & Rojo" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Thomas-Cabianca & Martínez-Sánchez & Villet & Rojo" baseAuthorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Fainia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fainia giriama" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="giriama" status="comb. nov.">Fainia giriama</taxonomicName>
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Lehrer, 2007b: 3
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Type locality and repository of primary types.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas-Cabianca & Martínez-Sánchez & Villet & Rojo" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Thomas-Cabianca & Martínez-Sánchez & Villet & Rojo" baseAuthorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Fainia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fainia giriama" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="giriama">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Fainia giriama</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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: Kenya, HT in SMNHTAU (TAUI) 318987 (examined).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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Kenya (
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<bibRefCitation author="Lehrer, AZ" journalOrPublisher="Fragmenta Dipterologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="1 - 4" refId="B28" refString="Lehrer, AZ, 2007b. Deux especes nouvelles de la sous-famille afrotropicale Fainiinae (Diptera, Calliphoridae). Fragmenta Dipterologica 12: 1 - 4" title="Deux especes nouvelles de la sous-famille afrotropicale Fainiinae (Diptera, Calliphoridae)." volume="12" year="2007 b">Lehrer 2007b</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Ecology, immature stages and life history unknown.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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This is the only species described by Lehrer in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Zumpt" authorityYear="1958" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Fainia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fainia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Fainia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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that was based on a single female specimen. After examining the HT of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="F. giriama" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="giriama">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">F. giriama</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Rhinia giriama Lehrer, 2007 b comb. nov. holotype (SMNHTAU (TAUI) 318987) general body and head views A lateral habitus view B dorsal habitus view and details of cell r 4 + 5 showing long petiole (red square and arrow) and C head frontal view. Scale bars: 2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1033.58539.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/534853" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">14</figureCitation>
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), we conclude that it belongs to the genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Rhinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Rhinia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The specimen is characterised by having wing cell
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">r</emphasis>
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4+5 closed with a long petiole and apical area darkened, fore and mid first tarsomeres dark and palpi long, narrow and uniform in width, generally yellow (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Rhinia giriama Lehrer, 2007 b comb. nov. holotype (SMNHTAU (TAUI) 318987) general body and head views A lateral habitus view B dorsal habitus view and details of cell r 4 + 5 showing long petiole (red square and arrow) and C head frontal view. Scale bars: 2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1033.58539.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/534853" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">14A, C</figureCitation>
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). These characters fit the concept of the genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Rhinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Rhinia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Zumpt, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B50" refString="Zumpt, F, 1958. Calliphoridae (Diptera Cyclorrapha) Part II: Rhiniini. Exploration du Parc National Albert, Mission G. F. de Witte (1933-1935).92: 1-209." title="Calliphoridae (Diptera Cyclorrapha) Part II: Rhiniini. Exploration du Parc National Albert, Mission G. F. de Witte (1933 - 1935). 92: 1 - 209." year="1958">Zumpt 1958</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Peris, SV" journalOrPublisher="Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, Seccion Biologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="79 - 98" refId="B37" refString="Peris, SV, 1992. A preliminary key to the World genera of the subfamilies Toxotarsinae, Chrysomyinae and Rhiniinae (Diptera, Calliphoridae). Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, Seccion Biologia 88: 79 - 98" title="A preliminary key to the World genera of the subfamilies Toxotarsinae, Chrysomyinae and Rhiniinae (Diptera, Calliphoridae)." volume="88" year="1992">Peris 1992</bibRefCitation>
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) and not
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Zumpt" authorityYear="1958" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Fainia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fainia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Fainia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(see diagnosis above).
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1033.58539.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/534853" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" start="Figure 14" startId="F14">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Figure 14.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas-Cabianca & Martínez-Sánchez & Villet & Rojo" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Lehrer" baseAuthorityYear="2007" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Rhinia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinia giriama" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="giriama">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Rhinia giriama</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Lehrer, 2007b comb. nov. holotype (SMNHTAU (TAUI) 318987) general body and head views
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">A</emphasis>
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lateral habitus view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">B</emphasis>
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dorsal habitus view and details of cell
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">r</emphasis>
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4+5 showing long petiole (red square and arrow) and
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">C</emphasis>
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head frontal view. Scale bars: 2 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Type material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas-Cabianca & Martínez-Sánchez & Villet & Rojo" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Thomas-Cabianca & Martínez-Sánchez & Villet & Rojo" baseAuthorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Fainia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fainia giriama" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="giriama">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Fainia giriama</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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HT: 1 ♀ KENYA Tambach / 40 km E Eldoret / 12.v.1991 / A. FREIDBERG / & FINI KAPLAN // HOLOTYPE //
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Zumpt" authorityYear="1958" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Fainia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fainia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Fainia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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/
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas-Cabianca & Martínez-Sánchez & Villet & Rojo" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Thomas-Cabianca & Martínez-Sánchez & Villet & Rojo" baseAuthorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Fainia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fainia giriama" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="giriama">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Fainia giriama</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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n. sp / det. Dr A. Z. Lehrer / 2007 // SMNHTAU (TAUI) 318987.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="notes on rhiniidae classification and potential apomorphies for rhiniinae">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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Notes on
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<taxonomicName authorityName="F.M.Brauer & Bergenstamm" authorityYear="1889" class="Hexapoda" family="Rhiniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhiniidae</taxonomicName>
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classification and potential apomorphies for
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhiniinae">Rhiniinae</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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<bibRefCitation author="Brauer, F" journalOrPublisher="Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="69 - 180" refId="B3" refString="Brauer, F, von Bergenstamm, JE, 1889. Vorarbeiten zu einer monographie der Muscaria schizornetopa (exclusive Anthomyiidae) Pars I. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien 56: 69 - 180" title="Vorarbeiten zu einer monographie der Muscaria schizornetopa (exclusive Anthomyiidae) Pars I." volume="56" year="1889">Brauer and von Bergenstamm (1889)</bibRefCitation>
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split rhiniids into
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<taxonomicName family="Cosminidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="family">Cosminidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName family="Rhininiidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="family">Rhininiidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName family="Rhyncomyiidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="family">Rhyncomyiidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation author="Riley, WA" journalOrPublisher="British Museum (Natural History), London" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" publicationUrl="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/34279/34279.txt" refId="B39" refString="Riley, WA, Johansen, OA, 1915. Handbook of Medical Entomology. I. by the Comstock Publishing Company, Ithaca, NY. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/34279/34279.txt" title="Handbook of Medical Entomology. I. by the Comstock Publishing Company, Ithaca, NY." url="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/34279/34279.txt" year="1915">Riley and Johansen (1915)</bibRefCitation>
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then reclassified them as subfamilies (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cosmininae">Cosmininae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhininiinae">Rhininiinae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhyncomyiinae">Rhyncomyiinae</taxonomicName>
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) within
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<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Calliphoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Calliphoridae</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222932608633547" author="Malloch, JR" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="496 - 522" refId="B33" refString="Malloch, JR, 1926. Exotic Muscaridae XIX. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9: 496 - 522, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222932608633547" title="Exotic Muscaridae XIX." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222932608633547" volume="9" year="1926">Malloch (1926)</bibRefCitation>
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classified all rhiniids in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhiniinae">Rhiniinae</taxonomicName>
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(within
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Calliphoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Calliphoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), split into two tribes, based on the proepisternal seta, present in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="tribe" tribe="Cosminini">Cosminini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="tribe" tribe="Rhiniini">Rhiniini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Malloch’s">Malloch's</normalizedToken>
|
||
classification was also followed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Senior-White, RA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B48" refString="Senior-White, RA, Aubertin, D, Smart, J, 1940. Family Calliphoridae. In: The Fauna of British India. Diptera. Volume 4. Taylor & Francis, LTD, London, 1-288." title="Family Calliphoridae. In: The Fauna of British India. Diptera. Volume 4. Taylor & Francis, LTD, London, 1 - 288." year="1940">Senior-White et al. (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peris, SV" journalOrPublisher="Anales de la Estacion Experimental Aula Dei" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="1 - 224" refId="B35" refString="Peris, SV, 1952. La subfamilia Rhiniinae (Dipt. Calliphoridae). Anales de la Estacion Experimental Aula Dei 3: 1 - 224" title="La subfamilia Rhiniinae (Dipt. Calliphoridae)." volume="3" year="1952">Peris (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discarded it, arguing that some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Stegemosa" lsidName="Stegemosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Stegemosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Loew (
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cosmininae">Cosmininae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) lack a proepisternal seta, while some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Chlororhina" lsidName="Chlororhina" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Chlororhina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Townsend (
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhiniinae">Rhiniinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) present it. Other authors classified
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhiniinae">Rhiniinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(within
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Calliphoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Calliphoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) without using tribes or subfamilies, because of the lack of diagnostic characters and morphological studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO9770779" author="Dear, JP" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="779 - 826" refId="B17" refString="Dear, JP, 1977. A revision of Australian Rhiniinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Australian Journal of Zoology 25: 779 - 826, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO9770779" title="A revision of Australian Rhiniinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO9770779" volume="25" year="1977">Dear 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="James, MT" editor="Delfinado, MD" journalOrPublisher="Volume 3. Suborder Cyclorrhapha (excluding Division Aschiza). University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="526 - 556" refId="B21" refString="James, MT, 1977. Family Calliphoridae. In: Delfinado, MD, Hardy, DE, Eds., , A catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region. Volume 3. Suborder Cyclorrhapha (excluding Division Aschiza). University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu: 526 - 556" title="Family Calliphoridae." volumeTitle=", A catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region." year="1977">James 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rognes, K" editor="Papp, L" journalOrPublisher="Volume 3. Science Herald, Budapest, Hungary" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="617 - 648" refId="B41" refString="Rognes, K, 1998. Family Calliphoridae. In: Papp, L, Darvas, B, Eds., Manual of Palaearctic Diptera. Volume 3. Science Herald, Budapest, Hungary: 617 - 648" title="Family Calliphoridae." volumeTitle="Manual of Palaearctic Diptera." year="1998">Rognes 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or because they considered the subdivisions unnecessary for a higher taxon with so few genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peris, SV" journalOrPublisher="Anales de la Estacion Experimental Aula Dei" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="1 - 224" refId="B35" refString="Peris, SV, 1952. La subfamilia Rhiniinae (Dipt. Calliphoridae). Anales de la Estacion Experimental Aula Dei 3: 1 - 224" title="La subfamilia Rhiniinae (Dipt. Calliphoridae)." volume="3" year="1952">Peris 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peris, SV" journalOrPublisher="Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, Seccion Biologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="79 - 98" refId="B37" refString="Peris, SV, 1992. A preliminary key to the World genera of the subfamilies Toxotarsinae, Chrysomyinae and Rhiniinae (Diptera, Calliphoridae). Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, Seccion Biologia 88: 79 - 98" title="A preliminary key to the World genera of the subfamilies Toxotarsinae, Chrysomyinae and Rhiniinae (Diptera, Calliphoridae)." volume="88" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lehrer, AZ" journalOrPublisher="Annotations Zoologicae et Botanicae, Bratislava" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="1 - 51" refId="B26" refString="Lehrer, AZ, 1970. Considerations phylogenetiques et taxonomiques sur la famille Calliphoridae. Annotations Zoologicae et Botanicae, Bratislava 61: 1 - 51" title="Considerations phylogenetiques et taxonomiques sur la famille Calliphoridae." volume="61" year="1970">Lehrer (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed a radical approach, dividing
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhiniinae">Rhiniinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(within
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Calliphoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Calliphoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) into six tribes, based on the morphology of the male terminalia (
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="tribe" tribe="Isomyiini">Isomyiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="tribe" tribe="Rhiniini">Rhiniini</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="tribe" tribe="Rhyncomyiini">Rhyncomyiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="tribe" tribe="Stegosomini">Stegosomini</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="tribe" tribe="Sokotrini">Sokotrini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="tribe" tribe="Trychoberiini">Trychoberiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and, years later, split rhiniids into three subfamilies:
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Fainiinae">Fainiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhiniinae">Rhiniinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Stomorhiniinae">Stomorhiniinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(sic) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lehrer, AZ" journalOrPublisher="Fragmenta Dipterologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B31" refString="Lehrer, AZ, 2011. Recueil de Calliphoridae decrits ou revus (Insecta, Diptera). Entomologica: Annali di Entomologia Generale ed Applicata XLIII: 3-275." title="Recueil de Calliphoridae decrits ou revus (Insecta, Diptera). Entomologica: Annali di Entomologia Generale ed Applicata XLIII: 3 - 275." year="2011">Lehrer 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
|
||
More recently, in addition to the traditional characters used to split the two primary lineages of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="F.M.Brauer & Bergenstamm" authorityYear="1889" class="Hexapoda" family="Rhiniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhiniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peris, SV" journalOrPublisher="Anales de la Estacion Experimental Aula Dei" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="1 - 224" refId="B35" refString="Peris, SV, 1952. La subfamilia Rhiniinae (Dipt. Calliphoridae). Anales de la Estacion Experimental Aula Dei 3: 1 - 224" title="La subfamilia Rhiniinae (Dipt. Calliphoridae)." volume="3" year="1952">Peris 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zumpt, F" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" refId="B50" refString="Zumpt, F, 1958. Calliphoridae (Diptera Cyclorrapha) Part II: Rhiniini. Exploration du Parc National Albert, Mission G. F. de Witte (1933-1935).92: 1-209." title="Calliphoridae (Diptera Cyclorrapha) Part II: Rhiniini. Exploration du Parc National Albert, Mission G. F. de Witte (1933 - 1935). 92: 1 - 209." year="1958">Zumpt 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1322.1.1" author="Kurahashi, H" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="1 - 131" refId="B22" refString="Kurahashi, H, Kirk-Spriggs, AH, 2006. The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea). Zootaxa 1322: 1 - 131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1322.1.1" title="The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1322.1.1" volume="1322" year="2006">Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fang, J" journalOrPublisher="Entomotaxonomia" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="1983 - 189" refId="B18" refString="Fang, J, Fan, Z, 1988. Discussion on the tribal subdivision of Rhiniinae with descriptions of two new species. Entomotaxonomia 10: 1983 - 189" title="Discussion on the tribal subdivision of Rhiniinae with descriptions of two new species." volume="10" year="1988">Fang and Fan (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
incorporated characters of the phallus. In
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cosmininae">Cosmininae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the acrophallus is often connected with the base of the hypophallus (= mid-ventral wall) and the epiphallus is developed, while in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhiniinae">Rhiniinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the acrophallus stretches out from the paraphallus and the epiphallus is undeveloped.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
|
||
Recent molecular evidence, based on DNA Ultra Conserved Element (UCE) sequence data, reconstructed three
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1926" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Idiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Idiella major" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="major">Idiella major</taxonomicName>
|
||
clades within
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="F.M.Brauer & Bergenstamm" authorityYear="1889" class="Hexapoda" family="Rhiniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhiniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cosmininae">Cosmininae</taxonomicName>
|
||
split into two clades (one containing the exclusive Oriental genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1926" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Sumatria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sumatria" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Sumatria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the other, the rest of the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cosmininae">Cosmininae</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera) and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhiniinae">Rhiniinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
monophyletic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12443" author="Buenaventura, E" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="1 - 23" refId="B5" refString="Buenaventura, E, Lloyd, MW, Perilla Lopez, JM, Gonzalez, VL, Thomas-Cabianca, A, Dikow, T, 2020. Protein-encoding Ultra Conserved Elements provide a new phylogenomic perspective of Oestroidea flies (Diptera: Calyptratae). Systematic Entomology 46 (1): 1 - 23, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12443" title="Protein-encoding Ultra Conserved Elements provide a new phylogenomic perspective of Oestroidea flies (Diptera: Calyptratae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12443" volume="46" year="2020">Buenaventura et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In our examination of all of the Afrotropical rhiniids, two morphological characters in the phallus support potential synapomorphies for the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhiniinae">Rhiniinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Proposed apomorphies (in bold) for Rhiniinae, polarised using the character state found in Bengaliinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (Rognes 2009) and Afrotropical Cosmininae (Buenaventura et al. 2020)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/38E19FE8DFAAE0168FC43E3414F446F6" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" tableUuid="38E19FE8DFAAE0168FC43E3414F446F6">1</tableCitation>
|
||
). First, the absence of an epiphallus is apomorphic in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhiniinae">Rhiniinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as was also suggested by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fang, J" journalOrPublisher="Entomotaxonomia" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="1983 - 189" refId="B18" refString="Fang, J, Fan, Z, 1988. Discussion on the tribal subdivision of Rhiniinae with descriptions of two new species. Entomotaxonomia 10: 1983 - 189" title="Discussion on the tribal subdivision of Rhiniinae with descriptions of two new species." volume="10" year="1988">Fang and Fan (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and the epiphallus is present (pleisomorphic state) in other
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="F.M.Brauer & Bergenstamm" authorityYear="1889" class="Hexapoda" family="Rhiniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhiniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its sister group
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brauer & Bergenstamm" authorityYear="1889" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bengaliinae">Bengaliinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Calliphoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Calliphoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2251.1.1" author="Rognes, K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="1 - 76" refId="B44" refString="Rognes, K, 2009. Revision of the Oriental species of the Bengalia peuhi species- group (Diptera, Calliphoridae). Zootaxa 2251: 1 - 76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2251.1.1" title="Revision of the Oriental species of the Bengalia peuhi species- group (Diptera, Calliphoridae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2251.1.1" volume="2251" year="2009">Rognes 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12369" author="Cerretti, P" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="957 - 972" refId="B8" refString="Cerretti, P, Stireman, JO, Badano, D, Gisondi, S, Rognes, K, Giudice, G Lo, Pape, T, 2019. Reclustering the cluster flies (Diptera: Oestroidea, Polleniidae). Systematic Entomology 44: 957 - 972, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12369" title="Reclustering the cluster flies (Diptera: Oestroidea, Polleniidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12369" volume="44" year="2019">Cerretti et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12375" author="Kutty, SN" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="605 - 622" refId="B23" refString="Kutty, SN, Meusemann, K, Bayless, KM, Marinho, MAT, Pont, AC, Zhou, X, Misof, B, Wiegmann, BM, Yeates, D, Cerretti, P, Meier, R, Pape, T, 2019. Phylogenomic analysis of Calyptratae: resolving the phylogenetic relationships within a major radiation of Diptera. Cladistics 35: 605 - 622, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12375" title="Phylogenomic analysis of Calyptratae: resolving the phylogenetic relationships within a major radiation of Diptera." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12375" volume="35" year="2019">Kutty et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12443" author="Buenaventura, E" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="1 - 23" refId="B5" refString="Buenaventura, E, Lloyd, MW, Perilla Lopez, JM, Gonzalez, VL, Thomas-Cabianca, A, Dikow, T, 2020. Protein-encoding Ultra Conserved Elements provide a new phylogenomic perspective of Oestroidea flies (Diptera: Calyptratae). Systematic Entomology 46 (1): 1 - 23, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12443" title="Protein-encoding Ultra Conserved Elements provide a new phylogenomic perspective of Oestroidea flies (Diptera: Calyptratae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12443" volume="46" year="2020">Buenaventura et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Second, the basi- and distiphallus are connected by a desclerotised membrane, which is apomorphic in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhiniinae">Rhiniinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas they are plesiomorphically fused in other
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="F.M.Brauer & Bergenstamm" authorityYear="1889" class="Hexapoda" family="Rhiniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhiniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brauer & Bergenstamm" authorityYear="1889" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bengaliinae">Bengaliinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2251.1.1" author="Rognes, K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="1 - 76" refId="B44" refString="Rognes, K, 2009. Revision of the Oriental species of the Bengalia peuhi species- group (Diptera, Calliphoridae). Zootaxa 2251: 1 - 76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2251.1.1" title="Revision of the Oriental species of the Bengalia peuhi species- group (Diptera, Calliphoridae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2251.1.1" volume="2251" year="2009">Rognes 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="38E19FE8DFAAE0168FC43E3414F446F6" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/38E19FE8DFAAE0168FC43E3414F446F6" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" start="Table 1" startId="T1">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Table 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Proposed apomorphies (in bold) for
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhiniinae">Rhiniinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, polarised using the character state found in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brauer & Bergenstamm" authorityYear="1889" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bengaliinae">Bengaliinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1926" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Calliphoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Calliphoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2251.1.1" author="Rognes, K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="1 - 76" refId="B44" refString="Rognes, K, 2009. Revision of the Oriental species of the Bengalia peuhi species- group (Diptera, Calliphoridae). Zootaxa 2251: 1 - 76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2251.1.1" title="Revision of the Oriental species of the Bengalia peuhi species- group (Diptera, Calliphoridae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2251.1.1" volume="2251" year="2009">Rognes 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Afrotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cosmininae">Cosmininae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12443" author="Buenaventura, E" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="1 - 23" refId="B5" refString="Buenaventura, E, Lloyd, MW, Perilla Lopez, JM, Gonzalez, VL, Thomas-Cabianca, A, Dikow, T, 2020. Protein-encoding Ultra Conserved Elements provide a new phylogenomic perspective of Oestroidea flies (Diptera: Calyptratae). Systematic Entomology 46 (1): 1 - 23, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12443" title="Protein-encoding Ultra Conserved Elements provide a new phylogenomic perspective of Oestroidea flies (Diptera: Calyptratae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12443" volume="46" year="2020">Buenaventura et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
|
||
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rowspan="2">Character</th>
|
||
<th colspan="3" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rowspan="1">Character state</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brauer & Bergenstamm" authorityYear="1889" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bengaliinae">Bengaliinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cosmininae">Cosmininae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhiniinae">Rhiniinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Epiphalus</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rowspan="1">present</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rowspan="1">present</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">absent</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Basi- and distiphallus</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rowspan="1">fused</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rowspan="1">fused</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">not fused, connected by desclerotised membrane, giving independent mobility to these structures</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</document> |