treatments-xml/data/16/62/61/1662613EFFE9FFCEFF8AA01CFD85FEC8.xml
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<document id="6C1379506D8D329A1D606F0F56E75E48" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5366.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10151426" ID-ZooBank="D5CD7765-C984-48E6-83E9-05C79C92F2E7" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1700255862711" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Stone, Graham N. &amp; Pujade-Villar, Juli" docDate="2023" docId="1662613EFFE9FFCEFF8AA01CFD85FEC8" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5366.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5366 (1)" docSource="https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5366.1.1/52221" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Feron californicum Cuesta-Porta &amp; Melika &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone &amp; Pujade-Villar 2023, comb. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="44" masterDocId="EA5B1946FFCEFFE5FF1DA277FFADFFD5" masterDocTitle="Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species" masterLastPageNumber="174" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="40" updateTime="1700257011190" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="86851A7B7719453C7AE3E0124B352493">Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F7016CBDFCA1CB0AF02C52E559E98642">Cuesta-Porta, Victor</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="75ADC488C24BF892524623A6F90A4140">Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Biologia, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08028 - Barcelona, Spain &amp; victorcp 93 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6616 - 904 X</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6DB7B0503B6D2D726803444273EEEB7F">Nicholls, James A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E5687B83FE9189CC0D3C967D1CCF9E8D">Stone, Graham N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="97C0331DB368C826D0EDEBF2B67E8E63">Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH 9 3 JT, Scotland, U. K. &amp; gstone @ staffmail. ed. ac. uk; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 2737 - 696 X</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="1947BD5CED10688733DD46D6A600D2BF">Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Biologia, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08028 - Barcelona, Spain &amp; Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Biologia, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08028 - Barcelona, Spain &amp; jpujade @ ub. edu; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7798 - 2717 Corresponding author</mods:affiliation>
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<heading id="C53C6744FFE9FFC2FF8AA01CFC9EFD50" bold="true" box="[151,819,618,645]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="59CBABABFFE9FFC2FF8AA01CFD32FD51" authority="(Beutenmueller, 1911)" authorityName="Cuesta-Porta &amp; Melika &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone &amp; Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Beutenmueller" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[151,671,618,645]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Feron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="californicum" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE9FFC2FF8AA01CFE28FD50" bold="true" box="[151,389,618,645]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Feron californicum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA5AADD9FFE9FFC2FE8AA01CFD3AFD51" author="Beutenmueller, W." box="[407,663,618,645]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="67 - 70" refId="ref91448" refString="Beutenmueller, W. (1911) Description of New Species of Cynipidae. Entomological news and proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 22 (2), 67 - 70." type="journal article" year="1911">Beutenmueller, 1911</bibRefCitation>
)
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,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B78CB141FFE9FFC2FDB0A01CFC9EFD50" box="[685,819,619,645]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation id="06F0CCADFFE9FFC2FF8AA0F8FEB8FD7C" box="[151,277,655,681]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 8489" captionStart-1="FIGURES 9093" captionStart-2="FIGURES 9496" captionStartId-0="40.[151,264,1755,1779]" captionStartId-1="41.[151,264,1662,1686]" captionStartId-2="42.[151,264,1507,1531]" captionTargetBox-0="[161,1421,188,1718]" captionTargetBox-1="[163,1423,194,1625]" captionTargetBox-2="[160,1436,597,1484]" captionTargetId-0="figure-25@40.[151,1436,181,1731]" captionTargetId-1="figure-17@41.[151,1436,181,1638]" captionTargetId-2="figure-210@42.[151,1436,597,1484]" captionTargetPageId-0="40" captionTargetPageId-1="41" captionTargetPageId-2="42" captionText-0="FIGURES 8489. Feron californicum, comb. nov., asexual female. 8487, head: 84, frontal view, 85, dorsal view, 86, lateral view, 87, posterior view. 88, antenna. 89, mesosoma and propleura, frontal view." captionText-1="FIGURES 9093. Feron californicum, comb. nov., asexual female. 90, mesosoma, lateral view. 91, mesoscutum, dorsal view. 92, mesoscutellum, dorsal view. 93, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view." captionText-2="FIGURES 9496. Feron californicum, comb. nov., 9495, asexual female: 94, fore wing, 95, metasoma, lateral view. 96, galls (fresh gall images courtesy of J. Gross)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10151466" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10151468" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10151470" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10151466/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10151468/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10151470/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Figs 8496</figureCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="1F6AF639FFE9FFC2FF8AA0A4FDC8FD3E" author="Beutenmueller, W." box="[151,613,723,747]" page="69" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="1911">
<taxonomicName id="59CBABABFFE9FFC2FF8AA0A4FDC8FD3E" authority="Beutenmueller, 1911: 69" authorityName="Beutenmueller" authorityPageNumber="69" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,613,723,747]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Philonix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="californica">
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE9FFC2FF8AA0A4FECFFD3E" box="[151,354,723,747]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Philonix californica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA5AADD9FFE9FFC2FE74A0A4FDC8FD3E" author="Beutenmueller, W." box="[361,613,723,747]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="67 - 70" refId="ref91448" refString="Beutenmueller, W. (1911) Description of New Species of Cynipidae. Entomological news and proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 22 (2), 67 - 70." type="journal article" year="1911">Beutenmueller, 1911: 69</bibRefCitation>
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, female, gall.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="BEDBF706FFE9FFC2FF8AA085FD5EFCDF" box="[151,755,754,778]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName id="59CBABABFFE9FFC2FF8AA085FDB9FCDF" authority="(Beutenmueller)" baseAuthorityName="Beutenmueller" box="[151,532,754,778]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Biorhiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="californica">
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE9FFC2FF8AA085FECEFCDF" box="[151,355,754,778]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Biorhiza californica</emphasis>
(Beutenmueller)
</taxonomicName>
:
<treatmentCitation id="1F6AF639FFE9FFC2FD00A085FD42FCDF" author="Fullaway, D. T." box="[541,751,754,778]" page="334" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="1911">
<bibRefCitation id="FA5AADD9FFE9FFC2FD00A085FD42FCDF" author="Fullaway, D. T." box="[541,751,754,778]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="331 - 380" refId="ref92305" refString="Fullaway, D. T. (1911) Monograph of the gall-making Cynipidae (Cynipinae) of California. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 4 (4), 331 - 380. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 4.4.331" type="journal article" year="1911">Fullaway, 1911: 334</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="BEDBF706FFE9FFC2FF8AA167FD51FCFD" box="[151,764,784,808]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName id="59CBABABFFE9FFC2FF8AA167FDE9FCFD" authority="(Beutenmueller)" baseAuthorityName="Beutenmueller" box="[151,580,784,808]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Trichoteras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="californicum">
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE9FFC2FF8AA167FE3EFCFD" box="[151,403,784,808]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Trichoteras californicum</emphasis>
(Beutenmueller)
</taxonomicName>
:
<treatmentCitation id="1F6AF639FFE9FFC2FD50A167FD55FCFD" author="Weld, L. H." box="[589,760,784,808]" page="625" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="1951">
<bibRefCitation id="FA5AADD9FFE9FFC2FD50A167FD55FCFD" author="Weld, L. H." box="[589,760,784,808]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="594 - 654" refId="ref95045" refString="Weld, L. H. (1951) Superfamily Cynipoidea. In: Muesebeck, C. F. W., Krombein, K. V. &amp; Townes, H. K. (Eds.), Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico. Agricultural Monograph No. 2. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., pp. 594 - 654." type="book chapter" year="1951">Weld, 1951: 625</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E74D028FFE9FFC2FF8AA158FCCEFC92" blockId="39.[151,867,723,839]" box="[151,867,815,839]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName id="59CBABABFFE9FFC2FF8AA158FD86FC92" authority="(Beutenmueller)" baseAuthorityName="Beutenmueller" box="[151,555,815,839]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="californicum">
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE9FFC2FF8AA158FED7FC92" box="[151,378,815,839]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Andricus californicum</emphasis>
(Beutenmueller)
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="FA5AADD9FFE9FFC2FD29A158FCF2FC92" author="Melika, G. &amp; Abrahamson, W. G." box="[564,863,815,839]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="150 - 190" refId="ref93148" refString="Melika, G. &amp; Abrahamson, W. G. (2002) Review of the World Genera of Oak Cynipid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). In: Melika, G. &amp; Thuroczy, C. (Eds.), Parasitic Wasps: Evolution, Systematics, Biodiversity and Biological Control. Agroinform. Budapest, 150 - 190." type="book chapter" year="2002">Melika &amp; Abrahamson, 2002</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE9FFC2FF8AA102FEF9FC5A" bold="true" box="[151,340,885,911]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Type examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="2EA3DA75FFE9FFC2FE41A102FF61FC02" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="Coquilletti" county="Kern Co." location="Asexual" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="41706E8AFFE9FFC2FE41A102FE59FC5A" box="[348,500,885,911]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
:
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female “5541…”, “
<collectingCounty id="7715A8A4FFE9FFC2FC26A102FC08FC5A" box="[827,933,885,911]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Kern Co.</collectingCounty>
I.XI.92. Cala”, “
<collectorName id="333EB5FEFFE9FFC2FB78A102FB72FC5A" box="[1125,1247,885,911]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Coquilletti</collectorName>
coll.”, red label, “Type No. 13722
<collectionCode id="F8DA48EDFFE9FFC2FE7AA1EEFE10FC66" box="[359,445,921,947]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
”, handwriting label “
<taxonomicName id="59CBABABFFE9FFC2FDAFA1EEFBACFC66" authority="Beutnm." authorityName="Beutenmueller" authorityYear="1911" box="[690,1025,921,947]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Philonix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="californica">
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE9FFC2FDAFA1EEFC38FC66" box="[690,917,921,947]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Philonix californica</emphasis>
Beutnm.
</taxonomicName>
” deposited in
<collectionCode id="F8DA48EDFFE9FFC2FBB5A1EEFB51FC66" box="[1192,1276,921,947]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
, examined by GM.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E74D028FFE9FFC2FFDAA196FC5DFBCA" blockId="39.[151,1437,885,1992]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE9FFC2FFDAA196FE14FC2E" bold="true" box="[199,441,993,1019]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Additional material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="2EA3DA75FFE9FFC2FEA2A196FC41FBCA" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
<specimenCount id="88CD1BA1FFE9FFC2FEA2A196FDEDFC2E" box="[447,576,993,1019]" count="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="female">One female</specimenCount>
labeled as “Sta Barbara Nat. For. Cal., Liebre Sum-t.”, “
<taxonomicName id="59CBABABFFE9FFC2FBADA196FA87FC2E" box="[1200,1322,993,1019]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="39" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dumosa">
Q.
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE9FFC2FBCEA196FA87FC2E" box="[1235,1322,993,1019]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">dumosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”, “cut out Novem. 10”, Welds handwriting label “
<taxonomicName id="59CBABABFFE9FFC2FD47A672FC4CFBCA" authority="(Beutm.)" baseAuthorityName="Beutm." box="[602,993,1029,1055]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Trichoteras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="californicum">
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE9FFC2FD47A672FCDCFBCA" box="[602,881,1029,1055]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Trichoteras californicum</emphasis>
(Beutm.)
</taxonomicName>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D6D183A3FFE9FFCFFFDAA65EFE6BF821" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="9E74D028FFE9FFC2FFDAA65EFBD3FB96" blockId="39.[151,1437,885,1992]" box="[199,1150,1065,1091]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE9FFC2FFDAA65EFEEFFB96" bold="true" box="[199,322,1065,1091]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
The only
<taxonomicName id="59CBABABFFE9FFC2FEA9A65DFDE2FB96" box="[436,591,1065,1091]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE9FFC2FEA9A65DFE5AFB96" box="[436,503,1066,1091]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Feron</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
with rudimentary fore wings and indistinct veins.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E74D028FFE9FFC2FFDAA63AFEDBFB5E" blockId="39.[151,1437,885,1992]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE9FFC2FFDAA63AFED3FBB2" bold="true" box="[199,382,1101,1127]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Re-description.</emphasis>
Asexual female (
<figureCitation id="06F0CCADFFE9FFC2FD5EA63AFD6AFBBD" box="[579,711,1101,1128]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 8489" captionStart-1="FIGURES 9093" captionStart-2="FIGURES 9496" captionStartId-0="40.[151,264,1755,1779]" captionStartId-1="41.[151,264,1662,1686]" captionStartId-2="42.[151,264,1507,1531]" captionTargetBox-0="[161,1421,188,1718]" captionTargetBox-1="[163,1423,194,1625]" captionTargetBox-2="[160,1436,597,1484]" captionTargetId-0="figure-25@40.[151,1436,181,1731]" captionTargetId-1="figure-17@41.[151,1436,181,1638]" captionTargetId-2="figure-210@42.[151,1436,597,1484]" captionTargetPageId-0="40" captionTargetPageId-1="41" captionTargetPageId-2="42" captionText-0="FIGURES 8489. Feron californicum, comb. nov., asexual female. 8487, head: 84, frontal view, 85, dorsal view, 86, lateral view, 87, posterior view. 88, antenna. 89, mesosoma and propleura, frontal view." captionText-1="FIGURES 9093. Feron californicum, comb. nov., asexual female. 90, mesosoma, lateral view. 91, mesoscutum, dorsal view. 92, mesoscutellum, dorsal view. 93, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view." captionText-2="FIGURES 9496. Feron californicum, comb. nov., 9495, asexual female: 94, fore wing, 95, metasoma, lateral view. 96, galls (fresh gall images courtesy of J. Gross)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10151466" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10151468" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10151470" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10151466/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10151468/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10151470/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Figs 8495</figureCitation>
). Head, antennae, mesosoma, metasoma uniformly rusty brown; legs slightly lighter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E74D028FFE9FFC2FFDAA6E2FD06F81D" blockId="39.[151,1437,885,1992]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Head delicately coriaceous, frons rugoso-coriaceous, with sparse setae on lower face and postgena, slightly higher than broad and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view; 1.9× as broad as long in dorsal view. Broadest part of head in frontal view at mid-height of head. Gena alutaceous-reticulate, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye; gena in lateral view at least 2.0× narrower than transverse diameter of eye at the dorsal part of eye; ventral part of gena 2.0× broader than dorsal part. Malar space alutaceous, with striae radiating from clypeus and reaching eye; eye 2.2× as high as length of malar space; malar sulcus absent. Inner margins of eyes only slightly converging ventrally. POL 2.5× as long as OOL, OOL 3.2× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and nearly equal to LOL, lateral ocelli small, black, central ocellus light brown, at least 2.0× as large as lateral ocellus. Antennal toruli located above mid-height of eyes. Transfacial distance 1.4× as long as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus equal to distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.3× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous to delicately coriaceous, with white setae; slightly elevated median area delicately coriaceous, glabrous, without setae; area between torulus and eye with delicate striae. Clypeus impressed, quadrangular, as broad as high, delicately coriaceous, with a few setae scattered all over; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, deep, epistomal sulcus broad and deep, clypeo-pleurostomal line well impressed. Frons, interocellar area, vertex, occiput uniformly reticulate, with a few delicate striae and setae; area under central ocellus impressed, smooth, glabrous; postocciput glabrous, with numerous delicate longitudinal interrupted parallel striae; postgena smooth, with few setae; posterior tentorial pit large, elongated, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly shorter than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which diverge until occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres (suture between F11 and F12 indistinct), flagellomeres gradually broadened towards apex, pedicel longer than broad, F1 as long as scape+pedicel, 1.3× as long as F2, F2 slightly longer than F3, F3=F4, F5 slightly shorter than F4, subsequent flagellomeres gradually shorter, F12 slightly shorter than F11; placodeal sensilla on F5F12.</paragraph>
<caption id="CAB480A0FFE6FFCDFF8AA4ACFC65F8C2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10151466" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10151466" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10151466/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" startId="40.[151,264,1755,1779]" targetBox="[161,1421,188,1718]" targetPageId="40" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="9E74D028FFE6FFCDFF8AA4ACFC65F8C2" blockId="40.[151,1436,1755,1816]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE6FFCDFF8AA4ACFEF8F926" bold="true" box="[151,341,1755,1779]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">FIGURES 8489.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="59CBABABFFE6FFCDFE46A4ABFD8DF926" authorityName="Cuesta-Porta &amp; Melika &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone &amp; Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Beutenmueller" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[347,544,1755,1779]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Feron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="californicum" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE6FFCDFE46A4ABFD8DF926" box="[347,544,1755,1779]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Feron californicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE6FFCDFD33A4ABFD0FF921" bold="true" box="[558,674,1756,1780]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B78CB141FFE6FFCDFD33A4ABFD0FF921" box="[558,674,1756,1780]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, asexual female. 8487, head: 84, frontal view, 85, dorsal view, 86, lateral view, 87, posterior view. 88, antenna. 89, mesosoma and propleura, frontal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="CAB480A0FFE7FFCCFF8AA409FBBEF96F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10151468" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10151468" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10151468/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" startId="41.[151,264,1662,1686]" targetBox="[163,1423,194,1625]" targetPageId="41" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="9E74D028FFE7FFCCFF8AA409FBBEF96F" blockId="41.[151,1437,1662,1722]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE7FFCCFF8AA409FEF9F943" bold="true" box="[151,340,1662,1686]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">FIGURES 9093.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="59CBABABFFE7FFCCFE47A408FDB2F943" authorityName="Cuesta-Porta &amp; Melika &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone &amp; Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Beutenmueller" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[346,543,1662,1686]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Feron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="californicum" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE7FFCCFE47A408FDB2F943" box="[346,543,1662,1686]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Feron californicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE7FFCCFD31A409FD0DF943" bold="true" box="[556,672,1662,1686]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B78CB141FFE7FFCCFD31A409FD0DF943" box="[556,672,1662,1686]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, asexual female. 90, mesosoma, lateral view. 91, mesoscutum, dorsal view. 92, mesoscutellum, dorsal view. 93, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="9E74D028FFE7FFCFFFDAA57AFAD3FDE8" blockId="41.[151,1436,1804,2011]" lastBlockId="42.[151,1437,151,573]" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Mesosoma higher than long, with rare setae. Pronotum delicately coriaceous, with some striae laterally, with sparse setae; propleuron coriaceous, with sparse, scattered setae. Mesoscutum longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum level with base of tegulae), uniformly coriaceous-reticulate. Notaulus complete, deep, posteriorly strongly converging and broader than anteriorly, with smooth, glabrous bottom; at posterior end the distance between notauli shorter than distance between notaulus and side of mesoscutum; anterior parallel line and parapsidal line indistinct, hardly traceable; median mesoscutal line narrow but distinct; parascutal carina broad, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum trapezoid, longer than broad, broadest part in posterior 1/3; disc of mesoscutellum uniformly rugose, only just overhanging metanotum, with a few long setae. Mesoscutellar foveae only slightly broader than high, with smooth, glabrous bottom, well-delimited all around by strong carina, divided by an elevated narrow carina. Mesopleuron delicately coriaceous, with transverse delicate striae at mid height, with setae only along ventral edge; mesopleural triangle smooth, with dense white setae and piliferous points; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, with setae; axillula with delicate parallel longitudinal striae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, triangular, posteriorly as high as height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in upper 1/3 of mesopleuron height, lower part delimiting delicately coriaceous area with a few setae, upper part of sulcus indistinct. Metascutellum rugose-coriaceous, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous; central propodeal area lyre-shaped, smooth, glabrous, without rugae; lateral propodeal carinae strong, broad and high, bent outwards in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area alutaceous to smooth, with long white setae and piliferous points. Nucha with irregular short rugae dorsally and laterally. Tarsal claws with small basal lobe.</paragraph>
<caption id="CAB480A0FFE4FFCFFF8AA794FD81F9F5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10151470" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10151470" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10151470/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" startId="42.[151,264,1507,1531]" targetBox="[160,1436,597,1484]" targetPageId="42" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="9E74D028FFE4FFCFFF8AA794FD81F9F5" blockId="42.[151,1436,1507,1568]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE4FFCFFF8AA794FEF9FA29" bold="true" box="[151,340,1507,1532]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">FIGURES 9496.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="59CBABABFFE4FFCFFE44A792FDB0FA29" authorityName="Cuesta-Porta &amp; Melika &amp; Nicholls &amp; Stone &amp; Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Beutenmueller" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[345,541,1508,1532]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Feron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="californicum" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE4FFCFFE44A792FDB0FA29" box="[345,541,1508,1532]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Feron californicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE4FFCFFD37A793FD30FA29" bold="true" box="[554,669,1508,1532]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B78CB141FFE4FFCFFD37A793FD30FA29" box="[554,669,1508,1532]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 9495, asexual female: 94, fore wing, 95, metasoma, lateral view. 96, galls (fresh gall images courtesy of J. Gross).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="9E74D028FFE4FFCFFFDAA404FF77F965" blockId="42.[151,1437,1650,2037]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fore wing rudimentary, as long as head+mesosoma but not reaching the middle of the metasoma, with indistinct veins.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E74D028FFE4FFCFFFDAA4CCFAA1F895" blockId="42.[151,1437,1650,2037]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Metasoma longer than head+mesosoma, more than 2.0× as high as mesosoma in lateral view; all metasomal tergites smooth, glabrous, 2nd metasomal tergum extending to half-length of metasoma in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, sparse micropunctures only dorsally; all subsequent terga and hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 5.8× as long as broad in ventral view.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E74D028FFE4FFCFFFDAA53DFDA5F8B1" blockId="42.[151,1437,1650,2037]" box="[199,520,1866,1893]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
Body length
<quantity id="59337DCDFFE4FFCFFE45A53DFE03F8B0" box="[344,430,1866,1893]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
(n = 1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E74D028FFE4FFCFFFDAA519FE6BF821" blockId="42.[151,1437,1650,2037]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE4FFCFFFDAA519FF57F85D" bold="true" box="[199,250,1902,1928]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Gall</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="06F0CCADFFE4FFCFFE17A519FEF3F85D" box="[266,350,1902,1928]" captionStart="FIGURES 9496" captionStartId="42.[151,264,1507,1531]" captionTargetBox="[160,1436,597,1484]" captionTargetId="figure-210@42.[151,1436,597,1484]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURES 9496. Feron californicum, comb. nov., 9495, asexual female: 94, fore wing, 95, metasoma, lateral view. 96, galls (fresh gall images courtesy of J. Gross)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10151470" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10151470/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 96</figureCitation>
). The monolocular spangle leaf gall is on the upper surface of the leaves, rounded, flattened disc-like, slightly elevated toward the middle, pinkish or purplish, with the apex sometimes yellowish. Sides of the gall are flat and very thin; the larval chamber is in the central elevated part; the diameter of the gall is
<quantity id="59337DCDFFE4FFCFFBCAA5C1FA9BF804" box="[1239,1334,1974,2001]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">34 mm</quantity>
, height
<quantity id="59337DCDFFE4FFCFFA93A5C1FF6EF820" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA5AADD9FFE4FFCFFFCCA5ADFE17F821" author="Beutenmueller, W." box="[209,442,2010,2036]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="67 - 70" refId="ref91448" refString="Beutenmueller, W. (1911) Description of New Species of Cynipidae. Entomological news and proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 22 (2), 67 - 70." type="journal article" year="1911">Beutenmueller 1911</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D6D183A3FFE5FFCEFFDAA2E1FD85FEC8" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="9E74D028FFE5FFCEFFDAA2E1FD85FEC8" blockId="43.[151,1436,150,285]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE5FFCEFFDAA2E1FE8AFF65" bold="true" box="[199,295,150,176]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Biology.</emphasis>
Only the asexual generation is known, which induces galls on
<taxonomicName id="59CBABABFFE5FFCEFB09A2E0FB51FF64" box="[1044,1276,151,177]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cornelius-mulleri">
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE5FFCEFB09A2E0FB51FF64" box="[1044,1276,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Q. cornelius-mulleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="59CBABABFFE5FFCEFA13A2E0FA31FF64" box="[1294,1436,151,177]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE5FFCEFA13A2E0FA31FF64" box="[1294,1436,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Q. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="59CBABABFFE5FFCEFFD5A2CCFEEEFF00" box="[200,323,187,213]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dumosa">
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE5FFCEFFD5A2CCFEEEFF00" box="[200,323,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Q. dumosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(section
<taxonomicName id="59CBABABFFE5FFCEFEB1A2CCFDA7FF00" box="[428,522,187,213]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE5FFCEFEB1A2CCFDA7FF00" box="[428,522,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Quercus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, subsection
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE5FFCEFD85A2CCFCAFFF01" box="[664,770,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Dumosae</emphasis>
). The gall matures by November and the adult emerges in January.
<emphasis id="ACBF0C3AFFE5FFCEFFDAA375FECCFEC9" bold="true" box="[199,353,258,284]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="E6DC90B8FFE5FFCEFE7AA374FE0EFEC8" box="[359,419,259,285]" name="United States of America" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">USA</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="5C0F1ECAFFE5FFCEFEB3A374FD8EFEC8" box="[430,547,259,285]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">California</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>