treatments-xml/data/03/BA/D2/03BAD22DF61ED378FF0AB3FEFD8F95D5.xml

<document id="5B7AB5497FF9DC8FA7A5A00B28A87486" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3931.4.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ea9bcb0c-2dff-44c9-b31e-a75b5e6a0645" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="238887" ID-ZooBank="C943D429-BF58-4B2D-876F-50132E650DF7" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461011568476" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Soisook, Pipat, Prajakjitr, Amron, Karapan, Sunate, Francis, Charles M. &amp; Bates, Paul J. J." docDate="2015" docId="03BAD22DF61ED378FF0AB3FEFD8F95D5" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03931p550.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3931 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Eudiscoderma thongareeae Soisook et al., sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="19" lastPageNumber="546" masterDocId="FF83AA55F61AD36AFF9DB64AFFD69671" masterDocTitle="A new genus and species of false vampire (Chiroptera: Megadermatidae) from peninsular Thailand" masterLastPageNumber="550" masterPageNumber="528" pageNumber="532" updateTime="1698567500110" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="72AA7783C567930DF40C5CAF9AEBDFAD">A new genus and species of false vampire (Chiroptera: Megadermatidae) from peninsular Thailand</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8C1EAB6E49A183705934E078418639CE">Soisook, Pipat</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="40AB55A3598BD808BECE623C22A2D304">Prajakjitr, Amron</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8897014C212EE01D56B2E23AC645FFF2">Karapan, Sunate</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="716FFE79E3A00B86D6E1EE26FD9406A4">Francis, Charles M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9EB2E67D64C30ADF1ACEC9A4EE2DCFE1">Bates, Paul J. J.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03BAD22DF61ED378FF0AB3FEFD8F95D5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4434702" ID-GBIF-Taxon="169053479" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4434702" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BAD22DF61ED378FF0AB3FEFD8F95D5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BAD22DF61ED378FF0AB3FEFD8F95D5" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="546" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">
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<paragraph id="8BAC633BF61ED36EFF0AB3FEFD9193BE" blockId="4.[151,583,1460,1487]" box="[151,583,1460,1487]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F61ED36EFF0AB3FEFE3493BF" ID-CoL="7NDGS" authority="Soisook et al. 2015" authorityName="Soisook et al." box="[151,482,1460,1486]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61ED36EFF0AB3FEFE3493BF" bold="true" box="[151,482,1460,1486]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">Eudiscoderma thongareeae</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BAC633BF61ED36EFF0AB39DFE1F9381" blockId="4.[151,457,1495,1556]" box="[151,457,1495,1520]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">Thongaree’s disc-nosed bat</paragraph>
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<figureCitation id="13287FBEF61ED36EFF0AB3B1FEFA9065" box="[151,300,1531,1556]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-10="FIGURE 11" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStart-6="FIGURE 7" captionStart-7="FIGURE 8" captionStart-8="FIGURE 9" captionStart-9="FIGURE 10" captionStartId-0="5.[151,249,1890,1912]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,908,930]" captionStartId-10="16.[151,249,1074,1096]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionStartId-3="7.[151,249,1482,1504]" captionStartId-4="10.[151,249,1883,1905]" captionStartId-5="11.[151,249,1891,1913]" captionStartId-6="12.[151,250,1391,1413]" captionStartId-7="13.[151,249,1749,1771]" captionStartId-8="14.[151,249,1882,1904]" captionStartId-9="15.[151,249,989,1011]" captionTargetBox-0="[214,1372,414,1867]" captionTargetBox-1="[158,1436,193,879]" captionTargetBox-10="[177,1406,270,1046]" captionTargetBox-2="[346,1241,1081,1822]" captionTargetBox-3="[377,1217,205,1446]" captionTargetBox-4="[202,1379,193,1858]" captionTargetBox-5="[173,1404,193,1855]" captionTargetBox-6="[204,1382,198,1358]" captionTargetBox-7="[151,1436,381,1725]" captionTargetBox-8="[241,1356,332,1857]" captionTargetBox-9="[187,1403,193,961]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[214,1373,414,1868]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[151,1436,193,886]" captionTargetId-10="figure@16.[173,1414,265,1053]" captionTargetId-2="figure@6.[339,1247,1071,1833]" captionTargetId-3="figure@7.[356,1232,193,1461]" captionTargetId-4="figure@10.[202,1381,193,1860]" captionTargetId-5="figure@11.[173,1405,193,1856]" captionTargetId-6="figure@12.[196,1390,193,1370]" captionTargetId-7="figure@13.[151,1436,381,1727]" captionTargetId-8="figure@14.[223,1365,319,1866]" captionTargetId-9="figure@15.[183,1404,193,968]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-10="16" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionTargetPageId-4="10" captionTargetPageId-5="11" captionTargetPageId-6="12" captionTargetPageId-7="13" captionTargetPageId-8="14" captionTargetPageId-9="15" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. The holotype (a: ♂ PSUZC-MM. 2014.157) and paratype (b: ♀ PSUZC-MM. 2014.164) of E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. in comparison with M. lyra ♀ PSUZC-MM. 2014.160 (c) from Satun, S. Thailand, and M. spasma ♂ PSUZC-MM. 2014.163 (d) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand. Not to scale." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Type locality of E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. and the currently known distribution of C. cor (horizontal lines), L. frons (vertical lines), M. lyra (diagonal lines, top left to bottom right), M. spasma (diagonal lines, bottom left to top right) and M. gigas (squares in Australia) based on data in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The type localities of all synonyms are indicated and assigned to their respective species." captionText-10="FIGURE 11. Maximum likelihood tree based on mitochondrial COI gene of E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov., M. lyra, M. spasma, C. cor, with some Rhinopoma, Rhinolophus and Hipposideros as the outgroup." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Tooth terminology of the right upper (on left) and right lower (on right) first molars of Macroderma gigas (after Hand, 1985, figure 2). Abbreviations: ant, anterior; co, cristid obliqua; h, heel; hyd, hypoconid; lab, labial; mcd, metaconid; me, mesostyle; pcd, protocristid; pome, postmetacrista; popa, postparacrista; prd, protoconid; prme, premetacrista; prpa, preparacrista; tal, talonid; trig, trigonid. Drawing by PJJB." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Left upper (a) and right lower toothrows (b) of the holotype of E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC- MM 2014.157) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand. Scale = 5 mm. Drawings by PS." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Occlusal views of the skulls (left) and mandibles (right) of a) M. gigas (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; c) M. lyra (♀ PSUZC-MM. 2014.160) from Satun, S. Thailand; d) M. spasma (♂ PSUZC-MM. 2014.163) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 12.2641) from Kenya; f) L. frons (sex not known, HZM. 26.7791) from Democratic Republic of Congo. Scale = 10 mm." captionText-5="FIGURE 6. Lateral views of the skulls and mandibles of a) M. gigas (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; c) M. lyra (♀ PSUZC- MM. 2014.160) from Satun, S. Thailand; d) M. spasma (♂ PSUZC-MM. 2014.163) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 12.2641) from Kenya; f) L. frons (sex not known, HZM. 26.7791) from Democratic Republic of Congo. Scale = 10 mm." captionText-6="FIGURE 7. Right upper (on left) and right lower (on right) first molars of a) M. gigas (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; c) M. lyra (♀ HZM. 11.39934) from from Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India; d) M. spasma (♂ HZM. 5.28163) from Sirsi, Karnataka, India; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 12.2641) from Kenya; f) L. frons (sex not known, HZM. 26.7791) from Democratic Republic of Congo. Scale = 1 mm; ant, anterior; lab, labial. Drawings by PJJB and PS." captionText-7="FIGURE 8. Dorsal view of the skulls of a) M. gigas (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; c) M. lyra (♀ PSUZC-MM. 2014.160) from Satun, S. Thailand; d) M. spasma (♂ PSUZC-MM. 2014.163) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 12.2641) from Kenya; f) L. frons (sex not known, HZM. 26.7791) from Democratic Republic of Congo. Scale = 10 mm." captionText-8="FIGURE 9. The dorsal (left) and lateral view (right) of the baculum of a) M. gigas * (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand (note that right prong is partially broken); c) M. lyra * (♂ HZM. 7.32146) from Vietnam; d) M. spasma (♂ HZM. 3.27330) from Sri Lanka; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 61.31851) from Djibouti; f) L. frons (♂ HZM. 9.9664) from Nigeria. Scale = 1 mm. Drawings by PJJB and PS. *: the bacula of M. gigas and M. lyra comprise two separate bones, the lateral view of M. lyra was not drawn." captionText-9="FIGURE 10. Spectrograms (a, b) and power spectrum (c) of the echolocation call of E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov., ♀ PSUZC- MM. 2014.164 (paratype)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/238888/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/238889/files/figure.png" httpUri-10="https://zenodo.org/record/238898/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/238890/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/238891/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/238892/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/238893/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/238894/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/238895/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/238896/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/238897/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">Figures 1–11</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="C6915680F61ED36EFEAAB3B1FE679065" box="[311,433,1531,1556]" captionStart-0="TABLE 1" captionStart-1="TABLE 2" captionStartId-0="8.[125,207,604,625]" captionStartId-1="9.[119,197,551,571]" captionTargetBox-0="[137,1922,658,1626]" captionTargetBox-1="[119,1873,673,1658]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionText-0="TABLE 1. Matrix summarising selected discriminating characters (dental, cranial, bacular and) of the five genera/six species of Megadermatidae currently recognised." captionText-1="TABLE 2. Selected external and craniοdental measurements (in mm) οf Macroderma gigas, E. thongareeae gen. sp. nοv., Megaderma lyra, M. spasma, C. cor and L. frons. Mean, ± SD, minimum (Min) and maximum values (Max) and sample size οf specimens examined are given (sample sizes, which differ frοm thοse indicated, are in brackets). List οf specimens examined definitiοns οf measurements are in the methοd sectiοn." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C33B3F612D362FFE0B416F9159400" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C33B3F613D363FFEAB46DFD4094F8" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" tableUuid-0="DF6C33B3F612D362FFE0B416F9159400" tableUuid-1="DF6C33B3F613D363FFEAB46DFD4094F8">Tables 1–2</tableCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAC633BF61ED36EFF0AB009FC5990F1" blockId="4.[151,1437,1603,2024]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">
<materialsCitation id="3B7B6966F61ED36EFF0AB009FC5990F1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2979705302" collectingDate="2001-04-11" collectionCode="PSUZC" collectorName="A. Prajakjitr &amp; Siriporn Thongaree" country="Thailand" elevation="135" latitude="5.8022223" location="Sirindhorn Waterfall, Bala Forest, Halabala WS, Wang District" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="101.82694" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" specimenCode="MM.2014.157 (formerly BL130)" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Narathiwat Province" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61ED36EFF0AB009FEDD902D" bold="true" box="[151,267,1603,1628]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">
<typeStatus id="54A8DD99F61ED36EFF0AB009FED0902D" box="[151,262,1603,1628]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED02FBFEF61ED36EFE88B00EFE7D902D" box="[277,427,1604,1628]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">PSUZC-MM</collectionCode>
. 
<specimenCode id="DBB5CB40F61ED36EFE33B009FD26902D" box="[430,752,1603,1628]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">2014.157 (formerly BL130)</specimenCode>
, adult 
<specimenCount id="9D15A8B2F61ED36EFCDFB009FCAD902D" box="[834,891,1603,1628]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" type="male">male</specimenCount>
, body in ethanol, skull and baculum extracted, collected by 
<collectorName id="26E606EDF61ED36EFEBBB022FE6690F1" box="[294,432,1639,1664]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">A. Prajakjitr</collectorName>
and 
<collectorName id="26E606EDF61ED36EFE7AB02DFD1490F1" box="[487,706,1639,1664]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">Siriporn Thongaree</collectorName>
on 
<date id="FFAD45FBF61ED36EFD76B022FC5A90F1" box="[747,908,1639,1664]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" value="2001-04-11">
<collectingDate id="EFE9BC13F61ED36EFD76B022FC5A90F1" box="[747,908,1639,1664]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" value="2001-04-11">11 April 2001</collectingDate>
</date>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF61ED36EFF5AB0C1FD4B90B9" blockId="4.[151,1437,1603,2024]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">
<materialsCitation id="3B7B6966F61ED36EFF5AB0C1FD4F90B9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2979705301" collectingDate="2001-04-11" collectionCode="PSUZC" collectorName="A. Prajakjitr &amp; Siriporn Thongaree" country="Thailand" elevation="135" latitude="5.8022223" location="Sirindhorn Waterfall, Bala Forest, Halabala WS, Wang District" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="101.82694" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" specimenCode="MM.2014.157 (formerly BL130)" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Narathiwat Province" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="54A8DD99F61ED36EFF5AB0C1FED490D5" box="[199,258,1675,1700]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
<location id="8ECC35E0F61ED36EFEE7B0C1FBA690D5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BAD22DF61ED378FF0AB3FEFD8F95D5:8ECC35E0F61ED36EFEE7B0C1FBA690D5" box="[378,1136,1675,1700]" country="Thailand" latitude="5.8022223" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="101.82694" name="Sirindhorn Waterfall, Bala Forest, Halabala WS, Wang District" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" stateProvince="Narathiwat Province">Sirindhorn Waterfall, Bala Forest, Halabala WS, Wang District</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49D7ADD9F61ED36EFB1FB0C1FAA590D5" box="[1154,1395,1675,1700]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">Narathiwat Province</collectingRegion>
, S. 
<collectingCountry id="F30423ABF61ED36EFF0AB0E5FF2B90B9" box="[151,253,1711,1736]" name="Thailand" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" value="Thailand">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE2705FCF61ED36EFE95B0E5FE5E90B6" box="[264,392,1711,1736]" degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="48" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" precision="15" seconds="08" value="5.8022223">5°48'08&quot; N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE2705FCF61ED36EFE0EB0FAFDF290B9" box="[403,548,1712,1736]" degrees="101" direction="east" minutes="49" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" precision="15" seconds="37" value="101.82694">101°49'37&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4CEBCEDEF61ED36EFDADB0E5FD4F90B9" box="[560,665,1711,1736]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" unit="m" value="135.0">
<elevation id="003E8408F61ED36EFDADB0E5FD4F90B9" box="[560,665,1711,1736]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" unit="m" value="135.0">135 masl</elevation>
</quantity>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF61ED36EFF5AB099FC0291D1" blockId="4.[151,1437,1603,2024]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">
<materialsCitation id="3B7B6966F61ED36EFF5AB099FAF09145" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2979678302" collectingDate="2006-05-17" collectionCode="PSUZC" collectorName="A. Prajakjitr" country="Thailand" elevation="140" latitude="5.800278" location="Halabala Wildlife Research Station, Bala Forest, WS, Wang District" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="101.83194" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" specimenCode="MM.2014.158 (formerly BL189)" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Narathiwat Province" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61ED36EFF5AB099FE90909D" bold="true" box="[199,326,1747,1772]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">
<typeStatus id="54A8DD99F61ED36EFF5AB099FE97909D" box="[199,321,1747,1772]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
PSUZC-MM. 
<specimenCode id="DBB5CB40F61ED36EFE76B099FCE2909D" box="[491,820,1747,1772]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">2014.158 (formerly BL189)</specimenCode>
, field number 
<accessionNumber id="9440FED8F61ED36EFC77B099FBB1909D" box="[1002,1127,1747,1772]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AP060517" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" type="EnaNcbi">AP060517</accessionNumber>
-08, adult 
<specimenCount id="9D15A8B2F61ED36EFB7DB099FAF9909D" box="[1248,1327,1747,1772]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" type="female">female</specimenCount>
, body in alcohol, skull extracted, 
<location id="8ECC35E0F61ED36EFE34B0BDFB729161" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BAD22DF61ED378FF0AB3FEFD8F95D5:8ECC35E0F61ED36EFE34B0BDFB729161" box="[425,1188,1783,1808]" country="Thailand" latitude="5.800278" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="101.83194" name="Halabala Wildlife Research Station, Bala Forest, WS, Wang District" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" stateProvince="Narathiwat Province">Halabala Wildlife Research Station, Bala Forest, WS, Wang District</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49D7ADD9F61ED36EFB33B0BDFA4E9161" box="[1198,1432,1783,1808]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">Narathiwat Province</collectingRegion>
, S. 
<collectingCountry id="F30423ABF61ED36EFF23B151FEF29145" box="[190,292,1819,1844]" name="Thailand" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" value="Thailand">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE2705FCF61ED36EFEA4B151FE159142" box="[313,451,1819,1844]" degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="48" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" precision="15" seconds="01" value="5.800278">5°48'01&quot; N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE2705FCF61ED36EFE45B151FDBE9145" box="[472,616,1819,1844]" degrees="101" direction="east" minutes="49" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" precision="15" seconds="55" value="101.83194">101°49'55&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4CEBCEDEF61ED36EFDE3B156FD279145" box="[638,753,1819,1844]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" unit="m" value="140.0">
<elevation id="003E8408F61ED36EFDE3B156FD279145" box="[638,753,1819,1844]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" unit="m" value="140.0">140 masl</elevation>
</quantity>
, collected by 
<collectorName id="26E606EDF61ED36EFC35B156FBEA9145" box="[936,1084,1819,1844]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">A. Prajakjitr</collectorName>
on 
<date id="FFAD45FBF61ED36EFBE7B156FAF09145" box="[1146,1318,1819,1844]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" value="2006-05-17">
<collectingDate id="EFE9BC13F61ED36EFBE7B156FAF09145" box="[1146,1318,1819,1844]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" value="2006-05-17">17 May 2006</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B7B6966F61ED36EFAA1B156FC0691D1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2979678303" collectingDate="2014-10-07" collectionCode="PSUZC" collectorName="S. Karapan &amp; Phuchita Kong" country="Thailand" elevation="150" latitude="5.801111" location="Halabala Wildlife Research Station, Bala Forest, WS, Wang District" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="101.83222" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" specimenCode="MM.2014.164" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Narathiwat Province" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="DBB5CB40F61ED36EFAA1B156FEEA9129" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">
<collectionCode id="ED02FBFEF61ED36EFAA1B156FF1D9129" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">PSUZC-MM</collectionCode>
.2014.164
</specimenCode>
, field number SK141007.1, post lactating 
<specimenCount id="9D15A8B2F61ED36EFCA6B175FC5C9129" box="[827,906,1855,1880]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" type="female">female</specimenCount>
, dry skin, skull extracted, 
<location id="8ECC35E0F61ED36EFB52B175FD0E910D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BAD22DF61ED378FF0AB3FEFD8F95D5:8ECC35E0F61ED36EFB52B175FD0E910D" country="Thailand" latitude="5.801111" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="101.83222" name="Halabala Wildlife Research Station, Bala Forest, WS, Wang District" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" stateProvince="Narathiwat Province">Halabala Wildlife Research Station, Bala Forest, WS, Wang District</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49D7ADD9F61ED36EFD7BB129FC05910D" box="[742,979,1891,1916]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">Narathiwat Province</collectingRegion>
, S. 
<collectingCountry id="F30423ABF61ED36EFB9CB129FBB1910D" box="[1025,1127,1891,1916]" name="Thailand" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" value="Thailand">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE2705FCF61ED36EFBEBB129FB2E910A" box="[1142,1272,1891,1916]" degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="48" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" precision="15" seconds="04" value="5.801111">5°48'04&quot; N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE2705FCF61ED36EFA9BB129FA41910D" box="[1286,1431,1891,1916]" degrees="101" direction="east" minutes="49" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" precision="15" seconds="56" value="101.83222">101°49'56&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4CEBCEDEF61ED36EFF0AB1CDFED691D1" box="[151,256,1927,1952]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" unit="m" value="150.0">
<elevation id="003E8408F61ED36EFF0AB1CDFED691D1" box="[151,256,1927,1952]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" unit="m" value="150.0">150 masl</elevation>
</quantity>
, collected by 
<collectorName id="26E606EDF61ED36EFE07B1C2FDC091EE" box="[410,534,1928,1952]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">S. Karapan</collectorName>
and 
<collectorName id="26E606EDF61ED36EFDD0B1CDFD2291D1" box="[589,756,1927,1952]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">Phuchita Kong</collectorName>
on 
<date id="FFAD45FBF61ED36EFC83B1C2FC0691D1" box="[798,976,1927,1952]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" value="2014-10-07">
<collectingDate id="EFE9BC13F61ED36EFC83B1C2FC0691D1" box="[798,976,1927,1952]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" value="2014-10-07">7 October 2014</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30930B0F61ED36FFF5AB1E1FE6396AB" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="533" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF61ED36FFF5AB1E1FE6396AB" blockId="4.[151,1437,1603,2024]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,362]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="533" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61ED36EFF5AB1E1FDAB91B5" bold="true" box="[199,637,1963,1988]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532">
Measurements of the 
<typeStatus id="54A8DD99F61ED36EFE55B1E1FDF991B5" box="[456,559,1963,1988]" pageId="4" pageNumber="532" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(mm).
</emphasis>
FA: 66.41, E: 36.05, Tragus: 16.33, HB: 77.41, TIB: 35.46, HF: 18.12, 3MET: 49.44, 4MET: 53.45, 5MET: 58.27, 3D1P: 24.72, 3D2P: 42.56, GTL: 29.35, SL: 28.36, CCL: 26.22, ZB: 17.96, BB: 12.03, MW: 12.93, BCH: 11.98, PC: 4.01, RW: 8.24, C–M3: 10.96, C1–C1: 6.81, M3–M3: 9.45, C–M3: 12.37, M: 20.48, BL: 2.1.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30930B0F61FD36FFF5AB6AFFE9A971B" pageId="5" pageNumber="533" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF61FD36FFF5AB6AFFE9A971B" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,362]" pageId="5" pageNumber="533">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61FD36FFF5AB6AFFE98968F" bold="true" box="[199,334,229,254]" pageId="5" pageNumber="533">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F61FD36FFE73B6AFFDAF968C" box="[494,633,229,253]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="533" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61FD36FFE73B6AFFDAF968C" box="[494,633,229,253]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="533">thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is named in honour of Ms Siriporn Thongaree, the former head of Halabala Wildlife Research Station, who dedicated her life to researching the diversity and ecology of wildlife in the southernmost part of Thailand and to promoting its conservation. The proposed English name is “Thongaree’s disc-nosed bat”.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF6C33B3F61FD36FFF0AB128FDA191C4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238888/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="533" targetBox="[214,1372,414,1867]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF61FD36FFF0AB128FDA191C4" blockId="5.[151,1436,1890,1973]" pageId="5" pageNumber="533">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61FD36FFF0AB128FEC59106" bold="true" box="[151,275,1890,1912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="533">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
The holotype (a: ♂PSUZC-MM.2014.157) and paratype (b: ♀PSUZC-MM.2014.164) of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F61FD36FFB34B129FA929109" box="[1193,1348,1890,1912]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="533" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61FD36FFB34B129FA929109" box="[1193,1348,1890,1912]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="533">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61FD36FFAD7B128FF1591E7" bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="533">gen. sp. nov.</emphasis>
in comparison with 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F61FD36FFE0CB1C8FE0D91E6" box="[401,475,1921,1943]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="533" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61FD36FFE0CB1C8FE0D91E6" box="[401,475,1921,1943]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="533">M. lyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
♀PSUZC-MM.2014.160 (c) from Satun, S. Thailand, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F61FD36FFBB1B1C8FB4C91E6" box="[1068,1178,1922,1943]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="533" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61FD36FFBB1B1C8FB4C91E6" box="[1068,1178,1922,1943]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="533">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
♂PSUZC-MM.2014.163 (d) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand. Not to scale.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6C33B3F61CD36CFF0AB5C6FD65958F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238889/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="534" targetBox="[158,1436,193,879]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF61CD36CFF0AB5C6FD65958F" blockId="6.[151,1437,908,1022]" pageId="6" pageNumber="534">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61CD36CFF0AB5C6FEC595D0" bold="true" box="[151,275,908,930]" pageId="6" pageNumber="534">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Type locality of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F61CD36CFE5FB5C7FD8A95D3" box="[450,604,908,930]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61CD36CFE5FB5C7FD8A95D3" box="[450,604,908,930]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="534">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61CD36CFDFEB5C6FD3195D0" bold="true" box="[611,743,908,929]" pageId="6" pageNumber="534">gen. sp. nov.</emphasis>
and the currently known distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F61CD36CFB18B5C7FB1395D3" box="[1157,1221,909,930]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Cardioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cor">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61CD36CFB18B5C7FB1395D3" box="[1157,1221,909,930]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="534">C. cor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(horizontal lines), 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F61CD36CFA1AB5C7FF1C95B1" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Lavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frons">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61CD36CFA1AB5C7FF1C95B1" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="534">L. frons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(vertical lines), 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F61CD36CFEEFB5E1FE6B95B1" box="[370,445,938,960]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61CD36CFEEFB5E1FE6B95B1" box="[370,445,938,960]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="534">M. lyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(diagonal lines, top left to bottom right), 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F61CD36CFCFBB5E1FC0295B1" box="[870,980,939,960]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61CD36CFCFBB5E1FC0295B1" box="[870,980,939,960]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="534">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(diagonal lines, bottom left to top right) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F61CD36CFF0AB580FF2695AE" box="[151,240,970,991]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Macroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61CD36CFF0AB580FF2695AE" box="[151,240,970,991]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="534">M. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(squares in Australia) based on data in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The type localities of all synonyms are indicated and assigned to their respective species.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6C33B3F61CD36CFF0AB174FD3091C0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238890/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="534" targetBox="[346,1241,1081,1822]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF61CD36CFF0AB174FD3091C0" blockId="6.[151,1436,1854,1969]" pageId="6" pageNumber="534">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61CD36CFF0AB174FEC59125" bold="true" box="[151,275,1854,1876]" pageId="6" pageNumber="534">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Tooth terminology of the right upper (on left) and right lower (on right) first molars of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F61CD36CFB01B174FA889124" box="[1180,1374,1854,1877]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Macroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61CD36CFB01B174FA889124" box="[1180,1374,1854,1877]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="534">Macroderma gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(after Hand, 1985, figure 2). Abbreviations: ant, anterior; co, cristid obliqua; h, heel; hyd, hypoconid; lab, labial; mcd, metaconid; me, mesostyle; pcd, protocristid; pome, postmetacrista; popa, postparacrista; prd, protoconid; prme, premetacrista; prpa, preparacrista; tal, talonid; trig, trigonid. Drawing by PJJB.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6C33B3F61DD36DFF0AB380FC7A938E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238891/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" targetBox="[377,1217,205,1446]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF61DD36DFF0AB380FC7A938E" blockId="7.[151,1436,1482,1535]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61DD36DFF0AB380FEC193AE" bold="true" box="[151,279,1482,1504]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Left upper (a) and right lower toothrows (b) of the holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F61DD36DFC79B381FB559391" box="[996,1155,1482,1504]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61DD36DFC79B381FB559391" box="[996,1155,1482,1504]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61DD36DFB12B380FACB93AE" bold="true" box="[1167,1309,1482,1503]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">gen. sp. nov.</emphasis>
(♂PSUZC- MM2014.157) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand. Scale = 5 mm. Drawings by PS.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C30930B0F61DD36DFF5AB061FDF290FD" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF61DD36DFF5AB061FDF290FD" blockId="7.[151,1437,1579,2000]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61DD36DFF5AB061FE979035" bold="true" box="[199,321,1579,1604]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Discriminating characters are as in the generic diagnosis but with the following additional features. This is a large megadermatid with a FA of 
<quantity id="4CEBCEDEF61DD36DFDE9B005FCE09016" box="[628,822,1615,1640]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5435" metricValueMax="6.651" metricValueMin="6.436" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="65.435" valueMax="66.51" valueMin="64.36">64.36–66.51 mm</quantity>
. The skull is large with a GTL of 
<quantity id="4CEBCEDEF61DD36DFB32B01AFABB9016" box="[1199,1389,1616,1640]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.933" metricValueMax="2.944" metricValueMin="2.9219999999999997" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="29.33" valueMax="29.44" valueMin="29.22">29.22–29.44 mm</quantity>
and CCL of 
<quantity id="4CEBCEDEF61DD36DFF6EB039FE6790FA" box="[243,433,1651,1676]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6115" metricValueMax="2.622" metricValueMin="2.601" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="26.115" valueMax="26.22" valueMin="26.01">26.01–26.22 mm</quantity>
(
<tableCitation id="C6915680F61DD36DFE22B039FDC190FD" box="[447,535,1651,1676]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="9.[119,197,551,571]" captionTargetBox="[119,1873,673,1658]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 2. Selected external and craniοdental measurements (in mm) οf Macroderma gigas, E. thongareeae gen. sp. nοv., Megaderma lyra, M. spasma, C. cor and L. frons. Mean, ± SD, minimum (Min) and maximum values (Max) and sample size οf specimens examined are given (sample sizes, which differ frοm thοse indicated, are in brackets). List οf specimens examined definitiοns οf measurements are in the methοd sectiοn." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C33B3F613D363FFEAB46DFD4094F8" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" tableUuid="DF6C33B3F613D363FFEAB46DFD4094F8">Table 2</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30930B0F61DD365FF5AB0DDFC049303" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="543" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF61DD36DFF5AB0DDFF1491A1" blockId="7.[151,1437,1579,2000]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F61DD36DFF5AB0DDFBF790C1" bold="true" box="[199,1057,1687,1712]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Description. (characters additional to those included in the diagnoses).</emphasis>
Based on two females, the body mass is 30.0 and 
<quantity id="4CEBCEDEF61DD36DFECBB0F1FE4990A5" box="[342,415,1723,1748]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.62" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" unit="g" value="36.2">36.2 g</quantity>
. The ears are very large (
<tableCitation id="C6915680F61DD36DFD2AB0F1FCD890A5" box="[695,782,1723,1748]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="9.[119,197,551,571]" captionTargetBox="[119,1873,673,1658]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 2. Selected external and craniοdental measurements (in mm) οf Macroderma gigas, E. thongareeae gen. sp. nοv., Megaderma lyra, M. spasma, C. cor and L. frons. Mean, ± SD, minimum (Min) and maximum values (Max) and sample size οf specimens examined are given (sample sizes, which differ frοm thοse indicated, are in brackets). List οf specimens examined definitiοns οf measurements are in the methοd sectiοn." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C33B3F613D363FFEAB46DFD4094F8" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" tableUuid="DF6C33B3F613D363FFEAB46DFD4094F8">Table 2</tableCitation>
); they join over the forehead at about 30% of the height of the inner margins; these margins are covered with short orange-brown hairs on both the dorsal and ventral sides (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF61DD36DFF02B149FF08916D" box="[159,222,1795,1820]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1890,1912]" captionTargetBox="[214,1372,414,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[214,1373,414,1868]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. The holotype (a: ♂ PSUZC-MM. 2014.157) and paratype (b: ♀ PSUZC-MM. 2014.164) of E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. in comparison with M. lyra ♀ PSUZC-MM. 2014.160 (c) from Satun, S. Thailand, and M. spasma ♂ PSUZC-MM. 2014.163 (d) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand. Not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238888/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
b). The tragus is bifurcate; the posterior process, with a length of 
<quantity id="4CEBCEDEF61DD36DFC24B149FBA3916A" box="[953,1141,1795,1820]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7875" metricValueMax="1.942" metricValueMin="1.6329999999999998" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="17.875" valueMax="19.42" valueMin="16.33">16.33-19.42 mm</quantity>
, is blade-shaped, and with a pointed tip; it is about half the height of the ear. The anterior process of the tragus is much shorter. The dorsal pelage is mid-brown basally and dark brown on the hair tips. The ventral pelage is paler, with whitish brown bases and greyish brown tips. Each wing is broad; the second phalanx of the third digit (3D2P; 
<quantity id="4CEBCEDEF61DD36DFB29B125FAA191F9" box="[1204,1399,1903,1928]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2155" metricValueMax="4.256" metricValueMin="4.175" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="42.155" valueMax="42.56" valueMin="41.75">41.75–42.56 mm</quantity>
) is distinctly longer than the first (3D1P; 
<quantity id="4CEBCEDEF61DD36DFDDAB1D9FCDD91DD" box="[583,779,1939,1964]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.413" metricValueMax="2.4739999999999998" metricValueMin="2.352" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="24.13" valueMax="24.74" valueMin="23.52">23.52–24.74 mm</quantity>
). The ears, wing and tail membranes are dark brown (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF61DD36DFAF2B1D9FF7491A1" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1890,1912]" captionTargetBox="[214,1372,414,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[214,1373,414,1868]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. The holotype (a: ♂ PSUZC-MM. 2014.157) and paratype (b: ♀ PSUZC-MM. 2014.164) of E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. in comparison with M. lyra ♀ PSUZC-MM. 2014.160 (c) from Satun, S. Thailand, and M. spasma ♂ PSUZC-MM. 2014.163 (d) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand. Not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238888/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
a).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6C33B3F612D362FFE0B416F9159400" ID-Table-UUID="DF6C33B3F612D362FFE0B416F9159400" box="[125,1731,603,625]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C33B3F612D362FFE0B416F9159400" pageId="8" pageNumber="536" targetBox="[137,1922,658,1626]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF612D362FFE0B416F9159400" blockId="8.[125,1731,603,625]" box="[125,1731,603,625]" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362FFE0B416FF319400" bold="true" box="[125,231,604,625]" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Matrix summarising selected discriminating characters (dental, cranial, bacular and) of the five genera/six species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F612D362FACDB411FA279400" box="[1360,1521,603,625]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Megadermatidae</taxonomicName>
currently recognised.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF612D362FF30B483F8A4904F" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
<table id="F913919BF6122C95FF14B4D8F854902B" box="[137,1922,658,1626]" gridcols="10" gridrows="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
<tr id="35236179F6122C95FF14B4D8F8549567" box="[137,1922,658,790]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
<th id="76F20805F6122C95FF14B4D8FEC29567" box="[137,276,658,790]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">Species</th>
<th id="76F20805F6122C95FEA4B4D8FE689567" box="[313,446,658,790]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
First upper 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362FED1B483FE7A94AF" bold="true" box="[332,428,713,734]" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">premolar</emphasis>
(P 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362FEE2B4AAFE51949F" bold="true" box="[383,391,736,750]" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">2</emphasis>
)
</th>
<th id="76F20805F6122C95FE46B4D8FDBF9567" box="[475,617,658,790]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
Anterolingual cingular cusp 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362FE6AB49DFD98949D" bold="true" box="[503,590,727,748]" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">of upper</emphasis>
canine (C 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362FDD6B4A4FD85948D" bold="true" box="[587,595,750,764]" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">1</emphasis>
)
</th>
<th id="76F20805F6122C95FD13B4D8FCC39567" box="[654,789,658,790]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
Mesostyle of first upper molars (M 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362FD62B498FCD19491" bold="true" box="[767,775,722,736]" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">1</emphasis>
) (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF612D362FD2EB4B9FD399579" box="[691,751,755,776]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1391,1413]" captionTargetBox="[204,1382,198,1358]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[196,1390,193,1370]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Right upper (on left) and right lower (on right) first molars of a) M. gigas (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; c) M. lyra (♀ HZM. 11.39934) from from Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India; d) M. spasma (♂ HZM. 5.28163) from Sirsi, Karnataka, India; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 12.2641) from Kenya; f) L. frons (sex not known, HZM. 26.7791) from Democratic Republic of Congo. Scale = 1 mm; ant, anterior; lab, labial. Drawings by PJJB and PS." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238894/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
)
</th>
<th id="76F20805F6122C95FCA6B4D8FC0D9567" box="[827,987,658,790]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
Crown area of first lower 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362FCD9B4AFFC17948B" bold="true" box="[836,961,741,762]" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">premolar (P</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362FC5CB4A5FC1F948C" bold="true" box="[961,969,751,765]" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">2</emphasis>
)
</th>
<th id="76F20805F6122C95FC64B4D8FB739567" box="[1017,1189,658,790]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
Rostrum of skull (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF612D362FBD0B49DFB5E949D" box="[1101,1160,727,748]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,249,1749,1771]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,381,1725]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,381,1727]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Dorsal view of the skulls of a) M. gigas (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; c) M. lyra (♀ PSUZC-MM. 2014.160) from Satun, S. Thailand; d) M. spasma (♂ PSUZC-MM. 2014.163) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 12.2641) from Kenya; f) L. frons (sex not known, HZM. 26.7791) from Democratic Republic of Congo. Scale = 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238895/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
)
</th>
<th id="76F20805F6122C95FB5FB4D8FABC9567" box="[1218,1386,658,790]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
Preorbital and 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362FB5FB4F6FABC94A0" bold="true" box="[1218,1386,700,721]" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">posterior orbital</emphasis>
processes (Fig. 8)
</th>
<th id="76F20805F6122C95FA15B4D8F9F79567" box="[1416,1569,658,790]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">Coronoid process of each half mandible (Fig. 6)</th>
<th id="76F20805F6122C95F9A2B4D8F90D9567" box="[1599,1755,658,790]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
Bacular morphology (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF612D362F9F2B4AFF97D948B" box="[1647,1707,741,762]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,249,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[241,1356,332,1857]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[223,1365,319,1866]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9. The dorsal (left) and lateral view (right) of the baculum of a) M. gigas * (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand (note that right prong is partially broken); c) M. lyra * (♂ HZM. 7.32146) from Vietnam; d) M. spasma (♂ HZM. 3.27330) from Sri Lanka; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 61.31851) from Djibouti; f) L. frons (♂ HZM. 9.9664) from Nigeria. Scale = 1 mm. Drawings by PJJB and PS. *: the bacula of M. gigas and M. lyra comprise two separate bones, the lateral view of M. lyra was not drawn." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238896/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
)
</th>
<th id="76F20805F6122C95F962B4D8F8549567" box="[1791,1922,658,790]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362F88CB4D8F8B994D6" bold="true" box="[1809,1903,658,679]" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">Principal</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362F962B4E4F85494B2" bold="true" box="[1791,1922,686,707]" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">blood vessels</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362F890B483F8A594AF" bold="true" box="[1805,1907,713,734]" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">from hind</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362F896B4AFF8BD9567" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
feet merge (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF612D362F881B54BF8809567" box="[1820,1878,769,790]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1890,1912]" captionTargetBox="[214,1372,414,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[214,1373,414,1868]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. The holotype (a: ♂ PSUZC-MM. 2014.157) and paratype (b: ♀ PSUZC-MM. 2014.164) of E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. in comparison with M. lyra ♀ PSUZC-MM. 2014.160 (c) from Satun, S. Thailand, and M. spasma ♂ PSUZC-MM. 2014.163 (d) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand. Not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238888/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
a)
</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6122C95FF14B57EF85495D1" box="[137,1922,820,928]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
<th id="76F20805F6122C95FF14B57EFEC295D1" box="[137,276,820,928]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F612D362FF14B51AFEC29517" box="[137,276,848,870]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362FF14B51AFEC29517" box="[137,276,848,870]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">Eudiscoderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F612D362FF14B521FED795F0" box="[137,257,875,897]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362FF14B521FED795F0" box="[137,257,875,897]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FEA4B57EFE6895D1" box="[313,446,820,928]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">absent</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FE46B57EFDBF95D1" box="[475,617,820,928]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">absent</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FD13B57EFCC395D1" box="[654,789,820,928]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">well developed, situated labially</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FCA6B57EFC0D95D1" box="[827,987,820,928]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">equal to or exceeds second premolar (P4)</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FC64B57EFB7395D1" box="[1017,1189,820,928]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">without expanded frontal shield but with deep and broad depression</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FB5FB57EFABC95D1" box="[1218,1386,820,928]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">not developed</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FA15B57EF9F795D1" box="[1416,1569,820,928]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">well developed, considerably exceeds tip of C1</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95F9A2B57EF90D95D1" box="[1599,1755,820,928]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">long shaft with two short prongs</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95F962B57EF85495D1" box="[1791,1922,820,928]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">in the interfemoral membrane</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6122C95FF14B5F6F8549259" box="[137,1922,956,1064]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
<th id="76F20805F6122C95FF14B5F6FEC29259" box="[137,276,956,1064]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F612D362FF14B592FED0959F" box="[137,262,984,1006]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Macroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362FF14B592FED0959F" box="[137,262,984,1006]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">Macroderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F612D362FF14B5BEFF6B9278" box="[137,189,1012,1033]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Macroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362FF14B5BEFF6B9278" box="[137,189,1012,1033]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FEA4B5F6FE689259" box="[313,446,956,1064]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
absent (but present in fossil 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F612D362FEA4B245FE609254" box="[313,438,1039,1061]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Macroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362FEA4B245FE609254" box="[313,438,1039,1061]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">Macroderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FE46B5F6FDBF9259" box="[475,617,956,1064]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">large</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FD13B5F6FCC39259" box="[654,789,956,1064]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">greatly reduced, situated lingually</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FCA6B5F6FC0D9259" box="[827,987,956,1064]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">about 70% of second premolar (P4)</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FC64B5F6FB739259" box="[1017,1189,956,1064]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">with an incipient frontal shield and without depression</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FB5FB5F6FABC9259" box="[1218,1386,956,1064]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">moderately developed</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FA15B5F6F9F79259" box="[1416,1569,956,1064]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">weakly developed, lower than tip of C1</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95F9A2B5F6F90D9259" box="[1599,1755,956,1064]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">comprising two separate bones, each shaped like a 'bill-hook'</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95F962B5F6F8549259" box="[1791,1922,956,1064]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">in the interfemoral membrane</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6122C95FF14B27DF85492CE" box="[137,1922,1079,1215]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
<th id="76F20805F6122C95FF14B27DFEC292CE" box="[137,276,1079,1215]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F612D362FF14B22BFF2B9206" box="[137,253,1121,1143]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362FF14B22BFF2B9206" box="[137,253,1121,1143]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">Megaderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F612D362FF14B236FF6692E3" box="[137,176,1148,1170]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362FF14B236FF6692E3" box="[137,176,1148,1170]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">lyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FEA4B27DFE6892CE" box="[313,446,1079,1215]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">minute and intruded</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FE46B27DFDBF92CE" box="[475,617,1079,1215]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">small to medium</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FD13B27DFCC392CE" box="[654,789,1079,1215]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">greatly reduced, situated lingually</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FCA6B27DFC0D92CE" box="[827,987,1079,1215]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">about 60–80% of second premolar (P4)</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FC64B27DFB7392CE" box="[1017,1189,1079,1215]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">without expanded frontal shield or depression</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FB5FB27DFABC92CE" box="[1218,1386,1079,1215]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">preorbital and postorbital processes incipient</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FA15B27DF9F792CE" box="[1416,1569,1079,1215]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">poorly developed, about equal or lower than tip of C1</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95F9A2B27DF90D92CE" box="[1599,1755,1079,1215]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">comprising two separate bones, each very small and peg-like</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95F962B27DF85492CE" box="[1791,1922,1079,1215]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">in the body below the anus</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6122C95FF14B28BF8549338" box="[137,1922,1217,1353]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
<th id="76F20805F6122C95FF14B28BFEC29338" box="[137,276,1217,1353]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F612D362FF14B2A1FF2B9370" box="[137,253,1259,1281]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362FF14B2A1FF2B9370" box="[137,253,1259,1281]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">Megaderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F612D362FF14B342FF07936C" box="[137,209,1288,1309]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362FF14B342FF07936C" box="[137,209,1288,1309]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FEA4B28BFE689338" box="[313,446,1217,1353]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">minute and intruded</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FE46B28BFDBF9338" box="[475,617,1217,1353]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">very small</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FD13B28BFCC39338" box="[654,789,1217,1353]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">not reduced, situated towards labial side</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FCA6B28BFC0D9338" box="[827,987,1217,1353]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">90% of second premolar (P4)</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FC64B28BFB739338" box="[1017,1189,1217,1353]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">without expanded frontal shield but with shallow and small depression</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FB5FB28BFABC9338" box="[1218,1386,1217,1353]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">preorbital process absent, postorbital process incipient</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FA15B28BF9F79338" box="[1416,1569,1217,1353]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">moderately developed, equal to, or exceeds, tip of C1</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95F9A2B28BF90D9338" box="[1599,1755,1217,1353]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">short shaft with two prongs</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95F962B28BF8549338" box="[1791,1922,1217,1353]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">in the body below the anus</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6122C95FF14B301F85493A1" box="[137,1922,1355,1488]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
<th id="76F20805F6122C95FF14B301FEC293A1" box="[137,276,1355,1488]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F612D362FF14B33FFEDD93FA" box="[137,267,1397,1419]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Cardioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362FF14B33FFEDD93FA" box="[137,267,1397,1419]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">Cardioderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F612D362FF14B3D8FF7F93D6" box="[137,169,1426,1447]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Cardioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cor">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362FF14B3D8FF7F93D6" box="[137,169,1426,1447]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">cor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FEA4B301FE6893A1" box="[313,446,1355,1488]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">absent</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FE46B301FDBF93A1" box="[475,617,1355,1488]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">absent</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FD13B301FCC393A1" box="[654,789,1355,1488]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">well developed, situated labially</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FCA6B301FC0D93A1" box="[827,987,1355,1488]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">about 50–60% of second premolar (P4)</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FC64B301FB7393A1" box="[1017,1189,1355,1488]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">with expanded frontal shield and deep, rounded and broad depression</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FB5FB301FABC93A1" box="[1218,1386,1355,1488]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">very well developed, especially postorbital</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FA15B301F9F793A1" box="[1416,1569,1355,1488]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">well developed, greatly exceeds tip of C1</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95F9A2B301F90D93A1" box="[1599,1755,1355,1488]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">flattened shaft, with expanded head and base</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95F962B301F85493A1" box="[1791,1922,1355,1488]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">in the body below the anus</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6122C95FF14B39FF854902B" box="[137,1922,1493,1626]" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
<th id="76F20805F6122C95FF14B39FFEC2902B" box="[137,276,1493,1626]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F612D362FF14B044FF2E9052" box="[137,248,1549,1571]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Lavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frons">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F612D362FF14B044FF2E9052" box="[137,248,1549,1571]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">Lavia frons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FEA4B39FFE68902B" box="[313,446,1493,1626]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">absent</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FE46B39FFDBF902B" box="[475,617,1493,1626]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">very small</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FD13B39FFCC3902B" box="[654,789,1493,1626]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">well developed, situated labially</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FCA6B39FFC0D902B" box="[827,987,1493,1626]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">about 60–95% of second premolar (P4)</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FC64B39FFB73902B" box="[1017,1189,1493,1626]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">with expanded frontal shield and shallow and narrow depression</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FB5FB39FFABC902B" box="[1218,1386,1493,1626]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">very well developed, especially postorbital</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95FA15B39FF9F7902B" box="[1416,1569,1493,1626]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">moderately developed, exceeds tip of C1</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95F9A2B39FF90D902B" box="[1599,1755,1493,1626]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">medium shaft with two prongs</td>
<td id="76F20805F6122C95F962B39FF854902B" box="[1791,1922,1493,1626]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="536">in the interfemoral membrane</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6C33B3F613D363FFEAB46DFD4094F8" ID-Table-UUID="DF6C33B3F613D363FFEAB46DFD4094F8" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C33B3F613D363FFEAB46DFD4094F8" pageId="9" pageNumber="537" startId="9.[119,197,551,571]" targetBox="[119,1873,673,1658]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF613D363FFEAB46DFD4094F8" blockId="9.[119,1863,551,649]" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F613D363FFEAB46DFF0A944A" bold="true" box="[119,220,551,571]" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<collectionCode id="ED02FBFEF613D363FFEAB46DFF13944A" box="[119,197,551,571]" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">TABLE</collectionCode>
2.
</emphasis>
Selected external and craniοdental measurements (in mm) οf 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F613D363FC88B46DFC12944B" box="[789,964,551,570]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Macroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="537" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F613D363FC88B46DFC12944B" box="[789,964,551,570]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">Macroderma gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F613D363FC4DB462FB8D944B" box="[976,1115,551,570]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="537" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F613D363FC4DB462FB8D944B" box="[976,1115,551,570]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. sp. nοv., 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F613D363FB7FB46DFAAD944B" box="[1250,1403,551,570]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="537" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F613D363FB7FB46DFAAD944B" box="[1250,1403,551,570]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">Megaderma lyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F613D363FA1AB462FA3C944B" box="[1415,1514,552,570]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="537" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F613D363FA1AB462FA3C944B" box="[1415,1514,552,570]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F613D363FA68B462F9F8944B" box="[1525,1582,552,571]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Cardioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="537" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cor">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F613D363FA68B462F9F8944B" box="[1525,1582,552,571]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">C. cor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F613D363F9C6B462F975944B" box="[1627,1699,551,570]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Lavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="537" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frons">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F613D363F9C6B462F975944B" box="[1627,1699,551,570]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">L. frons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Mean, ± SD, minimum (Min) and maximum values (Max) and sample size οf specimens examined are given (sample sizes, which differ frοm thοse indicated, are in brackets). List οf specimens examined definitiοns οf measurements are in the methοd sectiοn.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF613D363FFEAB4FDF887900B" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<table id="F913919BF6132C95FFEAB4EBF887900B" box="[119,1873,673,1658]" gridcols="10" gridrows="23" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<tr id="35236179F6132C95FFEAB4EBF88794BC" box="[119,1873,673,717]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FFEAB4EBFF2794BC" box="[119,241,673,717]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F613D363FFEAB4FDFF2794BC" bold="true" box="[119,241,695,717]" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">Characters</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FE84B4EBFEAF94BC" box="[281,377,673,717]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F613D363FE84B4E8FEA294C6" box="[281,372,673,695]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Macroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="537" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">M. gigas</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FE08B4EBFD6894BC" box="[405,702,673,717]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F613D363FE44B4E8FDAE94C6" box="[473,632,673,695]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="537" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F613D363FE44B4E8FDAE94C6" bold="true" box="[473,632,673,695]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FC9BB4EBFB8894BC" box="[774,1118,673,717]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F613D363FCC1B4E8FC7F94C6" box="[860,937,673,695]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="537" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F613D363FCC1B4E8FC7F94C6" bold="true" box="[860,937,673,695]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">M. lyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n=15)
</th>
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FB3FB4EBFA2B94BC" box="[1186,1533,673,717]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F613D363FB48B4E8FA9194C6" box="[1237,1351,674,695]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="537" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F613D363FB48B4E8FA9194C6" bold="true" box="[1237,1351,674,695]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n=25)
</th>
<th id="76F20805F6132C95F982B4EBF97694BC" box="[1567,1696,673,717]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F613D363F9A6B4EBF9AD94C6" box="[1595,1659,673,695]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Cardioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="537" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cor">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F613D363F9A6B4EBF9AD94C6" bold="true" box="[1595,1659,673,695]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">C. cor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76F20805F6132C95F94DB4EBF88794BC" box="[1744,1873,673,717]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F613D363F97EB4E8F8E194C6" box="[1763,1847,673,695]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Lavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="537" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frons">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F613D363F97EB4E8F8E194C6" bold="true" box="[1763,1847,673,695]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">L. frons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6132C95FFEAB49BF8879496" box="[119,1873,721,743]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="537" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE84B49BFEAF9496" box="[281,377,721,743]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">(n=1)</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE08B49BFDDF9496" box="[405,521,721,743]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">♂ hοlοtype</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FDB2B49BFD689496" box="[559,702,721,743]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">2♀ paratypes</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC9BB49BFC5C9496" box="[774,906,721,743]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">Mean ± SD</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC30B49BFB889496" box="[941,1118,721,743]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">Min-Max</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FB3FB49BFAF29496" box="[1186,1316,721,743]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">Mean ± SD</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FAD1B49BFA2B9496" box="[1356,1533,721,743]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">Min-Max</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F982B49BF9769496" box="[1567,1696,721,743]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">(n=2)</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F94DB49BF8879496" box="[1744,1873,721,743]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">(n=2)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6132C95FFEAB4B4F8879568" box="[119,1873,766,793]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FFEAB4B4FF279568" box="[119,241,766,793]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">FA</th>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE84B4B4FEAF9568" box="[281,377,766,793]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">102.80</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE08B4B4FDDF9568" box="[405,521,766,793]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">66.41</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FDB2B4B4FD689568" box="[559,702,766,793]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">64.36, 66.51</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC9BB4B4FC5C9568" box="[774,906,766,793]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">66.63 ± 2.23</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC30B4B4FB889568" box="[941,1118,766,793]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">64.00-70.00 [12]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FB3FB4B4FAF29568" box="[1186,1316,766,793]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">57.88 ± 2.02</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FAD1B4B4FA2B9568" box="[1356,1533,766,793]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">53.80-62.50</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F982B4B4F9769568" box="[1567,1696,766,793]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">56.00 [1]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F94DB4B4F8879568" box="[1744,1873,766,793]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">61.80, 60.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6132C95FFEAB564F8879535" box="[119,1873,814,836]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FFEAB564FF279535" box="[119,241,814,836]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">E</th>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE84B564FEAF9535" box="[281,377,814,836]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">52.00</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE08B564FDDF9535" box="[405,521,814,836]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">36.05</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FDB2B564FD689535" box="[559,702,814,836]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">32.06, 37.49</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC9BB564FC5C9535" box="[774,906,814,836]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">35.19 ± 3.03</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC30B564FB889535" box="[941,1118,814,836]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">29.20-40.00 [13]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FB3FB564FAF29535" box="[1186,1316,814,836]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">35.27 ± 2.68</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FAD1B564FA2B9535" box="[1356,1533,814,836]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">30.00-42.69</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F982B564F9769535" box="[1567,1696,814,836]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">41.00 [1]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F94DB564F8879535" box="[1744,1873,814,836]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">42.20 [1]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6132C95FFEAB513F887951E" box="[119,1873,857,879]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FFEAB513FF27951E" box="[119,241,857,879]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">ΤRG</th>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE84B513FEAF951E" box="[281,377,857,879]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">22.90</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE08B513FDDF951E" box="[405,521,857,879]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">16.33</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FDB2B513FD68951E" box="[559,702,857,879]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">16.71, 19.42</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC9BB513FC5C951E" box="[774,906,857,879]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">16.93 ± 2.12</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC30B513FB88951E" box="[941,1118,857,879]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">14.92-21.23 [7]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FB3FB513FAF2951E" box="[1186,1316,857,879]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">18.38 ± 1.60</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FAD1B513FA2B951E" box="[1356,1533,857,879]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">14.10-20.55 [21]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F982B513F976951E" box="[1567,1696,857,879]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">-</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F94DB513F887951E" box="[1744,1873,857,879]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6132C95FFEAB5CFF88795EA" box="[119,1873,901,923]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FFEAB5CFFF2795EA" box="[119,241,901,923]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">ΤIB</th>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE84B5CFFEAF95EA" box="[281,377,901,923]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">46.33</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE08B5CFFDDF95EA" box="[405,521,901,923]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">35.46</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FDB2B5CFFD6895EA" box="[559,702,901,923]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">35.47, 36.26</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC9BB5CFFC5C95EA" box="[774,906,901,923]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">35.06 ± 2.53</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC30B5CFFB8895EA" box="[941,1118,901,923]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">32.77-38.01 [5]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FB3FB5CFFAF295EA" box="[1186,1316,901,923]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">32.81 ± 1.02</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FAD1B5CFFA2B95EA" box="[1356,1533,901,923]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">31.40-34.31 [10]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F982B5CFF97695EA" box="[1567,1696,901,923]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">-</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F94DB5CFF88795EA" box="[1744,1873,901,923]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6132C95FFEAB5FAF88795B7" box="[119,1873,944,966]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FFEAB5FAFF2795B7" box="[119,241,944,966]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">HF</th>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE84B5FAFEAF95B7" box="[281,377,944,966]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">19.14</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE08B5FAFDDF95B7" box="[405,521,944,966]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">18.12</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FDB2B5FAFD6895B7" box="[559,702,944,966]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">16.00, 16.41</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC9BB5FAFC5C95B7" box="[774,906,944,966]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">16.68 ± 1.67</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC30B5FAFB8895B7" box="[941,1118,944,966]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">13.78-19.00 [11]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FB3FB5FAFAF295B7" box="[1186,1316,944,966]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">14.55 ± 1.47</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FAD1B5FAFA2B95B7" box="[1356,1533,944,966]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">9.30-16.90 [23]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F982B5FAF97695B7" box="[1567,1696,944,966]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">20.00 [1]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F94DB5FAF88795B7" box="[1744,1873,944,966]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">14.2 [1]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6132C95FFEAB591F8879580" box="[119,1873,987,1009]" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FFEAB591FF279580" box="[119,241,987,1009]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">3MEΤ</th>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE84B591FEAF9580" box="[281,377,987,1009]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">68.23</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE08B591FDDF9580" box="[405,521,987,1009]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">49.44</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FDB2B591FD689580" box="[559,702,987,1009]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">48.75, 49.78</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC9BB591FC5C9580" box="[774,906,987,1009]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">49.07 ± 3.60</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC30B591FB889580" box="[941,1118,987,1009]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">45.34-53.42 [4]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FB3FB591FAF29580" box="[1186,1316,987,1009]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">42.65 ± 1.41</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FAD1B591FA2B9580" box="[1356,1533,987,1009]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">40.54-44.30 [6]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F982B591F9769580" box="[1567,1696,987,1009]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">-</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F94DB591F8879580" box="[1744,1873,987,1009]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6132C95FFEAB24CF887926D" box="[119,1873,1030,1052]" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FFEAB24CFF27926D" box="[119,241,1030,1052]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">4MEΤ</th>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE84B24CFEAF926D" box="[281,377,1030,1052]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">74.55</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE08B24CFDDF926D" box="[405,521,1030,1052]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">53.45</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FDB2B24CFD68926D" box="[559,702,1030,1052]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">52.31, 53.77</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC9BB24CFC5C926D" box="[774,906,1030,1052]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">54.33 ± 3.66</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC30B24CFB88926D" box="[941,1118,1030,1052]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">51.09-58.64 [4]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FB3FB24CFAF2926D" box="[1186,1316,1030,1052]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">46.61 ± 1.72</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FAD1B24CFA2B926D" box="[1356,1533,1030,1052]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">43.77-48.48 [6]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F982B24CF976926D" box="[1567,1696,1030,1052]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">-</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F94DB24CF887926D" box="[1744,1873,1030,1052]" gridcol="9" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6132C95FFEAB278F8879239" box="[119,1873,1074,1096]" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FFEAB278FF279239" box="[119,241,1074,1096]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">5MEΤ</th>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE84B278FEAF9239" box="[281,377,1074,1096]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">79.54</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE08B278FDDF9239" box="[405,521,1074,1096]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">58.27</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FDB2B278FD689239" box="[559,702,1074,1096]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">57.71, 57.75</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC9BB278FC5C9239" box="[774,906,1074,1096]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">58.32 ± 4.42</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC30B278FB889239" box="[941,1118,1074,1096]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">54.51-63.26 [4]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FB3FB278FAF29239" box="[1186,1316,1074,1096]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">51.28 ± 2.15</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FAD1B278FA2B9239" box="[1356,1533,1074,1096]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">48.65-54.39 [6]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F982B278F9769239" box="[1567,1696,1074,1096]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">-</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F94DB278F8879239" box="[1744,1873,1074,1096]" gridcol="9" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6132C95FFEAB217F8879202" box="[119,1873,1117,1139]" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FFEAB217FF279202" box="[119,241,1117,1139]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">GΤL</th>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE84B217FEAF9202" box="[281,377,1117,1139]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">38.01</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE08B217FDDF9202" box="[405,521,1117,1139]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">29.35</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FDB2B217FD689202" box="[559,702,1117,1139]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">29.22, 29.44</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC9BB217FC5C9202" box="[774,906,1117,1139]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">29.89 ± 1.22</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC30B217FB889202" box="[941,1118,1117,1139]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">27.84-31.45</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FB3FB217FAF29202" box="[1186,1316,1117,1139]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">25.78 ± 0.65</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FAD1B217FA2B9202" box="[1356,1533,1117,1139]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">24.74-26.63 [23]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F982B217F9769202" box="[1567,1696,1117,1139]" gridcol="8" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">26.84, 26.86</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F94DB217F8879202" box="[1744,1873,1117,1139]" gridcol="9" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">26.24, 25.18</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6132C95FFEAB2C2F88792EF" box="[119,1873,1160,1182]" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FFEAB2C2FF2792EF" box="[119,241,1160,1182]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">CCL</th>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE84B2C2FEAF92EF" box="[281,377,1160,1182]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">44.44</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE08B2C2FDDF92EF" box="[405,521,1160,1182]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">26.22</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FDB2B2C2FD6892EF" box="[559,702,1160,1182]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">26.01, 26.15</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC9BB2C2FC5C92EF" box="[774,906,1160,1182]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">26.62 ± 1.05</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC30B2C2FB8892EF" box="[941,1118,1160,1182]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">24.93-27.99</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FB3FB2C2FAF292EF" box="[1186,1316,1160,1182]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">22.97 ± 0.55</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FAD1B2C2FA2B92EF" box="[1356,1533,1160,1182]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">21.91-23.95 [23]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F982B2C2F97692EF" box="[1567,1696,1160,1182]" gridcol="8" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">23.59, 23.46</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F94DB2C2F88792EF" box="[1744,1873,1160,1182]" gridcol="9" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">23.00, 22.18</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6132C95FFEAB2F9F88792B8" box="[119,1873,1203,1225]" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FFEAB2F9FF2792B8" box="[119,241,1203,1225]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">ΖB</th>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE84B2F9FEAF92B8" box="[281,377,1203,1225]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">23.47</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE08B2F9FDDF92B8" box="[405,521,1203,1225]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">17.96</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FDB2B2F9FD6892B8" box="[559,702,1203,1225]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">17.42, 17.76</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC9BB2F9FC5C92B8" box="[774,906,1203,1225]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">16.94 ± 0.56</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC30B2F9FB8892B8" box="[941,1118,1203,1225]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">16.23-18.41</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FB3FB2F9FAF292B8" box="[1186,1316,1203,1225]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">14.34 ± 0.36</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FAD1B2F9FA2B92B8" box="[1356,1533,1203,1225]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">13.61-14.88 [23]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F982B2F9F97692B8" box="[1567,1696,1203,1225]" gridcol="8" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">15.68 [1]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F94DB2F9F88792B8" box="[1744,1873,1203,1225]" gridcol="9" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">15.55, 14.80</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6132C95FFEAB295F8879284" box="[119,1873,1247,1269]" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FFEAB295FF279284" box="[119,241,1247,1269]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">BB</th>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE84B295FEAF9284" box="[281,377,1247,1269]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">15.24</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE08B295FDDF9284" box="[405,521,1247,1269]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">12.03</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FDB2B295FD689284" box="[559,702,1247,1269]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">11.81, 11.99</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC9BB295FC5C9284" box="[774,906,1247,1269]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">12.47 ± 0.46</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC30B295FB889284" box="[941,1118,1247,1269]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">11.99-13.48</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FB3FB295FAF29284" box="[1186,1316,1247,1269]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">10.72 ± 0.27</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FAD1B295FA2B9284" box="[1356,1533,1247,1269]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">10.10-11.28 [23]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F982B295F9769284" box="[1567,1696,1247,1269]" gridcol="8" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">11.00, 11.12</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F94DB295F8879284" box="[1744,1873,1247,1269]" gridcol="9" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">11.49, 10.81</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6132C95FFEAB340F8879351" box="[119,1873,1290,1312]" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FFEAB340FF279351" box="[119,241,1290,1312]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">BCH</th>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE84B340FEAF9351" box="[281,377,1290,1312]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">14.84</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE08B340FDDF9351" box="[405,521,1290,1312]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">11.98</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FDB2B340FD689351" box="[559,702,1290,1312]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">10.91, 11.25</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC9BB340FC5C9351" box="[774,906,1290,1312]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">12.42 ± 0.62</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC30B340FB889351" box="[941,1118,1290,1312]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">11.85-13.30 [4]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FB3FB340FAF29351" box="[1186,1316,1290,1312]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">9.95 ± 0.48</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FAD1B340FA2B9351" box="[1356,1533,1290,1312]" gridcol="7" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">9.17-10.99 [22]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F982B340F9769351" box="[1567,1696,1290,1312]" gridcol="8" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">9.07, 9.63</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F94DB340F8879351" box="[1744,1873,1290,1312]" gridcol="9" gridrow="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">9.99, 9.36</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6132C95FFEAB37FF887933A" box="[119,1873,1333,1355]" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FFEAB37FFF27933A" box="[119,241,1333,1355]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">MW</th>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE84B37FFEAF933A" box="[281,377,1333,1355]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">16.79</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE08B37FFDDF933A" box="[405,521,1333,1355]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">12.93</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FDB2B37FFD68933A" box="[559,702,1333,1355]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">12.27, 12.33</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC9BB37FFC5C933A" box="[774,906,1333,1355]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">12.98 ± 0.60</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC30B37FFB88933A" box="[941,1118,1333,1355]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">12.19-14.30</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FB3FB37FFAF2933A" box="[1186,1316,1333,1355]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">11.35 ± 0.26</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FAD1B37FFA2B933A" box="[1356,1533,1333,1355]" gridcol="7" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">10.83-11.92 [23]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F982B37FF976933A" box="[1567,1696,1333,1355]" gridcol="8" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">11.51, 11.84</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F94DB37FF887933A" box="[1744,1873,1333,1355]" gridcol="9" gridrow="15" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">12.53, 10.90</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6132C95FFEAB32AF8879307" box="[119,1873,1376,1398]" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FFEAB32AFF279307" box="[119,241,1376,1398]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">PC</th>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE84B32AFEAF9307" box="[281,377,1376,1398]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">4.35</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE08B32AFDDF9307" box="[405,521,1376,1398]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">4.01</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FDB2B32AFD689307" box="[559,702,1376,1398]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">3.87, 3.88</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC9BB32AFC5C9307" box="[774,906,1376,1398]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">5.24 ± 0.46</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC30B32AFB889307" box="[941,1118,1376,1398]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">4.63-6.15</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FB3FB32AFAF29307" box="[1186,1316,1376,1398]" gridcol="6" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">3.85 ± 0.19</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FAD1B32AFA2B9307" box="[1356,1533,1376,1398]" gridcol="7" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">3.54-4.22 [23]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F982B32AF9769307" box="[1567,1696,1376,1398]" gridcol="8" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">2.56, 3.50</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F94DB32AF8879307" box="[1744,1873,1376,1398]" gridcol="9" gridrow="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">3.99, 3.49</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6132C95FFEAB3C6F88793D3" box="[119,1873,1420,1442]" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FFEAB3C6FF2793D3" box="[119,241,1420,1442]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">RW</th>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE84B3C6FEAF93D3" box="[281,377,1420,1442]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">9.70</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE08B3C6FDDF93D3" box="[405,521,1420,1442]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">8.24</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FDB2B3C6FD6893D3" box="[559,702,1420,1442]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">7.50, 8.23</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC9BB3C6FC5C93D3" box="[774,906,1420,1442]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">7.77 ± 0.20</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC30B3C6FB8893D3" box="[941,1118,1420,1442]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">7.52-8.30</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FB3FB3C6FAF293D3" box="[1186,1316,1420,1442]" gridcol="6" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">6.89 ± 0.29</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FAD1B3C6FA2B93D3" box="[1356,1533,1420,1442]" gridcol="7" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">6.38-7.48 [23]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F982B3C6F97693D3" box="[1567,1696,1420,1442]" gridcol="8" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">6.35, 6.88</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F94DB3C6F88793D3" box="[1744,1873,1420,1442]" gridcol="9" gridrow="17" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">7.39, 6.90</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6132C95FFEAB3FBF88793BC" box="[119,1873,1457,1485]" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FFEAB3FBFF2793BC" box="[119,241,1457,1485]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">C-M3</th>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE84B3FBFEAF93BC" box="[281,377,1457,1485]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">15.26</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE08B3FBFDDF93BC" box="[405,521,1457,1485]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">10.96</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FDB2B3FBFD6893BC" box="[559,702,1457,1485]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">10.81, 10.82</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC9BB3FBFC5C93BC" box="[774,906,1457,1485]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">11.56 ± 0.37</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC30B3FBFB8893BC" box="[941,1118,1457,1485]" gridcol="5" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">10.78-12.21</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FB3FB3FBFAF293BC" box="[1186,1316,1457,1485]" gridcol="6" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">9.84 ± 0.28</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FAD1B3FBFA2B93BC" box="[1356,1533,1457,1485]" gridcol="7" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">9.39-10.28 [23]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F982B3FBF97693BC" box="[1567,1696,1457,1485]" gridcol="8" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">9.85, 9.87</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F94DB3FBF88793BC" box="[1744,1873,1457,1485]" gridcol="9" gridrow="18" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">9.61, 9.26</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6132C95FFEAB396F8879389" box="[119,1873,1500,1528]" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FFEAB396FF279389" box="[119,241,1500,1528]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">C1-C1</th>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE84B396FEAF9389" box="[281,377,1500,1528]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">8.19</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE08B396FDDF9389" box="[405,521,1500,1528]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">6.81</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FDB2B396FD689389" box="[559,702,1500,1528]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">6.48, 6.54</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC9BB396FC5C9389" box="[774,906,1500,1528]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">6.09 ± 0.35</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC30B396FB889389" box="[941,1118,1500,1528]" gridcol="5" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">5.65-6.64 [14]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FB3FB396FAF29389" box="[1186,1316,1500,1528]" gridcol="6" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">5.33 ± 0.23</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FAD1B396FA2B9389" box="[1356,1533,1500,1528]" gridcol="7" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">4.75-5.93 [23]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F982B396F9769389" box="[1567,1696,1500,1528]" gridcol="8" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">5.80, 6.15</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F94DB396F8879389" box="[1744,1873,1500,1528]" gridcol="9" gridrow="19" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">6.14, 5,90</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6132C95FFEAB042F8879052" box="[119,1873,1544,1571]" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FFEAB042FF279052" box="[119,241,1544,1571]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">M3-M3</th>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE84B042FEAF9052" box="[281,377,1544,1571]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">13.57</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE08B042FDDF9052" box="[405,521,1544,1571]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">9.45</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FDB2B042FD689052" box="[559,702,1544,1571]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">9.67, 9.73</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC9BB042FC5C9052" box="[774,906,1544,1571]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">10.20 ± 0.27</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC30B042FB889052" box="[941,1118,1544,1571]" gridcol="5" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">9.83-10.69</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FB3FB042FAF29052" box="[1186,1316,1544,1571]" gridcol="6" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">8.54 ± 0.24</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FAD1B042FA2B9052" box="[1356,1533,1544,1571]" gridcol="7" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">8.12-8.94 [23]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F982B042F9769052" box="[1567,1696,1544,1571]" gridcol="8" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">8.81, 9.34</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F94DB042F8879052" box="[1744,1873,1544,1571]" gridcol="9" gridrow="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">9.04, 8.96</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6132C95FFEAB073F8879021" box="[119,1873,1593,1616]" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FFEAB073FF279021" box="[119,241,1593,1616]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">C-M3</th>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE84B073FEAF9021" box="[281,377,1593,1616]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">16.61</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE08B073FDDF9021" box="[405,521,1593,1616]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">12.37</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FDB2B073FD689021" box="[559,702,1593,1616]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">12.19, 12.28</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC9BB073FC5C9021" box="[774,906,1593,1616]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">12.65 ± 0.46</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC30B073FB889021" box="[941,1118,1593,1616]" gridcol="5" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">11.73-13.30</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FB3FB073FAF29021" box="[1186,1316,1593,1616]" gridcol="6" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">10.89 ± 0.36</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FAD1B073FA2B9021" box="[1356,1533,1593,1616]" gridcol="7" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">10.19-11.61 [23]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F982B073F9769021" box="[1567,1696,1593,1616]" gridcol="8" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">11.12, 11.06</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F94DB073F8879021" box="[1744,1873,1593,1616]" gridcol="9" gridrow="21" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">10.71, 10.43</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35236179F6132C95FFEAB02EF887900B" box="[119,1873,1636,1658]" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">
<th id="76F20805F6132C95FFEAB02EFF27900B" box="[119,241,1636,1658]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">M</th>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE84B02EFEAF900B" box="[281,377,1636,1658]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">27.02</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FE08B02EFDDF900B" box="[405,521,1636,1658]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">20.48</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FDB2B02EFD68900B" box="[559,702,1636,1658]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">20.93, 21.05</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC9BB02EFC5C900B" box="[774,906,1636,1658]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">20.90 ± 0.90</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FC30B02EFB88900B" box="[941,1118,1636,1658]" gridcol="5" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">19.39-22.41 [14]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FB3FB02EFAF2900B" box="[1186,1316,1636,1658]" gridcol="6" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">17.79 ± 0.53</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95FAD1B02EFA2B900B" box="[1356,1533,1636,1658]" gridcol="7" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">16.95-18.70 [23]</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F982B02EF976900B" box="[1567,1696,1636,1658]" gridcol="8" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">18.73, 18.56</td>
<td id="76F20805F6132C95F94DB02EF887900B" box="[1744,1873,1636,1658]" gridcol="9" gridrow="22" pageId="9" pageNumber="537">17.39, 17.19</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6C33B3F610D360FF0AB111FF33919A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238892/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="538" targetBox="[202,1379,193,1858]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF610D360FF0AB111FF33919A" blockId="10.[151,1436,1883,2027]" pageId="10" pageNumber="538">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F610D360FF0AB111FEC49101" bold="true" box="[151,274,1883,1905]" pageId="10" pageNumber="538">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Occlusal views of the skulls (left) and mandibles (right) of a) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F610D360FC17B116FC359100" box="[906,995,1884,1905]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Macroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F610D360FC17B116FC359100" box="[906,995,1884,1905]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="538">M. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(♂HZM.1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F610D360FEBBB131FE1291E1" box="[294,452,1914,1936]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F610D360FEBBB131FE1291E1" box="[294,452,1914,1936]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="538">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B967BF29F610D360FE52B130FD8A91FE" bold="true" box="[463,604,1914,1935]" pageId="10" pageNumber="538">gen. sp. nov.</emphasis>
(♂PSUZC-MM2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; c) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F610D360FAD1B131FA4A91E1" box="[1356,1436,1914,1936]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F610D360FAD1B131FA4A91E1" box="[1356,1436,1914,1936]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="538">M. lyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(♀PSUZC-MM.2014.160) from Satun, S. Thailand; d) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F610D360FD55B1D0FCE091DE" box="[712,822,1946,1967]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F610D360FD55B1D0FCE091DE" box="[712,822,1946,1967]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="538">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(♂PSUZC-MM.2014.163) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; e) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F610D360FF0AB1F2FF0091BC" box="[151,214,1976,1997]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Cardioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cor">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F610D360FF0AB1F2FF0091BC" box="[151,214,1976,1997]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="538">C. cor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(♂HZM.12.2641) from Kenya; f) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F610D360FDA9B1F2FD5491BC" box="[564,642,1975,1997]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Lavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="538" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frons">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F610D360FDA9B1F2FD5491BC" box="[564,642,1975,1997]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="538">L. frons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sex not known, HZM.26.7791) from Democratic Republic of Congo. Scale = 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6C33B3F611D361FF0AB129FF109185" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238893/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="539" targetBox="[173,1404,193,1855]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF611D361FF0AB129FF109185" blockId="11.[151,1436,1891,2036]" pageId="11" pageNumber="539">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F611D361FF0AB129FEC59109" bold="true" box="[151,275,1891,1913]" pageId="11" pageNumber="539">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Lateral views of the skulls and mandibles of a) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F611D361FC9DB12EFC8C9108" box="[768,858,1892,1913]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Macroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="539" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F611D361FC9DB12EFC8C9108" box="[768,858,1892,1913]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="539">M. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(♂HZM.1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F611D361FF0AB1C9FEE091E9" box="[151,310,1922,1944]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="539" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F611D361FF0AB1C9FEE091E9" box="[151,310,1922,1944]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="539">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B967BF29F611D361FEDEB1C8FE0491E6" bold="true" box="[323,466,1922,1943]" pageId="11" pageNumber="539">gen. sp. nov.</emphasis>
(♂PSUZC-MM2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; c) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F611D361FB51B1C9FACB91E9" box="[1228,1309,1922,1944]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="539" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F611D361FB51B1C9FACB91E9" box="[1228,1309,1922,1944]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="539">M. lyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(♀PSUZC- MM.2014.160) from Satun, S. Thailand; d) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F611D361FDFAB1E8FD0E91C6" box="[615,728,1954,1975]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="539" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F611D361FDFAB1E8FD0E91C6" box="[615,728,1954,1975]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="539">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(♂PSUZC-MM.2014.163) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; e) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F611D361FAC4B1EBFA4A91C6" box="[1369,1436,1953,1975]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Cardioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="539" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cor">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F611D361FAC4B1EBFA4A91C6" box="[1369,1436,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="539">C. cor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(♂HZM.12.2641) from Kenya; f) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F611D361FE65B18AFD9E91A4" box="[504,584,1983,2005]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Lavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="539" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frons">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F611D361FE65B18AFD9E91A4" box="[504,584,1983,2005]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="539">L. frons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sex not known, HZM.26.7791) from Democratic Republic of Congo. Scale = 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6C33B3F616D366FF0AB325FD2C9071" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238894/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="540" targetBox="[204,1382,198,1358]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF616D366FF0AB325FD2C9071" blockId="12.[151,1437,1391,1536]" pageId="12" pageNumber="540">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F616D366FF0AB325FEC093F4" bold="true" box="[151,278,1391,1413]" pageId="12" pageNumber="540">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Right upper (on left) and right lower (on right) first molars of a) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F616D366FC7DB33BFBEA93F7" box="[992,1084,1393,1414]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Macroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F616D366FC7DB33BFBEA93F7" box="[992,1084,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="540">M. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(♂HZM.1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F616D366FE19B3C5FDF693D5" box="[388,544,1422,1444]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F616D366FE19B3C5FDF693D5" box="[388,544,1422,1444]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="540">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B967BF29F616D366FDBAB3C5FD7B93D5" bold="true" box="[551,685,1423,1444]" pageId="12" pageNumber="540">gen. sp. nov.</emphasis>
(♂PSUZC-MM2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; c) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F616D366FA1DB3C5FF1693B3" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F616D366FA1DB3C5FF1693B3" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="540">M. lyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(♀HZM.11.39934) from from Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India; d) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F616D366FCDBB3E4FC6393B2" box="[838,949,1454,1475]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F616D366FCDBB3E4FC6393B2" box="[838,949,1454,1475]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="540">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(♂HZM.5.28163) from Sirsi, Karnataka, India; e) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F616D366FF2DB386FF399390" box="[176,239,1484,1505]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Cardioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cor">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F616D366FF2DB386FF399390" box="[176,239,1484,1505]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="540">C. cor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(♂HZM.12.2641) from Kenya; f) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F616D366FDD1B386FD4F9390" box="[588,665,1483,1505]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Lavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frons">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F616D366FDD1B386FD4F9390" box="[588,665,1483,1505]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="540">L. frons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sex not known, HZM.26.7791) from Democratic Republic of Congo. Scale = 1 mm; ant, anterior; lab, labial. Drawings by PJJB and PS.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF616D366FF5AB066FF1590AA" blockId="12.[151,1437,1580,2028]" pageId="12" pageNumber="540">
The skull is large (
<tableCitation id="C6915680F616D366FE39B066FE289034" box="[420,510,1580,1605]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="9.[119,197,551,571]" captionTargetBox="[119,1873,673,1658]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 2. Selected external and craniοdental measurements (in mm) οf Macroderma gigas, E. thongareeae gen. sp. nοv., Megaderma lyra, M. spasma, C. cor and L. frons. Mean, ± SD, minimum (Min) and maximum values (Max) and sample size οf specimens examined are given (sample sizes, which differ frοm thοse indicated, are in brackets). List οf specimens examined definitiοns οf measurements are in the methοd sectiοn." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C33B3F613D363FFEAB46DFD4094F8" pageId="12" pageNumber="540" tableUuid="DF6C33B3F613D363FFEAB46DFD4094F8">Table 2</tableCitation>
), with a robust rostrum. The sagittal crest extends almost horizontally from the anterior part of the interorbital region to the condyle (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF616D366FD68B01AFCEC9018" box="[757,826,1616,1641]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,249,1891,1913]" captionTargetBox="[173,1404,193,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[173,1405,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Lateral views of the skulls and mandibles of a) M. gigas (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; c) M. lyra (♀ PSUZC- MM. 2014.160) from Satun, S. Thailand; d) M. spasma (♂ PSUZC-MM. 2014.163) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 12.2641) from Kenya; f) L. frons (sex not known, HZM. 26.7791) from Democratic Republic of Congo. Scale = 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238893/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="540">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
b). The prenasal notch is relatively broad and rounded posteriorly (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF616D366FEBDB03DFEB790E1" box="[288,353,1655,1680]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[202,1379,193,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[202,1381,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Occlusal views of the skulls (left) and mandibles (right) of a) M. gigas (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; c) M. lyra (♀ PSUZC-MM. 2014.160) from Satun, S. Thailand; d) M. spasma (♂ PSUZC-MM. 2014.163) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 12.2641) from Kenya; f) L. frons (sex not known, HZM. 26.7791) from Democratic Republic of Congo. Scale = 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238892/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="540">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
b) and extends to the level of the first upper molar (M1). The posterior margin of the bony palate is adjacent to the midpoint of the third upper molar (
<abbreviationReference id="0B20E1C8F616D366FD74B0D5FCD590C6" box="[745,771,1695,1719]" impliedText="mandible length, from the most posterior part of the condyle to the most anterior part of the mandible. Body mass (Mass) of newly sacrificed specimens was measured with a Pesola scale (to the nearest 1.0 g)." level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="531">M</abbreviationReference>
3). Each zygoma is thick and without a dorsal process (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF616D366FAF2B0D4FF7090AA" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,249,1891,1913]" captionTargetBox="[173,1404,193,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[173,1405,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Lateral views of the skulls and mandibles of a) M. gigas (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; c) M. lyra (♀ PSUZC- MM. 2014.160) from Satun, S. Thailand; d) M. spasma (♂ PSUZC-MM. 2014.163) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 12.2641) from Kenya; f) L. frons (sex not known, HZM. 26.7791) from Democratic Republic of Congo. Scale = 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238893/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="540">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
b).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF616D366FF5AB0A3FAC691EC" blockId="12.[151,1437,1580,2028]" pageId="12" pageNumber="540">
The maxillary toothrow (C– 
<abbreviationReference id="0B20E1C8F616D366FD99B0A0FDCB9173" box="[516,541,1770,1794]" impliedText="mandible length, from the most posterior part of the condyle to the most anterior part of the mandible. Body mass (Mass) of newly sacrificed specimens was measured with a Pesola scale (to the nearest 1.0 g)." level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="531">M</abbreviationReference>
3) is slightly convergent anteriorly. The upper premolar (
<abbreviationReference id="0B20E1C8F616D366FB03B0A0FB799173" box="[1182,1199,1770,1794]" impliedText="first/second phalanx respectively of the third digit-taken from the proximal to the distal extremity of each phalanx;" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="531">P</abbreviationReference>
4) is about two-thirds the crown area of the first upper molar (
<abbreviationReference id="0B20E1C8F616D366FDF1B15AFD509159" box="[620,646,1808,1832]" impliedText="mandible length, from the most posterior part of the condyle to the most anterior part of the mandible. Body mass (Mass) of newly sacrificed specimens was measured with a Pesola scale (to the nearest 1.0 g)." level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="531">M</abbreviationReference>
1) (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF616D366FD34B15AFD269159" box="[681,752,1808,1833]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1482,1504]" captionTargetBox="[377,1217,205,1446]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[356,1232,193,1461]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Left upper (a) and right lower toothrows (b) of the holotype of E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC- MM 2014.157) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand. Scale = 5 mm. Drawings by PS." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238891/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="540">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
a). The first (
<abbreviationReference id="0B20E1C8F616D366FC14B15AFC759159" box="[905,931,1808,1832]" impliedText="mandible length, from the most posterior part of the condyle to the most anterior part of the mandible. Body mass (Mass) of newly sacrificed specimens was measured with a Pesola scale (to the nearest 1.0 g)." level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="531">M</abbreviationReference>
1) and second (
<abbreviationReference id="0B20E1C8F616D366FBCDB15AFBBC9159" box="[1104,1130,1808,1832]" impliedText="mandible length, from the most posterior part of the condyle to the most anterior part of the mandible. Body mass (Mass) of newly sacrificed specimens was measured with a Pesola scale (to the nearest 1.0 g)." level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="531">M</abbreviationReference>
2) upper molars are almost square. The heels of 
<abbreviationReference id="0B20E1C8F616D366FE1FB172FE47913E" box="[386,401,1848,1871]" impliedText="first/second phalanx respectively of the third digit-taken from the proximal to the distal extremity of each phalanx;" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="531">P</abbreviationReference>
4, 
<abbreviationReference id="0B20E1C8F616D366FE35B172FE17913E" box="[424,449,1848,1871]" impliedText="mandible length, from the most posterior part of the condyle to the most anterior part of the mandible. Body mass (Mass) of newly sacrificed specimens was measured with a Pesola scale (to the nearest 1.0 g)." level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="531">M</abbreviationReference>
1 and 
<abbreviationReference id="0B20E1C8F616D366FD9DB172FDCF913E" box="[512,537,1848,1871]" impliedText="mandible length, from the most posterior part of the condyle to the most anterior part of the mandible. Body mass (Mass) of newly sacrificed specimens was measured with a Pesola scale (to the nearest 1.0 g)." level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="531">M</abbreviationReference>
2 are characteristically rounded, well developed but not elongated (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF616D366FA94B17CFA98913E" box="[1289,1358,1846,1871]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1482,1504]" captionTargetBox="[377,1217,205,1446]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[356,1232,193,1461]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Left upper (a) and right lower toothrows (b) of the holotype of E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC- MM 2014.157) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand. Scale = 5 mm. Drawings by PS." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238891/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="540">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
a). The mesostyle of 
<abbreviationReference id="0B20E1C8F616D366FEB0B114FE909104" box="[301,326,1886,1909]" impliedText="mandible length, from the most posterior part of the condyle to the most anterior part of the mandible. Body mass (Mass) of newly sacrificed specimens was measured with a Pesola scale (to the nearest 1.0 g)." level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="531">M</abbreviationReference>
2 is situated medially, and in consequence, the labial margin of the tooth is broadly V-shaped. 
<abbreviationReference id="0B20E1C8F616D366FAFFB114FAAD9104" box="[1378,1403,1886,1909]" impliedText="mandible length, from the most posterior part of the condyle to the most anterior part of the mandible. Body mass (Mass) of newly sacrificed specimens was measured with a Pesola scale (to the nearest 1.0 g)." level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="531">M</abbreviationReference>
1 is about two-thirds the crown area of 
<abbreviationReference id="0B20E1C8F616D366FDBDB1CFFDEF91ED" box="[544,569,1925,1948]" impliedText="mandible length, from the most posterior part of the condyle to the most anterior part of the mandible. Body mass (Mass) of newly sacrificed specimens was measured with a Pesola scale (to the nearest 1.0 g)." level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="531">M</abbreviationReference>
2; the third molar (
<abbreviationReference id="0B20E1C8F616D366FC98B1CFFCC991EC" box="[773,799,1925,1949]" impliedText="mandible length, from the most posterior part of the condyle to the most anterior part of the mandible. Body mass (Mass) of newly sacrificed specimens was measured with a Pesola scale (to the nearest 1.0 g)." level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="531">M</abbreviationReference>
3) is small and without a metastyle (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF616D366FB32B1CEFB2491EC" box="[1199,1266,1924,1949]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[202,1379,193,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[202,1381,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Occlusal views of the skulls (left) and mandibles (right) of a) M. gigas (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; c) M. lyra (♀ PSUZC-MM. 2014.160) from Satun, S. Thailand; d) M. spasma (♂ PSUZC-MM. 2014.163) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 12.2641) from Kenya; f) L. frons (sex not known, HZM. 26.7791) from Democratic Republic of Congo. Scale = 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238892/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="540">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
b).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF616D367FF5AB1E3FD729738" blockId="12.[151,1437,1580,2028]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1436,151,329]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="541" pageId="12" pageNumber="540">
In the lower dentition, the first (
<date id="FFAD45FBF616D366FDB2B1E3FD9791B4" box="[559,577,1961,1989]" pageId="12" pageNumber="540">I2</date>
) and second (
<date id="FFAD45FBF616D366FD7DB1E3FD2491B4" box="[736,754,1961,1989]" pageId="12" pageNumber="540">I3</date>
) incisors are tricuspidate and overlapping. The lower canine (C1) is robust and has a well defined cingulum but is without cingular cusps; it is about twice the height of the first (
<abbreviationReference id="0B20E1C8F617D367FF02B6D2FF6696C1" box="[159,176,152,176]" pageId="13" pageNumber="541">P</abbreviationReference>
2) and second (
<abbreviationReference id="0B20E1C8F617D367FEC1B6D2FEBB96C1" box="[348,365,152,176]" pageId="13" pageNumber="541">P</abbreviationReference>
4) lower premolars; it also exceeds both 
<abbreviationReference id="0B20E1C8F617D367FCA2B6D2FC9896DE" box="[831,846,152,175]" pageId="13" pageNumber="541">P</abbreviationReference>
2 and 
<abbreviationReference id="0B20E1C8F617D367FC0FB6D2FC7796DE" box="[914,929,152,175]" pageId="13" pageNumber="541">P</abbreviationReference>
<quantity id="4CEBCEDEF617D367FC3FB6ECFC1F96C1" box="[930,969,151,180]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="13" pageNumber="541" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
crown area (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF617D367FBFEB6DDFB7C96C1" box="[1123,1194,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1482,1504]" captionTargetBox="[377,1217,205,1446]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[356,1232,193,1461]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Left upper (a) and right lower toothrows (b) of the holotype of E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC- MM 2014.157) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand. Scale = 5 mm. Drawings by PS." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238891/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="541">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
b). The second lower molar (
<abbreviationReference id="0B20E1C8F617D367FF7BB6F5FED696A6" box="[230,256,191,215]" pageId="13" pageNumber="541">M</abbreviationReference>
2) is the largest of the lower cheekteeth; in both the first and second molars (
<abbreviationReference id="0B20E1C8F617D367FBD6B6F5FBB396A6" box="[1099,1125,191,215]" pageId="13" pageNumber="541">M</abbreviationReference>
1 and 
<abbreviationReference id="0B20E1C8F617D367FB3EB68AFB6A96A6" box="[1187,1212,192,215]" pageId="13" pageNumber="541">M</abbreviationReference>
2) the cristid obliqua is shortened in comparison to the protocristid and metacristid, in consequence the size of the talonid is reduced; in the third molar (
<abbreviationReference id="0B20E1C8F617D367FED2B740FEBF9753" box="[335,361,266,290]" pageId="13" pageNumber="541">M</abbreviationReference>
3), the cristid obliqua is noticeably elongated. In all three lower molars, the protoconid exceeds the hypoconid in height when viewed laterally.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6C33B3F617D367FF0AB09FFB6D9137" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238895/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="541" targetBox="[151,1436,381,1725]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF617D367FF0AB09FFB6D9137" blockId="13.[151,1436,1748,1863]" pageId="13" pageNumber="541">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F617D367FF0AB09FFEC5909B" bold="true" box="[151,275,1749,1771]" pageId="13" pageNumber="541">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Dorsal view of the skulls of a) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F617D367FDC6B09CFD63909A" box="[603,693,1750,1771]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Macroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F617D367FDC6B09CFD63909A" box="[603,693,1750,1771]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="541">M. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(♂HZM.1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F617D367FA9CB09CFA4D909B" box="[1281,1435,1748,1771]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F617D367FA9CB09CFA4D909B" box="[1281,1435,1748,1771]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="541">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B967BF29F617D367FF0AB0B9FEC99179" bold="true" box="[151,287,1779,1800]" pageId="13" pageNumber="541">gen. sp. nov.</emphasis>
(♂PSUZC-MM2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; c) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F617D367FC63B0BEFB9A9178" box="[1022,1100,1779,1801]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F617D367FC63B0BEFB9A9178" box="[1022,1100,1779,1801]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="541">M. lyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(♀PSUZC-MM.2014.160) from Satun, S. Thailand; d) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F617D367FE1CB159FE269159" box="[385,496,1811,1832]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F617D367FE1CB159FE269159" box="[385,496,1811,1832]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="541">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(♂PSUZC-MM.2014.163) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; e) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F617D367FBF8B158FB709159" box="[1125,1190,1810,1832]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Cardioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cor">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F617D367FBF8B158FB709159" box="[1125,1190,1810,1832]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="541">C. cor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(♂HZM.12.2641) from Kenya; f) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F617D367FF60B178FE9D9137" box="[253,331,1840,1863]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Lavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frons">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F617D367FF60B178FE9D9137" box="[253,331,1840,1863]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="541">L. frons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sex not known, HZM.26.7791) from Democratic Republic of Congo. Scale = 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF617D364FF5AB139FB96976C" blockId="13.[151,1436,1907,2004]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,285]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="542" pageId="13" pageNumber="541">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F617D367FF5AB139FEBF91FD" bold="true" box="[199,361,1907,1932]" pageId="13" pageNumber="541">Echolocation.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F617D367FEE9B139FD7A91FA" box="[372,684,1907,1931]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="541" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F617D367FEE9B139FD7A91FA" box="[372,684,1907,1931]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="541">Eudiscoderma thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
emits multi-harmonic, low intensity Frequency modulated (FM) signals (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF617D367FF68B1DDFE9D91DE" box="[245,331,1943,1968]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="15.[151,249,989,1011]" captionTargetBox="[187,1403,193,961]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[183,1404,193,968]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 10. Spectrograms (a, b) and power spectrum (c) of the echolocation call of E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov., ♀ PSUZC- MM. 2014.164 (paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238897/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="541">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). Up to six strong harmonics were observed, with a very low frequency first harmonic. The start frequency (
<emphasis id="B967BF29F617D367FE81B1F1FEF991A2" box="[284,303,1979,2003]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="541">sf</emphasis>
) of the sixth (top) harmonic and the terminal frequency (
<emphasis id="B967BF29F617D367FC79B1F1FC2591A2" box="[996,1011,1979,2003]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="541">tf</emphasis>
) of the first (bottom) harmonic are 107.6–129.6 kHz (mean± 
<collectingRegion id="49D7ADD9F614D364FE5DB6D2FE3E96C1" box="[448,488,152,176]" pageId="14" pageNumber="542">SD:</collectingRegion>
113.9±7.9 kHz) and 11.2–14.0 kHz (mean± 
<collectingRegion id="49D7ADD9F614D364FC72B6D2FBC196C1" box="[1007,1047,152,176]" pageId="14" pageNumber="542">
<collectingRegion id="49D7ADD9F614D364FC72B6D2FBC596C1" box="[1007,1043,152,176]" pageId="14" pageNumber="542">SD</collectingRegion>
:
</collectingRegion>
12.7±1.0 kHz), respectively. The maximum energy is usually found in the third harmonic with a peak frequency (
<emphasis id="B967BF29F614D364FBEDB6F6FB6596A5" box="[1136,1203,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="542">fmaxe</emphasis>
) of 53.1–55.1 kHz (mean± 
<collectingRegion id="49D7ADD9F614D364FF6DB6AAFECE9689" box="[240,280,224,248]" pageId="14" pageNumber="542">SD:</collectingRegion>
54.0±0.6 kHz) (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF614D364FE79B695FDED9689" box="[484,571,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="15.[151,249,989,1011]" captionTargetBox="[187,1403,193,961]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[183,1404,193,968]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 10. Spectrograms (a, b) and power spectrum (c) of the echolocation call of E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov., ♀ PSUZC- MM. 2014.164 (paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238897/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="542">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
b, c). The call duration (
<emphasis id="B967BF29F614D364FCF7B6AAFCAE9689" box="[874,888,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="542">d</emphasis>
) and inter-pulse interval (
<emphasis id="B967BF29F614D364FB2BB6AAFB059686" box="[1206,1235,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="542">ipi</emphasis>
) are 1.8–2.6 ms (mean± 
<collectingRegion id="49D7ADD9F614D364FF6DB74EFECE976D" box="[240,280,260,284]" pageId="14" pageNumber="542">
<collectingRegion id="49D7ADD9F614D364FF6DB74EFEC2976D" box="[240,276,260,284]" pageId="14" pageNumber="542">SD</collectingRegion>
:
</collectingRegion>
2.1±0.2 ms) and 22.9–91.0 ms (mean± 
<collectingRegion id="49D7ADD9F614D364FD4EB74EFD21976D" box="[723,759,260,284]" pageId="14" pageNumber="542">SD</collectingRegion>
: 55.8±23.5 ms), respectively.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6C33B3F614D364FF0AB110FB02919B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238896/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="542" targetBox="[241,1356,332,1857]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF614D364FF0AB110FB02919B" blockId="14.[151,1436,1882,2026]" pageId="14" pageNumber="542">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F614D364FF0AB110FEC7911E" bold="true" box="[151,273,1882,1904]" pageId="14" pageNumber="542">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
The dorsal (left) and lateral view (right) of the baculum of a) 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F614D364FC1DB111FC32911E" box="[896,996,1882,1904]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="542">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F614D364FC1DB111FC0C911E" box="[896,986,1882,1904]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Macroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="542" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">M. gigas</taxonomicName>
*
</emphasis>
(♂HZM.1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F614D364FEBDB130FE6D91FF" box="[288,443,1912,1935]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="542" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F614D364FEBDB130FE6D91FF" box="[288,443,1912,1935]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="542">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B967BF29F614D364FE59B133FD9D91FF" bold="true" box="[452,587,1913,1934]" pageId="14" pageNumber="542">gen. sp. nov.</emphasis>
(♂PSUZC-MM2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand (note that right prong is partially broken); c) 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F614D364FE5FB1D2FDCF91DC" box="[450,537,1943,1965]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="542">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F614D364FE5FB1D2FDD891DC" box="[450,526,1943,1965]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="542" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">M. lyra</taxonomicName>
*
</emphasis>
(♂HZM.7.32146) from Vietnam; d) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F614D364FC0FB1D2FBD691DC" box="[914,1024,1944,1965]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="542" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F614D364FC0FB1D2FBD691DC" box="[914,1024,1944,1965]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="542">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(♂HZM.3.27330) from Sri Lanka; e) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F614D364FA19B1D2FF6F91BD" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Cardioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="542" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cor">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F614D364FA19B1D2FF6F91BD" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="542">C. cor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(♂HZM.61.31851) from Djibouti; f) 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F614D364FDA6B1FDFD5C91BA" box="[571,650,1973,1996]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Lavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="542" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frons">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F614D364FDA6B1FDFD5C91BA" box="[571,650,1973,1996]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="542">L. frons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(♂HZM.9.9664) from Nigeria. Scale = 1 mm. Drawings by PJJB and PS. *: the bacula of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F614D364FEBDB19FFEAE919B" box="[288,376,2005,2026]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Macroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="542" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F614D364FEBDB19FFEAE919B" box="[288,376,2005,2026]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="542">M. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F614D364FE37B19FFE22919B" box="[426,500,2004,2026]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="542" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F614D364FE37B19FFE22919B" box="[426,500,2004,2026]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="542">M. lyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comprise two separate bones, the lateral view of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F614D364FC74B19FFBE5919B" box="[1001,1075,2004,2026]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="542" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F614D364FC74B19FFBE5919B" box="[1001,1075,2004,2026]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="542">M. lyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not drawn.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6C33B3F615D365FF0AB597FE499263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238897/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="543" targetBox="[187,1403,193,961]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF615D365FF0AB597FE499263" blockId="15.[151,1436,989,1042]" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F615D365FF0AB597FEC99582" bold="true" box="[151,287,989,1011]" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
Spectrograms (a, b) and power spectrum (c) of the echolocation call of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F615D365FC62B595FB4F9582" box="[1023,1177,989,1012]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F615D365FC62B595FB4F9582" box="[1023,1177,989,1012]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B967BF29F615D365FB3DB594FAF29582" bold="true" box="[1184,1316,990,1011]" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">gen. sp. nov.</emphasis>
, ♀PSUZC- MM.2014.164 (paratype).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF615D365FF5AB273FE419293" blockId="15.[151,1436,1081,2006]" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F615D365FF5AB273FEE39223" bold="true" box="[199,309,1081,1106]" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">Genetics.</emphasis>
DNA barcoding based on the mitochondrial gene COI clearly support genetic divergence between 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F615D365FA19B270FEF49204" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F615D365FA19B270FEF49204" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the sympatric 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F615D365FE6BB214FDB99204" box="[502,623,1118,1141]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F615D365FE6BB214FDB99204" box="[502,623,1118,1141]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F615D365FD38B214FD219204" box="[677,759,1117,1141]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F615D365FD38B214FD219204" box="[677,759,1117,1141]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">M. lyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF615D365FC9BB217FC839207" box="[774,853,1117,1142]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="16.[151,249,1074,1096]" captionTargetBox="[177,1406,270,1046]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[173,1414,265,1053]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 11. Maximum likelihood tree based on mitochondrial COI gene of E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov., M. lyra, M. spasma, C. cor, with some Rhinopoma, Rhinolophus and Hipposideros as the outgroup." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238898/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
) with a genetic distance of about 20.9% and 19.8%, respectively. It differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F615D365FE4FB2C8FDCE92E8" box="[466,536,1154,1177]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Cardioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cor">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F615D365FE4FB2C8FDCE92E8" box="[466,536,1154,1177]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">C. cor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 23.7%. Although comparative genetic data for 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F615D365FBC8B2C8FB6E92E8" box="[1109,1208,1154,1177]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Macroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F615D365FBC8B2C8FB6E92E8" box="[1109,1208,1154,1177]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">M. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F615D365FB6DB2C8FA9192EB" box="[1264,1351,1154,1178]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Lavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frons">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F615D365FB6DB2C8FA9192EB" box="[1264,1351,1154,1178]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">L. frons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not available for comparison in this study, morphological differences between them and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F615D365FBCBB2ECFAD492CC" box="[1110,1282,1189,1213]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F615D365FBCBB2ECFAD492CC" box="[1110,1282,1189,1213]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as described above, are compelling.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF615D365FF5AB2A7FC049303" blockId="15.[151,1436,1081,2006]" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">
The phylogenetic tree lacks strong bootstrap support for the higher level nodes, due to the high divergences within COI and its consequent limited resolution. Nevertheless, this suggests that not only is 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F615D365FB6CB358FA9E935B" box="[1265,1352,1298,1322]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F615D365FB6CB358FA9E935B" box="[1265,1352,1298,1322]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">M. lyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
highly divergent from 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F615D365FEDBB37CFE17933C" box="[326,449,1334,1357]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F615D365FEDBB37CFE17933C" box="[326,449,1334,1357]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(&gt;21% genetic distance), but it is not a sister species to 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F615D365FBDFB37CFB6A933C" box="[1090,1212,1334,1357]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F615D365FBDFB37CFB6A933C" box="[1090,1212,1334,1357]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It should therefore likely be considered in its own genus, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F615D365FDD9B310FD699303" box="[580,703,1370,1394]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Lyroderma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F615D365FDD9B310FD699303" box="[580,703,1370,1394]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">Lyroderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see discussion, below).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30930B0F615D37AFF5AB337FD7996A4" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="544" pageId="15" pageNumber="543" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF615D365FF5AB337FCB893CB" blockId="15.[151,1436,1081,2006]" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F615D365FF5AB337FEB693E7" bold="true" box="[199,352,1405,1430]" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">Distribution.</emphasis>
Currently, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F615D365FE79B337FCCD93E4" box="[484,795,1405,1429]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F615D365FE79B337FCCD93E4" box="[484,795,1405,1429]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">Eudiscoderma thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only known from a small area of Bala Forest in the southernmost rainforest complex of peninsular Thailand (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF615D365FC86B3EBFCB693CB" box="[795,864,1441,1466]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,908,930]" captionTargetBox="[158,1436,193,879]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,886]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Type locality of E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. and the currently known distribution of C. cor (horizontal lines), L. frons (vertical lines), M. lyra (diagonal lines, top left to bottom right), M. spasma (diagonal lines, bottom left to top right) and M. gigas (squares in Australia) based on data in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The type localities of all synonyms are indicated and assigned to their respective species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238889/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF615D365FF5AB38FFF059153" blockId="15.[151,1436,1081,2006]" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F615D365FF5AB38FFDB793AF" bold="true" box="[199,609,1477,1502]" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">Ecological and conservation notes.</emphasis>
Very little is known about the ecology of 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F615D365FBA8B38CFB3193AC" box="[1077,1255,1477,1501]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F615D365FBA8B38CFB3593AC" box="[1077,1251,1477,1501]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">E. thongareeae</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
It was observed roosting in a hollow tree in dense evergreen rainforest near a stream (A. Prajakjitr, pers. comm.). The male specimen (
<typeStatus id="54A8DD99F615D365FE8DB047FEA39057" box="[272,373,1549,1574]" pageId="15" pageNumber="543" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
) was seen hunting a large beetle (order Coleoptera) nearby, before being caught in the middle of a mist net (about 
<quantity id="4CEBCEDEF615D365FEE1B078FE7E9038" box="[380,424,1586,1610]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="543" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
above the ground) set along a forest trail. Beetle remains were also found under the treeroost, suggesting that this species feeds on large coleopterans (A. Prajakjitr, unpublished data). Unfortunately, this roost was subsequently destroyed when strong winds severely damaged the tree. A female specimen (PSUZC-MM.2014.158) was caught on a rainy night with a hand net, while the bat was hanging in a building of the HBWRS, taking shelter from the weather. A recently collected female (PSUZC-MM.2014.164) was caught in a mist net (about 
<quantity id="4CEBCEDEF615D365FEDBB0ACFEA7908C" box="[326,369,1766,1790]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="543" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
above the ground), which was set in an open space in front of a building and close to the forest edge.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF615D37AFF5AB167FD7996A4" blockId="15.[151,1436,1081,2006]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="544" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">
This species appears to be very rare. Despite extensive bat surveys in southern peninsular Thailand over the last 15 years, it is still only known from three specimens, all of which were collected from a small area of Bala Forest. This low capture rate is similar to the case of two other rare, recently discovered, bat species in the Bala Forest, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F615D365FF71B1D0FD7E91C3" authority="Soisook et al. 2013" authorityName="Soisook et al." authorityYear="2013" box="[236,680,1945,1970]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Murina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="balaensis">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F615D365FF71B1D0FE6491C3" box="[236,434,1946,1970]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">Murina balaensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF615D365FE5CB1D3FD7791C3" author="Soisook" box="[449,673,1945,1970]" pageId="15" pageNumber="543" refString="Soisook, P., Karapan, S., Satasook, C. &amp; Bates, P. J. J. (2013) A new species of Murina (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from peninsular Thailand. Zootaxa, 3746 (4), 567 - 579. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3746.4.4" type="journal article" year="2013">
Soisook 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F615D365FDB8B1D0FD8991C3" box="[549,607,1946,1970]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F615D365FD7CB1D0FACB91C3" authority="Douangboubpha et al. 2014" authorityName="Douangboubpha et al." authorityYear="2014" box="[737,1309,1945,1970]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Kerivoula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="543" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="krauensis">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F615D365FD7CB1D0FC1291C3" box="[737,964,1946,1970]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">Kerivoula krauensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF615D365FC49B1D3FAC391C3" author="Douangboubpha" box="[980,1301,1945,1970]" pageId="15" pageNumber="543" refString="Douangboubpha, B., Bumrungsri, S., Soisook, P., Karapan, S. &amp; Bates, P. J. J. (2014) The discovery of Kerivoula krauensis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in southern peninsular Thailand provides new information on the distribution and conservation status of this data deficient species. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 36, 577 - 582." type="journal article" year="2014">
Douangboubpha 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F615D365FB0AB1D0FB0691C3" box="[1175,1232,1946,1970]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="543">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Much less research has been undertaken on the Malaysian side of the border, so it is possible that it also occurs there, but the rapid loss of lowland rainforest in peninsular Thailand and Malaysia suggests that it is very likely at risk and should be considered as a top priority for conservation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF6C33B3F60AD37AFF0AB278FC639216" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238898/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" targetBox="[177,1406,270,1046]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF60AD37AFF0AB278FC639216" blockId="16.[151,1435,1074,1127]" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFF0AB278FECB9236" bold="true" box="[151,285,1074,1096]" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
Maximum likelihood tree based on mitochondrial COI gene of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFC3FB279FBED9239" box="[930,1083,1074,1096]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFC3FB279FBED9239" box="[930,1083,1074,1096]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFBDFB278FB129236" bold="true" box="[1090,1220,1074,1095]" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">gen. sp. nov.</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFB4CB279FACA9239" box="[1233,1308,1074,1096]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFB4CB279FACA9239" box="[1233,1308,1074,1096]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">M. lyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFAB5B279FA409239" box="[1320,1430,1075,1096]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFAB5B279FA409239" box="[1320,1430,1075,1096]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFF0AB218FF039216" box="[151,213,1106,1127]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Cardioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cor">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFF0AB218FF039216" box="[151,213,1106,1127]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">C. cor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with some 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFECCB21BFE109216" box="[337,454,1105,1127]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinopomatidae" genus="Rhinopoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFECCB21BFE109216" box="[337,454,1105,1127]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">Rhinopoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFE4FB21BFD849216" box="[466,594,1105,1127]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFE4FB21BFD849216" box="[466,594,1105,1127]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">Rhinolophus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFD1EB21BFCDD9216" box="[643,779,1105,1127]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFD1EB21BFCDD9216" box="[643,779,1105,1127]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">Hipposideros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the outgroup.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C30930B0F60AD378FF5AB2D9FD8F95D5" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="546" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF60AD37AFF5AB2D9FD5C9017" blockId="16.[151,1436,1171,2005]" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFF5AB2D9FEBB92DD" bold="true" box="[199,365,1171,1196]" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">Comparisons.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFEE8B2D9FD7C92DA" box="[373,682,1171,1195]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFEE8B2D9FD7C92DA" box="[373,682,1171,1195]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">Eudiscoderma thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares with the African 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFC5EB2D9FB5092DA" box="[963,1158,1171,1195]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Cardioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cor">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFC5EB2D9FB5092DA" box="[963,1158,1171,1195]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">Cardioderma cor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the characters of a deep rostral depression and an enlarged coronoid process in each half mandible. In the dentition, like 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFB41B2F2FAF492BE" box="[1244,1314,1208,1231]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Cardioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cor">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFB41B2F2FAF492BE" box="[1244,1314,1208,1231]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">C. cor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the upper and lower canines are without discrete anterolingual cingular cusps; the small upper premolar (P2) is absent and the mesostyle of the first upper molar (M1) is situated labially and not reduced. Externally there are similarities in the morphology of the noseleaf. However, as can be seen from 
<tableCitation id="C6915680F60AD37AFCF8B363FC1E9330" box="[869,968,1321,1346]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[125,207,604,625]" captionTargetBox="[137,1922,658,1626]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 1. Matrix summarising selected discriminating characters (dental, cranial, bacular and) of the five genera / six species of Megadermatidae currently recognised." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C33B3F612D362FFE0B416F9159400" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" tableUuid="DF6C33B3F612D362FFE0B416F9159400">Tables 1</tableCitation>
and 
<tableCitation id="C6915680F60AD37AFB94B363FBCF9330" box="[1033,1049,1321,1345]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="9.[119,197,551,571]" captionTargetBox="[119,1873,673,1658]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 2. Selected external and craniοdental measurements (in mm) οf Macroderma gigas, E. thongareeae gen. sp. nοv., Megaderma lyra, M. spasma, C. cor and L. frons. Mean, ± SD, minimum (Min) and maximum values (Max) and sample size οf specimens examined are given (sample sizes, which differ frοm thοse indicated, are in brackets). List οf specimens examined definitiοns οf measurements are in the methοd sectiοn." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C33B3F613D363FFEAB46DFD4094F8" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" tableUuid="DF6C33B3F613D363FFEAB46DFD4094F8">2</tableCitation>
, there are also many differences including the larger size of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFE55B304FDA79314" box="[456,625,1357,1381]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFE55B304FDA79314" box="[456,625,1357,1381]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; marked differences in the shape of the baculum (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF60AD37AFB02B306FB349314" box="[1183,1250,1356,1381]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,249,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[241,1356,332,1857]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[223,1365,319,1866]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9. The dorsal (left) and lateral view (right) of the baculum of a) M. gigas * (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand (note that right prong is partially broken); c) M. lyra * (♂ HZM. 7.32146) from Vietnam; d) M. spasma (♂ HZM. 3.27330) from Sri Lanka; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 61.31851) from Djibouti; f) L. frons (♂ HZM. 9.9664) from Nigeria. Scale = 1 mm. Drawings by PJJB and PS. *: the bacula of M. gigas and M. lyra comprise two separate bones, the lateral view of M. lyra was not drawn." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238896/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
) and differences in the structure of the blood vessels in the interfemoral membrane. In the skull, there are differences in the shape, noticeably the absence in 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFE28B3DFFE2C93DC" box="[437,506,1429,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Cardioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cor">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFE28B3DFFE2C93DC" box="[437,506,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">C. cor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of an abrupt, step-like discontinuity between the rostrum and the anterior braincase (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF60AD37AFF02B3F3FF3493A3" box="[159,226,1465,1490]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,249,1891,1913]" captionTargetBox="[173,1404,193,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[173,1405,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Lateral views of the skulls and mandibles of a) M. gigas (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; c) M. lyra (♀ PSUZC- MM. 2014.160) from Satun, S. Thailand; d) M. spasma (♂ PSUZC-MM. 2014.163) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 12.2641) from Kenya; f) L. frons (sex not known, HZM. 26.7791) from Democratic Republic of Congo. Scale = 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238893/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
) and the absence in 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFE58B3F0FDB993A0" box="[453,623,1465,1489]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFE58B3F0FDB993A0" box="[453,623,1465,1489]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of well developed preorbital and postorbital processes and an associated supraorbital flange (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF60AD37AFEE4B396FE689384" box="[377,446,1500,1525]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,249,1749,1771]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,381,1725]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,381,1727]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Dorsal view of the skulls of a) M. gigas (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; c) M. lyra (♀ PSUZC-MM. 2014.160) from Satun, S. Thailand; d) M. spasma (♂ PSUZC-MM. 2014.163) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 12.2641) from Kenya; f) L. frons (sex not known, HZM. 26.7791) from Democratic Republic of Congo. Scale = 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238895/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). There are also differences in the teeth. For instance, the upper and lower canines of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFA1FB397FF6A9068" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Cardioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cor">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFA1FB397FF6A9068" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">C. cor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are much less robust; the preparacrista is shortened and the postmetacrista elongated in the first upper molar (M1) of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFF6AB062FE979031" box="[247,321,1576,1600]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Cardioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cor">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFF6AB062FE979031" box="[247,321,1576,1600]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">C. cor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but about equal in 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFDB0B063FD0D9031" box="[557,731,1576,1600]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFDB0B063FD0D9031" box="[557,731,1576,1600]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF60AD37AFD72B06DFCE19031" box="[751,823,1575,1600]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1391,1413]" captionTargetBox="[204,1382,198,1358]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[196,1390,193,1370]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Right upper (on left) and right lower (on right) first molars of a) M. gigas (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; c) M. lyra (♀ HZM. 11.39934) from from Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India; d) M. spasma (♂ HZM. 5.28163) from Sirsi, Karnataka, India; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 12.2641) from Kenya; f) L. frons (sex not known, HZM. 26.7791) from Democratic Republic of Congo. Scale = 1 mm; ant, anterior; lab, labial. Drawings by PJJB and PS." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238894/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
); and the first lower premolar (P2) is enlarged in 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFA19B063FEF49017" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFA19B063FEF49017" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but is relatively small in 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFDA3B005FD559017" box="[574,643,1615,1638]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Cardioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cor">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFDA3B005FD559017" box="[574,643,1615,1638]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">C. cor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF60AD37BFF5AB039FB5B9716" blockId="16.[151,1436,1171,2005]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1437,151,2030]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="545" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFF5AB039FEBF90FA" box="[199,361,1651,1675]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFF5AB039FEBF90FA" box="[199,361,1651,1675]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">Eudiscoderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has some similarities with the other African taxon of megadermatid, 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFB1EB039FADA90FA" box="[1155,1292,1651,1675]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFB1EB039FAD190FA" box="[1155,1287,1651,1675]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Lavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frons">Lavia frons</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Of the three subspecies recognised for 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFE22B0DDFDE890DE" box="[447,574,1687,1711]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Lavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frons">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFE22B0DDFDE890DE" box="[447,574,1687,1711]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">Lavia frons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, two subspecies, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFC98B0DDFB7E90DE" authority="Andersen &amp; Wroughton, 1907" authorityName="Andersen &amp; Wroughton" authorityYear="1907" box="[773,1192,1686,1711]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFC98B0DDFC9D90DE" box="[773,843,1687,1711]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">affinis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF60AD37AFCCEB0DCFB7E90DE" author="Andersen" box="[851,1192,1686,1711]" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" refString="Andersen, K. &amp; Wroughton, R. C. (1907) On the bats of the family Megadermatidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 19, 129 - 145. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930709487243" type="journal article" year="1907">Andersen &amp; Wroughton, 1907</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFB42B0DDFA4190DE" authority="Miller, 1905" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1905" box="[1247,1431,1686,1711]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Lavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFB42B0DDFAD490DF" box="[1247,1282,1687,1710]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">rex</emphasis>
Miller, 1905
</taxonomicName>
, are described on the basis of size differences but they are considered poorly defined by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF60AD37AFBF1B0F0FAC990A2" author="Happold" box="[1132,1311,1722,1747]" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" refString="Happold, M. (2013) Volume IV: Hedgehogs, Shrews and Bats. In: Kingdon, J., Happold, D., Butynski, T., Hoffmann, M., Happold, M. &amp; Kalina, J. (Eds.), Mammals of Africa. 6 Vols. Bloomsbury Publishing, London, 800 pp." type="book" year="2013">
Happold (
<date id="FFAD45FBF60AD37AFB41B0F1FAC190A2" box="[1244,1303,1723,1747]" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" value="2013">2013</date>
)
</bibRefCitation>
. In both 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFA19B0F1FEF49087" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFA19B0F1FEF49087" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFEFDB095FE6C9086" box="[352,442,1759,1783]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Lavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frons">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFEFDB095FE6C9086" box="[352,442,1759,1783]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">L. frons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the principal veins from the hind feet merge in the interfemoral membrane prior to entering the body (although in contrast to 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFDF4B149FCCF916A" box="[617,793,1795,1819]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFDF4B149FCC0916A" box="[617,790,1795,1819]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">E. thongareeae</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
there does not appear to be a well defined blood vessel in 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFF0AB16DFF3A914E" box="[151,236,1831,1855]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Lavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frons">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFF0AB16DFF3A914E" box="[151,236,1831,1855]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">L. frons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
running down the centre line of the membrane). The baculum shows some similarity in form, although that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFF2BB101FEB69112" box="[182,352,1867,1891]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFF2BB101FEB69112" box="[182,352,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a relatively longer and more robust shaft and shorter prongs (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF60AD37AFBDAB100FB5A9112" box="[1095,1164,1866,1891]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,249,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[241,1356,332,1857]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[223,1365,319,1866]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9. The dorsal (left) and lateral view (right) of the baculum of a) M. gigas * (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand (note that right prong is partially broken); c) M. lyra * (♂ HZM. 7.32146) from Vietnam; d) M. spasma (♂ HZM. 3.27330) from Sri Lanka; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 61.31851) from Djibouti; f) L. frons (♂ HZM. 9.9664) from Nigeria. Scale = 1 mm. Drawings by PJJB and PS. *: the bacula of M. gigas and M. lyra comprise two separate bones, the lateral view of M. lyra was not drawn." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238896/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). The upper cheek teeth also show a similarity in structure, noticeably in the development of the mesostyles in 
<abbreviationReference id="0B20E1C8F60AD37AFBC5B138FBA691F8" box="[1112,1136,1906,1929]" impliedText="mandible length, from the most posterior part of the condyle to the most anterior part of the mandible. Body mass (Mass) of newly sacrificed specimens was measured with a Pesola scale (to the nearest 1.0 g)." level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="531">M</abbreviationReference>
1 and 
<abbreviationReference id="0B20E1C8F60AD37AFB30B138FB1091F8" box="[1197,1222,1906,1929]" impliedText="mandible length, from the most posterior part of the condyle to the most anterior part of the mandible. Body mass (Mass) of newly sacrificed specimens was measured with a Pesola scale (to the nearest 1.0 g)." level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="531">M</abbreviationReference>
2 and in the relative sizes of the preparacrista and postmetacrista (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF60AD37AFD2BB1D2FCD691C1" box="[694,768,1944,1969]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1391,1413]" captionTargetBox="[204,1382,198,1358]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[196,1390,193,1370]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Right upper (on left) and right lower (on right) first molars of a) M. gigas (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; c) M. lyra (♀ HZM. 11.39934) from from Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India; d) M. spasma (♂ HZM. 5.28163) from Sirsi, Karnataka, India; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 12.2641) from Kenya; f) L. frons (sex not known, HZM. 26.7791) from Democratic Republic of Congo. Scale = 1 mm; ant, anterior; lab, labial. Drawings by PJJB and PS." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238894/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). The small upper premolar (
<abbreviationReference id="0B20E1C8F60AD37AFBFEB1D2FBA291C1" box="[1123,1140,1944,1968]" impliedText="first/second phalanx respectively of the third digit-taken from the proximal to the distal extremity of each phalanx;" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="531">P</abbreviationReference>
2) is absent in both taxa. However, there are also many significant differences. For instance, the noseleaf of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60AD37AFBAAB1F7FB5B91A5" box="[1079,1165,1980,2004]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Lavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="544" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frons">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60AD37AFBAAB1F7FB5B91A5" box="[1079,1165,1980,2004]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="544">L. frons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is large, broad and with convex-sides and a truncated top; it has a longitudinal ridge which broadens at the base and is distinctively yellow in colouration (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF60BD37BFEF1B6F6FDB396A5" author="Monadjem" box="[364,613,188,213]" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" refString="Monadjem, A., Taylor, P. J., Cotterill, F. P. D. &amp; Schoeman, M. C. (2010) Bats of Southern and Central Africa: A biogeographic and taxonomic synthesis. Wits University Press, Johannesburg, 596 pp." type="book" year="2010">
Monadjem 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFE71B6F7FDF296A5" box="[492,548,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">et al.</emphasis>
<date id="FFAD45FBF60BD37BFDB7B6F6FDB396A5" box="[554,613,188,212]" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" value="2010">2010</date>
</bibRefCitation>
, figure 139; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF60BD37BFD6DB6F6FC4496A5" author="Happold" box="[752,914,188,213]" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" refString="Happold, M. (2013) Volume IV: Hedgehogs, Shrews and Bats. In: Kingdon, J., Happold, D., Butynski, T., Hoffmann, M., Happold, M. &amp; Kalina, J. (Eds.), Mammals of Africa. 6 Vols. Bloomsbury Publishing, London, 800 pp." type="book" year="2013">
Happold 
<date id="FFAD45FBF60BD37BFCCAB6F6FC4496A5" box="[855,914,188,212]" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" value="2013">2013</date>
</bibRefCitation>
, figure 76). The pelage colour is also distinctly different, with that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFE12B6ABFE309689" box="[399,486,224,248]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Lavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frons">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFE12B6ABFE309689" box="[399,486,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">L. frons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
characteristically tinged with yellow. In the skull, the rostrum of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFB56B6ABFAF79689" box="[1227,1313,224,248]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Lavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frons">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFB56B6ABFAF79689" box="[1227,1313,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">L. frons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has only a shallow and narrow rostral depression but has well developed preorbital and postorbital processes and an expanded supraorbital flange (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF60BD37BFEE6B76DFE689731" box="[379,446,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,249,1749,1771]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,381,1725]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,381,1727]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Dorsal view of the skulls of a) M. gigas (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; c) M. lyra (♀ PSUZC-MM. 2014.160) from Satun, S. Thailand; d) M. spasma (♂ PSUZC-MM. 2014.163) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 12.2641) from Kenya; f) L. frons (sex not known, HZM. 26.7791) from Democratic Republic of Congo. Scale = 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238895/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) and the coronoid process of each half mandible is not enlarged (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF60BD37BFB3BB76DFB3D9731" box="[1190,1259,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,249,1891,1913]" captionTargetBox="[173,1404,193,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[173,1405,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Lateral views of the skulls and mandibles of a) M. gigas (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; c) M. lyra (♀ PSUZC- MM. 2014.160) from Satun, S. Thailand; d) M. spasma (♂ PSUZC-MM. 2014.163) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 12.2641) from Kenya; f) L. frons (sex not known, HZM. 26.7791) from Democratic Republic of Congo. Scale = 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238893/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
); the upper and lower canines (C1 and C1) are less robust in 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFD1CB71AFD0E9716" box="[641,728,335,359]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Lavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frons">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFD1CB71AFD0E9716" box="[641,728,335,359]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">L. frons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and have anterolingual cingular cusps.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF60BD37BFF5AB73FFDE994FC" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2030]" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFF5AB73FFEBF97FC" box="[199,361,373,397]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFF5AB73FFEBF97FC" box="[199,361,373,397]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">Eudiscoderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares with the Australian 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFD36B73FFC5597FC" box="[683,899,373,397]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Macroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFD36B73FFC5597FC" box="[683,899,373,397]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">Macroderma gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the absence of the small upper premolar (P2), although this tooth is present in fossil species referred to 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFCB0B7D6FC6897C5" box="[813,958,412,436]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Macroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFCB0B7D6FC6897C5" box="[813,958,412,436]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">Macroderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF60BD37BFC70B7D6FB5797C4" author="Hand" box="[1005,1153,412,437]" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" refString="Hand, S. J. (1985) New Miocene megadermatids (Chiroptera: Megadermatidae) from Australia with comments on megadermatid phylogenetics. Australian Mammalogy, 8, 5 - 43." type="journal article" year="1985">Hand (1985)</bibRefCitation>
. However, in most other dental features there are noticeable differences, including the structure of the upper and lower canines, premolars and molars (
<tableCitation id="C6915680F60BD37BFEBCB7AEFEA3978C" box="[289,373,484,509]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[125,207,604,625]" captionTargetBox="[137,1922,658,1626]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 1. Matrix summarising selected discriminating characters (dental, cranial, bacular and) of the five genera / six species of Megadermatidae currently recognised." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C33B3F612D362FFE0B416F9159400" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" tableUuid="DF6C33B3F612D362FFE0B416F9159400">Table 1</tableCitation>
). In the skull, there are differences in the shape of the rostrum, braincase and coronoid process of each half mandible. Externally, there are differences in the shape of the noseleaf, the posterior leaf of which is elongate in 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFE86B467FE539435" box="[283,389,557,580]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFE86B467FE569435" box="[283,384,557,580]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Macroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">M. gigas</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
In size, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFE79B467FD9E9435" box="[484,584,557,580]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Macroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFE79B467FD9E9435" box="[484,584,557,580]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">M. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
greatly exceeds 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFC99B467FC799435" box="[772,943,556,580]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFC99B467FC799435" box="[772,943,556,580]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C6915680F60BD37BFC23B466FBC29434" box="[958,1044,556,581]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="9.[119,197,551,571]" captionTargetBox="[119,1873,673,1658]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 2. Selected external and craniοdental measurements (in mm) οf Macroderma gigas, E. thongareeae gen. sp. nοv., Megaderma lyra, M. spasma, C. cor and L. frons. Mean, ± SD, minimum (Min) and maximum values (Max) and sample size οf specimens examined are given (sample sizes, which differ frοm thοse indicated, are in brackets). List οf specimens examined definitiοns οf measurements are in the methοd sectiοn." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C33B3F613D363FFEAB46DFD4094F8" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" tableUuid="DF6C33B3F613D363FFEAB46DFD4094F8">Table 2</tableCitation>
). In bacular morphology, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFAA4B467FA4D9435" box="[1337,1435,557,580]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Macroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFAA4B467FA4D9435" box="[1337,1435,557,580]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">M. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs markedly, possessing a structure that comprises two separate bones, each shaped like a ‘bill-hook’ and with a saddle-like expanded base (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF60BD37BFE7DB43EFDF594FC" box="[480,547,628,653]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,249,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[241,1356,332,1857]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[223,1365,319,1866]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9. The dorsal (left) and lateral view (right) of the baculum of a) M. gigas * (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand (note that right prong is partially broken); c) M. lyra * (♂ HZM. 7.32146) from Vietnam; d) M. spasma (♂ HZM. 3.27330) from Sri Lanka; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 61.31851) from Djibouti; f) L. frons (♂ HZM. 9.9664) from Nigeria. Scale = 1 mm. Drawings by PJJB and PS. *: the bacula of M. gigas and M. lyra comprise two separate bones, the lateral view of M. lyra was not drawn." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238896/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
a).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF60BD37BFF5AB4D2FA9095A0" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2030]" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFF5AB4D2FEBF94C1" box="[199,361,664,688]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFF5AB4D2FEBF94C1" box="[199,361,664,688]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">Eudiscoderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFD9AB4D2FD1094C1" box="[519,710,664,688]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFD9AB4D2FD1094C1" box="[519,710,664,688]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">Megaderma lyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in all the characters listed in 
<tableCitation id="C6915680F60BD37BFBBBB4D2FBAA94C0" box="[1062,1148,664,689]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[125,207,604,625]" captionTargetBox="[137,1922,658,1626]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 1. Matrix summarising selected discriminating characters (dental, cranial, bacular and) of the five genera / six species of Megadermatidae currently recognised." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C33B3F612D362FFE0B416F9159400" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" tableUuid="DF6C33B3F612D362FFE0B416F9159400">Table 1</tableCitation>
, noticeably including its baculum, which in 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFEEDB4F7FE1294A5" box="[368,452,700,724]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFEEDB4F7FE1294A5" box="[368,452,700,724]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">M. lyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comprises two separate, short, thin bones (based on two specimens from Thailand and Vietnam respectively) (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF60BD37BFE3CB4AAFE309488" box="[417,486,736,761]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,249,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[241,1356,332,1857]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[223,1365,319,1866]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9. The dorsal (left) and lateral view (right) of the baculum of a) M. gigas * (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand (note that right prong is partially broken); c) M. lyra * (♂ HZM. 7.32146) from Vietnam; d) M. spasma (♂ HZM. 3.27330) from Sri Lanka; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 61.31851) from Djibouti; f) L. frons (♂ HZM. 9.9664) from Nigeria. Scale = 1 mm. Drawings by PJJB and PS. *: the bacula of M. gigas and M. lyra comprise two separate bones, the lateral view of M. lyra was not drawn." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238896/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
c). Based on available descriptions, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFC1EB4ABFBF99489" box="[899,1071,736,760]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFC1EB4ABFBF99489" box="[899,1071,736,760]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also differs from all subspecies and synonyms of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFEF8B54FFE6C956D" box="[357,442,772,796]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFEF8B54FFE6C956D" box="[357,442,772,796]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">M. lyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(mapped in 
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF60BD37BFDD3B54EFD43956C" box="[590,661,772,797]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,908,930]" captionTargetBox="[158,1436,193,879]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,886]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Type locality of E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. and the currently known distribution of C. cor (horizontal lines), L. frons (vertical lines), M. lyra (diagonal lines, top left to bottom right), M. spasma (diagonal lines, bottom left to top right) and M. gigas (squares in Australia) based on data in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The type localities of all synonyms are indicated and assigned to their respective species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238889/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Two of these, namely 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFC33B54FFBD3956D" box="[942,1029,773,796]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">caurina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF60BD37BFB92B54EFABC956C" author="Andersen" box="[1039,1386,772,797]" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" refString="Andersen, K. &amp; Wroughton, R. C. (1907) On the bats of the family Megadermatidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 19, 129 - 145. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930709487243" type="journal article" year="1907">Andersen &amp; Wroughton, 1907</bibRefCitation>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFF0AB563FD9D9530" authority="Andersen &amp; Wroughton, 1907" authorityName="Andersen &amp; Wroughton" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,587,808,833]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eucheira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFF0AB563FF269531" box="[151,240,809,832]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">sinensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF60BD37BFF6AB562FD9D9530" author="Andersen" box="[247,587,808,833]" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" refString="Andersen, K. &amp; Wroughton, R. C. (1907) On the bats of the family Megadermatidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 19, 129 - 145. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930709487243" type="journal article" year="1907">Andersen &amp; Wroughton, 1907</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, differ from the nominate form only in minor size differences. On the basis of figures included in the 
<typeStatus id="54A8DD99F60BD37BFE2AB507FE319514" box="[439,487,845,869]" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">type</typeStatus>
descriptions and comments of 
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF60BD37BFCD9B506FB6E9514" author="Andersen" box="[836,1208,844,869]" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" refString="Andersen, K. &amp; Wroughton, R. C. (1907) On the bats of the family Megadermatidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 19, 129 - 145. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930709487243" type="journal article" year="1907">Andersen and Wroughton (1907)</bibRefCitation>
, the forms 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFAA8B507FA4A9515" box="[1333,1436,845,868]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">spectrum</emphasis>
(Wagner, 1844) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFE15B53AFD1D95F8" authority="Hodgson, 1847" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1847" box="[392,715,880,905]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eucheira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schistacea">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFE15B53AFE2B95F9" box="[392,509,880,904]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">schistacea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF60BD37BFD8DB53AFD1495F8" author="Hodgson" box="[528,706,880,905]" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" refString="Hodgson, B. H. (1847) The slaty blue megaderme, Megaderma schistacea. N. S. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 16, 889 - 894." type="journal article" year="1847">Hodgson, 1847</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
appear to be synonymous with typical 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFB3CB53AFB0395F9" box="[1185,1237,880,904]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFB3CB53AFB0495F9" box="[1185,1234,880,904]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">lyra</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The 
<typeStatus id="54A8DD99F60BD37BFA8AB53AFAAF95F8" box="[1303,1401,880,905]" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFF0AB5DFFED595DD" box="[151,259,917,940]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">carnatica</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF60BD37BFE8DB5DEFE4195DC" author="Elliot" box="[272,407,916,941]" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" refString="Elliot, W. (1839) A catalogue of the species of Mammalia found in the southern Mahrattaa country; with their synonymies in the native languages in use there. Madras Journal of Literature and Science, 10, 92 - 108, 205 - 233." type="journal article" year="1839">Elliot, 1839</bibRefCitation>
) from western India was described as having only three teeth behind the canine in the upper toothrow. However 
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF60BD37BFEEBB5F2FDD395A0" author="Elliot" box="[374,517,952,977]" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" refString="Elliot, W. (1839) A catalogue of the species of Mammalia found in the southern Mahrattaa country; with their synonymies in the native languages in use there. Madras Journal of Literature and Science, 10, 92 - 108, 205 - 233." type="journal article" year="1839">Elliot (1839)</bibRefCitation>
himself referred the specimen to ‘ 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFC1AB5F3FC0F95A1" box="[903,985,952,976]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFC1AB5F3FC0F95A1" box="[903,985,952,976]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">M. lyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
?’ and its status remains unclear.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF60BD37BFF5AB596FBAF9384" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2030]" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFF5AB596FEBF9585" box="[199,361,988,1012]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFF5AB596FEBF9585" box="[199,361,988,1012]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">Eudiscoderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs sympatrically with the smaller 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFCB7B597FC709585" box="[810,934,989,1012]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFCB7B597FC709585" box="[810,934,989,1012]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF60BD37BFC25B596FBD69584" box="[952,1024,988,1013]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,908,930]" captionTargetBox="[158,1436,193,879]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,886]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Type locality of E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. and the currently known distribution of C. cor (horizontal lines), L. frons (vertical lines), M. lyra (diagonal lines, top left to bottom right), M. spasma (diagonal lines, bottom left to top right) and M. gigas (squares in Australia) based on data in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The type localities of all synonyms are indicated and assigned to their respective species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238889/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). There are differences between the two taxa in external, bacular, cranial and dental characters (
<tableCitation id="C6915680F60BD37BFCA7B24AFC589268" box="[826,910,1024,1049]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[125,207,604,625]" captionTargetBox="[137,1922,658,1626]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 1. Matrix summarising selected discriminating characters (dental, cranial, bacular and) of the five genera / six species of Megadermatidae currently recognised." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C33B3F612D362FFE0B416F9159400" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" tableUuid="DF6C33B3F612D362FFE0B416F9159400">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Namely in the dentition, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFB5EB24BFAB99269" box="[1219,1391,1024,1048]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFB5EB24BFAB99269" box="[1219,1391,1024,1048]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has only one upper premolar (P4) since the minute, intruded premolar (P2) found in 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFBB3B262FB7C924E" box="[1070,1194,1064,1087]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFBB3B262FB7C924E" box="[1070,1194,1064,1087]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is absent. Unlike 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFAE0B262FF249217" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFAE0B262FF389217" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">M. spasma</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the upper canine (C1) of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFD82B204FD179217" box="[543,705,1102,1126]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFD82B204FD179217" box="[543,705,1102,1126]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">Eudiscoderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is noticeably robust, especially in crown area; it is without an anterolingual cingular cusp and has a much larger posterior accessory cusp, which unlike that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFB41B239FA8092FB" box="[1244,1366,1139,1162]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFB41B239FA8092FB" box="[1244,1366,1139,1162]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not well-separated from the main cusp. In the upper molars, the structure shows some similarity between the two taxa, although in 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFEB9B2F7FE7492A5" box="[292,418,1213,1236]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFEB9B2F7FE7492A5" box="[292,418,1213,1236]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the postmetacrista in M1 is more elongated in comparison to the preparacrista than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFF0AB2ABFEEF9288" box="[151,313,1249,1273]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFF0AB2ABFEEF9288" box="[151,313,1249,1273]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">Eudiscoderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF60BD37BFED7B2AAFE469288" box="[330,400,1248,1273]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1391,1413]" captionTargetBox="[204,1382,198,1358]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[196,1390,193,1370]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Right upper (on left) and right lower (on right) first molars of a) M. gigas (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; c) M. lyra (♀ HZM. 11.39934) from from Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India; d) M. spasma (♂ HZM. 5.28163) from Sirsi, Karnataka, India; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 12.2641) from Kenya; f) L. frons (sex not known, HZM. 26.7791) from Democratic Republic of Congo. Scale = 1 mm; ant, anterior; lab, labial. Drawings by PJJB and PS." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238894/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). The anterior braincase of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFD50B2ABFCAF9288" box="[717,889,1249,1273]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFD50B2ABFCAF9288" box="[717,889,1249,1273]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more elevated than that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFB4CB2ABFA9A9289" box="[1233,1356,1249,1272]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFB4CB2ABFA9A9289" box="[1233,1356,1249,1272]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in consequence the profile of the upper braincase is almost straight whereas it is angular in 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFB14B34FFAD2936D" box="[1161,1284,1285,1308]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFB14B34FFAD2936D" box="[1161,1284,1285,1308]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF60BD37BFA89B34EFA8C936C" box="[1300,1370,1284,1309]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,249,1891,1913]" captionTargetBox="[173,1404,193,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[173,1405,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Lateral views of the skulls and mandibles of a) M. gigas (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; c) M. lyra (♀ PSUZC- MM. 2014.160) from Satun, S. Thailand; d) M. spasma (♂ PSUZC-MM. 2014.163) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 12.2641) from Kenya; f) L. frons (sex not known, HZM. 26.7791) from Democratic Republic of Congo. Scale = 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238893/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). The rostrum of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFE8FB363FE5C9331" box="[274,394,1321,1344]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFE8FB363FE5C9331" box="[274,394,1321,1344]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also less robust and without a deep rostral depression; however, the lack of development of preorbital and postorbital processes is comparable between the two taxa. Externally, size apart (
<tableCitation id="C6915680F60BD37BFA99B306FAB69314" box="[1284,1376,1356,1381]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="9.[119,197,551,571]" captionTargetBox="[119,1873,673,1658]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 2. Selected external and craniοdental measurements (in mm) οf Macroderma gigas, E. thongareeae gen. sp. nοv., Megaderma lyra, M. spasma, C. cor and L. frons. Mean, ± SD, minimum (Min) and maximum values (Max) and sample size οf specimens examined are given (sample sizes, which differ frοm thοse indicated, are in brackets). List οf specimens examined definitiοns οf measurements are in the methοd sectiοn." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C33B3F613D363FFEAB46DFD4094F8" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" tableUuid="DF6C33B3F613D363FFEAB46DFD4094F8">Table 2</tableCitation>
), the morphology of the noseleaf (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF60BD37BFE7BB33AFDFE93F8" box="[486,552,1392,1417]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1890,1912]" captionTargetBox="[214,1372,414,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[214,1373,414,1868]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. The holotype (a: ♂ PSUZC-MM. 2014.157) and paratype (b: ♀ PSUZC-MM. 2014.164) of E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. in comparison with M. lyra ♀ PSUZC-MM. 2014.160 (c) from Satun, S. Thailand, and M. spasma ♂ PSUZC-MM. 2014.163 (d) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand. Not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238888/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
b, d) is similar, although the posterior leaf of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFBA3B33BFB6D93F9" box="[1086,1211,1393,1416]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFBA3B33BFB6D93F9" box="[1086,1211,1393,1416]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sometimes more angular than the rounded 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFE27B3DFFDB393DC" box="[442,613,1429,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFE27B3DFFDB393DC" box="[442,613,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The vein pattern in the interfemoral membrane differs between the two taxa (
<tableCitation id="C6915680F60BD37BFF48B3F2FEFC93A0" box="[213,298,1464,1489]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[125,207,604,625]" captionTargetBox="[137,1922,658,1626]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 1. Matrix summarising selected discriminating characters (dental, cranial, bacular and) of the five genera / six species of Megadermatidae currently recognised." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6C33B3F612D362FFE0B416F9159400" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" tableUuid="DF6C33B3F612D362FFE0B416F9159400">Table 1</tableCitation>
). The bacula are of a similar general form but the relative proportions of shaft to prongs differ, with that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFF7BB397FE469384" box="[230,400,1501,1525]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFF7BB397FE469384" box="[230,400,1501,1525]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
having a more robust and longer shaft and shorter prongs (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF60BD37BFBBBB396FBBD9384" box="[1062,1131,1500,1525]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,249,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[241,1356,332,1857]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[223,1365,319,1866]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9. The dorsal (left) and lateral view (right) of the baculum of a) M. gigas * (♂ HZM. 1.20168) from Northern Territory, Australia; b) E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. (♂ PSUZC-MM 2014.157, holotype) from Narathiwat, S. Thailand (note that right prong is partially broken); c) M. lyra * (♂ HZM. 7.32146) from Vietnam; d) M. spasma (♂ HZM. 3.27330) from Sri Lanka; e) C. cor (♂ HZM. 61.31851) from Djibouti; f) L. frons (♂ HZM. 9.9664) from Nigeria. Scale = 1 mm. Drawings by PJJB and PS. *: the bacula of M. gigas and M. lyra comprise two separate bones, the lateral view of M. lyra was not drawn." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238896/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF60BD378FF5AB04BFDB997DD" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2030]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1436,151,933]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="546" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFF5AB04BFE7C9069" box="[199,426,1537,1561]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFF5AB04BFE7C9069" box="[199,426,1537,1561]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">Megaderma spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has 16 synonyms, all of which were variously accepted as valid subspecies by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF60BD37BFAAFB04AFF32904C" author="Simmons" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" refString="Simmons, N. B. (2005) Order Chiroptera. In: Wilson, D. E. &amp; Reeder, D. M. (Eds.), Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 3 rd edition, pp. 312 - 529. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10914 - 006 - 9022 - 6" type="book chapter" year="2005">Simmons (2005)</bibRefCitation>
. Geographically, they extend from the 
<typeStatus id="54A8DD99F60BD37BFD36B06FFD0D904C" box="[683,731,1573,1597]" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">type</typeStatus>
locality of the nominate form in the Moluccas, Indonesia to those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFE9CB003FDDF9010" authority="Blyth, 1863" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1863" box="[257,521,1608,1633]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horsfieldii">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFE9CB003FEA29010" box="[257,372,1609,1633]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">horsfieldii</emphasis>
Blyth, 1863
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFDD7B003FD139010" box="[586,709,1609,1633]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">ceylonense</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF60BD37BFD4CB002FC519010" author="Andersen" box="[721,903,1608,1633]" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" refString="Andersen, K. (1918) Diagnoses of new bats of the families Rhinolophidae and Megadermatidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2, 374 - 384. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931808562380" type="journal article" year="1918">Andersen, 1918</bibRefCitation>
described from western India and Sri Lanka respectively (
<figureCitation id="13287FBEF60BD37BFEB2B026FEA090F4" box="[303,374,1644,1669]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,908,930]" captionTargetBox="[158,1436,193,879]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,886]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Type locality of E. thongareeae gen. sp. nov. and the currently known distribution of C. cor (horizontal lines), L. frons (vertical lines), M. lyra (diagonal lines, top left to bottom right), M. spasma (diagonal lines, bottom left to top right) and M. gigas (squares in Australia) based on data in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The type localities of all synonyms are indicated and assigned to their respective species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238889/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Of the synonyms which are most adjacent to the 
<typeStatus id="54A8DD99F60BD37BFC22B027FC3990F4" box="[959,1007,1645,1669]" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">type</typeStatus>
locality of 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFBE9B027FAF190F4" box="[1140,1319,1645,1669]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFBE9B027FAF590F4" box="[1140,1315,1645,1669]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">E. thongareeae</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the forms 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFF0AB0DBFF2590D8" box="[151,243,1681,1705]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">abditum</emphasis>
Chasen, 1940 and 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFE4CB0DBFDFC90D8" box="[465,554,1681,1705]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">medium</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF60BD37BFDAEB0DAFD3090D8" author="Andersen" box="[563,742,1680,1705]" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" refString="Andersen, K. (1918) Diagnoses of new bats of the families Rhinolophidae and Megadermatidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2, 374 - 384. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931808562380" type="journal article" year="1918">Andersen, 1918</bibRefCitation>
from peninsular Malaysia and Singapore respectively, differ only in minor size differences from typical 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFD16B0FFFD0990BD" box="[651,735,1717,1740]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFD16B0FFFD0990BD" box="[651,735,1717,1740]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Of the Indonesian forms, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFB8AB0FFFAD490BC" authority="Lyon, 1916" authorityName="Lyon" authorityYear="1916" box="[1047,1282,1716,1741]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siumatis">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFB8AB0FFFBA290BD" box="[1047,1140,1717,1740]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">siumatis</emphasis>
Lyon, 1916
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFA92B0FFFF049080" authority="Lyon, 1916" authorityName="Lyon" authorityYear="1916" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lasiae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFA92B0FFFA8490BC" box="[1295,1362,1717,1741]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">lasiae</emphasis>
Lyon, 1916
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFE8FB093FEA49081" box="[274,370,1753,1776]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">niasense</emphasis>
Lyon, 1916 are island races, located off the west coast of Sumatra, that exhibit some small variations in external, cranial and dental dimensions. In Java, the form 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFC42B0B7FAA89164" authority="Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1810" authorityName="Geoffroy St. Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[991,1406,1788,1813]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trifolium">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFC42B0B7FB979164" box="[991,1089,1789,1813]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">trifolium</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF60BD37BFBD1B0B6FAA89164" author="Geoffroy" box="[1100,1406,1788,1813]" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" refString="Geoffroy St. Hilaire, E. (1810) Sur les phyllostomes et les megadermes. Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 15, 157 - 198." type="journal article" year="1810">Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1810</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is considered to represent typical 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFD94B16BFD519149" box="[521,647,1825,1848]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFD94B16BFD519149" box="[521,647,1825,1848]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the basis of descriptions included in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF60BD37BFBEFB16AFF32912C" author="Andersen" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" refString="Andersen, K. &amp; Wroughton, R. C. (1907) On the bats of the family Megadermatidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 19, 129 - 145. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930709487243" type="journal article" year="1907">Andersen and Wroughton (1907)</bibRefCitation>
. Specimens referred to the taxon 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFDFAB10FFCDA912C" box="[615,780,1861,1885]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">pangandarana</emphasis>
Sody, 1936 average slightly larger than typical 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFAAEB10FFA43912C" box="[1331,1429,1861,1885]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trifolium">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFAAEB10FFA43912C" box="[1331,1429,1861,1885]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">trifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The taxon 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFE90B123FDC691F0" authority="Miller, 1906" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1906" box="[269,528,1896,1921]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carimatae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFE90B123FEA991F1" box="[269,383,1897,1920]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">carimatae</emphasis>
Miller, 1906
</taxonomicName>
from Karimata Island, west of Borneo is a typical 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFBD9B123FB4E91F1" box="[1092,1176,1897,1920]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFBD9B123FB4E91F1" box="[1092,1176,1897,1920]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but with slightly larger ears. The taxon 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFED6B1C7FCD791D4" authority="Andersen &amp; Wroughton, 1907" authorityName="Andersen &amp; Wroughton" authorityYear="1907" box="[331,769,1932,1957]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natunae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFED6B1C7FE7391D5" box="[331,421,1933,1956]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">natunae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF60BD37BFE31B1C6FCD791D4" author="Andersen" box="[428,769,1932,1957]" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" refString="Andersen, K. &amp; Wroughton, R. C. (1907) On the bats of the family Megadermatidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 19, 129 - 145. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930709487243" type="journal article" year="1907">Andersen &amp; Wroughton, 1907</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was described on the basis of one specimen collected from Bungaran Island, off the north-west coast of Borneo. It is very large. However, the cranial and dental morphology clearly shows that it belongs to 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F60BD37BFE68B19CFD85919C" box="[501,595,2006,2029]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="545">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F60BD37BFE68B19CFD9D919C" box="[501,587,2006,2029]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">spasma</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
this agrees with the previous findings of 
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF60BD37BFB80B19CFB4B919C" author="Tate" box="[1053,1181,2005,2029]" pageId="17" pageNumber="545" refString="Tate, G. H. H. (1941) Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 36, Remarks on some Old World leaf-nosed bats. American Museum Novitates, 1140, 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1941">Tate (1941)</bibRefCitation>
. On mainland Borneo, the form 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FF61B6D2FE8896C1" box="[252,350,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">kinabalu</emphasis>
Chasen, 1940 differs only from typical 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F608D378FC84B6D3FCBB96C1" box="[793,877,153,176]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FC84B6D3FCBB96C1" box="[793,877,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in minor size differences; and the form 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F608D378FAB4B6D2FEE596A5" authority="Shamel, 1940" authorityName="Shamel" authorityYear="1940" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="spasma" subSpecies="celebensis">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FAB4B6D2FA4A96C1" box="[1321,1436,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">celebensis</emphasis>
Shamel, 1940
</taxonomicName>
from Sulawesi was described on minor differences in size and colour. According to 
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF608D378FA9DB6F6FEBC9689" author="Andersen" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" refString="Andersen, K. &amp; Wroughton, R. C. (1907) On the bats of the family Megadermatidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 19, 129 - 145. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930709487243" type="journal article" year="1907">Andersen and Wroughton (1907)</bibRefCitation>
, specimens referable to the taxon 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F608D378FD70B6AAFB8A9689" authority="Waterhouse, 1843" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1843" box="[749,1116,223,248]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="philippinensis">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FD70B6AAFC5C9689" box="[749,906,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">philippinensis</emphasis>
Waterhouse, 1843
</taxonomicName>
from the Philippines are ‘in every respect indistinguishable from Celebes individuals.’ On mainland Southeast Asia, 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FB07B74FFB0B976D" box="[1178,1245,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">minus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF608D378FB7AB74EFA4A976D" author="Andersen" box="[1255,1436,260,285]" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" refString="Andersen, K. (1918) Diagnoses of new bats of the families Rhinolophidae and Megadermatidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2, 374 - 384. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931808562380" type="journal article" year="1918">Andersen, 1918</bibRefCitation>
from Cambodia, as the name suggests, is small. In Myanmar, the taxon 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FC4DB762FBC5974E" box="[976,1043,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">majus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF608D378FB81B76DFB199731" author="Andersen" box="[1052,1231,295,320]" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" refString="Andersen, K. (1918) Diagnoses of new bats of the families Rhinolophidae and Megadermatidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2, 374 - 384. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931808562380" type="journal article" year="1918">Andersen, 1918</bibRefCitation>
, despite its larger size is clearly referable to 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F608D378FE75B707FDEA9715" box="[488,572,333,356]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FE75B707FDEA9715" box="[488,572,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the basis of its cranial and dental morphology; it was considered indistinguishable from the Indian taxon 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F608D378FDEEB73AFCAA97F9" authority="Blyth, 1863" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1863" box="[627,892,367,392]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horsfieldii">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FDEEB73AFD3097F9" box="[627,742,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">horsfieldii</emphasis>
Blyth, 1863
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF608D378FC2CB725FB9D97F9" author="Sinha" box="[945,1099,367,392]" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" refString="Sinha, Y. P. (1977) Taxonomic status of Megaderma spasma majus Andersen (Chiroptera: Megadermatidae). Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 74, 156 - 157." type="journal article" year="1977">Sinha (1977)</bibRefCitation>
. The Sri Lankan 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FABCB73AFA4A97F9" box="[1313,1436,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">ceylonense</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF608D378FF0AB7DEFE9E97DD" author="Andersen" box="[151,328,404,429]" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" refString="Andersen, K. (1918) Diagnoses of new bats of the families Rhinolophidae and Megadermatidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2, 374 - 384. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931808562380" type="journal article" year="1918">Andersen, 1918</bibRefCitation>
is a small race of 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FD89B7DFFDB997DD" box="[532,623,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F608D378FD89B7DFFDBA97DD" box="[532,620,405,428]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">spasma</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF608D378FF5AB7F2FD0B94BC" blockId="18.[151,1436,151,933]" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">
In terms of echolocation, the call characters of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F608D378FD43B7F3FC5C97A1" box="[734,906,440,464]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FD43B7F3FC5C97A1" box="[734,906,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">E. thongareeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are generally similar to those of the sympatric 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F608D378FF0AB797FEC69785" box="[151,272,477,500]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FF0AB797FEC69785" box="[151,272,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FEDAB797FE769785" box="[327,416,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F608D378FEDAB797FE4A9785" box="[327,412,476,500]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">M. lyra</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which is also known to occur in peninsular Thailand. The call records of individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F608D378FAE0B797FF129469" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FAE0B797FF129469" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">M. lyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n=2) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F608D378FEDFB44BFE6A9469" box="[322,444,513,536]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FEDFB44BFE6A9469" box="[322,444,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Thailand (n=1) and India (n=1) also have multi-harmonic FM signals with four to six strong harmonics (PS unpublished data). However, the 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FCA9B46EFCA1944D" box="[820,887,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">fmaxe</emphasis>
of the third harmonic of both species is slightly higher than in 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FEA4B403FE3D9411" box="[313,491,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F608D378FEA4B403FE319411" box="[313,487,584,608]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thongareeae">E. thongareeae</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
In 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F608D378FD92B403FDB79411" box="[527,609,584,608]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FD92B403FDB79411" box="[527,609,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">M. lyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the maximum energy sometimes lies in either the second harmonic, with a 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FF2FB426FF2394F5" box="[178,245,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">fmaxe</emphasis>
of 41.4–49.9 kHz (mean±SD: 44.1±2.3 kHz) or third harmonic with an 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FBEAB426FB6C94F5" box="[1143,1210,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">fmaxe</emphasis>
of 58.3–68.5 kHz (mean±SD: 64.2±3.2 kHz). In 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F608D378FE65B4DBFDA294D9" box="[504,628,657,680]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FE65B4DBFDA294D9" box="[504,628,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">M. spasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the maximum energy is usually found in the third harmonic, with an 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FF0AB4FEFF0C94BD" box="[151,218,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">fmaxe</emphasis>
of 56.5–65.9 kHz (mean±SD: 59.8±3.9 kHz).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAC633BF608D378FF5AB492FD8F95D5" blockId="18.[151,1436,151,933]" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">
In the Australian 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F608D378FE09B493FD669481" authority="Nelson (1989)" authorityName="Nelson" authorityYear="1989" box="[404,688,727,752]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Macroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FE09B493FE2C949E" box="[404,506,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">M. gigas</emphasis>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF608D378FD91B49DFD669481" author="Nelson" box="[524,688,727,752]" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" refString="Nelson, J. E. (1989) Megadermatidae. In: Walton, D. W. &amp; Richardson, B. J. (Eds.), Fauna of Australia Volume B Mammalia. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, pp. 852 - 856." type="book chapter" year="1989">Nelson (1989)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
summarised the call characters of this species as having a low intensity and frequency of the first harmonic with an 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FD70B4B6FCF59565" box="[749,803,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">fmax</emphasis>
of about 20 kHz. The maximum energy is in the second and third harmonic with an 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FE6EB56AFDE09549" box="[499,566,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">fmaxe</emphasis>
during the prey catching flight of about 60 kHz. The African species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F608D378FF0AB50EFE8D952D" box="[151,347,836,860]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Cardioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cor">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FF0AB50EFE8D952D" box="[151,347,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">Cardioderma cor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, uses low intensity broadband and short duration FM sweeps with an 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FB0AB50EFB0C952D" box="[1175,1242,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">fmaxe</emphasis>
of 56.7±11 kHz (
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF608D378FF03B52DFEAA95F1" author="Taylor" box="[158,380,871,896]" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" refString="Taylor, P. J., Geiselman, C., Kabochi, P., Agwnda, B. &amp; Turner, S. (2005) Intraspecific variation in the calls of some African bats (Order Chiroptera). Durban Museum Novitates, 30, 24 - 37." type="journal article" year="2005">
Taylor 
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FF6EB523FEFB95F1" box="[243,301,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">et al.</emphasis>
, 2005
</bibRefCitation>
). For 
<taxonomicName id="4C1318B8F608D378FE5FB522FD9295F1" box="[450,580,872,896]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Lavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frons">
<emphasis id="B967BF29F608D378FE5FB522FD9295F1" box="[450,580,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="546">Lavia frons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, detailed data are not available, although it is known to use low intensity broadband FM signals (
<bibRefCitation id="EF821ECAF608D378FE3DB5C6FD9B95D5" author="Happold" box="[416,589,908,933]" pageId="18" pageNumber="546" refString="Happold, M. (2013) Volume IV: Hedgehogs, Shrews and Bats. In: Kingdon, J., Happold, D., Butynski, T., Hoffmann, M., Happold, M. &amp; Kalina, J. (Eds.), Mammals of Africa. 6 Vols. Bloomsbury Publishing, London, 800 pp." type="book" year="2013">Happold, 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>