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<mods:title id="3307CEFD28A89B34D6782ADFD0780F09">The genus Alekhosara Aristov, 2008 from the Upper Permian of Russia is a possible most ancient representative of the suborder Caelifera (Orthoptera)</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="1B261254FF96FF96FD8FFE16FCBEFDF9" blockId="1.[513,840,591,613]" box="[513,840,591,613]" pageId="1" pageNumber="23">
<heading id="406EA538FF96FF96FD8FFE16FCBEFDF9" box="[513,840,591,613]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="23" reason="2">
<emphasis id="29EDCE46FF96FF96FD8FFE16FCBEFDF9" bold="true" box="[513,840,591,613]" pageId="1" pageNumber="23">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="DC9969D7FF96FF96FDC7FE16FCBEFDF9" ID-CoL="8MPYD" authority="Aristov, 2008" authorityName="ARISTOV" authorityYear="2008" box="[585,840,591,613]" class="Insecta" family="Megakhosaridae" genus="Alekhosara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Grylloblattodea" pageId="1" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="29EDCE46FF96FF96FDC7FE16FD4CFDF8" bold="true" box="[585,698,591,613]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="23">Alekhosara</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7F086FA5FF96FF96FD4EFE16FCBEFDF9" author="Aristov D. S." box="[704,840,591,613]" pageId="1" pageNumber="23" pagination="269 - 272" refId="ref951" refString="Aristov D. S. 2008. New Grylloblattids of the Family Megakhosaridae Insecta: Grylloblattida) from the Permian of Russia. Paleontological Journal, 42 (3): 269 - 272." type="journal article" year="2008">Aristov, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1B261254FF96FF96FE87FEDFFD0FFD01" blockId="1.[265,761,646,668]" box="[265,761,646,668]" pageId="1" pageNumber="23">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="3B89357AFF96FF96FE87FEDFFD0FFD01" box="[265,761,646,668]" pageId="1" pageNumber="23">
<treatmentCitation id="9A383445FF96FF96FE87FEDFFDC2FD06" author="Aristov D. S." box="[265,564,646,668]" page="272" pageId="1" pageNumber="23" year="2008">
<taxonomicName id="DC9969D7FF96FF96FE87FEDFFDC2FD06" ID-CoL="8MPYD" authority="Aristov, 2008: 272" authorityName="ARISTOV" authorityPageNumber="272" authorityYear="2008" box="[265,564,646,668]" class="Insecta" family="Megakhosaridae" genus="Alekhosara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Grylloblattodea" pageId="1" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="29EDCE46FF96FF96FE87FEDFFE80FD06" box="[265,374,646,667]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="23">Alekhosara</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7F086FA5FF96FF96FEF2FEDFFDC2FD06" author="Aristov D. S." box="[380,564,646,668]" pageId="1" pageNumber="23" pagination="269 - 272" refId="ref951" refString="Aristov D. S. 2008. New Grylloblattids of the Family Megakhosaridae Insecta: Grylloblattida) from the Permian of Russia. Paleontological Journal, 42 (3): 269 - 272." type="journal article" year="2008">Aristov, 2008: 272</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="9A383445FF96FF96FDB0FEDFFD00FD01" author="Aristov D. S." box="[574,758,646,668]" page="648" pageId="1" pageNumber="23" year="2013">
<bibRefCitation id="7F086FA5FF96FF96FDB0FEDFFD00FD01" author="Aristov D. S." box="[574,758,646,668]" pageId="1" pageNumber="23" refId="ref986" refString="Aristov D. S. 2013. Urzhumian and Severodvinian Localities. In: Aristov D. S. (Ed.) Fossil" type="book" year="2013">Aristov, 2013: 648</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1B261254FF96FF96FE87FEE7FC2BFD4E" blockId="1.[265,989,701,723]" box="[265,989,701,723]" pageId="1" pageNumber="23">
<typeStatus id="C422ACF6FF96FF96FE87FEE7FECCFD4E" box="[265,314,702,723]" pageId="1" pageNumber="23">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="DC9969D7FF96FF96FE1CFEE4FD19FD4E" authority="Aristov, 2008" authorityName="Aristov" authorityYear="2008" box="[402,751,701,723]" class="Insecta" family="Megakhosaridae" genus="Alekhosara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Grylloblattodea" pageId="1" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulata">
<emphasis id="29EDCE46FF96FF96FE1CFEE4FD95FD4F" box="[402,611,701,722]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="23">Alekhosara reticulata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7F086FA5FF96FF96FDE7FEE4FD19FD4E" author="Aristov D. S." box="[617,751,701,723]" pageId="1" pageNumber="23" pagination="269 - 272" refId="ref951" refString="Aristov D. S. 2008. New Grylloblattids of the Family Megakhosaridae Insecta: Grylloblattida) from the Permian of Russia. Paleontological Journal, 42 (3): 269 - 272." type="journal article" year="2008">Aristov, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1B261254FF96FF96FE87FEACFB91FCBB" blockId="1.[227,1127,756,834]" pageId="1" pageNumber="23">
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS. Tegmen (
<figureCitation id="83A20ED1FF96FF96FD20FEACFCF1FC97" box="[686,775,757,779]" captionStart="Figs 13" captionStartId="1.[265,306,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[229,1119,869,1461]" captionTargetId="figure-124@1.[228,1126,862,1467]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figs 13. Tegmen of Alekhosara reticulata Aristov, 2008, holotype PIN, No 3700/51; Russia, Orenburg Region, Novo-Aleksandrovka locality; Upper Permian, Severodvinian Stage: 1, 2 combined photography of part (1) and counterpart (2), 3 reconstruction." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7167047" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7167047/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="23">Figs 13</figureCitation>
) about
<quantity id="DC61BFB1FF96FF96FCD7FEADFC57FC97" box="[857,929,756,778]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
in length and very similar in shape and venation to that of
<taxonomicName id="DC9969D7FF96FF96FDD3FF49FCB3FCBB" authority="Riek, 1954" authorityName="Riek" authorityYear="1954" box="[605,837,784,806]" class="Insecta" family="Locustavidae" genus="Mesacridites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="29EDCE46FF96FF96FDD3FF49FD20FCB8" box="[605,726,784,805]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="23">Mesacridites</emphasis>
Riek, 1954
</taxonomicName>
(Middle Triassic of
<collectingCountry id="638E52C4FF96FF96FB87FF49FB97FCBB" box="[1033,1121,784,806]" name="Australia" pageId="1" pageNumber="23">Australia</collectingCountry>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1B261254FF96FF95FF6DFF75FB91FF63" blockId="1.[227,1127,756,834]" lastBlockId="2.[227,1127,232,558]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="1" pageNumber="23">
from the family
<taxonomicName id="DC9969D7FF96FF96FE0AFF75FDFFFCDF" authorityName="Zalessky" authorityYear="1929" box="[388,521,812,834]" class="Insecta" family="Pruvostitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pruvostitidae</taxonomicName>
, but following differences are distinct: subcostal area slightly wider and with longer branches (these characters intermediate between
<taxonomicName id="DC9969D7FF95FF95FC34FCB1FBCCFF63" authorityName="Sharov" authorityYear="1968" box="[954,1082,232,254]" class="Insecta" family="Locustavidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Locustavidae</taxonomicName>
and
</paragraph>
<caption id="4FE642DCFF96FF96FE87F985FBD3F9B4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7167047" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7167047" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7167047/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="23" startId="1.[265,306,1500,1522]" targetBox="[229,1119,869,1461]" targetPageId="1">
<paragraph id="1B261254FF96FF96FE87F985FB91FA6F" blockId="1.[227,1127,1500,1577]" box="[265,1127,1500,1522]" pageId="1" pageNumber="23">
Figs 13. Tegmen of
<taxonomicName id="DC9969D7FF96FF96FE6AF985FCBCFA6C" authority="Aristov, 2008" authorityName="Aristov" authorityYear="2008" box="[484,842,1500,1522]" class="Insecta" family="Megakhosaridae" genus="Alekhosara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Grylloblattodea" pageId="1" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulata">
<emphasis id="29EDCE46FF96FF96FE6AF985FD41FA6C" box="[484,695,1500,1521]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="23">Alekhosara reticulata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7F086FA5FF96FF96FD4FF985FCBCFA6C" author="Aristov D. S." box="[705,842,1500,1522]" pageId="1" pageNumber="23" pagination="269 - 272" refId="ref951" refString="Aristov D. S. 2008. New Grylloblattids of the Family Megakhosaridae Insecta: Grylloblattida) from the Permian of Russia. Paleontological Journal, 42 (3): 269 - 272." type="journal article" year="2008">Aristov, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, holotype PIN, No 3700/51;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1B261254FF96FF96FF6DF9A1FB91F993" blockId="1.[227,1127,1500,1577]" box="[227,1127,1528,1550]" pageId="1" pageNumber="23">Russia, Orenburg Region, Novo-Aleksandrovka locality; Upper Permian, Severodvinian</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1B261254FF96FF96FF6DFA4AFBD3F9B4" blockId="1.[227,1127,1500,1577]" box="[227,1061,1555,1577]" pageId="1" pageNumber="23">Stage: 1, 2 combined photography of part (1) and counterpart (2), 3 reconstruction.</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="1B261254FF95FF95FF6DFD5DFB91FEA8" blockId="2.[227,1127,232,558]" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="DC9969D7FF95FF95FF6DFD5DFE90FE87" authorityName="Zalessky" authorityYear="1929" box="[227,358,260,282]" class="Insecta" family="Pruvostitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pruvostitidae</taxonomicName>
); Sc-R area before RS base (but near it) almost twice narrower than R-M area in this place (
<emphasis id="29EDCE46FF95FF95FEFDFD79FE71FEA8" box="[371,391,288,309]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">vs</emphasis>
. these areas almost equal to each other in this place). From
<taxonomicName id="DC9969D7FF95FF95FC73FD79FB91FEA8" authorityName="Sharov" authorityYear="1968" box="[1021,1127,288,309]" class="Insecta" family="Locustavidae" genus="Locustavus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="29EDCE46FF95FF95FC73FD79FB91FEA8" box="[1021,1127,288,309]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">Locustavus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1B261254FF95FF95FF6DFD62FB91FE1A" blockId="2.[227,1127,232,558]" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">
Sharov, 1968 (Middle or Upper Triassic of Kyrgystan) of the family
<taxonomicName id="DC9969D7FF95FF95FCF1FD62FC0AFECC" authorityName="Sharov" authorityYear="1968" box="[895,1020,315,337]" class="Insecta" family="Locustavidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Locustavidae</taxonomicName>
this genus distinguished by tegmen with base of RS and place of MA2 bifurcation located very near each other (
<emphasis id="29EDCE46FF95FF95FED6FD2AFE9AFE15" box="[344,364,371,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">vs</emphasis>
. RS base located in middle or near middle of distance between base of MA1
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1B261254FF95FF95FF6DFDD7FB93FE3E" blockId="2.[227,1127,232,558]" box="[227,1125,398,420]" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">and place of bifurcation of MA2) and with more numerous MA branches (6 or 7 instead 3 or</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1B261254FF95FF95FF6DFDF3FB90FE23" blockId="2.[227,1127,232,558]" box="[227,1126,425,447]" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">
4). From both genera of
<taxonomicName id="DC9969D7FF95FF95FE54FDF0FDADFE22" authorityName="Zalessky" authorityYear="1929" box="[474,603,425,447]" class="Insecta" family="Pruvostitidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pruvostitidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="DC9969D7FF95FF95FDE9FDF0FC6CFE22" authority="Gorochov, 2005" authorityName="Gorochov" authorityYear="2005" box="[615,922,425,447]" class="Insecta" family="Locustavidae" genus="Miolocustavus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="29EDCE46FF95FF95FDE9FDF0FD05FE23" box="[615,755,425,446]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">Miolocustavus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7F086FA5FF95FF95FD75FDF0FC6CFE22" author="Gorochov A. V." box="[763,922,425,447]" pageId="2" pageNumber="24" pagination="178 - 186" refId="ref1072" refString="Gorochov A. V. 2005. Review of Triassic Orthoptera with descriptions of new and little known taxa. Communication 1. Paleontological Journal, 39 (2): 178 - 186." type="journal article" year="2005">Gorochov, 2005</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="DC9969D7FF95FF95FC43FDF0FB90FE23" authorityName="Gorochov" authorityYear="2005" box="[973,1126,425,446]" class="Insecta" family="Locustavidae" genus="Brevilocustavus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="29EDCE46FF95FF95FC43FDF0FB90FE23" box="[973,1126,425,446]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">Brevilocustavus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1B261254FF95FF95FF6DFD9CFD77FD8C" blockId="2.[227,1127,232,558]" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">
<bibRefCitation id="7F086FA5FF95FF95FF6DFD9CFE76FE46" author="Gorochov A. V." box="[227,384,453,475]" pageId="2" pageNumber="24" pagination="178 - 186" refId="ref1072" refString="Gorochov A. V. 2005. Review of Triassic Orthoptera with descriptions of new and little known taxa. Communication 1. Paleontological Journal, 39 (2): 178 - 186." type="journal article" year="2005">Gorochov, 2005</bibRefCitation>
(Middle or Upper Triassic of Kyrgystan),
<taxonomicName id="DC9969D7FF95FF95FCAEFD9CFC7BFE47" authorityName="ARISTOV" authorityYear="2008" box="[800,909,453,474]" class="Insecta" family="Megakhosaridae" genus="Alekhosara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Grylloblattodea" pageId="2" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="29EDCE46FF95FF95FCAEFD9CFC7BFE47" box="[800,909,453,474]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">Alekhosara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
distinguished by same character of RS base, more numerous branches of tegminal
<collectionCode id="7D888A91FF95FF95FCAEFDB8FCB4FE6B" box="[800,834,481,502]" country="0" name="Mohonk Preserve, Inc." pageId="2" pageNumber="24">MP</collectionCode>
+CuA1 (5 instead 2), and less straight proximal branches of tegminal RS.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1B261254FF95FF95FE9DFE41FD59FDB3" blockId="2.[227,1127,232,558]" box="[275,687,536,558]" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">
INCLUDED SPECIES. Only
<typeStatus id="C422ACF6FF95FF95FDBDFE41FDAAFDB0" box="[563,604,536,557]" pageId="2" pageNumber="24">type</typeStatus>
species.
</paragraph>
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