454 lines
54 KiB
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454 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document id="6643B35F218333B844339FD962132128" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3849.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2488e246-5d90-46c0-87e3-89ba0e707c60" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="286831" ID-ZooBank="C8C3BF08-F382-4016-95AA-D0F5FCE58B54" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460880937080" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hume, Julian Pender" docDate="2014" docId="03BF7E62744DFFD3FF180FA5FC068A34" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03849p075.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3849 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Fregilupus Lesson 1831" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="FF86061A744AFFDAFF8F0918FFFD8D1C" masterDocTitle="Systematics, morphology, and ecological history of the Mascarene starlings (Aves: Sturnidae) with the description of a new genus and species from Mauritius" masterLastPageNumber="75" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1698358465268" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="0C000040DC2CC11E6B523AE0DD81CC7F">Systematics, morphology, and ecological history of the Mascarene starlings (Aves: Sturnidae) with the description of a new genus and species from Mauritius</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="986EC76FB0D71CDD88348AD26AAED90A">Hume, Julian Pender</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="9460CE514ED189959A8DF4F2AA09988D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="A2ABB225D44B26166E91F87325FC7F06">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="29D8D3C10FD52BAB1C2C038DE3C998B4">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="A3770375910240F56EF8A6E1DDBFB9CC" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="1DB71ACF30BE64A26423E009A25F5696">3849</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="931F224126E307AEC5DFD91E3A3BF4CD" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3849.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03BF7E62744DFFD3FF180FA5FC068A34" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5678738" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127669324" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5678738" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF7E62744DFFD3FF180FA5FC068A34" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF7E62744DFFD3FF180FA5FC068A34" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<subSubSection id="C30C9CFF744DFFDDFF180FA5FDDC8BCB" box="[151,545,1725,1751]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA9CF74744DFFDDFF180FA5FDDC8BCB" blockId="7.[151,545,1725,1751]" box="[151,545,1725,1751]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<heading id="D0E17818744DFFDDFF180FA5FDDC8BCB" bold="true" box="[151,545,1725,1751]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B9621366744DFFDDFF180FA5FDDC8BCB" bold="true" box="[151,545,1725,1751]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F7744DFFDDFF610FA5FDE18BCB" ID-CoL="4L3Q" authority="Lesson, 1831" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1831" box="[238,540,1725,1751]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Fregilupus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9621366744DFFDDFF610FA5FE8E8BCB" bold="true" box="[238,371,1725,1751]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fregilupus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF87B285744DFFDDFEF40FA5FDE18BCB" author="Lesson" box="[379,540,1725,1751]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Lesson, R. P. (1831) Traite d'ornithologie, ou, Tableau methodique des ordres, sous-ordres, familles, tribus, genres, sous-genres et races d'oiseaux: ouvrage entierement neuf, formant le catalogue le plus complet des especes reunies dans les collections publiques de la France. F. G. Levrault, Paris, 659 pp." type="book" year="1831">Lesson, 1831</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30C9CFF744DFFDDFF180E1CFCD28A24" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BA9CF74744DFFDDFF180E1CFCD28A24" blockId="7.[151,1212,1796,1848]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F7744DFFDDFF180E1CFE688A06" ID-CoL="4L3Q" authority="Lesson, 1831" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1831" box="[151,405,1796,1818]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Fregilupus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9621366744DFFDDFF180E1CFEF88A06" box="[151,261,1796,1818]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fregilupus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF87B285744DFFDDFE840E1DFE688A06" author="Lesson" box="[267,405,1796,1818]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Lesson, R. P. (1831) Traite d'ornithologie, ou, Tableau methodique des ordres, sous-ordres, familles, tribus, genres, sous-genres et races d'oiseaux: ouvrage entierement neuf, formant le catalogue le plus complet des especes reunies dans les collections publiques de la France. F. G. Levrault, Paris, 659 pp." type="book" year="1831">Lesson, 1831</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, p.324.
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<typeStatus id="54AD71D6744DFFDDFE6B0E1DFDEB8A06" box="[484,534,1797,1818]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Type</typeStatus>
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(by monotypy):
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<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F7744DFFDDFD4D0E1DFC4B8A06" authority="Gmelin" authorityName="Gmelin" box="[706,950,1796,1818]" class="Aves" family="Upupidae" genus="Upupa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Upupiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
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<emphasis id="B9621366744DFFDDFD4D0E1DFC998A06" box="[706,868,1797,1818]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Upupa capensis</emphasis>
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Gmelin
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</taxonomicName>
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=
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<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F7744DFFDDFC5E0E1DFE3C8A24" authority="Boddaert. Lophopsarus Sundeval, 1872" authorityName="Boddaert. Lophopsarus Sundeval" authorityYear="1872" class="Aves" family="Upupidae" genus="Upupa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Upupiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="varia">
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<emphasis id="B9621366744DFFDDFC5E0E1DFBAC8A06" box="[977,1105,1797,1818]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Upupa varia</emphasis>
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Boddaert.
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<emphasis id="B9621366744DFFDDFF180E3AFEE68A24" box="[151,283,1826,1848]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lophopsarus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF87B285744DFFDDFEAE0E3AFE3C8A24" author="Sundeval" box="[289,449,1826,1848]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Sundeval, C. J. (1872) Naturalis Avium Disponendarum Tentamen. Forsok till fogelklassens naturenliga uppstallning. Samson & Wallin, Stockholm, i - lxix, 187 pp." type="book" year="1872">Sundeval, 1872</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, p.40.
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<typeStatus id="54AD71D6744DFFDDFD8B0E3BFDC78A24" box="[516,570,1827,1848]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Type</typeStatus>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F7744DFFDDFDCB0E3BFCD28A24" authority="Boddaert." authorityName="Boddaert." box="[580,815,1826,1848]" class="Aves" family="Upupidae" genus="Upupa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Upupiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="varia">
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<emphasis id="B9621366744DFFDDFDCB0E3BFD398A24" box="[580,708,1827,1848]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Upupa varia</emphasis>
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Boddaert.
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30C9CFF744DFFD2FF180E7DFC3F8849" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BA9CF74744DFFDDFF180E7DFCA48ADA" blockId="7.[151,1436,1893,2026]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis id="B9621366744DFFDDFF180E7DFEE38A62" bold="true" box="[151,286,1893,1918]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Etymology.</emphasis>
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A composite word from the old genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F7744DFFDDFD570E7DFC2F8A62" authority="Cuvier, 1817" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1817" box="[728,978,1893,1918]" class="Aves" genus="Fregilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9621366744DFFDDFD570E7DFCCB8A62" box="[728,822,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fregilus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF87B285744DFFDDFCB10E7DFC2F8A62" author="Cuvier" box="[830,978,1893,1918]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Cuvier, G. (1817) Le regne animal distribue d'apres son organisation, pour servir de base a l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction a l'anatomie compare. Vol. 1. Deterville, Paris, 255 pp." type="book" year="1817">Cuvier, 1817</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, chough (now
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<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F7744DFFDDFBF60E7DFAFA8A62" box="[1145,1287,1893,1918]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Pyrrhocorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9621366744DFFDDFBF60E7DFAFA8A62" box="[1145,1287,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pyrrhocorax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), and
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<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F7744DFFDDFADF0E7EFEBA8ABE" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Aves" family="Upupidae" genus="Upupa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Upupiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9621366744DFFDDFADF0E7EFA618A61" box="[1360,1436,1894,1917]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Upupa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF87B285744DFFDDFF180E91FEBA8ABE" author="Linnaeus" box="[151,327,1929,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae. 10 th Edition. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae (Stockholm), 823 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, hoopoe), from the curved bill of the
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<collectingCountry id="F3018FE4744DFFDDFD650E91FCB48ABE" box="[746,841,1929,1954]" name="Réunion" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Réunion</collectingCountry>
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crested starling, which by early settlers on the island was called
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<emphasis id="B9621366744DFFDDFE9C0EB6FEA38AD9" box="[275,350,1966,1989]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Huppe</emphasis>
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(hoopoe) from its crest and stout curved bill.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA9CF74744DFFD2FF480EC9FE788DE4" blockId="7.[151,1436,1893,2026]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis id="B9621366744DFFDDFF480EC9FE538AF6" bold="true" box="[199,430,2001,2026]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Revised Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Only the relevant skeletal elements of
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<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F7744DFFDDFC110EC9FBE58AF6" box="[926,1048,2001,2026]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Fregilupus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9621366744DFFDDFC110EC9FBE58AF6" box="[926,1048,2001,2026]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fregilupus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are described here. For further descriptions of cranial and post-cranial material, see
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<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857442FFD2FC8B098FFC5D8DAC" author="Murie" box="[772,928,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Murie, J. (1874) On the skeleton and lineage of Fregilupus varius. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1874, 474 - 488." type="proceedings paper" year="1874">Murie (1874)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857442FFD2FC3F098FFABD8DAC" author="Milne-Edwards" box="[944,1344,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Milne-Edwards, A. & Oustalet, E. (1893) Notice sur quelques especes d'oiseaux actuellement eteintes qui se trouvent representees dans les collections du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. In: Centenaire de la fondation du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 190 - 252." type="book chapter" year="1893">Milne-Edwards & Oustalet (1893)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857442FFD2FADF0980FF1E8DC9" author="Berger" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Berger, A. J. (1957) On the anatomy and relationships of Fregilupus varius, an extinct starling from the Mascarene Islands. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 113, 225 - 272." type="journal article" year="1957">Berger (1957)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857442FFD2FF7A09A4FE7A8DC9" author="Bock" box="[245,391,188,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Bock, W. J. (1962) The pneumatic fossa of the humerus in the passeres. Auk, 79, 425 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 4082825" type="journal article" year="1962">Bock (1962)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857442FFD2FE4609A4FD798DC9" author="Morioka" box="[457,644,188,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Morioka, H. (1996) The skull of the Reunion starling Fregilupus varius and the Sickle-billed Vanga Falculea palliata, with notes on their relationships and feeding habits. In: Yamagishi, S. (Ed.), Social evolution of birds in Madagascar, with special respect to vangas. Osaka City University, Osaka, pp. 5 - 16." type="book chapter" year="1996">Morioka (1996)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77442FFD2FD1B09A4FCF38DC9" box="[660,782,188,213]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Fregilupus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FD1B09A4FCF38DC9" box="[660,782,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fregilupus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is distinguished from other Mascarene sturnids by the following characters:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA9CF747442FFD2FF4A081DFAC58C79" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FF4A081DFED48C00" box="[197,297,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cranium</emphasis>
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: in dorsal view, rounded, somewhat bulbous posteriorly; frontal narrow; in posterior view, crista nuchalis transversa rounded with distinct prominentia cerebellaris; foramen magnum large; in lateral view, foramen. n. optici small, almost equal in size to fonticuli orbitocraniales; processus postorbitalis elongate.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA9CF747442FFD2FF4A0869FEF88CB1" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FF4A0869FED98C94" box="[197,292,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Rostrum</emphasis>
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: long and narrow with narrow, oval-shaped narial openings; rostrum maxillare narrow and strongly decurved.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA9CF747442FFD2FF4A08AFFC858CE9" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FF4A08AFFECD8CCC" box="[197,304,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mandible</emphasis>
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: rostrum mandibulae narrow and sharply pointed; processus mandibulae medialis small; processus retroarticularis distinct; single large fenestra rostralis mandibulae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA9CF747442FFD2FF4A0B18FB848F7C" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FF4A0B18FEDD8F0B" box="[197,288,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sternum</emphasis>
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: short and wide, particularly at caudal end; processus craniolateralis long and blade-like; spina externa bifurcated, projections narrow; in lateral view, apex carinae reduced; carina sterni shallow; in dorsal view, trabecula intermedia the same distal extent as margo caudalis; fenestra medialis reduced.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA9CF747442FFD2FF4A0B74FC878F99" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[197,890,620,645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FF4A0B74FED28F99" box="[197,303,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Coracoid</emphasis>
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: comparatively reduced in total length; shaft robust.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA9CF747442FFD2FF4A0B89FB6E8E09" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FF4A0B89FED18FB4" box="[197,300,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Humerus</emphasis>
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: robust with straight shaft; proximal and distal ends cranio-caudally flattened; tuberculum ventrale reduced; two pneumatic fossae; pneumatic fossa II completely enclosed and separated from pneumatic fossa I by medial bar; small circular depression on proximal side of tuberculum ventrale; processus supracondylaris dorsalis small with little proximad extension; crista deltopectoralis reduced, shallow in dorsal view.
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</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747442FFD2FF4A0A07FC598E24" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[197,932,799,824]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FF4A0A07FEEE8E24" box="[197,275,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Radius</emphasis>
|
|
: robust; facies articularis radiocarpalis distinctly indented.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747442FFD2FF4A0A5CFDA98E41" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[197,596,836,861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77442FFD2FF4A0A5CFF008E41" box="[197,253,836,861]" family="Carangidae" genus="Ulna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FF4A0A5CFF008E41" box="[197,253,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ulna</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
: impressio brachialis reduced.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747442FFD2FF4A0A70FD248E9C" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[197,729,871,896]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FF4A0A70FE728E63" box="[197,399,872,895]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Carpometacarpus</emphasis>
|
|
: processus extensorius blunt.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747442FFD2FF4A0A94FF118ED4" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FF4A0A94FEF48EB9" box="[197,265,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pelvis</emphasis>
|
|
: extremely robust; ala preacetabularis ilii narrow; ala ischii broad; fenestra ischiopubica large and ovalshaped.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747442FFD2FF4A0ACDFD488929" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FF4A0ACDFEED8EF0" box="[197,272,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Femur</emphasis>
|
|
: robust, particularly at proximal and distal ends; shaft straight with little expansion proximad and distad of mid-length; sulcus intercondylaris deeply excavated; facies articularis acetabularis large; in cranial aspect, sulcus patellaris indistinct proximal to condyles.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747442FFD2FF4A0D27FD0689BC" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FF4A0D27FEBE8944" box="[197,323,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tibiotarsus</emphasis>
|
|
: long and robust; shaft broad and expanded, particularly near distal end; tuberculum retinaculi m. fibularis indistinct; crista cnemialis cranialis broad and expanded; impressio ligamenti collateralis medialis deep emphasising a ridge distal to crista cnemialis cranialis.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747442FFD2FF4A0DB5FC3F8849" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FF4A0DB5FE8289D8" box="[197,383,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tarsometatarsus</emphasis>
|
|
: long and robust; shaft comparatively straight; trochleae not expanded lateromedially; impressio retinaculi extensorii with small bridge; crista medialis hypotarsi large and expended distad; foramen vasculare distale large and distinct; in dorsal aspect, distinct proximal ridge on facies dorsalis; proximal extension of fossa metatarsi I lacking medial ridge; in plantar view, trochlea metatarsi III distinctly larger than trochlea metatarsi II; fossa parahypotarsalis medialis not situated in deep groove.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C30C9CFF7442FFD3FF480C47FC068A34" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747442FFD2FF480C47FC108A50" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FF480C47FEC68864" bold="true" box="[199,315,1375,1400]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
|
There has been considerable confusion over the affinities and provenance of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77442FFD2FB3E0C47FAD68864" box="[1201,1323,1375,1400]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Fregilupus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FB3E0C47FAD68864" box="[1201,1323,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fregilupus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The first account supposedly to mention the bird was penned by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857442FFD2FC910C9CFBF68881" author="Flacourt" box="[798,1035,1412,1437]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Flacourt, E. de. (1658) Histoire de la grande isle de Madagascar. Alexandre Lesselin, Paris, i - xxiii, 192 pp." type="book" year="1658">Flacourt (1658: 166)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
in his list of birds of
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3018FE47442FFD2FA800C9CFA658881" box="[1295,1432,1412,1437]" name="Madagascar" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
|
, where he described a bird called the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77442FFD2FDB50CBFFCEF88DC" authority="(Tiuouch)" baseAuthorityName="Tiuouch" box="[570,786,1447,1472]" class="Aves" family="Coraciidae" genus="Tivouch" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coraciiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tivouch (Tiuouch)</taxonomicName>
|
|
. He merely stated: “
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77442FFD2FC770CBFFBAA88DC" box="[1016,1111,1447,1472]" class="Aves" family="Coraciidae" genus="Coracias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coraciiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tivouch">Tivouch</taxonomicName>
|
|
is the hoopoe, it is speckled black and grey, and has a beautiful feathered crest (my translation)." Newton (in
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857442FFD2FB930CD4FB5C88F8" author="Murie" box="[1052,1185,1484,1509]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Murie, J. (1874) On the skeleton and lineage of Fregilupus varius. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1874, 474 - 488." type="proceedings paper" year="1874">Murie 1874</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) doubted that this was referable to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77442FFD2FEAA0CF7FE628B14" box="[293,415,1519,1544]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Fregilupus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FEAA0CF7FE628B14" box="[293,415,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fregilupus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and considered it to be a description of a true
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77442FFD2FC5E0CE9FBE08B14" box="[977,1053,1521,1544]" class="Aves" family="Upupidae" genus="Upupa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Upupiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FC5E0CE9FBE08B14" box="[977,1053,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Upupa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, the
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3018FE47442FFD2FBD40CF7FB1F8B14" box="[1115,1250,1519,1544]" name="Madagascar" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
|
Hoopoe
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77442FFD2FADF0CE9FEAF8B30" class="Aves" family="Upupidae" genus="Upupa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Upupiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="epops" subSpecies="marginata">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FADF0CE9FEAF8B30" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Upupa epops marginata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which is barely distinct from the Eurasian nominate,
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FC3B0F0DFB9E8B30" box="[948,1123,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77442FFD2FC3B0F0DFBFD8B30" box="[948,1024,1557,1580]" class="Aves" family="Upupidae" genus="Upupa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Upupiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Upupa</taxonomicName>
|
|
e.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77442FFD2FBAD0F0DFB9E8B30" box="[1058,1123,1557,1580]" class="Aves" family="Upupidae" genus="Upupa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Upupiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="epops">epops</taxonomicName>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77442FFD2FBFE0F0CFB168B31" box="[1137,1259,1556,1581]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Fregilupus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FBFE0F0CFB168B31" box="[1137,1259,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fregilupus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was also called the Huppe (=Hoopoe) by the local inhabitants of
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3018FE47442FFD2FD480F2FFCD48B4C" box="[711,809,1591,1616]" name="Réunion" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Réunion</collectingCountry>
|
|
, due to its morphological similarities with the Eurasian hoopoe (long, decurved bill and crest). That
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77442FFD2FD050F44FCF98B69" box="[650,772,1628,1653]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Fregilupus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FD050F44FCF98B69" box="[650,772,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fregilupus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was thought to occur in the Cape and
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3018FE47442FFD2FB3B0F44FAC68B69" box="[1204,1339,1628,1653]" name="Madagascar" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
|
is based in part on mistakes by
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3018FE47442FFD2FE1D0F99FE4E8B84" box="[402,435,1665,1688]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">De</collectingCountry>
|
|
Montbeillard (in
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857442FFD2FDF80F67FCF48B84" author="Buffon" box="[631,777,1663,1688]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Buffon, G. L. L. C. C. d. (1779) Histoire naturelle des oiseaux. Vol. 6. Imprimerie Royale, Paris, i - xvi, 702 pp." type="book" year="1779">Buffon 1779</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 463) and
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857442FFD2FCF40F67FB968B84" author="Levaillant" box="[891,1131,1663,1688]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Levaillant, F. (1807) Histoire naturelle des promerops et des guepiers, faisant suite a celle des oiseaux de paradis. Vol. 3. Chez Denne le jeune, Paris, 52 pp." type="book" year="1807">Levaillant (1807: 43)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, who both believed that the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77442FFD2FF180FBCFF0E8BA1" box="[151,243,1700,1725]" class="Aves" family="Coraciidae" genus="Coracias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coraciiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tivouch">Tivouch</taxonomicName>
|
|
was referable to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77442FFD2FE4D0FBCFDC18BA1" box="[450,572,1700,1725]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Fregilupus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FE4D0FBCFDC18BA1" box="[450,572,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fregilupus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. This erroneous provenance was followed by all subsequent authors, until
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857442FFD2FF180FDFFE828BFC" author="Vinson" box="[151,383,1735,1760]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Vinson, A. (1868) De l'acclimatation a l'ile de la Reunion. Bulletin mensuel de la Societe Imperiale Zoologique d'Acclimatation, Paris: Oiseaux, 2, 625 - 632." type="journal article" year="1868">Vinson (1868: 627)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
asserted that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77442FFD2FDA20FDFFD5A8BFC" box="[557,679,1735,1760]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Fregilupus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FDA20FDFFD5A8BFC" box="[557,679,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fregilupus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was restricted to
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3018FE47442FFD2FC050FDFFC108BFC" box="[906,1005,1735,1760]" name="Réunion" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Réunion</collectingCountry>
|
|
. Therefore, as a result of this misidentification,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77442FFD2FEB40FF4FDFF8A18" box="[315,514,1772,1797]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Fregilupus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="varius">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FEB40FF4FDFF8A18" box="[315,514,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fregilupus varius</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was placed in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77442FFD2FD210FF5FD078A18" box="[686,762,1773,1796]" class="Aves" family="Upupidae" genus="Upupa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Upupiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FD210FF5FD078A18" box="[686,762,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Upupa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
by a number of authorities. However, it was also variously placed amongst birds of paradise and bee-eaters (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857442FFD2FD5F0E17FC4B8A34" author="Levaillant" box="[720,950,1807,1832]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Levaillant, F. (1807) Histoire naturelle des promerops et des guepiers, faisant suite a celle des oiseaux de paradis. Vol. 3. Chez Denne le jeune, Paris, 52 pp." type="book" year="1807">Levaillant 1807: 43</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), choughs (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857442FFD2FBB40E17FB2B8A34" author="Vieillot" box="[1083,1238,1807,1832]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Vieillot, L. J. P. (1817) Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire naturelle, appliquee aux arts, a l'agriculture, a l'economie rurale et domestique, a la medecine, etc. Par une societe de naturalistes et d'agriculteurs. Vol. 8. Deterville, Paris, 602 pp." type="book" year="1817">Vieillot 1817</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 3;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857442FFD2FA8C0E09FA658A34" author="Lesson" box="[1283,1432,1808,1832]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Lesson, R. P. (1831) Traite d'ornithologie, ou, Tableau methodique des ordres, sous-ordres, familles, tribus, genres, sous-genres et races d'oiseaux: ouvrage entierement neuf, formant le catalogue le plus complet des especes reunies dans les collections publiques de la France. F. G. Levrault, Paris, 659 pp." type="book" year="1831">Lesson 1831</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 324), cow-birds or Pastors (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857442FFD2FE430E2CFD748A50" author="Wagler" box="[460,649,1844,1869]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Wagler, J. (1827) Systema avium. Stuttgartiae, Cottae, 411 pp." type="book" year="1827">Wagler 1827: 90</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77442FFD2FD470E2CFC148A50" authority="Gray 1870: 28" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="28" authorityYear="1870" box="[712,1001,1844,1869]" class="Aves" family="Icteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
|
Icteridae (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857442FFD2FCB60E2CFC1D8A50" author="Gray" box="[825,992,1844,1868]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Gray, G. R. (1870) Hand-list of genera and species of birds, distinguishing those contained in the British Museum. Part 2. Conirostres, Scansores, Columbae, & Gallinae. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 278 pp." type="book" year="1870">Gray 1870: 28</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747442FFD2FF4A0E4FFDF58AA4" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|
Although
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77442FFD2FEB80E4FFE4C8A6C" box="[311,433,1879,1904]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Fregilupus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FEB80E4FFE4C8A6C" box="[311,433,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fregilupus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
had been long considered a member of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77442FFD2FCF40E4FFC168A6C" box="[891,1003,1879,1904]" class="Aves" family="Upupidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Upupiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Upupidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, it differs markedly in osteology from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77442FFD2FF180E65FED38A88" box="[151,302,1917,1940]" class="Aves" family="Upupidae" genus="Upupa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Upupiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="epops">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FF180E65FED38A88" box="[151,302,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Upupa epops</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The latter species differs from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77442FFD2FD2A0E64FCE28A89" box="[677,799,1916,1941]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Fregilupus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FD2A0E64FCE28A89" box="[677,799,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fregilupus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
by the following key diagnostic characters and also in morphometrics (see appendix 1):
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747442FFD3FF4A0EDDFDDF8DC9" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,1833]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667442FFD2FF4A0EDDFED48AC0" box="[197,297,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cranium</emphasis>
|
|
: in dorsal view, less bulbous posteriorly; frontal wide; in posterior view, crista nuchalis transversa small with less distinct prominentia cerebellaris; in lateral view, foramen. n. optici extremely reduced compared with large fonticuli orbitocraniales.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747443FFD3FF4A09F9FDA28C01" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1833]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FF4A09F9FED98DE4" box="[197,292,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Rostrum</emphasis>
|
|
: extremely long and narrow, about 2.5 times cranium length, with very small narial openings; rostrum maxillare narrow and strongly decurved.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747443FFD3FF4A083FFDBF8C79" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1833]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FF4A083FFECD8C5C" box="[197,304,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Mandible</emphasis>
|
|
: rostrum mandibulae long and narrow; processus retroarticularis lacks medial projections; single reduced fenestra rostralis mandibulae.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747443FFD3FF4A0868FEB58CCC" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1833]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FF4A0868FEDD8C9B" box="[197,288,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sternum</emphasis>
|
|
: short and narrow, particularly at caudal end; spina externa not bifurcated; in lateral view, apex carinae rounded, not projecting beyond spina externa; carina sterni deep; in dorsal view, trabecula intermedia shorter than margo caudalis.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747443FFD3FF4A08C4FA6B8CE9" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1833]" box="[197,1430,476,501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FF4A08C4FED28CE9" box="[197,303,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Coracoid</emphasis>
|
|
: processus lateralis extends further laterally; sulcus m. supracoracoidei enclosed with a bony bridge.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747443FFD3FF4A08E7FE058F04" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1833]" box="[197,504,511,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FF4A08E7FEE28F04" box="[197,287,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Scapula</emphasis>
|
|
: short and straight.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747443FFD3FF4A0B3DFC298F99" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1833]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FF4A0B3DFED18F20" box="[197,300,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Humerus</emphasis>
|
|
: robust with curved shaft; processus supracondylaris dorsalis small with little proximad extension; crista deltopectoralis distinctly triangular and extends further distad; fossa pneumotricipitalis indistinct; processus supracondylaris dorsalis lacks proximal projection; caput humeri reduced.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747443FFD3FF4A0B97FD368FB4" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1833]" box="[197,715,655,680]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FF4A0B97FEEE8FB4" box="[197,275,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Radius</emphasis>
|
|
: distinct tuberculum bicipitale radialis.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747443FFD3FF4A0BACFD238FD1" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1833]" box="[197,734,692,717]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77443FFD3FF4A0BACFF008FD1" box="[197,253,692,717]" family="Carangidae" genus="Ulna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FF4A0BACFF008FD1" box="[197,253,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ulna</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
: more pronounced extension of olecranon.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747443FFD3FF4A0BC0FD9A8E09" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1833]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FF4A0BC0FE728FF3" box="[197,399,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Carpometacarpus</emphasis>
|
|
: os metacarpale minus extends further distally from os metacarpale majus; processus extensorius sharply pointed, not rounded.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747443FFD3FF4A0A07FE9C8E41" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1833]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FF4A0A07FEF48E24" box="[197,265,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pelvis</emphasis>
|
|
: less robust; ala preacetabularis ilii and ala postacetabularis ilii narrow; more numerous foramina intertransversaria.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747443FFD3FF4A0A71FDBE8EB9" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1833]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FF4A0A71FEED8E9C" box="[197,272,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Femur</emphasis>
|
|
: comparatively robust, with thick shaft and little expansion at distal end; sulcus intercondylaris shallow; facies articularis acetabularis reduced.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747443FFD3FF4A0AB7FB138EF1" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1833]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FF4A0AB7FEBE8ED4" box="[197,323,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Tibiotarsus</emphasis>
|
|
: short and straight; greatly expanded distal end; shaft broad and expanded, particularly proximal to distal end; crista cnemialis cranialis not extended laterally into a hook; pons supratendineus absent.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747443FFD3FF4A0AE1FAF98929" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1833]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FF4A0AE1FE82890C" box="[197,383,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Tarsometatarsus</emphasis>
|
|
: short and gracile; trochleae metatarsi II expanded mediad; impressio retinaculi extensorii without bridge; crista medialis hypotarsi large and expanded distad; single enclosed sulcus hypotarsi.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747443FFD3FF480D27FB6489F4" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1833]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857443FFD3FF480D27FE4E8944" author="Schlegel" box="[199,435,1087,1112]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Schlegel, H. (1857) Handleiding tot de Beoefening der Dierkunde. Vol. 1. Te Breda, Koninlijke Militaire Akademie, 660 pp." type="book" year="1857">Schlegel (1857: 338)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, albeit briefly, was the first person to suggest the sturnid affinities of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77443FFD3FB3E0D27FAD68944" box="[1201,1323,1087,1112]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Fregilupus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FB3E0D27FAD68944" box="[1201,1323,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fregilupus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, followed by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857443FFD3FF340D7CFE608961" author="Hartlaub" box="[187,413,1124,1149]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Hartlaub, G. (1861) Ornithologischer beitrag zur fauna Madagascar's. C. Schunemann, Bremen, 87 pp." type="book" year="1861">Hartlaub (1861: 53)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, who made a detailed study of the skin and placed it alongside the monotypic
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3018FE47443FFD3FA9A0D7CFA618961" box="[1301,1436,1124,1149]" name="Madagascar" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
|
starling genus,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77443FFD3FECB0D9FFE3689BC" box="[324,459,1159,1184]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Hartlaubius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FECB0D9FFE3689BC" box="[324,459,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Hartlaubius</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(now
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77443FFD3FD990D9FFD6C89BC" box="[534,657,1159,1184]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Saroglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FD990D9FFD6C89BC" box="[534,657,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Saroglossa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
). Based on this evidence,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857443FFD3FC4F0D9FFB5A89BC" author="Sundeval" box="[960,1191,1159,1184]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Sundeval, C. J. (1872) Naturalis Avium Disponendarum Tentamen. Forsok till fogelklassens naturenliga uppstallning. Samson & Wallin, Stockholm, i - lxix, 187 pp." type="book" year="1872">Sundeval (1872: 40)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
proposed the generic name
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FF530DB4FE9389D9" box="[220,366,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Lophopsarus</emphasis>
|
|
(=crested starling), but according to the rules of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999), this more appropriate name remains a junior synonym of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77443FFD3FB970DD7FB6F89F4" box="[1048,1170,1231,1256]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Fregilupus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FB970DD7FB6F89F4" box="[1048,1170,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fregilupus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BA9CF747443FFD3FF480DECFC068A34" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1833]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857443FFD3FF480DECFEA38810" author="Murie" box="[199,350,1268,1293]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Murie, J. (1874) On the skeleton and lineage of Fregilupus varius. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1874, 474 - 488." type="proceedings paper" year="1874">Murie (1874)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
made a detailed anatomical study of the only known skeleton of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77443FFD3FBCB0DECFB438811" box="[1092,1214,1268,1293]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Fregilupus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FBCB0DECFB438811" box="[1092,1214,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fregilupus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
held at the UMZC, which confirmed its sturnid affinities. There were originally two spirit specimens of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77443FFD3FBEB0C0FFB23882C" box="[1124,1246,1303,1328]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Fregilupus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FBEB0C0FFB23882C" box="[1124,1246,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fregilupus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
deposited at the MNHN by the natural historian, Julien Desjardins (see below); one was exchanged with the MCZH, and the other was exchanged with the AMNH (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857443FFD3FDA50C47FD318864" author="Jouanin" box="[554,716,1375,1400]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Jouanin, C. (1962) Inventaire des oiseaux eteints ou en voie d'extinction conserves au Museum de Paris. Terre et Vie, 109, 257 - 301." type="journal article" year="1962">Jouanin 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857443FFD3FD6A0C47FC7F8864" author="Miller" box="[741,898,1375,1400]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Miller, M. R. (1941) Myology of Fregilupus varius in relation to its systematic position. Auk, 58, 586 - 587. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 4078667" type="journal article" year="1941">Miller (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
partly dissected the MCZH
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77443FFD3FB530C47FAAB8864" box="[1244,1366,1375,1400]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Fregilupus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FB530C47FAAB8864" box="[1244,1366,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fregilupus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
spirit specimen, and based on the comparative study of the pelvic and pectoral girdles and the syrinx, concluded that it differed little from Eurasian Starling
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77443FFD3FDD70CB0FCEB88DC" box="[600,790,1447,1472]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Sturnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FDD70CB0FCEB88DC" box="[600,790,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sturnus vulgaris</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Despite the earlier conclusions,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857443FFD3FB220CBFFA9B88DC" author="Amadon" box="[1197,1382,1447,1472]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Amadon, D. (1943) The genera of starlings and their relationships. American Museum Novitates, 1247, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1943">Amadon (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
had reservations about the relationships of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77443FFD3FDC30CD4FD3B88F9" box="[588,710,1484,1509]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Fregilupus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FDC30CD4FD3B88F9" box="[588,710,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fregilupus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, suggesting that it might belong to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77443FFD3FBD70CD4FB3E88F9" box="[1112,1219,1484,1509]" class="Aves" family="Vangidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Vangidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but that more data were needed. He disregarded this view after examining skin specimens, and considered it to be a starling, noting morphological similarities with SE Asian
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77443FFD3FD090F0DFC5C8B31" authority="Amadon 1956" authorityName="Amadon" authorityYear="1956" box="[646,929,1556,1581]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Sturnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FD090F0DFD268B30" box="[646,731,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sturnus</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857443FFD3FD610F0CFC648B31" author="Amadon" box="[750,921,1556,1581]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Amadon, D. (1956) Remarks on the starlings, family Sturnidae. American Museum Novitates, 1803, 1 - 41." type="journal article" year="1956">Amadon 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857443FFD3FC3E0F0DFBAE8B31" author="Berger" box="[945,1107,1556,1581]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Berger, A. J. (1957) On the anatomy and relationships of Fregilupus varius, an extinct starling from the Mascarene Islands. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 113, 225 - 272." type="journal article" year="1957">Berger (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
dissected the AMNH spirit specimen and cast some doubt on a sturnid relationship, although he provided little evidence in support of an alternative. He further remarked on suggestions made by Amadon and Ernst Mayr therein, that there might be a possible relationship with prionopid shrikes (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77443FFD3FD1D0F67FCDD8B84" box="[658,800,1663,1688]" class="Aves" family="Prionopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Prionopidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
), so it appears that Amadon was still uncertain about the relationships of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77443FFD3FEC50FBCFE398BA1" box="[330,452,1700,1725]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Fregilupus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FEC50FBCFE398BA1" box="[330,452,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fregilupus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3018FE47443FFD3FE5D0FBCFE0C8BA0" box="[466,497,1700,1724]" name="American Samoa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">As</collectingCountry>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857443FFD3FE770FBDFD708BA1" author="Dorst" box="[504,653,1700,1725]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Dorst, J. (1960 a) Considerations sur les passereaux de la famille des Vangides. Proceedings of the XII International Ornithological Congress, Helsinki, 1958, 173 - 177." type="journal article" year="1960" yearSuffix="a">Dorst (1960a</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857443FFD3FD170FBCFD5A8BA1" author="Dorst" box="[664,679,1700,1725]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Dorst, J. (1960 b) A propos des affinites systematiques de deux oiseaux malgaches: Tylas edwardi et Hypositta corallirostris. L'Oiseau, 30, 259 - 269." type="journal article" year="1960" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) also proposed that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77443FFD3FC080FBCFBFC8BA1" box="[903,1025,1700,1725]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Fregilupus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FC080FBCFBFC8BA1" box="[903,1025,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fregilupus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
might be related to vangas,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857443FFD3FAB30FBCFF1C8BFC" author="Morioka" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Morioka, H. (1996) The skull of the Reunion starling Fregilupus varius and the Sickle-billed Vanga Falculea palliata, with notes on their relationships and feeding habits. In: Yamagishi, S. (Ed.), Social evolution of birds in Madagascar, with special respect to vangas. Osaka City University, Osaka, pp. 5 - 16." type="book chapter" year="1996">Morioka (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
compared cranial osteology with the Sickle-billed Vanga
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77443FFD3FCE40FDFFBD18BFC" box="[875,1068,1735,1760]" class="Aves" family="Vangidae" genus="Falculea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palliata">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FCE40FDFFBD18BFC" box="[875,1068,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Falculea palliata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and concluded that there was no direct relationship. MtDNA analysis has since confirmed that the affinities of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77443FFD3FB840FF4FB788A19" box="[1035,1157,1772,1797]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" genus="Fregilupus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FB840FF4FB788A19" box="[1035,1157,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fregilupus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
lie within
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C16B4F77443FFD3FA8F0FF4FA968A19" box="[1280,1387,1772,1797]" class="Aves" family="Sturnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sturnidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
and that it is distantly related to SE Asian genera (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF87B2857443FFD3FD160E08FC8D8A34" author="Zuccon" box="[665,880,1807,1832]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Zuccon, D., Pasquet, E. & Ericson, P. G. P. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships among Palearctic - Oriental starlings and mynas (genera Sturnus and Acridotheres: Sturnidae). Zoologica Scripta, 37, 469 - 481. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2008.00339. x" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
|
Zuccon
|
|
<emphasis id="B96213667443FFD3FD7A0E09FCD08A34" box="[757,813,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2008
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; see below).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |