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<document id="6B02561E63F68536EDCA5CE13CFF4DBD" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.275119" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ed4c6a69-93b2-4177-888f-cdc9f9a8a327" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="275119" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461103624938" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Medeiros, Matthew J." docDate="2009" docId="C752BC317434FFFA2195FE39FD27FE3B" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02202p047.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2202" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Thyrocopa sapindiella Swezey" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="34" masterDocId="3B6BC4497414FFDB2102FFCAFFACFFFB" masterDocTitle="A revision of the endemic Hawaiian genus Thyrocopa (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae: Xyloryctinae)" masterLastPageNumber="47" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="33" updateTime="1698592259421" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="23249E381BD39E993F67A638D0A6BFF3" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="D71D443B1990D2582FA5804B40F9B131">
<mods:title id="875D639D17626FFF703003DE016511DC">A revision of the endemic Hawaiian genus Thyrocopa (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae: Xyloryctinae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:namePart id="93B1E7217A5E1BE6B2737077F0E04934">Medeiros, Matthew J.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="3E6915B37367FF3C8D7314DC618AC1EA">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:part id="6651E6E70D13B4FAD967195370E890F8">
<mods:date id="2FEC4E24AEB299CDFF600975433616AD">2009</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="F28E3286122C7345479651A343A2E326" type="volume">
<mods:number id="B02590BA4D65178BB08D2DE05163F129">2202</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="B5EFAB6E08338D91B780F96376E587EA">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="EE49D2D4242415F9F1839C85D0D06074" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.275119</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="79D36A543782B47B915D905CDE8A87AA" type="GBIF-Dataset">ed4c6a69-93b2-4177-888f-cdc9f9a8a327</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="2CB75862A059821F6F2BAAC371D2755C" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="35F04CE43160CFC87EA4468C7B5851E2" type="Zenodo-Dep">275119</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="C752BC317434FFFA2195FE39FD27FE3B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6226541" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119622589" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6226541" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C752BC317434FFFA2195FE39FD27FE3B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C752BC317434FFFA2195FE39FD27FE3B" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<subSubSection id="07E15EAC7434FFFB2195FE39FD9EFDF6" box="[151,562,499,526]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="4F440D277434FFFB2195FE39FD9EFDF6" blockId="32.[151,562,499,560]" box="[151,562,499,526]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<heading id="140CBA4B7434FFFB2195FE39FD9EFDF6" bold="true" box="[151,562,499,526]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" reason="1">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357434FFFB2195FE39FD9EFDF6" bold="true" box="[151,562,499,526]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
25.
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47434FFFB21C1FE3EFD9EFDF6" authority="Swezey" authorityName="Swezey" box="[195,562,499,526]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sapindiella">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357434FFFB21C1FE3EFE7CFDF5" bold="true" box="[195,464,500,526]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Thyrocopa sapindiella</emphasis>
Swezey
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07E15EAC7434FFFB2195FDDCFF51FDCB" box="[151,253,534,560]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="description">
<paragraph id="4F440D277434FFFB2195FDDCFF51FDCB" blockId="32.[151,562,499,560]" box="[151,253,534,560]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
(
<figureCitation id="D7C011A27434FFFB219DFDDCFF58FDCB" box="[159,244,534,560]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 45" captionStartId="25.[151,270,1799,1823]" captionTargetBox="[256,1330,194,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[256,1331,194,1775]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 45. Adults of Thyrocopa. 31. T. indecora, Hawaii Island, forewing = 12 mm; 32. T. kanaloa (holotype), Kahoolawe, forewing = 7 mm; 33. T. kea, Kauai, forewing = 15 mm; 34. T. kea, Kauai, forewing = 20 mm; 35. T. kikaelekea, Hawaii Island, forewing = 10 mm; 36. T. kokeensis (holotype), Kauai, forewing = 8 mm; 37. T. leonina (holotype), Lanai, forewing = 9 mm; 38. T. megas, Maui, forewing = 18 mm; 39. T. minor, Molokai, forewing = 9 mm; 40. T. neckerensis (holotype), Necker, forewing = 7 mm; 41. T. nihoa, Nihoa, forewing = 7 mm; 42. T. peleana (holotype), Oahu, forewing = 18 mm; 43. T. sapindiella (holotype), Oahu, forewing = 10 mm; 44. T. seminatella, Kauai, forewing = 11 mm; 45. T. spilobathra, Oahu, forewing = 8 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275122/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07E15EAC7434FFFB2195FDAEFDCBFD80" box="[151,615,612,635]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="4F440D277434FFFB2195FDAEFDCBFD80" blockId="32.[151,1436,612,731]" box="[151,615,612,635]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="6FEB2A097434FFFB2195FDAEFDCBFD80" box="[151,615,612,635]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47434FFFB2195FDAEFDCFFD80" authority="Swezey, 1913f: 274" authorityName="Swezey" authorityPageNumber="274" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,611,612,635]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sapindiella">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357434FFFB2195FDAEFE2AFD80" box="[151,390,612,635]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Thyrocopa sapindiella</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="CE5A2B367434FFFB208FFDAEFDCFFD80" author="Swezey" box="[397,611,612,635]" page="274" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" year="1913">
<bibRefCitation id="2B6A70D67434FFFB208FFDAEFD82FD80" author="Swezey" box="[397,558,612,635]" pageId="32" pageNumber="47" refString="Swezey, O. H. (1913 f) One new genus and eighteen new species of Hawaiian moths. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2, 269 - 280." type="journal article" year="1913" yearSuffix="f">Swezey, 1913f</bibRefCitation>
: 274
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07E15EAC7434FFFB21C5FD4EFC5AFD20" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="4F440D277434FFFB21C5FD4EFE86FD40" blockId="32.[151,1436,612,731]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<typeStatus id="9040B3857434FFFB21C5FD4EFE82FD60" box="[199,302,644,667]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectingCountry id="37EC4DB77434FFFB203CFD4EFDA2FD60" box="[318,526,644,667]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">UNITED STATES</collectingCountry>
: HAWAII:
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357434FFFB2387FD49FD62FD60" bold="true" box="[645,718,643,667]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Oahu:</emphasis>
Niu: 1 Ƥ (slide Z-70-11
<collectionCode id="29EA95E27434FFFB22F8FD4EFBE4FD60" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" box="[1018,1096,644,667]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">BPBM</collectionCode>
),
<date id="3B452BE77434FFFB2562FD4EFB55FD60" box="[1120,1273,644,667]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" value="1910-11-12">12 Nov 1910</date>
, O.H. Swezey (
<collectionCode id="29EA95E27434FFFB21CCFD6EFEB2FD40" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" box="[206,286,676,699]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">BPBM</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F440D277434FFFB2195FD0EFC5AFD20" blockId="32.[151,1436,612,731]" box="[151,1014,708,731]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="6FEB2A097434FFFB2195FD0EFC5AFD20" box="[151,1014,708,731]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47434FFFB2195FD0EFE48FD20" authority="Swezey" authorityName="Swezey" box="[151,484,708,731]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sapindiella">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357434FFFB2195FD0EFE2AFD20" box="[151,390,708,731]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Thyrocopa sapindiella</emphasis>
Swezey
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="CE5A2B367434FFFB20ECFD0EFD4AFD20" author="Zimmerman" box="[494,742,708,731]" page="989" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" year="1978">
<bibRefCitation id="2B6A70D67434FFFB20ECFD0EFD1EFD20" author="Zimmerman" box="[494,690,708,731]" pageId="32" pageNumber="47" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978) Insects of Hawaii, Volume 9: Microlepidoptera. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press." type="journal volume" year="1978">Zimmerman 1978</bibRefCitation>
: 989
</treatmentCitation>
, figs. 649, 664, 690, 692.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07E15EAC7434FFFB2195FCC0FC70FCDF" box="[151,988,778,804]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="4F440D277434FFFB2195FCC0FC70FCDF" blockId="32.[151,1437,778,2003]" box="[151,988,778,804]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357434FFFB2195FCC0FEBCFCDF" bold="true" box="[151,272,778,804]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Diagnosis</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47434FFFB201DFCC0FD8AFCD8" box="[287,550,778,803]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sapindiella">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357434FFFB201DFCC0FD8AFCD8" box="[287,550,778,803]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Thyrocopa sapindiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be separated from
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47434FFFB225EFCC0FC79FCD8" box="[860,981,778,803]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peleana">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357434FFFB225EFCC0FC79FCD8" box="[860,981,778,803]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">T. peleana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07E15EAC7434FFFB21C7FCFAFC10FB7B" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="description">
<paragraph id="4F440D277434FFFB21C7FCFAFCE2FBF7" blockId="32.[151,1437,778,2003]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357434FFFB21C7FCFAFEF6FCB1" bold="true" box="[197,346,816,842]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Description</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357434FFFB206EFCFBFE01FCB1" box="[364,429,817,842]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Head</emphasis>
: Scales light whitish-brown. Antenna ca. 0.6x forewing length; female with short, piliform cilia on ventral side of flagellomere, male unknown. Labial palpus very light whitish-brown; third segment ca. 0.8x length of second.
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357434FFFB233CFCB5FD38FC63" box="[574,660,895,920]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Thorax</emphasis>
: Very light whitish-brown. Forewing length
<quantity id="8803A0C27434FFFB25AFFCB4FB5AFC63" box="[1197,1270,894,920]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
; ground color very light whitish-brown, with a few brown scales scattered throughout; discal area with one very small, faint brownish spot in cell. Hindwing very light whitish-brown.
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357434FFFB224AFC06FC1BFC1E" box="[840,951,972,997]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Abdomen</emphasis>
: Light whitish-brown. Male genitalia not examined. Female genitalia typical for genus, signum long.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F440D277434FFFB21C7FBD2FF4FFBA1" blockId="32.[151,1437,778,2003]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357434FFFB21C7FBD2FEF2FBC9" bold="true" box="[197,350,1048,1074]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Food plants</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47434FFFB2072FBD3FD7FFBC8" authority="Zimmerman 1978" authorityName="Zimmerman" authorityYear="1978" box="[368,723,1049,1075]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Abutilon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357434FFFB2072FBD3FE75FBC9" box="[368,473,1049,1074]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Abutilon</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2B6A70D67434FFFB20EBFBD3FD67FBC8" author="Zimmerman" box="[489,715,1049,1075]" pageId="32" pageNumber="47" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978) Insects of Hawaii, Volume 9: Microlepidoptera. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press." type="journal volume" year="1978">Zimmerman 1978</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, leaves of
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47434FFFB225AFBD3FC64FBC9" box="[856,968,1049,1074]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Sapindus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357434FFFB225AFBD3FC64FBC9" box="[856,968,1049,1074]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Sapindus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Hawaiian = manele) (
<bibRefCitation id="2B6A70D67434FFFB25E6FBD3FA3BFBC8" author="Swezey" box="[1252,1431,1049,1075]" pageId="32" pageNumber="47" refString="Swezey, O. H. (1913 f) One new genus and eighteen new species of Hawaiian moths. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2, 269 - 280." type="journal article" year="1913" yearSuffix="f">Swezey 1913f</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="2B6A70D67434FFFB2195FB8AFF7AFBA1" author="Swezey" box="[151,214,1088,1114]" pageId="32" pageNumber="47" refString="Swezey, O. H. (1954) Forest entomology in Hawaii - an annotated check-list of the insect fauna of the various components of the Hawaiian forests (Vol. 44). Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin." type="journal volume" year="1954">1954</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F440D277434FFFB21C7FBACFC10FB7B" blockId="32.[151,1437,778,2003]" box="[197,956,1126,1152]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357434FFFB21C7FBACFEC4FB7B" bold="true" box="[197,360,1126,1152]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Flight period</emphasis>
: The larva was collected by Swezey in November.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07E15EAC7434FFFB21C7FB47FDD2FB5C" box="[197,638,1165,1191]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="4F440D277434FFFB21C7FB47FDD2FB5C" blockId="32.[151,1437,778,2003]" box="[197,638,1165,1191]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357434FFFB21C7FB47FEF2FB5C" bold="true" box="[197,350,1165,1191]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Distribution</emphasis>
: Oahu. Possibly extinct.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07E15EAC7434FFFA21C7FB79FBCEFE88" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="4F440D277434FFFB21C7FB79FD17FB0F" blockId="32.[151,1437,778,2003]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357434FFFB21C7FB79FE94FB36" bold="true" box="[197,312,1203,1229]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Remarks</emphasis>
: The male in the USNM has not been dissected; but the uncus is visible and is very similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47434FFFB21E8FB11FECFFB0F" box="[234,355,1243,1268]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peleana">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357434FFFB21E8FB11FECFFB0F" box="[234,355,1243,1268]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">T. peleana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see remarks for
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47434FFFB2332FB11FD06FB0F" box="[560,682,1243,1268]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peleana">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357434FFFB2332FB11FD06FB0F" box="[560,682,1243,1268]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">T. peleana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F440D277434FFFB21C7FACBFA22F9F8" blockId="32.[151,1437,778,2003]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<bibRefCitation id="2B6A70D67434FFFB21C7FACBFE01FAE0" author="Zimmerman" box="[197,429,1281,1307]" pageId="32" pageNumber="47" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978) Insects of Hawaii, Volume 9: Microlepidoptera. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press." type="journal volume" year="1978">Zimmerman (1978)</bibRefCitation>
recorded
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47434FFFB2326FACBFC38FAE0" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" box="[548,916,1281,1307]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Agathis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hawaiicola">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357434FFFB2326FACBFCA5FAE1" box="[548,777,1281,1306]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Agathis hawaiicola</emphasis>
(Ashmead)
</taxonomicName>
as a parasitoid of
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47434FFFB256DFACBFABCFAE1" box="[1135,1296,1281,1306]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sapindiella">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357434FFFB256DFACBFABCFAE1" box="[1135,1296,1281,1306]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">T. sapindiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Accroding to
<bibRefCitation id="2B6A70D67434FFFB21B4FAE2FE22FAB9" author="Zimmeran" box="[182,398,1320,1346]" pageId="32" pageNumber="47" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978) Insects of Hawaii, Volume 9: Microlepidoptera. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press." type="journal volume" year="1978">Zimmeran (1978)</bibRefCitation>
, “The caterpillars feed upon leaves. Dr.
<bibRefCitation id="2B6A70D67434FFFB2274FAE2FBC4FAB9" author="Swezey" box="[886,1128,1320,1346]" pageId="32" pageNumber="47" refString="Swezey, O. H. (1913 f) One new genus and eighteen new species of Hawaiian moths. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2, 269 - 280." type="journal article" year="1913">Swezey (1913: 274)</bibRefCitation>
made many observations regarding the eggs and larvae of what he believed to be this species.”
<bibRefCitation id="2B6A70D67434FFFB22BCFA84FB09FA93" author="Zimmerman" box="[958,1189,1358,1384]" pageId="32" pageNumber="47" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978) Insects of Hawaii, Volume 9: Microlepidoptera. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press." type="journal volume" year="1978">Zimmerman (1978)</bibRefCitation>
also wrote “I believe it is highly probable that the eggs described for this species by Dr. Swezey… did not belong to this species or to this genus. It was not stated that larvae and moths were reared from the eggs, and I believe that an error in determination was made.” Swezey’s (1913f) comments regarding the larvae and pupae, reproduced here in their entirety since they are the only detailed account of any immature stages of a
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47434FFFB2554FA23FB78F9F9" box="[1110,1236,1513,1538]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357434FFFB2554FA23FB78F9F9" box="[1110,1236,1513,1538]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Thyrocopa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are as follows:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F440D277434FFFB21C7F9DAFD1DF965" blockId="32.[151,1437,778,2003]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Caterpillars are quite numerous on some trees. Early instars feed on the under surface of leaves, each producing a web covered with frass under which it feeds, eating the surface of the leaf. Latter instars hide in leaves rolled together, often several leaves in a bunch fastened together, and there may be two or more caterpillars per bunch, each in a silken tunnel.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F440D277434FFFB21C7F961FE49F828" blockId="32.[151,1437,778,2003]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Early instars are yellowish or pale green, with two lateral fuscous lines; cervical shield with black lateral margins and black dorsal spots; head with two black spots in front and lateral blackish markings, eyes black. Full-grown larvae are about
<quantity id="8803A0C27434FFFB2302F932FDF0F8E9" box="[512,604,1784,1810]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
; pale yellowish with pale brown markings; most of surface above spiracles more or less brownish; head pale yellowish brown with some darker markings on sides and vertex, eyes black, several black dots in middle of front; cervical shield pale yellowish with several blackish dots dorsally, and two black spots longitudinally placed near each lateral margin; tubercules “i” and “ii” in direct longitudinal line slightly infuscated, “iii” a little above spiracles each with a dark fuscous ring; setae pale; spiracles black slightly oval.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F440D277435FFFA21C7FF52FBCEFE88" blockId="33.[151,1437,152,448]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Pupa
<quantity id="8803A0C27435FFFA2008FF52FEF9FF49" box="[266,341,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
. Medium brown, darker dorsally; tips of wing-sheaths and antenna-sheaths extend a little beyond apex of fourth abdominal segment; a low slightly serrated ridge at apical dorsal margin of metathorax and on abdominal segments; a somewhat interrupted median dorsal ridge on segments 1–4; minute longitudinal ridges on dorsum of abdominal segments, more or less reticulate on the anterior ones; thorax reticulated, somewhat transversely; cremaster with two ventrally curved spines, a minute one near base of each. The pupa is formed within the spun-together leaves where the caterpillar fed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07E15EAC7435FFFA21C7FEB5FD27FE3B" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="4F440D277435FFFA21C7FEB5FD27FE3B" blockId="33.[151,1437,152,448]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357435FFFA21C7FEB5FD96FE62" bold="true" box="[197,570,383,409]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Additional material examined</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357435FFFA2348FEB5FD3CFE62" bold="true" box="[586,656,383,409]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Oahu</emphasis>
: Niu: 1 3,
<date id="3B452BE77435FFFA2216FE4AFC9DFE61" box="[788,817,384,410]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1908-06-27">27</date>
Jun 1908, collector probably Swezey (
<collectionCode id="29EA95E27435FFFA25FAFE4AFAFFFE61" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1272,1363,384,410]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">USNM</collectionCode>
); Niu: 1 Ƥ,
<date id="3B452BE77435FFFA21D3FE6CFEC0FE3B" box="[209,364,422,448]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1910-11-12">12 Nov 1910</date>
, O.H. Swezey (
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).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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