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<document id="051DCE785CBE5B6BAD17BABB0F34F335" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.275119" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ed4c6a69-93b2-4177-888f-cdc9f9a8a327" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="275119" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461103624938" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Medeiros, Matthew J." docDate="2009" docId="C752BC317418FFD62195FEF8FD89F994" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02202p047.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2202" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Thyrocopa apatela Walsingham" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="14" masterDocId="3B6BC4497414FFDB2102FFCAFFACFFFB" masterDocTitle="A revision of the endemic Hawaiian genus Thyrocopa (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae: Xyloryctinae)" masterLastPageNumber="47" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1698592259421" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="856AFDECC7C0DB671712622E85A76149" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="C72EC758163606AE5B1A4F12F999052D">A revision of the endemic Hawaiian genus Thyrocopa (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae: Xyloryctinae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:namePart id="544869138E9E508241D7C083722377C1">Medeiros, Matthew J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="03749F10F8C1A5B58B7E7304BB9EF5EE">2009</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="562C09D468F5ACAA3DEDEA0E3919ACE1" type="volume">
<mods:number id="19ED511F53CE6257E0E0A303229AFE29">2202</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="0F960CDFC844B58238EC468D9D32F559">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="CE5A0AF05A02D230AB84697CD195E399" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.275119</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="C752BC317418FFD62195FEF8FD89F994" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6226485" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119622601" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6226485" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C752BC317418FFD62195FEF8FD89F994" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C752BC317418FFD62195FEF8FD89F994" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<subSubSection id="07E15EAC7418FFD72195FEF8FDE1FEB7" box="[151,589,306,332]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="4F440D277418FFD72195FEF8FDE1FEB7" blockId="12.[151,589,306,367]" box="[151,589,306,332]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<heading id="140CBA4B7418FFD72195FEF8FDE1FEB7" bold="true" box="[151,589,306,332]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="1">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD72195FEF8FDE1FEB7" bold="true" box="[151,589,306,332]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
5.
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47418FFD721B6FEF8FDE1FEB7" authority="Walsingham" authorityName="Walsingham" box="[180,589,306,332]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apatela">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD721B6FEF8FE3AFEB7" bold="true" box="[180,406,306,332]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Thyrocopa apatela</emphasis>
(Walsingham)
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07E15EAC7418FFD72195FE9FFE21FE94" box="[151,397,341,367]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph id="4F440D277418FFD72195FE9FFE21FE94" blockId="12.[151,589,306,367]" box="[151,397,341,367]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
(
<figureCitation id="D7C011A27418FFD7219DFE9FFE81FE94" box="[159,301,341,367]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 15" captionStartId="7.[151,271,1795,1819]" captionTargetBox="[258,1332,185,1765]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[258,1333,185,1766]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 15. Adults of Thyrocopa. 1. T. abusa (holotype of T. immutata), Kauai, forewing = 11 mm; 2. T. abusa, Oahu, forewing = 11 mm; 3. T. abusa, Oahu, forewing = 9 mm; 4. T. abusa, Maui, forewing = 13 mm; 5. T. abusa, Maui, forewing = 12 mm; 6. T. abusa, Maui, forewing = 13 mm; 7. T. acetosa (holotype), Kauai, forewing = 10 mm; 8. T. albonubila, Kauai, forewing = 11 mm; 9. T. alterna, Maui, forewing = 11 mm; 10. T. alterna (holotype of T. adumbrata), Hawaii Island, forewing = 11 mm; 11. T. alterna, Hawaii Island, forewing = 15 mm; 12. T. alterna, Hawaii Island, forewing = 13 mm; 13. T. apatela (macropterous morph), Maui, forewing = 9 mm; 14. T. apatela (brachypterous morph), Maui, forewing = 8 mm; 15. T. apikia (holotype), Molokai, forewing = 14 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275120/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs. 13–14</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="D7C011A27418FFD72038FE9FFE28FE94" box="[314,388,341,367]" captionStart="FIGURES 60 – 74" captionStartId="39.[151,270,1667,1691]" captionTargetBox="[306,1291,197,1645]" captionTargetId="figure@39.[306,1292,197,1646]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURES 60 – 74. Antenna and male genitalia of Thyrocopa; lower left box with detail of uncus, lower right box with detail of sacculus. 60. T. decipiens, Molokai, male, antenna; 61. T. vagans, Kauai, male, antenna; 62. T. kea, Kauai, male, abdomen showing transverse bands of spines (slide LA 59 UHIM); 63. T. indecora, Hawaii Island, male, detail showing very shallowly cleft uncus (slide 07 B 25 BPBM); 64. T. indecora, Hawaii Island, male, detail showing sacculus with scooped-out appearance (slide 07 B 25 BPBM); 65. T. abusa, Molokai, male genitalia (slide 31580 BMNH); 66. T. albonubila, Kauai, male genitalia (slide 07 A 85 BPBM); 67. T. alterna, Hawaii Island, male genitalia (slide Jon # 2 BPBM); 68. T. apatela (intermediate winged specimen), Maui, male genitalia (slide 05 A 97 HALE); 69. T. apatela (brachypterous morph), Maui, male genitalia (slide 19860 BMNH); 70. T. apatela (macropterous morph), Maui, male genitalia (slide 21906 BMNH); 71. T. apikia, Molokai, male genitalia (slide LA 26 UHIM); 72. T. brevipalpis, Kauai, male genitalia (slide 05 A 75 BPBM); 73. T. cinerella, Kauai, male genitalia (slide 08 A 24 BPBM); 74. T. decipiens, Molokai, male genitalia (slide LA 25 UHIM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275124/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">68–70</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07E15EAC7418FFD72195FE68FEE0FDE2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="4F440D277418FFD72195FE68FBB3FE42" blockId="12.[151,1436,418,698]" box="[151,1055,418,441]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="6FEB2A097418FFD72195FE68FBB3FE42" box="[151,1055,418,441]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47418FFD72195FE68FDF1FE42" authority="Walsingham, 1907b: 488" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityPageNumber="488" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,605,418,441]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Hodegia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apatela">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD72195FE68FEE5FE42" box="[151,329,418,441]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hodegia apatela</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="CE5A2B367418FFD72052FE68FDF1FE42" author="Walsingham" box="[336,605,418,441]" page="488" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1907">
<bibRefCitation id="2B6A70D67418FFD72052FE68FD84FE42" author="Walsingham" box="[336,552,418,441]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refString="Walsingham, L. T. d. G. (1907 b) Microlepidoptera. In: D. Sharp (Ed), Fauna Hawaiiensis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 469 - 759." type="book chapter" year="1907" yearSuffix="b">Walsingham, 1907b</bibRefCitation>
: 488
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, plate 14, fig. 2.
<typeStatus id="9040B3857418FFD72212FE68FCE9FE42" box="[784,837,418,441]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Type</typeStatus>
species of
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47418FFD722BEFE68FBB4FE42" box="[956,1048,418,441]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Hodegia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD722BEFE68FBB4FE42" box="[956,1048,418,441]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hodegia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F440D277418FFD721C5FE08FEE0FDE2" blockId="12.[151,1436,418,698]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<typeStatus id="9040B3857418FFD721C5FE08FE9AFE22" box="[199,310,450,473]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
:
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47418FFD72041FE08FDBCFE22" box="[323,528,450,473]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apatela">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD72041FE08FDBCFE22" box="[323,528,450,473]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Thyrocopa apatela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<collectingCountry id="37EC4DB77418FFD72321FE08FD5DFE22" box="[547,753,450,473]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">UNITED STATES</collectingCountry>
: HAWAII:
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD72267FE08FC0EFE21" bold="true" box="[869,930,450,474]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Maui</emphasis>
: Haleakala 9500’ [
<quantity id="8803A0C27418FFD7257AFE08FB79FE22" box="[1144,1237,450,473]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.896" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="2896.0">2896 m</quantity>
]: 1 Ƥ (slide 3955 BMNH, genitalia and wings),
<date id="3B452BE77418FFD72315FE28FD26FE02" box="[535,650,482,505]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="1896-05">May 1896</date>
, Perkins (BMNH), designated by
<bibRefCitation id="2B6A70D67418FFD72507FE28FB60FE02" author="Zimmerman" box="[1029,1228,482,505]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978) Insects of Hawaii, Volume 9: Microlepidoptera. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press." type="journal volume" year="1978">Zimmerman 1978</bibRefCitation>
: figs. 645, 950 (as “
<typeStatus id="9040B3857418FFD721D3FDC8FE9AFDE2" box="[209,310,514,537]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
”).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07E15EAC7418FFD72195FDE8FBACFDC2" box="[151,1024,546,569]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph id="4F440D277418FFD72195FDE8FBACFDC2" blockId="12.[151,1436,418,698]" box="[151,1024,546,569]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="6FEB2A097418FFD72195FDE8FBACFDC2" box="[151,1024,546,569]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47418FFD72195FDE8FDACFDC2" authority="Walsingham" authorityName="Walsingham" box="[151,512,546,569]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apatela">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD72195FDE8FECCFDC2" box="[151,352,546,569]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Thyrocopa apatela</emphasis>
(Walsingham)
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="CE5A2B367418FFD72309FDE8FCA6FDC2" author="Zimmerman" box="[523,778,546,569]" page="937" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1978">
<bibRefCitation id="2B6A70D67418FFD72309FDE8FD79FDC2" author="Zimmerman" box="[523,725,546,569]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978) Insects of Hawaii, Volume 9: Microlepidoptera. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press." type="journal volume" year="1978">Zimmerman, 1978</bibRefCitation>
: 937
</treatmentCitation>
, figs. 645, 650, 650-A.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07E15EAC7418FFD72195FD88FB73FD41" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="4F440D277418FFD72195FD88FE0DFD62" blockId="12.[151,1436,418,698]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="6FEB2A097418FFD72195FD88FE0DFD62" infered="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47418FFD72195FD88FD7AFDA2" authority="Walsingham, 1907b: 506" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityPageNumber="506" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,726,578,601]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mediomaculata">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD72195FD88FE14FDA2" box="[151,440,578,601]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Thyrocopa mediomaculata</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="CE5A2B367418FFD720C0FD88FD7AFDA2" author="Walsingham" box="[450,726,578,601]" page="506" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1907">
<bibRefCitation id="2B6A70D67418FFD720C0FD88FD31FDA2" author="Walsingham" box="[450,669,578,601]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refString="Walsingham, L. T. d. G. (1907 b) Microlepidoptera. In: D. Sharp (Ed), Fauna Hawaiiensis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 469 - 759." type="book chapter" year="1907" yearSuffix="b">Walsingham, 1907b</bibRefCitation>
: 506
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, plate 15, fig. 5;
<typeStatus id="9040B3857418FFD72298FD88FBA5FDA2" box="[922,1033,578,601]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectingCountry id="37EC4DB77418FFD72514FD88FB49FDA2" box="[1046,1253,578,601]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">UNITED STATES</collectingCountry>
: HAWAII:
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD7245AFD88FA39FDA1" bold="true" box="[1368,1429,578,602]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Maui</emphasis>
: Haleakala crater: 1 Ƥ (slide 3899 BMNH),
<date id="3B452BE77418FFD72395FDA8FD51FD82" box="[663,765,610,633]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="1896-10">Oct 1896</date>
, Perkins (BMNH), designated by
<bibRefCitation id="2B6A70D67418FFD7256BFDA8FA81FD82" author="Zimmerman" box="[1129,1325,610,633]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978) Insects of Hawaii, Volume 9: Microlepidoptera. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press." type="journal volume" year="1978">Zimmerman 1978</bibRefCitation>
: figs. 660, 690 (as “
<typeStatus id="9040B3857418FFD72027FD48FE26FD62" box="[293,394,642,665]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
”).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F440D277418FFD72195FD68FB73FD41" blockId="12.[151,1436,418,698]" box="[151,1247,674,698]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="6FEB2A097418FFD72195FD68FB73FD41" box="[151,1247,674,698]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47418FFD72195FD68FDEFFD42" authority="Walsingham" authorityName="Walsingham" box="[151,579,674,697]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mediomaculata">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD72195FD68FE18FD42" box="[151,436,674,697]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Thyrocopa mediomaculata</emphasis>
Walsingham
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="CE5A2B367418FFD7234CFD68FCE0FD42" author="Zimmerman" box="[590,844,674,697]" page="988" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1978">
<bibRefCitation id="2B6A70D67418FFD7234CFD68FCB4FD42" author="Zimmerman" box="[590,792,674,697]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978) Insects of Hawaii, Volume 9: Microlepidoptera. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press." type="journal volume" year="1978">Zimmerman, 1978</bibRefCitation>
: 988
</treatmentCitation>
, figs. 660, 690.
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD722F5FD68FB73FD41" bold="true" box="[1015,1247,674,698]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">NEW SYNONYMY.</emphasis>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07E15EAC7418FFD72195FD22FDC0FC8C" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="4F440D277418FFD72195FD22FDC0FC8C" blockId="12.[151,1437,744,2008]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD72195FD22FEBEFCF9" bold="true" box="[151,274,744,770]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Diagnosis</emphasis>
: Brachypterous individuals are easily recognized; they are the only wing-reduced
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47418FFD725F4FD23FADAFCF9" box="[1270,1398,745,770]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD725F4FD23FADAFCF9" box="[1270,1398,745,770]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Thyrocopa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on Maui. Macropterous individuals can be difficult to separate from
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47418FFD72296FCDAFBB0FCD2" box="[916,1052,784,809]" class="Insecta" family="Xyloryctidae" genus="Synomotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epicapna">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD72296FCDAFBB0FCD2" box="[916,1052,784,809]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. epicapna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on morphology; however, macropterous
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47418FFD72047FCFDFE13FCAB" box="[325,447,823,848]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apatela">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD72047FCFDFE13FCAB" box="[325,447,823,848]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. apatela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
almost always have larger blackish spots on the wings, and they occur at higher elevations on Maui than do
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47418FFD720DFFC97FDC9FC8D" box="[477,613,861,886]" class="Insecta" family="Xyloryctidae" genus="Synomotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epicapna">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD720DFFC97FDC9FC8D" box="[477,613,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. epicapna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07E15EAC7418FFD721C7FC49FEDFF8EC" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph id="4F440D277418FFD721C7FC49FCCDFA6F" blockId="12.[151,1437,744,2008]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD721C7FC49FEF5FC66" bold="true" box="[197,345,899,925]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Description</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD72068FC4EFE06FC66" box="[362,426,900,925]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Head</emphasis>
: Scales light brown to dark blackish-brown. Antenna ca. 0.8–0.9x forewing length; dense, extremely short, piliform cilia surround male flagellomere, though cilia sometimes difficult to see on dorsal side; female with extremely short, piliform cilia on ventral side of flagellomere. Labial palpus mottled very light brown to brown or dark blackish-brown; third segment ca. 0.9–1.2x length of second.
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD7243EFC32FA3FFBEA" box="[1340,1427,1016,1041]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Thorax</emphasis>
: brown to dark blackish-brown. Forewing length
<quantity id="8803A0C27418FFD72202FBD4FCDAFBC3" box="[768,886,1054,1080]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="9.5" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="8.0">8–11 mm</quantity>
for brachypterous morph and
<quantity id="8803A0C27418FFD725FBFBD4FAC3FBC3" box="[1273,1391,1054,1080]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="10.0" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="9.0">9–11 mm</quantity>
for macropterous morph; ground color brown with some darker brown scales scattered throughout; sometimes with poorly defined blackish spots, curving poorly defined whitish band through terminal area, and evenly spaced spots on distal half of costa and along termen at vein endings in macropterous morph; brachypterous morph with fainter, smaller spots and no whitish band or spots along termen. Brachypterous individuals with one lost M vein. Hindwing light brown with small dark area near apex in brachypterous individuals, and dark scales along anal margin in macropterous individuals; fringe brown in macropterous individuals and nearly absent in brachypterous individuals.
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD7234FFAE7FD10FABD" box="[589,700,1325,1350]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Abdomen</emphasis>
: Brown to dark blackish-brown. Male genitalia (
<figureCitation id="D7C011A27418FFD72406FAE7FA3FFABC" box="[1284,1427,1325,1351]" captionStart="FIGURES 60 – 74" captionStartId="39.[151,270,1667,1691]" captionTargetBox="[306,1291,197,1645]" captionTargetId="figure@39.[306,1292,197,1646]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURES 60 – 74. Antenna and male genitalia of Thyrocopa; lower left box with detail of uncus, lower right box with detail of sacculus. 60. T. decipiens, Molokai, male, antenna; 61. T. vagans, Kauai, male, antenna; 62. T. kea, Kauai, male, abdomen showing transverse bands of spines (slide LA 59 UHIM); 63. T. indecora, Hawaii Island, male, detail showing very shallowly cleft uncus (slide 07 B 25 BPBM); 64. T. indecora, Hawaii Island, male, detail showing sacculus with scooped-out appearance (slide 07 B 25 BPBM); 65. T. abusa, Molokai, male genitalia (slide 31580 BMNH); 66. T. albonubila, Kauai, male genitalia (slide 07 A 85 BPBM); 67. T. alterna, Hawaii Island, male genitalia (slide Jon # 2 BPBM); 68. T. apatela (intermediate winged specimen), Maui, male genitalia (slide 05 A 97 HALE); 69. T. apatela (brachypterous morph), Maui, male genitalia (slide 19860 BMNH); 70. T. apatela (macropterous morph), Maui, male genitalia (slide 21906 BMNH); 71. T. apikia, Molokai, male genitalia (slide LA 26 UHIM); 72. T. brevipalpis, Kauai, male genitalia (slide 05 A 75 BPBM); 73. T. cinerella, Kauai, male genitalia (slide 08 A 24 BPBM); 74. T. decipiens, Molokai, male genitalia (slide LA 25 UHIM)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275124/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs. 68–70</figureCitation>
) with uncus scarcely cleft apically; sacculus moderately long, tapering to a point, with a scooped-out appearance. Female genitalia typical for genus; signum long.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F440D277418FFD721C7FA6AFC35F9D4" blockId="12.[151,1437,744,2008]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD721C7FA6AFEF4FA41" bold="true" box="[197,344,1440,1466]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Food plants</emphasis>
: “Bunchgrass? The originally unique female
<typeStatus id="9040B3857418FFD7226CFA6BFC79FA40" box="[878,981,1441,1467]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
was shaken from a tuft of grass by Dr. Perkins” (
<bibRefCitation id="2B6A70D67418FFD7200CFA02FE41FA19" author="Zimmerman" box="[270,493,1480,1506]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978) Insects of Hawaii, Volume 9: Microlepidoptera. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press." type="journal volume" year="1978">Zimmerman 1978</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47418FFD72300FA02FDD6FA1A" box="[514,634,1480,1505]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apatela">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD72300FA02FDD6FA1A" box="[514,634,1480,1505]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. apatela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is likely a generalist, feeding on
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47418FFD7250CFA02FBD3FA1A" box="[1038,1151,1480,1505]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Dubautia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD7250CFA02FBD3FA1A" box="[1038,1151,1480,1505]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Dubautia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other plant species found in the alpine scrub of Haleakala’s high elevation areas. F.G. Howarth reported finding
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47418FFD725DAFA25FAE1F9F3" box="[1240,1357,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apatela">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD725DAFA25FAE1F9F3" box="[1240,1357,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. apatela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae feeding on wind-blown debris under small rocks (
<bibRefCitation id="2B6A70D67418FFD723DCF9DFFC20F9D4" author="Howarth" box="[734,908,1557,1583]" pageId="12" pageNumber="46" refString="Howarth, F. G. (1979) Notes and Exhibitions: Hodegia apatela. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 23, 14." type="journal article" year="1979">Howarth 1979</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F440D277418FFD721C7F9F1FEDFF8EC" blockId="12.[151,1437,744,2008]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD721C7F9F1FEC4F9AE" bold="true" box="[197,360,1595,1621]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Flight period</emphasis>
: May–August. This species is largely diurnal, though specimens occasionally come to light (S.L. Montgomery, personal communication). Typically, adults are collected while hopping between sunny rocks. No adults have been found during colder months of the year, despite extensive searching.
<bibRefCitation id="2B6A70D67418FFD72431F943FF4BF931" author="Howarth" pageId="12" pageNumber="46" refString="Howarth, F. G. (1987) Evolutionary ecology of aeolian and subterranean habitats in Hawaii. Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution, 2, 220 - 223." type="journal article" year="1987">Howarth (1987)</bibRefCitation>
wrote, “the adults hop in the wind and flutter along the ground in a manner similar to dry
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47418FFD7242EF97AFA31F932" box="[1324,1437,1712,1737]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Dubautia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD7242EF97AFA31F932" box="[1324,1437,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Dubautia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
leaves,” and suggested that this behavior helps adults locate suitable oviposition sites in accumulations of windblown leaves.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07E15EAC7418FFD621C7F8E9FB23FF23" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="4F440D277418FFD621C7F8E9FB23FF23" blockId="12.[151,1437,744,2008]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,152,1647]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD721C7F8E9FEF2F8C6" bold="true" box="[197,350,1827,1853]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Distribution</emphasis>
: This species appears to be undergoing severe range reduction. Although it was found as low as
<quantity id="8803A0C27418FFD721B4F881FEA3F89E" box="[182,271,1867,1893]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="1524.0">1524 m</quantity>
in the 1970s, recent collecting indicates it is now restricted to areas above ca.
<quantity id="8803A0C27418FFD725A6F881FAACF89E" box="[1188,1280,1867,1893]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="2900.0">2900 m</quantity>
. This may be the result of the range expansion of introduced ants on Haleakala (
<bibRefCitation id="2B6A70D67418FFD722B1F8BBFB44F870" author="Krushelnycky" box="[947,1256,1905,1931]" pageId="12" pageNumber="46" refString="Krushelnycky, P. D., Joe, S. M., Medeiros, A. C., Daehler, C. C. &amp; Loope, L. L. (2005) The role of abiotic conditions in shaping the long-term patterns of a high-elevation Argentine ant invasion. Diversity and Distributions, 11, 319 - 331." type="journal article" year="2005">
Krushelnycky
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD72566F8BBFB0DF871" box="[1124,1185,1905,1930]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
). Lepidopteran larvae are found in significantly lower numbers in areas on Haleakala with ants compared with areas that have not yet been invaded (
<bibRefCitation id="2B6A70D67418FFD7209BF874FDF6F823" author="Cole" box="[409,602,1982,2008]" pageId="12" pageNumber="46" refString="Cole, F. R., Medeiros, A. C., Loope, L. L. &amp; Zuehlke, W. W. (1992) Effects of the Argentine ant on arthropod fauna of the Hawaiian high-elevation shrubland. Ecology, 73, 1313 - 1322." type="journal article" year="1992">
Cole
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD720DBF875FDB8F823" box="[473,532,1983,2008]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
1992
</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47418FFD7236FF875FCE7F823" box="[621,843,1983,2008]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apatela">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357418FFD7236FF875FCE7F823" box="[621,843,1983,2008]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Thyrocopa apatela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be more vulnerable to extinction by ant predation than other congeners; for example,
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47419FFD623AEFF52FC9FFF4A" box="[684,819,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Xyloryctidae" genus="Synomotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epicapna">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357419FFD623AEFF52FC9FFF4A" box="[684,819,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T. epicapna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is still found in similar dry, windy, scrubby habitats, including some that have large ant populations such as the Kanaha Pond area on Maui.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07E15EAC7419FFD621C7FF2FFE73FBD0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="4F440D277419FFD621C7FF2FFDF4FCB8" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,1647]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357419FFD621C7FF2FFE9BFF04" bold="true" box="[197,311,229,255]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Remarks</emphasis>
: I synonymize the brachypterous and flightless
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47419FFD6226EFF2FFC4DFF05" box="[876,993,229,254]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apatela">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357419FFD6226EFF2FFC4DFF05" box="[876,993,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T. apatela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the macropterous and typically – though not always – volant
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47419FFD620E0FEC6FD1AFEDE" box="[482,694,268,293]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mediomaculata">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357419FFD620E0FEC6FD1AFEDE" box="[482,694,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T. mediomaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for several reasons. First, there is a range of variation in wing size among specimens, though some strongly brachypterous individuals are missing the M-vein in the forewing (
<bibRefCitation id="2B6A70D67419FFD62010FE93FE04FE88" author="Sattler" box="[274,424,345,371]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" refString="Sattler, K. (1991) A review of wing reduction in Lepidoptera. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Entomology), 60, 243 - 288." type="journal article" year="1991">Sattler 1991</bibRefCitation>
). Some individuals, such as specimen 04A22, are fully winged but flightless. And as
<bibRefCitation id="2B6A70D67419FFD62195FE4AFE29FE61" author="Zimmerman" box="[151,389,384,410]" pageId="13" pageNumber="47" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978) Insects of Hawaii, Volume 9: Microlepidoptera. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press." type="journal volume" year="1978">Zimmerman (1978)</bibRefCitation>
wrote, “While this proof was being read, Klaus and Edith Sattler found fully-winged males of this species on Maui…” Second, the genitalia of both species are the same. Third, DNA evidence reveals that macropterous and brachypterous individuals form one, least-inclusive clade. For example, individual 04A22 is macropterous but genetically indistinguishable from brachypterous individuals (Medeiros, in preparation). Fourth, the habitat and collecting localities for these individuals overlap completely, and their resource use, feeding under rocks on dead leaves, is the same. This evidence indicates that there is only one species with considerable variation in flight ability and wing size. When collecting on Haleakala in 1976, Klaus Sattler wrote in his unpublished field notes, “It should be noted that we considered
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47419FFD62195FD7FFEDEFD35" box="[151,370,693,718]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mediomaculata">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357419FFD62195FD7FFEDEFD35" box="[151,370,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T. mediomaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be a macropterous morph of
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47419FFD623FCFD7FFCD6FD35" box="[766,890,693,718]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apatela">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357419FFD623FCFD7FFCD6FD35" box="[766,890,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T. apatela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.” Other Hawaiian
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47419FFD62561FD7FFB5BFD34" box="[1123,1271,693,719]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
show similar variation (Medeiros
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357419FFD62096FD16FE7FFD0E" box="[404,467,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
2009), and
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47419FFD6236BFD16FD49FD0E" box="[617,741,732,757]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apatela">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357419FFD6236BFD16FD49FD0E" box="[617,741,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T. apatela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is likely a species that is undergoing selection for wing reduction and reduced flight ability. These themes will be discussed further, alongside a phylogeny of
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47419FFD62195FCE3FEB9FCB9" box="[151,277,809,834]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357419FFD62195FCE3FEB9FCB9" box="[151,277,809,834]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Thyrocopa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Medeiros, in preparation).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F440D277419FFD621C7FC9AFBD8FC6B" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,1647]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Contrary to the species list in
<bibRefCitation id="2B6A70D67419FFD6232DFC9AFCF6FC91" author="Zimmerman" box="[559,858,848,874]" pageId="13" pageNumber="47" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978) Insects of Hawaii, Volume 9: Microlepidoptera. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press." type="journal volume" year="1978">Zimmerman (1978: 936)</bibRefCitation>
, this species does not occur on Hawaii Island: a
<typeStatus id="9040B3857419FFD62195FCBCFF50FC6B" box="[151,252,886,912]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47419FFD62021FCBDFE58FC6B" box="[291,500,887,912]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mediomaculata">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357419FFD62021FCBDFE58FC6B" box="[291,500,887,912]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T. mediomaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Big Island was misidentified and is
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47419FFD62509FCBDFBC2FC6B" box="[1035,1134,887,912]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abusa">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357419FFD62509FCBDFBC2FC6B" box="[1035,1134,887,912]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T. abusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4F440D277419FFD621C7FC57FE73FBD0" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,1647]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Several decades ago, Klaus Sattler searched for what
<bibRefCitation id="2B6A70D67419FFD62256FC57FBA5FC4C" author="Perkins" box="[852,1033,925,951]" pageId="13" pageNumber="46" refString="Perkins, R. C. L. (1913) Introduction. In: D. Sharp (Ed), Fauna Hawaiiensis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. xv - ccxxviii." type="book" year="1913">Perkins (1913)</bibRefCitation>
described as “one or two similar forms” on the “open lower slopes” of Molokai for another flightless
<taxonomicName id="88FB76A47419FFD622D1FC0EFBFFFC26" box="[979,1107,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357419FFD622D1FC0EFBFFFC26" box="[979,1107,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Thyrocopa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but was unable to locate a specimen. This species, if it in fact existed (and it was apparently never collected by Perkins), may now be extinct due to ant predation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07E15EAC7419FFD621C7FBFDFD89F994" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="4F440D277419FFD621C7FBFDFD89F994" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,1647]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357419FFD621C7FBFDFD96FBAA" bold="true" box="[197,570,1079,1105]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Additional material examined</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="37EC4DB77419FFD62348FBF2FC84FBA9" box="[586,808,1080,1106]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">UNITED STATES</collectingCountry>
: HAWAII:
<emphasis id="7D8FD1357419FFD6229DFBFDFC4EFBAA" bold="true" box="[927,994,1079,1105]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Maui</emphasis>
: East Maui, Haleakala National Park, Halemau’u Trail, 7400’ [
<quantity id="8803A0C27419FFD620B8FB94FDB0FB83" box="[442,540,1118,1144]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.256" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="2256.0">2256 m</quantity>
]: 1 3,
<date id="3B452BE77419FFD62368FB94FD2BFB83" box="[618,647,1118,1144]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1976-07-27">27</date>
Jul 1976, K. &amp; E. Sattler (
<collectionCode id="29EA95E27419FFD622C3FB94FB8CFB83" box="[961,1056,1118,1144]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">BMNH</collectionCode>
); East Maui, Haleakala National Park, Sliding Sands Trail, 7450’ [
<quantity id="8803A0C27419FFD6232FFB4FFD3DFB64" box="[557,657,1157,1183]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.271" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="2271.0">2271 m</quantity>
]: 1 3 (slide 21906),
<date id="3B452BE77419FFD6228FFB4FFBB2FB64" box="[909,1054,1157,1183]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1976-07-27">27 Jul 1976</date>
, K. &amp; E. Sattler (
<collectionCode id="29EA95E27419FFD625F0FB4FFAFFFB64" box="[1266,1363,1157,1183]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">BMNH</collectionCode>
); East Maui, Haleakala National Park, Sliding Sands Trail, 9750’ [
<quantity id="8803A0C27419FFD62258FB66FC11FB3D" box="[858,957,1196,1222]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.972" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="2972.0">2972 m</quantity>
]: 8 3 (slide 28762), 3 Ƥ,
<date id="3B452BE77419FFD625ECFB66FF79FB17" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1976-07-26" valueMax="1976-08-29" valueMin="1976-07-26">26 Jul–29 Aug 1976</date>
, K. &amp; E. Sattler (
<collectionCode id="29EA95E27419FFD620A1FB18FDADFB17" box="[419,513,1234,1260]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">BMNH</collectionCode>
); Haleakala, 10,000’ [
<quantity id="8803A0C27419FFD62207FB18FCCBFB17" box="[773,871,1234,1260]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="3048.0">3048 m</quantity>
]: 1 3 (slide 19860
<collectionCode id="29EA95E27419FFD62548FB18FB0BFB17" box="[1098,1191,1234,1260]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">BMNH</collectionCode>
),
<date id="3B452BE77419FFD625B9FB18FAF0FB17" box="[1211,1372,1234,1260]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1965-05-17">17 May 1965</date>
, J.W. Beardsley (
<collectionCode id="29EA95E27419FFD62019FB33FED6FAE8" box="[283,378,1273,1299]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">BMNH</collectionCode>
); Haleakala National Park, Kapalaoa,
<quantity id="8803A0C27419FFD6223AFB33FC3FFAE8" box="[824,915,1273,1299]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2199999999999998" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="2220.0">2220 m</quantity>
, night collecting: 5 3, 4 Ƥ,
<date id="3B452BE77419FFD625D8FB33FA3BFAE8" box="[1242,1431,1273,1299]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1976-06-17" valueMax="1976-06-20" valueMin="1976-06-17">17–20 Jun 1976</date>
, F.G. Howarth (
<collectionCode id="29EA95E27419FFD62046FAEAFE30FAC1" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" box="[324,412,1312,1338]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">BPBM</collectionCode>
); Haleakala National Park, Kapalaoa,
<quantity id="8803A0C27419FFD6225FFAEAFC15FAC1" box="[861,953,1312,1338]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2199999999999998" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="2220.0">2220 m</quantity>
, night collecting: 1 3, 1 Ƥ,
<date id="3B452BE77419FFD62406FAEAFA3BFAC1" box="[1284,1431,1312,1338]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1976-06-17">17 Jun 1976</date>
, F.G. Howarth (
<collectionCode id="29EA95E27419FFD62044FA8CFE0EFA9B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[326,418,1350,1376]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">USNM</collectionCode>
); Haleakala National Park, Sliding Sands Tr.: 3 3 (slide 04A22),
<date id="3B452BE77419FFD625B0FA8CFA3BFA9B" box="[1202,1431,1350,1376]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2004-07-11" valueMax="2004-07-25" valueMin="2004-07-11">11 Jul–25 Jul 2004</date>
, M.J. Medeiros (
<collectionCode id="29EA95E27419FFD62053FAA7FE0AFA7C" box="[337,422,1389,1415]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5a6z-zevm" name="Haleakala National Park" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">HALE</collectionCode>
); Haleakala National Park, Sliding Sands Tr.,
<quantity id="8803A0C27419FFD622BDFAA7FBB0FA7C" box="[959,1052,1389,1415]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.63" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="2630.0">2630 m</quantity>
: 3 3,
<date id="3B452BE77419FFD62560FAA7FBD3FA7C" box="[1122,1151,1389,1415]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1976-06-17">17</date>
Jun 1976, F.G. Howarth &amp; R. Rice (
<collectionCode id="29EA95E27419FFD6201EFA5EFED8FA55" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" box="[284,372,1428,1454]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">BPBM</collectionCode>
); Haleakala National Park, Sliding Sands Tr, 9600’ [
<quantity id="8803A0C27419FFD622D5FA5EFB95FA55" box="[983,1081,1428,1454]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.926" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="2926.0">2926 m</quantity>
]: 1 3 (slide 05A97), 1Ƥ (slide 05A98),
<date id="3B452BE77419FFD62002FA70FE3FFA2F" box="[256,403,1466,1492]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2005-06-13">13 Jun 2005</date>
, M.J. Medeiros (
<collectionCode id="29EA95E27419FFD6235EFA70FD1DFA2F" box="[604,689,1466,1492]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5a6z-zevm" name="Haleakala National Park" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">HALE</collectionCode>
); Haleakala National Park, Sliding Sands Tr.: 4 3, 1Ƥ,
<date id="3B452BE77419FFD62443FA70FF7BFA00" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2006-05-24">24 May 2006</date>
, M.J. Medeiros (
<collectionCode id="29EA95E27419FFD620AAFA2BFDACFA00" box="[424,512,1505,1531]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5a6z-zevm" name="Haleakala National Park" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">HALE</collectionCode>
); Haleakala National Park, west slope crater rim: 1 3, 1Ƥ,
<date id="3B452BE77419FFD625DDFA2BFAD5FA00" box="[1247,1401,1505,1531]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2003-06-23">23 Jun 2003</date>
, P. Krushelnycky (
<collectionCode id="29EA95E27419FFD6204CF9C2FE0BF9D9" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:1013" box="[334,423,1544,1570]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:1013" name="Essig Museum of Entomology" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">EMEC</collectionCode>
); Haleakala National Park, west slope crater rim,
<quantity id="8803A0C27419FFD622FEF9C2FBF6F9D9" box="[1020,1114,1544,1570]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="2800.0">2800 m</quantity>
, pitfall trap: 13 3, 8 Ƥ,
<date id="3B452BE77419FFD6247CF9C2FEAFF9B3" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2003-06-28">28 Jun 2003</date>
–
<date id="3B452BE77419FFD62010F9E4FE0CF9B3" box="[274,416,1582,1608]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1004-07-24">24 Jul 1004</date>
, P. Krushelnycky (
<collectionCode id="29EA95E27419FFD6237CF9E4FD7AF9B3" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" box="[638,726,1582,1608]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">BPBM</collectionCode>
); Kaupo Gap ridge, Haleakala, 5000’ [
<quantity id="8803A0C27419FFD625A3F9E4FAAFF9B3" box="[1185,1283,1582,1608]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="1524.0">1524 m</quantity>
]: 2 3,
<date id="3B452BE77419FFD62456F9E4FADDF9B3" box="[1364,1393,1582,1608]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1976-07-10">10</date>
Jul 1976, S.L. Montgomery (
<collectionCode id="29EA95E27419FFD620C3F99FFDB5F994" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" box="[449,537,1621,1647]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">BPBM</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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