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<mods:title id="2FD912A8BA8E302D77440270721E6317">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CEEC945027ACFB69" ID-CoL="92HHT" authority="Holland, 1892" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1892" box="[151,442,1579,1605]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Osmodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CEEC945027ACFB69" bold="true" box="[151,442,1579,1605]" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CEEC94502712FB69" bold="true" box="[151,260,1579,1605]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Osmodes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFBBB128CF70945027ACFB69" author="Holland" box="[267,442,1579,1605]" pageId="27" pageNumber="246" refString="Holland, W. J. (1892) Description of some new species of African Lepidoptera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 10 (58), 284 - 295. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939208677410" type="journal article" year="1892">
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFBBB128CF7094502764FB69" box="[267,370,1579,1605]" name="Netherlands" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Holland</collectingCountry>
, 1892
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFBBB128CEEC940A2301FBDA" blockId="27.[151,1436,1649,1782]" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">
This primarily West African genus was reviewed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFBBB128CC9E940A256BFBA6" author="Miller" box="[741,893,1649,1674]" pageId="27" pageNumber="247" refString="Miller, L. D. (1964) A review of the genus Osmodes Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 89, 227 - 303, pls. 27 - 30." type="journal article" year="1964">Miller (1964)</bibRefCitation>
and subsequently updated (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFBBB128CACF940A2328FBA6" author="Miller" box="[1204,1342,1649,1674]" pageId="27" pageNumber="247" refString="Miller, L. D. (1971) Descriptions of new species and notes on other Hesperiidae of Africa. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum, 2, 1 - 17." type="journal article" year="1971">Miller 1971</bibRefCitation>
), so that 15 species are now recognised (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFBBB128CF8494EE24CEFB82" author="Ackery" box="[511,728,1685,1710]" pageId="27" pageNumber="245" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. &amp; Vane-Wright, R. I. (Eds.) (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Ackery
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBBB128CC2794ED249BFB82" box="[604,653,1685,1710]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">et al</emphasis>
. 1995
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFBBB128CC9F94ED2563FB82" author="Larsen" box="[740,885,1685,1710]" pageId="27" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
). There is information on the food plants of four species, all of which feed on
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBBB128CF8A94C12496FBFD" box="[497,640,1722,1745]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Marantaceae</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C6AD5CEEFFBBB128CCEA94C224FFFBFE" box="[657,745,1721,1746]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="28.[151,239,332,355]" captionTargetBox="[159,1410,416,584]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="TABLE 1. Recorded food plants of Osmodes spp. (all Marantaceae); the food plants for the other species have not been recorded." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5039DDFFBCB12FCEEC933726EAFCA8" pageId="27" pageNumber="228" tableUuid="DF5039DDFFBCB12FCEEC933726EAFCA8">Table 1</tableCitation>
), but no other information has been published on the early stages. Adults occur along forest edges and in shady forest, perch low down, and sunbathe (
<figureCitation id="131475D0FFBBB128CAE294A6231CFBDA" box="[1177,1290,1757,1782]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1889,1911]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1004,1864]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1436,1004,1864]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 31. Adult male Osmodes thora (Plötz) sunbathing, Forêt du Yapo, Côte dIvoire, 4 Dec 1988." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264684/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="228">Figure 31</figureCitation>
).
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