156 lines
18 KiB
XML
156 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document id="1FFACEF0DF2C6DBB48D33ADE5E48A0A2" ID-CLB-Dataset="51187" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4066.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="efd9df5e-1439-4724-ae76-a219f7c3ce70" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="264653" ID-ZooBank="680D0FB4-F3BC-4562-B214-631067287218" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459686029873" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W., Congdon, T. Colin E. & Collins, Steve C." docDate="2016" docId="0386D843FFB8B12ACEEC944D2480FE70" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4066.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4066 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Caenides soritia Hewitson 1876" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="226" masterDocId="FFBFA03BFFA0B133CE7B927B2616FD2C" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis" masterLastPageNumber="247" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="225" updateTime="1698208999773" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="6FF50D34798B9872A2700836B503503D">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="27C647DB30F567919EE900A2A251DCD3">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="95C06AFFBBDD35A77C16D9BA1D44440D">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B6065FC60F6AE64CB02D1AED41B2CB76">Collins, Steve C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="3FC89EB600E50FAE340DBCEB7F97E6D4">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="AEF074A1E41451CF84235C96952F7E31">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C1193353817A021A872457E95993B349">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="57A108DCEECE581C29E5DAB068DF4BF7">4066</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0386D843FFB8B12ACEEC944D2480FE70" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5614522" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119333187" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5614522" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0386D843FFB8B12ACEEC944D2480FE70" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0386D843FFB8B12ACEEC944D2480FE70" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="226" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">
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<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFFB8B12ACEEC944D232BFC30" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="226" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFB8B12BCEEC944D2436FB7C" blockId="24.[151,544,1590,1616]" box="[151,544,1590,1616]" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">
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<heading id="D0D8DE39FFB8B12BCEEC944D2436FB7C" bold="true" box="[151,544,1590,1616]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCEEC944D2436FB7C" ID-CoL="694TQ" authority="Hewitson, 1876" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1876" box="[151,544,1590,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soritia">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCEEC944D2436FB7C" bold="true" box="[151,544,1590,1616]" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCEEC944D274CFB7C" bold="true" box="[151,346,1590,1616]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Caenides soritia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB8B12BCF1A944D2436FB7C" author="Hewitson" box="[353,544,1590,1616]" pageId="24" pageNumber="246" refString="Hewitson, W. C. (1876) Descriptions of twenty-five new species of Hesperidae from his own collection. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 18 (108), 449 - 457. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937608682077" type="journal article" year="1876">Hewitson, 1876</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFB8B12ACEEC9406232BFC30" blockId="24.[151,1436,1661,2013]" lastBlockId="25.[151,1437,151,861]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="226" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">
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Sevastopulo (unpublished, 1975) reared this species from an unidentified
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCD8B94062298FBBA" box="[1008,1166,1661,1686]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Zingiberaceae</taxonomicName>
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in Entebbe,
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB8B12BCB5C94062397FBBA" box="[1319,1409,1661,1686]" name="Uganda" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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, a record repeated in
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB8B12BCF1094DA2446FB96" box="[363,592,1697,1722]" pageId="24" pageNumber="245" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (Eds.) (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, 803 pp." type="book">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCFBE94D927E0FB96" box="[453,502,1697,1722]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">et al</emphasis>
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. (1995)
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</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB8B12BCCF394D9253CFB96" author="Larsen" box="[648,810,1697,1722]" pageId="24" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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. In his unpublished records, Sevastopulo (unpublished) described the partial life history as follows, from a fully fed caterpillar found
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<date id="FF914F95FFB8B12BCA5E94BD22AFFBF2" box="[1061,1209,1733,1758]" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" value="1952-10-13">13 Oct 1952</date>
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, which prepared its pupation shelter
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<date id="FF914F95FFB8B12BCF28949727B7FA28" box="[339,417,1772,1796]" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" value="1919-10">19 Oct</date>
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, and a female emerged
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<date id="FF914F95FFB8B12BCCD6949724EFFA28" box="[685,761,1772,1796]" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">9 Nov.</date>
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‘
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCD729497238AFA28" box="[777,1436,1768,1797]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Head yellowish, densely punctate, heart-shaped. 1st somite</emphasis>
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[T1]
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12ACEAA956A2323FC31" italics="true" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="226" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">very narrow forming a neck. Body pale grey, with a darker grey dorsal line, shining. Sublateral and ventral area, legs and prolegs whitish grey. Spiracles white. Anal flap large and rounded, fringed with a few colourless setae. Secondary segmental divisions very well marked. Penultimate instar similar to final. Lives in a cell formed from a turned-over flap of leaf. Pupa formed in a cell formed of rolled leaf; the upper end closed, the lower open but blocked by a few threads of white silk thickened by white wax spun criss-cross inside the opening, these look rather like white legs, and may be intended to give the impression that the cell is occupied by a spider. The walls of the cell and the pupa itself covered with a white waxy powder. The pupa is placed head downwards in the cell and is supported by a girdle and silken cross-cable to which the cremaster is attached. Pupa moth-like in shape, the abdomen olive yellow, the thorax and wing cases brownish-olive. Prothoracic spiracle with a crescent shaped, rugose, raised mark immediately behind it. Cremaster a stout spike ending in a cluster of hooked bristles.</emphasis>
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’
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFFB9B12ACEBC93532480FE70" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFB9B12ACEBC93532525FF34" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
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We note that Sevastopulo was familiar with the penultimate instar, so there seems little possibility that this food plant is in error, due to a ‘wandering larva’ as suggested by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB9B12ACDEF933622A7FC48" author="Larsen" box="[916,1201,332,357]" pageId="25" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. & Collins, S. C. (2011) The African skipper genus Caenides Holland and the description of a new species (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae). Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 21 (2), 62 - 65." type="journal article" year="2011">Larsen & Collins (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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. Where Sevastopulo refers to the head as heart-shaped, his photographs indicate an oval head indent at the apex, rather than heartshaped, which would imply that it is significantly wider in the dorsal half than the ventral half. The description of the pupa and the white wax on the pupa and in the pupal leaf shelter are similar to what we have reported for
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACBF993C327A1FCD8" authority="Cock et al. 2014" authorityName="Cock et al." authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dacela">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACBF993C326F4FCD9" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">C. dacela</emphasis>
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(Cock
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACF4F93A62772FCD9" box="[308,356,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">et al</emphasis>
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. 2014)
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</taxonomicName>
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. The ‘crescent shaped, rugose, raised mark immediately behind’ the prothoracic spiracle, sounds like that noted for
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACFC1907B243AFF34" box="[442,556,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dacena">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACFC1907B243AFF34" box="[442,556,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">C. dacena</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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below (and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACCCC907B2535FF34" box="[695,803,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dacela">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACCCC907B2535FF34" box="[695,803,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">C. dacela</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFB9B12ACEBC905E2480FE70" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB9B12ACEBC905E2794FF10" author="Vuattoux" box="[199,386,548,572]" pageId="25" pageNumber="247" refString="Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres hesperiides de la Station de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Lambillionea, 94, 562 - 568." type="journal article" year="1999">Vuattoux (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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records rearing one specimen from oil palm,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACDE1905F2276FF10" box="[922,1120,548,573]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Elaeis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guineensis">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACDE1905F2276FF10" box="[922,1120,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Elaeis guineensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and capturing a second in gallery forest of Bandama [River] (
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACC5F90322277FF4C" box="[548,1121,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Un seul élevage a été réalisé sur le palmier à huile</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACA13903C233CFF4C" box="[1128,1322,583,608]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Elaeis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guineensis">Elaeis guineensis</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACB43903225B4FFA8" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
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Un autre adulte a été capturé dans la forêt galerie du Bandama le
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<date id="FF914F95FFB9B12ACD59901725B4FFA8" box="[802,930,620,644]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" value="1972-05-02">2 mai 1972</date>
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</emphasis>
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). MJWC re-examined the voucher specimen for the second of these, and found that it is actually a male
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACD4090EB25B1FF84" box="[827,935,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dacela">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACD4090EB25B1FF84" box="[827,935,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">C. dacela</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which is a known palm-feeder (Cock
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACB1890EA2382FF84" box="[1379,1428,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">et al</emphasis>
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. 2014). It seems reasonable to assume that the specimen reared from oil palm is also
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACA1390CE22C0FFE1" box="[1128,1238,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dacela">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACA1390CE22C0FFE1" box="[1128,1238,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">C. dacela</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and that MJWC managed to list the wrong name for this identification which he made for R. Vuattoux (the species are too distinct to suggest an error in identification).
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACC3E90872516FE38" box="[581,768,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soritia">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACC3E90872516FE38" box="[581,768,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Caenides soritia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is, therefore, only reliably recorded from a
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACA869087238DFE39" box="[1277,1435,764,789]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Zingiberaceae</taxonomicName>
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food plant. Unlike
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACF10915B27CAFE14" box="[363,476,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dacena">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACF10915B27CAFE14" box="[363,476,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">C. dacena</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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treated next, it has not been suggested that
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACDBE915B2238FE14" box="[965,1070,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soritia">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACDBE915B2238FE14" box="[965,1070,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">C. soritia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is misplaced with the remaining palm and Marantaceae-feeding
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACF83913F2476FE71" box="[504,608,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACF83913F2476FE71" box="[504,608,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Caenides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |