187 lines
21 KiB
XML
187 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7389012" checkinTime="1669969214251" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="González-Vaquero, Rocío Ana" docDate="2022" docId="B220879377201D7CFDBC4A48FC3CDE84" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.56.41-44.1841-1868.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 56 (45 - 48)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Corynura ampliata" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="1851" masterDocId="4E19FFEB77291D77FFA04947FFBFDE4E" masterDocTitle="Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)" masterLastPageNumber="1868" masterPageNumber="1841" pageNumber="1850" updateTime="1670004372637" updateUser="diego" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>González-Vaquero, Rocío Ana</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-11-30</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>56</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>45 - 48</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1841</mods:start>
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<mods:end>1868</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1080/00222933.2022.2134833</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7389012</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B220879377201D7CFDBC4A48FC3CDE84" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B220879377201D7CFDBC4A48FC3CDE84" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="1851" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850">
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<subSubSection box="[540,775,783,809]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="9.[540,775,783,809]" box="[540,775,783,809]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850">
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<heading bold="true" box="[540,775,783,809]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Alfken" box="[540,775,783,809]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Corynura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ampliata">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[540,775,783,809]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850">Corynura ampliata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[471,844,822,848]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="9.[471,844,822,848]" box="[471,844,822,848]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850">
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(
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<figureCitation box="[479,600,822,848]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1675,1698]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,818,1644]" captionTargetId="figure-180@6.[163,1153,818,1644]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. Some of the species studied. (a) Ca. aureoviridis; (b) Co. bruchiana; (c) Co. ampliata removing soil from the nest to the exterior." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389018/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850">Figures 1c</figureCitation>
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,
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<geoCoordinate box="[613,669,822,848]" degrees="3, 8" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850" precision="5555" value="3.8">
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<figureCitation box="[613,629,822,848]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[160,225,545,568]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,513]" captionTargetId="figure-405@10.[163,1153,142,513]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Nesting site of Co. ampliata and H. reticulatus near Lake Lácar. (a) Habitat; (b) nest entrances with the characteristic tumulus of soil (in this case, Co. ampliata)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389023/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850">3</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[641,669,822,848]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[160,225,1408,1431]" captionTargetBox="[165,1151,143,1356]" captionTargetId="figure-1@18.[163,1153,142,1376]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 8. Profile of a typical nest of the studied species. (a) Co. bruchiana; (b) Co. nahuelita; (c) H. reticulatus (Table S12: nest 3); (d) Ca. aureoviridis; (e) Co. ampliata; (f) H. amplilobus (Table S10: nest 3). Scale bars = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389036/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850">8e</figureCitation>
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</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<tableCitation box="[683,824,822,848]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="6.[160,216,142,165]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 4. Inferences for each species of the Corynura group for which data are available." pageId="9" pageNumber="1850">Tables S4–S</tableCitation>
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5)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="1852" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="9.[160,265,887,913]" box="[160,265,887,913]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850">
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<heading bold="true" box="[160,265,887,913]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850" reason="3">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,265,887,913]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850">Nest site</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="9.[160,1156,940,1312]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850">
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Two nesting areas were studied. One,
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wide ×
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long, was in a gentle slope facing south, on the northern shore of Lake Huechulaufquen. The other one,
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wide ×
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long, was in a flat area near Lake Lácar (
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<figureCitation box="[610,715,1010,1035]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[160,225,545,568]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,513]" captionTargetId="figure-405@10.[163,1153,142,513]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Nesting site of Co. ampliata and H. reticulatus near Lake Lácar. (a) Habitat; (b) nest entrances with the characteristic tumulus of soil (in this case, Co. ampliata)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389023/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850">Figure 3a</figureCitation>
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). In the first site the earth was wet and loose, with a few stones; the days before had had intense rains, which explained the humidity of this usually arid area (
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<bibRefCitation author="Devoto M & Medan D & Roig-Alsina A & Montaldo NH" box="[534,737,1079,1104]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850" pagination="848 - 857" refId="ref14119" refString="Devoto M, Medan D, Roig-Alsina A, Montaldo NH. 2009. Patterns of species turnover in plant-pollinator communities along a precipitation gradient in Patagonia (Argentina). Austral Ecol. 34: 848 - 857. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1442 - 9993.2009.01987. x." type="journal article" year="2009">Devoto et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
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). In the second site the earth was dry, and it had a thick (
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) layer of volcanic ash, which was thicker in some parts of the area. Both sites had cushion plants (
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<taxonomicName authority="(Cav.) Plunkett and Nicolas" authorityName="Plunkett and Nicolas" baseAuthorityName="Cav." box="[586,1098,1148,1173]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Azorella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="prolifera">
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<emphasis box="[586,774,1148,1173]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850">Azorella prolifera</emphasis>
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(Cav.) Plunkett and Nicolas
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</taxonomicName>
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), the exotic Scotch broom (
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<taxonomicName box="[410,595,1183,1208]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cytisus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scoparius">
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<emphasis box="[410,595,1183,1208]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850">Cytisus scoparius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(L.) Link), and some small shrubs. The nests were scattered in both areas, approximately 13 nests/m2. A few nests of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gravel" box="[955,1102,1218,1243]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
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<emphasis box="[955,1102,1218,1243]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850">H. reticulatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName=", Goncalves" authorityYear="2010" box="[160,423,1252,1277]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Dialictus">
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<emphasis box="[160,305,1252,1277]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850">Lasioglossum</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis box="[322,415,1252,1277]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850">Dialictus</emphasis>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1869" box="[477,592,1252,1277]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Halictidae</taxonomicName>
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: Halictini), and several anthills of
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<taxonomicName box="[976,1156,1252,1277]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorymyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis box="[976,1115,1252,1277]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850">Dorymyrmex</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[166,295,1287,1312]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
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: Dolichoderinae) were found at the second site.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="9.[160,331,1373,1399]" box="[160,331,1373,1399]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850">
|
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<heading bold="true" box="[160,331,1373,1399]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850" reason="3">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,331,1373,1399]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850">Nest structure</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="9.[160,1156,1426,1728]" lastBlockId="10.[160,1156,674,1045]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="1851" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850">
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Nest entrances had a radial tumulus of dried soil, diameter
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<quantity box="[835,955,1426,1451]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850" unit="mm" value="35.0" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="30.0">30–40 mm</quantity>
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(
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<figureCitation box="[971,1078,1426,1451]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[160,225,545,568]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,513]" captionTargetId="figure-405@10.[163,1153,142,513]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Nesting site of Co. ampliata and H. reticulatus near Lake Lácar. (a) Habitat; (b) nest entrances with the characteristic tumulus of soil (in this case, Co. ampliata)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389023/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850">Figure 3b</figureCitation>
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). Most entrances were totally covered by the soil of the tumulus, but in some nests the entrance was partially exposed and its position could be inferred (
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<figureCitation box="[806,913,1495,1520]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[160,225,545,568]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,513]" captionTargetId="figure-405@10.[163,1153,142,513]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Nesting site of Co. ampliata and H. reticulatus near Lake Lácar. (a) Habitat; (b) nest entrances with the characteristic tumulus of soil (in this case, Co. ampliata)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389023/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850">Figure 3b</figureCitation>
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, nest at the bottom). When the tumulus was removed, a bee showed her head immediately, and 20–30 seconds later reappeared backwards, moving her metasoma out of the tunnel while carrying some soil with her legs and depositing it at the surface (
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<figureCitation box="[711,814,1599,1624]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1675,1698]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,818,1644]" captionTargetId="figure-180@6.[163,1153,818,1644]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. Some of the species studied. (a) Ca. aureoviridis; (b) Co. bruchiana; (c) Co. ampliata removing soil from the nest to the exterior." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389018/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1850">Figure 1c</figureCitation>
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). This was done twice or thrice until the entrance was fully covered, resulting in a tumulus smaller than the previous one; no further movements were observed after the entrance was occluded. The entrances had a diameter of 4.0 mm (SD = 0.5, n = 10), and immediately below it the tunnel widened slightly (x =
|
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SD = 0.8, n = 10). In only one nest, one cluster was found in a chamber
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<quantity box="[160,240,709,734]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2" pageId="10" pageNumber="1851" unit="cm" value="9.2">9.2 cm</quantity>
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from the entrance; it was held in place by pillars of soil and contained six horizontally orientated closed cells (
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<tableCitation box="[604,713,743,768]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="6.[160,216,142,165]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 4. Inferences for each species of the Corynura group for which data are available." pageId="10" pageNumber="1851">Table S4</tableCitation>
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: nest 3). This cluster, which was in a chamber
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high and
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<quantity box="[477,555,778,803]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="10" pageNumber="1851" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity>
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||
wide, was kept closed and is housed in the collection of MACN; no specimens emerged from it. In two nests (
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<tableCitation box="[774,873,813,838]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="6.[160,216,142,165]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 4. Inferences for each species of the Corynura group for which data are available." pageId="10" pageNumber="1851">Table S4</tableCitation>
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||
: nests 9, 10) four and five ovoid cells were found, most of them open, one filled with soil. Notably, no clusters were found in the other nests. Since the nests were dug on windy days, the soil fell permanently over the area that was being excavated, and some old cells (open or filled with soil) may have gone unnoticed – which would not have been the case for cells with pollen and/or immature stages, which are easily seen when a cell is accidentally broken in the process. The nests ended at
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(SD = 4.3, n = 10).
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||
</paragraph>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7389023" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7389023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7389023/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="1851" startId="10.[160,225,545,568]" targetBox="[163,1153,142,513]" targetPageId="10">
|
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<paragraph blockId="10.[160,1155,545,597]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1851">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,249,545,568]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1851">Figure 3.</emphasis>
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Nesting site of
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<taxonomicName box="[402,524,545,568]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Corynura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1851" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ampliata">
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||
<emphasis box="[402,524,545,568]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1851">Co. ampliata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gravel" box="[572,697,545,568]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Halictillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1851" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
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||
<emphasis box="[572,697,545,568]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1851">H. reticulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
near Lake Lácar. (a) Habitat; (b) nest entrances with the characteristic tumulus of soil (in this case,
|
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<taxonomicName box="[671,794,574,597]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Corynura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="1851" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ampliata">
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||
<emphasis box="[671,794,574,597]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1851">Co. ampliata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[160,385,1130,1156]" box="[160,385,1130,1156]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1851">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[160,385,1130,1156]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="1851" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,385,1130,1156]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1851">Nesting behaviour</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="10.[160,1156,1183,1694]" lastBlockId="11.[160,1155,142,202]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="1852" pageId="10" pageNumber="1851">
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Five females were found in two nests,
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<specimenCount box="[602,743,1183,1208]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1851" type="female">four females</specimenCount>
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in two more, and the remaining six nests had only
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<specimenCount box="[335,462,1218,1243]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1851" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
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(Table S5). None of the females had well-developed ovaries. Most of the females had mandibles and wings unworn or with very little wear (Table S5), indicating they had recently emerged, but in two of the multi-female nests (Table S5: nests 8, 10) there was
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||
<specimenCount box="[416,543,1322,1347]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1851" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
|
||
with fully worn mandibles and wings. Probably these females had been the founders of the nests, and the other bees were their daughters, which remained in the natal nest. The presence of females of two generations may indicate eusocial behaviour, although division of reproductive labour could not be confirmed. I believe these newly emerged daughters would not have helped their mother to produce a second generation, because the nests were studied at the end of the warm season in Patagonia (beginning of February) when few flowers remain in the field. Considering also that no larvae or pupae were found in the nests and that the first males appear in the field approximately by mid-December (in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[892,1008,1599,1624]" country="Chile" name="Los Lagos" pageId="10" pageNumber="1851">Los Lagos</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1022,1081,1599,1624]" name="Chile" pageId="10" pageNumber="1851">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Table S14), I infer that these bees were going to spend the winter as inseminated females, in their natal nests. The following spring these females might either found their own nest or re-use their natal nest. Unfortunately, data are insufficient to conclude whether this species is solitary or social, but it is univoltine in the area studied.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |