treatments-xml/data/75/6C/37/756C379366E3FD07D3FDCC25A7C8C982.xml

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<mods:title id="388F747DE98CD516BB09D7F752170955">Order Rodentia - Family Muridae</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="4B2F339163D50437E15D7933AEB98950">Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 2</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="F77C1738C6EDF0EAABD9A967001CEDF0" ID-CoL="7VW9H" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1398" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus" subGenus="Mus">
<emphasis id="1A1E892127E6F2FFFCC72B12BD3F0E29" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus (Mus) musculus</emphasis>
Linnaeus 1758
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="91AED10BC2B6F87C670D1A48E461DCE7" pageNumber="1398" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8F335309C6715377B3C2E8D80FC6D1EF" pageNumber="1398">
<treatmentCitation id="3658D1CA3879C06A3AAD66A04DA20E03" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3916752" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3916752" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C9424DB8-4110-486A-9AE4-F458F032A85B" author="Linnaeus" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F7CE2D148AD6B483F74FB32614B61B17" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" page="62" pageNumber="1398" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus" subGenus="Mus" title="Mus (Mus) musculus" volumeTitle="Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1" year="1758">
<taxonomicName id="E035D23B9E0BB423145D2537243E9A82" ID-CoL="7VW9H" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1398" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus" subGenus="Mus">
<emphasis id="61FBE335F13D5855FBC9B30313BB40B9" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus (Mus) musculus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="893AC94C9AFC248FC072D8BFA58C0D04" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<bibCitation id="B7AE88CD9E61BEA0ED25E3C9209A48CD" author="Linnaeus" pageNumber="1398" pagination="62" title="Mus (Mus) musculus" volumeTitle="Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1" year="1758">Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1: 62</bibCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A7BCBD2818CF371C82DAC8A129F74CAC" pageNumber="1398" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="3C01347BE210991FB369BA3FCEC63594" pageNumber="1398">
<emphasis id="08A6C7F8E5B544F914458E40B6D5C341" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="1398">Type Locality:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="BFB83D2AA3D991537F879053FCD3DD79" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4867324554" country="Sweden" pageNumber="1398" stateProvince="Uppsala">
<collectingCountry id="5BFFCC1607E8C6087F25EC6255E9FB24" name="Sweden">Sweden</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingRegion id="760E737C3340E3E6AA6BA805F2A7D528" country="Sweden" name="Uppsala">Uppsala County</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="B07E85A1B317BCC220F6771CCF4C2037" country="Sweden" name="Uppsala">Uppsala</collectingRegion>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4FF88C279BD66EBB272A836D7C566E5B" pageNumber="1398" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="78B4DEFC12545ADA8AE5E2386F2DBC84" pageNumber="1398">
<emphasis id="64B8A800D00FB20CB1AEACE62B684577" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="1398">Vernacular Names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4EB277F600F9CB503C79D208C1E709CE" language="eng" pageNumber="1398">House Mouse</vernacularName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="698DB02CED9D0FD463CEA730B37B1617" pageNumber="1398" type="synonym_list">
<paragraph id="47A7C7F6E2DF6C8EB639F556F0BDD47B" pageNumber="1398">
<emphasis id="C3DDA03F3E7D11A479B4D46ADF3E5C7D" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="1398">Synonyms:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="51BEBA3017CECF23F4569D0A9BFD3D40" authority="Kishida 1924" authorityName="Kishida" authorityYear="1924" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1398" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albula" subGenus="Mus">
<emphasis id="632BC034F7A1CF410E91DA4ACF7509C2" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus (Mus) albula</emphasis>
Kishida 1924
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="C505CF756A9D6CF10A2FA3C7496BE74B" authority="Fitzinger 1867" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1867" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1398" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereomaculatus" subGenus="Mus">
<emphasis id="E1BC23DC0A12A13F18FBE55A24FD3439" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus (Mus) cinereomaculatus</emphasis>
Fitzinger 1867
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="A52192D7FAB6312F563C31E1F63215C2" authority="Temminck 1844" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1844" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1398" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molossinus" subGenus="Mus">
<emphasis id="57812946B9F3EDA879CC665CEAEEEF2C" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus (Mus) molossinus</emphasis>
Temminck 1844
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="AF2C2C6A2947A55C2E28A7E2AA1FF76C" authority="Keyserling and Blasius 1840" authorityName="Keyserling and Blasius" authorityYear="1840" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1398" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nordmanni" subGenus="Mus">
<emphasis id="F8439B183C66BBC4C68D3EEA91E3C6ED" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus (Mus) nordmanni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="58646DBDD60276285D08511C4FB7C9F0" author="Keyserling, A. &amp; J. H. Blasius" refId="ref183563" refString="Keyserling, A., and J. H. Blasius. 1840. Die Wirbelthiere Europa's. F. Vieweg &amp; Son, Braunschweig, xcviii + 248 pp." year="1840">Keyserling and Blasius 1840</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="1775F6E3E921B309473F2F581F34837A" authority="Loche 1867" authorityName="Loche" authorityYear="1867" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1398" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reboudi" subGenus="Mus">
<emphasis id="D6135BD9DD58FBECB858924A8D699E33" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus (Mus) reboudi</emphasis>
Loche 1867
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="CDFFF512BE5EA1A360A5707CACB249C3" authority="G. M. Allen 1927" authorityName="G. M. Allen" authorityYear="1927" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1398" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tantillus" subGenus="Mus">
<emphasis id="60FEBF386E34B075684CAF76648BE9D7" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus (Mus) tantillus</emphasis>
G. M. Allen 1927
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB9027058A76BE86B05520EF0EED613" authority="Fitzinger 1867" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1867" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1398" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="varius" subGenus="Mus">
<emphasis id="7D08F63DFE6E64AEC27DC94F468987D8" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus (Mus) varius</emphasis>
Fitzinger 1867
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="91E902E389F70625875AE03FF7EB5963" authority="Kuroda 1924" authorityName="Kuroda" authorityYear="1924" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1398" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yonakuni" subGenus="Mus">
<emphasis id="476733731F019EEFD866721574ADAEC3" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus (Mus) yonakuni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="A0947A34EA9F84CD0B8D40C583A3F087" author="Kuroda, N." refId="ref201411" refString="Kuroda, N. 1924. [On new mammals from the Riu Kiu Islands and the vicinity.] Published by the author, Tokyo, 16 pp." year="1924">Kuroda 1924</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="177C1CA0BFBF2187CD59BBBCC443CBFC" pageNumber="1398" type="child_taxa">
<paragraph id="E4026C0831C83AC4FBE80F00124CB25C" pageNumber="1398">
<emphasis id="B35976A60159D5BB268BAF2F390158CD" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="1398">Subspecies:</emphasis>
:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EC38DADA85BBD822CBC3B91D2BE29AAC" pageNumber="1398">
Subspecies 
<taxonomicName id="69B5F12BF5FB5BCCFAD286A79AFC0D16" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1398" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="musculus" subGenus="Mus" subSpecies="musculus">
<emphasis id="57E7AA804116CCB79A9C40550655CA58" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus (Mus) musculus</emphasis>
subsp. 
<emphasis id="784DD639DC2C483BB1F6B3C28D35B470" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">musculus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="3607454B7D1BCBFA8D8C2D5A3EC128B3" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F9BB6B405A5B444AD97C45AF07623152" pageNumber="1398">
Subspecies 
<taxonomicName id="F1C26E98787A601341EB809A5BF46D99" authority="Blyth 1846" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1846" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1398" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="musculus" subGenus="Mus" subSpecies="bactrianus">
<emphasis id="E7BB3A0121437D346EE1A1BCC826C8DA" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus (Mus) musculus</emphasis>
subsp. 
<emphasis id="4BB8908738DD77551A4876102D48B321" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">bactrianus</emphasis>
Blyth 1846
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6921BD2618894DE923478C4222CD55D6" pageNumber="1398">
Subspecies 
<taxonomicName id="925461F9EB568A95C14BC25A0C9BFAF5" authority="Waterhouse 1843" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1843" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1398" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="musculus" subGenus="Mus" subSpecies="castaneus">
<emphasis id="426F5C6B219C60928C3B3A174C68AE7B" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus (Mus) musculus</emphasis>
subsp. 
<emphasis id="F05CBF261C89F9E7A444CBCC374E147E" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">castaneus</emphasis>
Waterhouse 1843
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="78CF58A63B3AD1C41EEFE62B4BE50050" pageNumber="1398">
Subspecies 
<taxonomicName id="006F46EFA71F7E342F02A5032979A73C" authority="Schwarz and Schwarz 1943" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1398" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="musculus" subGenus="Mus" subSpecies="domesticus">
<emphasis id="E5B2A88C53EA1F4153567ACF5F2BD37D" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus (Mus) musculus</emphasis>
subsp. 
<emphasis id="071975FC38BFA9553A7E7E3569388E1E" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">domesticus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4559FE55B175F6F8DAE8EC608626623D" author="Schwarz, E. &amp; H. K. Schwarz" refId="ref322124" refString="Schwarz, E., and H. K. Schwarz. 1943. The wild and commensal stocks of the house mouse, Mus musculus Linneaus. Journal of Mammalogy, 24: 59 - 72." year="1943">Schwarz and Schwarz 1943</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="33B3BF5BF15993D800C150291F58C871" pageNumber="1398">
Subspecies 
<taxonomicName id="7CCD0A0BD34465B4B3254E26ED317BE0" authority="Thomas 1919" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1919" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageNumber="1398" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="musculus" subGenus="Mus" subSpecies="gentilulus">
<emphasis id="1DC4A286AD9D9D4C5CFEB4DC75274CE0" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus (Mus) musculus</emphasis>
subsp. 
<emphasis id="76F83EEA4EE2FE3E048E96671859F9E3" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">gentilulus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="77CE59478A2A50E20F9A6E37BCC4B3A4" author="Thomas, O." refId="ref354472" refString="Thomas, O. 1919. On small mammals from &quot; Otro Cerro &quot; north-eastern Rioja, collected by Sr. E. Budin. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 9, 3: 489 - 500." year="1919">Thomas 1919</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0995F34ACB60B95B470235ECAE79C513" pageNumber="1398" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="79035B6BF9A76EA92F131824DE1517A6" pageNumber="1398">
<emphasis id="5648D13E61E6E6CFC60EDACB4600E684" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="1398">Distribution:</emphasis>
Spread over the world’s continents and islands (except 
<collectingCountry id="3D05122CAFC0D82D69D6862648C10D05" name="Antarctica">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
) through its close association with humans (
<bibRefCitation id="ED21D7384BAD4841E2904731F561915E" author="Ellerman, J. R. &amp; T. C. S. Morrison-Scott" refId="ref93180" refString="Ellerman, J. R., and T. C. S. Morrison-Scott. 1951. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 810 pp." year="1951">Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951</bibRefCitation>
; J. 
<collectionCode id="F9370CA0C851181D633EB1C03AB79857" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics">T</collectionCode>
. Marshall, Jr., 1998); in some areas restricted to human dwellings and habitats maintained by human activity; sometimes feral where introduced; and maintaining natural, wild populations in other regions. Distributional summaries available for Europe (
<bibRefCitation id="6B375A549A21E839792C6A616DF62519" author="Mitchell-Jones, A. J. &amp; G. Amori &amp; W. Bogdanowicz &amp; B. Krystufek &amp; P. J. H. Reijnders &amp; F. Spitzenberger &amp; M. Stubbe &amp; J. B. M. Thissen &amp; V. Vohralik &amp; J. Zima" refId="ref243793" refString="Mitchell-Jones, A. J., G. Amori, W. Bogdanowicz, B. Krystufek, P. J. H. Reijnders, F. Spitzenberger, M. Stubbe, J. B. M. Thissen, V. Vohralik, and J. Zima. 1999. Atlas of European mammals. Academic Press, London, 496 pp." year="1999">Mitchell-Jones et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="C18B7CA19C46051D5194DCF3B7644C29" name="Italy">Italy</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1C3BE78A5948AE73A71BB0D1988D25D5" author="Amori, G. &amp; F. M. Angelici &amp; L. Boitani" refId="ref7666" refString="Amori, G., F. M. Angelici, and L. Boitani. 1999. Mammals of Italy: A revised checklist of species and subspecies (Mammalia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 79 (2): 271 - 286." year="1999">Amori et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="F401D342B0BD12502E649747D3D612F7" author="Andreotti, A. &amp; N. Baccetti &amp; A. Perfetti &amp; M. Besa &amp; P. Genovesi &amp; V. Guberti" refId="ref10185" refString="Andreotti, A., N. Baccetti, A. Perfetti, M. Besa, P. Genovesi, and V. Guberti. 2001. Mammiferi e uccelli esotici in Italia: Analisi del fenomeno, impatto sulla biodiversita e linee guida gestionali. Quaderni Di Conservazione Della Natura, 2, Ministero dell'Ambiente Servizio Conservazione Natura-Istituto Nazionale per la Fauna Selvatica &quot; A. Ghigi &quot;, 189 pp." year="2001">Andreotti et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
), Eolian Arch. (
<bibRefCitation id="5DB819D4F8E067155FF013CD3BF51DA9" author="Cristaldi, M. &amp; G. Amori" refId="ref71273" refString="Cristaldi, M., and G. Amori. 1988. Perspectives pour une interpretation historique des populations eoliennes de rongeurs. Bulletin d'Ecologie, 19 (2 - 3): 171 - 176." year="1988">Cristaldi and Amori, 1988</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="9A547CD376C2718900A75CD80E599DC8" name="Netherlands">Netherlands</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="23404FA9BF1A800190F98391CA4B5D27" author="Wammes, D. F." refId="ref381480" refString="Wammes, D. F. 1992 b. Huismuis, Mus domesticus Rutty, 1772. Pp. 302 - 305, in Atlas van de Nederlandse Zoogdieren (S. Broekhuizen, B. Hoekstra, V. van Laar, C. Smeenk, and J. B. M. Thissen, eds.). Stichting Uitgeverij Koninklijke Nederlandse Natuurhistorische Vereniging, Utrecht, 336 pp." year="1992">
Wammes, 1992 
<emphasis id="4645B272EC88523D7F3D969C11E7B95D" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
), Greek island of Astpálaia (
<bibRefCitation id="97BE68288251A2A3360D78DF514323C6" author="Angelici, F. M. &amp; F. Pinchera &amp; F. Riga" refId="ref10436" refString="Angelici, F. M., F. Pinchera, and F. Riga. 1992. First records of Crocidura sp. and Mus domesticus and notes on the mammals of Astipalaia Island (Dodecanese, Greece). Mammalia, 156 (1): 159 - 161." year="1992">Angelici et al., 1992</bibRefCitation>
) and other Greek Isls (
<bibRefCitation id="EF2E8DE942B4E0C918A0A04CBF5B6BE5" author="Chondropoulos, B. P. &amp; G. Markakis &amp; S. E. Fraguedakis-Tsolis" refId="ref61631" refString="Chondropoulos, B. P., G. Markakis, and S. E. Fraguedakis-Tsolis. 1995. Morphometric and immunological relationships among some Greek Mus L. populations (Mammalia, Rodentia, Muridae). Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde, 60: 361 - 372." year="1995">Chondropoulos et al., 1995</bibRefCitation>
), Balearic Isls (
<bibRefCitation id="551B69C28247E8D708570B4C7AF15D0C" author="Alcover, J. A. &amp; J. Gosalbez" refId="ref3952" refString="Alcover, J. A., and J. Gosalbez. 1988. Estudio comparado de la fauna de micromamiferos de las Islas Baleares y Pitiusas. Bulletin d'Ecologie, 19 (2 - 3): 321 - 328." year="1988">Alcover and Gosalbez, 1988</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="179F43C14A1ABA0C43BEB9E84FE9F872" name="Slovakia">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="C4BE81ABDDC4B87F9D7FEDCA9694DAE1" author="Mosansky, A." refId="ref247978" refString="Mosansky, A. 1994. Teriofauna Vychodneho Slovenska a katalog mamaliologickych zbierok Vychodoslovenskeho Muzea [The mammalian fauna of East Slovakia and the Catalogue of Mammaliological collections of the Eastslovakian Museum. Part VI (Rodentia 3)]. Zbornik Vychodoslovenskeho Muzea v Kosiciach, Prirodne, 35: 113 - 150 (in Czech with English summary)." year="1994">Mosansky, 1994</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="DD1ECB9DF7B863041E6B438413DCE8C4" author="Stanko, M." refId="ref338772" refString="Stanko, M. 1995. [Synusia of small ground mammals (Insectivora, Rodentia) of the Biosphere Reserve East Carpathians.] Natura Carpatica, 36: 119 - 126 (in Czech with English summary)." year="1995">Stanko, 1995</bibRefCitation>
; Stanko and 
<bibRefCitation id="EBFF2BCE0A08499B5D9BE138690D6E34" author="Mosansky, A." refId="ref247978" refString="Mosansky, A. 1994. Teriofauna Vychodneho Slovenska a katalog mamaliologickych zbierok Vychodoslovenskeho Muzea [The mammalian fauna of East Slovakia and the Catalogue of Mammaliological collections of the Eastslovakian Museum. Part VI (Rodentia 3)]. Zbornik Vychodoslovenskeho Muzea v Kosiciach, Prirodne, 35: 113 - 150 (in Czech with English summary)." year="1994">Mosansky, 1994</bibRefCitation>
, 2000), 
<collectingCountry id="8287210967B2D318489BACCE73575FBA" name="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="32B559001430B98A72F12CEF03FE9155" author="Smaha, J." refId="ref329911" refString="Smaha, J. 1996. [Notes on the mammal fauna of the Krivoklatsko Biosphere Reserve.] Lynx (Praha), n. s., 27: 37 - 56 (in Czech with English abstract)." year="1996">Smaha, 1996</bibRefCitation>
), Transylvanian 
<collectingCountry id="7CFEC29078889BE16EADA0AF78122BC5" name="Romania">Romania</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F82F8CC846EAE113865417E593146E27" author="Istrate, P." refId="ref169253" refString="Istrate, P. 1998. Les petits mammiferes du plateau Tarnava, Transylvanie (Roumanie). Travaux du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle &quot; Grigore Antipa &quot;, 40: 449 - 474." year="1998">Istrate, 1998</bibRefCitation>
), Baltic region (
<bibRefCitation id="53C878F50017715C7E7CFBED73466A5C" author="Miljutin, A." refId="ref241621" refString="Miljutin, A. 1998. Ecological strategies of the Baltic rodents. Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences, Section B, 52 (1 / 2): 20 - 30." year="1998">Miljutin, 1998</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="BCAA3682641210CB4ADEAD3EC078C6D1" author="Timm, U. &amp; V. Pilats &amp; L. Balciauskas" refId="ref356772" refString="Timm, U., V. Pilats, and L. Balciauskas. 1998. Mammals of the East Baltic. Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B, 52 (594 / 595): 1 - 9." year="1998">Timm et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="120AB3F8FB9ED06DFA3D3A3759E592A4" name="Russia">Russia</collectingCountry>
and adjacent regions (
<bibRefCitation id="51E645C063CAF699ABDF69102B9D5914" author="Gromov, I. M. &amp; M. A. Erbajeva" refId="ref130294" refString="Gromov, I. M., and M. A. Erbajeva. 1995. [The mammals of Russia and adjacent territories. Lagomorphs and Rodents.] Russian Academy of Sciences, Zoological Institut, St. Petersburg, 520 pp." year="1995">Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995</bibRefCitation>
), Svjatoj Nos peninsula and isthmus in Lake Baikal (
<bibRefCitation id="7F85429FC94DA594D0C3487FE87D8889" author="Reiter, A. &amp; M. Andreas &amp; P. Benda &amp; M. Lipa &amp; P. Wolf" refId="ref301451" refString="Reiter, A., M. Andreas, P. Benda, M. Lipa, and P. Wolf. 1995. Mammalian fauna of the Svjatoj Nos peninsula and isthmus, the Baikal Lake, Russia. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae, 59: 209 - 225." year="1995">Reiter et al., 1995</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<collectingRegion id="2802D33E4403C8C5580291865DFB7E27" country="Russia" name="Kamchatka">Kamchatka region</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1D27A341B69DC13BDF158684BB06C40C" author="Nikanorov, A. P." refId="ref261117" refString="Nikanorov, A. P. 2000. [Class Mammalia-Mammals.] Pp. 100 - 110, in [Catalog of Vertebrates of Kamchatka and adjacent waters] (R. W. Moiseev and A. Tokronov, eds.). Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Kamchatskiy Petchatniy Dvor, 166 pp. (in Russian with English summary)." year="2000">Nikanorov, 2000</bibRefCitation>
) in 
<collectingCountry id="00027858ECA79452BF210EBFF16E8A80" name="Russia">Russia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="6EEABBD7D07AC4D8C435F9F6324F250B" name="South Korea">Korea</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6302B23FDCEF65CA7B6537176A76A627" author="Won, C. &amp; K. G. Smith" refId="ref393193" refString="Won, C., and K. G. Smith. 1999. History and current status of mammals of the Korean Peninsula. Mammal Review, 29 (1): 3 - 33." year="1999">Won and Smith, 1999</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="B5396610EEDF9E7114F93F7926E875B7" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
(Heaney et, al., 1998), 
<collectingCountry id="05A7C981139306CB73160D3B7F99ED9C" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1A5BF94E94C740D6B7A504AEA6E8E73A" author="Agrawal, V. C." refId="ref2022" refString="Agrawal, V. C. 2000. Taxonomic studies on Indian Muridae and Hystricidae (Mammalia: Rodentia). Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper No. 180, 186 pp." year="2000">Agrawal, 2000</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="E0BBC747CAB3F9F65DAD02BA89C8D92A" name="Vietnam">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3EB97C2EE980E57E5F8528C1BBF60E24" author="Dang, H. H. &amp; D. V. T. Dao &amp; V. S. Cao &amp; T. A. Pham &amp; M. K. Hoang" refId="ref73216" refString="Dang, H. H., D. V. T. Dao, V. S. Cao, T. A. Pham, and M. K. Hoang. 1994. [Checklist of mammals in Vietnam.] Publishing House &quot; Science and Technics &quot;, Hanoi, 167 pp. (in Vietnamese)." year="1994">Dang et al., 1994</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="ED5281FEAEE52E49F0B31850E93754EB" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="DD7A77039D297C71778B1AFD417B895B" author="Zhang, Y. &amp; S. Jin &amp; G. Quan &amp; S. Li &amp; Z. Ye &amp; F. Wang &amp; M. Zhang" refId="ref405616" refString="Zhang, Y., S. Jin, G. Quan, S. Li, Z. Ye, F. Wang, and M. Zhang. 1997. Distribution of mammalian species in China. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 280 pp." year="1997">Zhang et al., 1997</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="6B48258809E5001A72BFA1287C60A010" name="Australia">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="618BCE9123E1FD33E7D0624F59B77B7C" author="Redhead, T. D. &amp; G. R. Singleton &amp; K. Myers &amp; B. J. Coman" refId="ref299237" refString="Redhead, T. D., G. R. Singleton, K. Myers, and B. J. Coman. 1991. Mammals introduced to southern Australia. Pp. 293 - 308, in Biogeography of Mediterranean invasions (R. H. Groves and F. Di Castri, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, xvi + 485 pp." year="1991">Redhead et al., 1991</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="A15B03FE9800936FB7A489F3F2560FAE" author="Singleton, G. R." refId="ref329162" refString="Singleton, G. R. 1995. House mouse, Mus musculus. Pp. 646 - 647, in Mammals of Australia (R. Strahan, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., 756 pp." year="1995">Singleton, 1995</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="F55C48FDB2CAB037F36E7C2CEC189B7C" author="Watts, C. H. S. &amp; H. J. Aslin" refId="ref384328" refString="Watts, C. H. S., and H. J. Aslin. 1981. The rodents of Australia. Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 321 pp." year="1981">Watts and Aslin, 1981</bibRefCitation>
), New 
<collectingCountry id="CBF05D01BA591B6903FC29A16AE82C83" name="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea</collectingCountry>
(Flannery, 1995a), 
<collectingCountry id="1C2B4B350C072708C53DA32B7B592DB1" name="New Zealand">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="55A74499E7758C8B52A26B5C03242CF9" author="Murphy, E. C. &amp; C. R. Pickard" refId="ref250257" refString="Murphy, E. C., and C. R. Pickard. 1990. House mouse. Pp. 225 - 242, in The handbook of New Zealand mammals (C. M. King, ed.). Oxford University Press, Auckland, 600 pp." year="1990">Murphy and Pickard, 1990</bibRefCitation>
), Mariana Isls (
<bibRefCitation id="FD893405D8B18F84F796018FD0416549" author="Stinson, D. W." refId="ref340781" refString="Stinson, D. W. 1994. Birds and mammals recorded from the Mariana Islands. Natural History Research, Special Issue, 1: 333 - 344." year="1994">Stinson, 1994</bibRefCitation>
), Hawaii (
<bibRefCitation id="5C1B561183161FED2F83C5C0417BA8EB" author="Tomich, P. Q." refId="ref357747" refString="Tomich, P. Q. 1986. Mammals in Hawai'i: A synopsis and notational bibliography. Second ed. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publications, 76: 1 - 375." year="1986">Tomich, 1986</bibRefCitation>
), and Africa (
<bibRefCitation id="292AFB43A10FE642ED22856476F2C055" author="Ansell, W. F. H." refId="ref11178" refString="Ansell, W. F. H. 1978. The mammals of Zambia. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Chilanga, 126 pp." year="1978">Ansell, 1978</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="4E0727A5FF31694CD485180206DBFCD0" author="Ansell, W. F. H. &amp; R. J. Dowsett" refId="ref11419" refString="Ansell, W. F. H., and R. J. Dowsett. 1988. Mammals of Malawi: An annotated check list and atlas. Trendrine Press, Zennor, St. Ives, United Kingdom, 170 pp." year="1988">Ansell and Dowsett, 1988</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="F2136ECBB2123CD5133201E749EED694" author="Aulagnier, S. &amp; M. Thevenot" refId="ref15625" refString="Aulagnier, S., and M. Thevenot. 1986. Catalogue des mammiferes sauvages du Maroc. Travaux de l'Institut Scientifique, Serie Zoologie, 41: 1 - 164." year="1986">Aulagnier and Thevenot, 1986</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="631195A46112AF2CEBA8523877CBC296" author="Crawford-Cabral, J." refId="ref70924" refString="Crawford-Cabral, J. 1998. The Angolan rodents of the superfamily Muroidea: An account of their distribution. Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica Tropical, Estudos, Ensaios e Documentos, 161: 223 pp." year="1998">Crawford-Cabral, 1998</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="C19B911623AAFF7DCFC497F6090DAF90" author="Dobigny, G. &amp; A. Nomao &amp; J. - C. Gautun" refId="ref86333" refString="Dobigny, G., A. Nomao, and J. - C. Gautun. 2002 b. A cytotaxonomic survey of rodents from Niger: Implications for systematics, biodiversity and biogeography. Mammalia, 66 (4): 495 - 523." year="2002">
Dobigny et al., 2002 
<emphasis id="F867BAD1E201C7ADE65FCAA32E0C40DC" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="5240AB77C128AC2721B0F0B50B1E3328" author="de Graaff, G." refId="ref77573" refString="de Graaff, G. 1981. The rodents of Southern Africa. Butterworths, Durban, 267 pp." year="1981">de Graaff, 1981</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="C646B197FC0A075408A62E48AA5C311C" author="Duplantier, J. - M. &amp; L. Granjon &amp; K. Ba" refId="ref90561" refString="Duplantier, J. - M., L. Granjon, and K. Ba. 1997. Repartition biogeographique des petits rongeurs du Senegal. Journal of African Zoology, 111: 17 - 26." year="1997">Duplantier et al., 1997</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="D477FA923951765804AA5727356DE3FF" author="Grubb, P. &amp; T. S. Jones &amp; A. G. Davies &amp; E. Edberg &amp; E. D. Starin &amp; J. E. Hill" refId="ref134571" refString="Grubb, P., T. S. Jones, A. G. Davies, E. Edberg, E. D. Starin, and J. E. Hill. 1998. Mammals of Ghana, Sierra Leone and The Gambia. The Trendrine Press, Cornwall, 265 pp." year="1998">Grubb et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="BE11EC7AF363E8B8E6E882ADFC4C9CB9" author="Osborn, D. J. &amp; I. Helmy" refId="ref268547" refString="Osborn, D. J., and I. Helmy. 1980. The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (including Sinai). Fieldiana: Zoology, 5: 1 - 579." year="1980">Osborn and Helmy, 1980</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="67BA5254752708450937DCD6356515A0" author="Ranck, G. L." refId="ref297223" refString="Ranck, G. L. 1968. The rodents of Libya: Taxonomy, ecology, and zoogeographical relationships. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 275: 1 - 264." year="1968">Ranck, 1968</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72A331761FC0D6D39BB1E233AAA8EE49" author="Skinner, J. D. &amp; R. H. N. Smithers" refId="ref329484" refString="Skinner, J. D., and R. H. N. Smithers. 1990. The mammals of the southern African subregion. Second ed. University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa, 771 pp." year="1990">Skinner and Smithers, 1990</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BC31F8460F42A9CDB2B97A6A45E0698A" pageNumber="1398" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="3C18D0C3F4DFE16F5C610FCDAF853239" pageNumber="1398">
<emphasis id="649DAD6500E0869C95BB207DE47ECE1C" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="1398">Conservation:</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="C46E7E6270A8D3105F3399E87C05DFC9">IUCN</collectionCode>
– Lower Risk (lc).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C69D218BF5C5A85A975F6E822DFFC3D2" pageNumber="1398" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="D442CFC3CB43601300D35A3EB9B6CC17" pageNumber="1398">
<emphasis id="3013E1B887A942DC2CC583BE61F72BE2" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="1398">Discussion:</emphasis>
<paragraph id="E5FFA389CB1190143BCE886A12A12710" pageNumber="1398">
Subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="C53B58553850218C0668C29232E49BDF" baseAuthorityName="F. Petter and Matthey" baseAuthorityYear="1975" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CE77B63E07B03210C4D5A151DA32F1F7" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="2365BD01A4FC5811601221B9D6903A45" author="Schwarz, E. &amp; H. K. Schwarz" refId="ref322124" refString="Schwarz, E., and H. K. Schwarz. 1943. The wild and commensal stocks of the house mouse, Mus musculus Linneaus. Journal of Mammalogy, 24: 59 - 72." year="1943">Schwarz and Schwarz (1943)</bibRefCitation>
provided a revision that was followed with minor changes by 
<bibRefCitation id="9B26B69874474A3E022D7399B3EB53C8" author="Ellerman, J. R. &amp; T. C. S. Morrison-Scott" refId="ref93180" refString="Ellerman, J. R., and T. C. S. Morrison-Scott. 1951. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 810 pp." year="1951">Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951)</bibRefCitation>
. This arrangement was criticized by 
<bibRefCitation id="25CBDBB97640742FEB849126BCAE265B" author="Jones, J. K., Jr. &amp; D. H. Johnson" refId="ref176621" refString="Jones, J. K., Jr., and D. H. Johnson. 1965. Synopsis of the lagomorphs and rodents of Korea. University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, 16: 357 - 407." year="1965">Jones and Johnson (1965:394)</bibRefCitation>
who found that specimens from Asia that they studied &quot;bear little or no relation to this idealized classification.&quot; Subsequent treatments of this group were presented by J. 
<collectionCode id="AFDF97EC30B7DF7ADC49B0F3D2F44528" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics">T</collectionCode>
. Marshall, Jr. (1977 
<emphasis id="8BDE5836AD03C2DD0E9465A664CF397E" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">b</emphasis>
, 1981, 1986, 1998) and J. 
<collectionCode id="4CFACF97B1185CDF5F9CB85F4FFB3872" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics">T</collectionCode>
. Marshall, Jr. and Sage (1981). The most recent classification combined biochemical analyses of European, Asian, and African mice (
<bibRefCitation id="284BC267D549A45A7C0FB11A1A4FCEE2" author="Bonhomme, F. &amp; J. Catalan &amp; J. Britton-Davidian &amp; V. M. Chapman &amp; K. Moriwaki &amp; E. Nevo &amp; L. Thaler" refId="ref35693" refString="Bonhomme, F., J. Catalan, J. Britton-Davidian, V. M. Chapman, K. Moriwaki, E. Nevo, and L. Thaler. 1984. Biochemical diversity and evolution in the genus Mus. Biochemical Genetics, 22: 275 - 303." year="1984">Bonhomme et al., 1984</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="CA7E73093BC079ECE6CB2ABA1874FFAC" author="Boursot, P. &amp; J. - C. Auffray &amp; J. Britton-Davidian &amp; F. Bonhomme" refId="ref38102" refString="Boursot, P., J. - C. Auffray, J. Britton-Davidian, and F. Bonhomme. 1993. The evolution of house mice. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 24: 119 - 152." year="1993">Boursot et al., 1993</bibRefCitation>
, 1996; 
<bibRefCitation id="CFEB20AAA2BE76188CA929AF80E61044" author="Prager, E. M. &amp; C. Orrego &amp; R. D. Sage" refId="ref292770" refString="Prager, E. M., C. Orrego, and R. D. Sage. 1998. Genetic variation and phylgeography of Central Asian and other house mice, including a major new mitochondrial lineage in Yemen. Genetics, 150: 835 - 861." year="1998">Prager et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
). The translation of these results, as well as incorporation of morphological data, into a new classification of 
<taxonomicName id="A3A3CA2D33802861EC2BE3631CC27CFC" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="8AF075BFDD924C42F1EF1C30D544F288" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its allies (J. 
<collectionCode id="69BE3E542D90B1DDDA030288457059EE" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics">T</collectionCode>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="33729C078675A12194D32B94A61C023E" author="Marshall, J. T., Jr." refId="ref226308" refString="Marshall, J. T., Jr. 1998. Identification and scientific names of Eurasian house mice and their European allies, subgenus Mus (Rodentia: Muridae). Privately printed at Springfield, Virginia, 80 pp." year="1998">Marshall, Jr, 1998</bibRefCitation>
), and the allocation of the many names to 
<taxonomicName id="FA76B962C7F2DF13466A1D2DF5C6687D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="2EE18F47A19D67810909D5C1AE3DA2E0" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are surprisingly concordant with the treatment of 
<bibRefCitation id="9FE2A9D5CBB5D37154F3BF48AB977602" author="Schwarz, E. &amp; H. K. Schwarz" refId="ref322124" refString="Schwarz, E., and H. K. Schwarz. 1943. The wild and commensal stocks of the house mouse, Mus musculus Linneaus. Journal of Mammalogy, 24: 59 - 72." year="1943">Schwarz and Schwarz (1943)</bibRefCitation>
. Some of the scientific names listed under 
<taxonomicName id="38FDA0982AAA8475A68CE169B31B808C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="DA5905C3EAE1B6999B5201F0C436BEE5" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by those authors, but now placed elsewhere, are here associated with 
<taxonomicName id="D62AB21288EEF3D16A6BFFEDE9530684" authorityName="Petényi" authorityYear="1882" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spicilegus">
<emphasis id="D68E094628456DF3CAF74EADFEEE08B3" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. spicilegus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="78926C14952D4701AEE02835BA2F2516" authorityName="Lataste" authorityYear="1883" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spretus">
<emphasis id="321438E49A33CAC8E46A6A760751167A" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. spretus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8B84553814E0C20904DE68C49F666F05" authorityName="Petrov and Ruzic" authorityYear="1983" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="9141FE5312C4DFA454F8B02CDD294743" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="C1873C65D0A6C222FEF30BE7298EFD79" authorityName="Bonhote" authorityYear="1902" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caroli">
<emphasis id="921CD2F24F3215D8B999DAE4B6107665" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. caroli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see those accounts).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D647E71EA21F1FBAAB699F2F755FAF49" pageNumber="1398">
There are three distinctive and well known groups of house mice (
<bibRefCitation id="1F5B24E17F4F333CC5A140B0F8D18CDA" author="Bonhomme, F. &amp; R. Anand &amp; D. Darviche &amp; W. Din &amp; P. Boursot" refId="ref35952" refString="Bonhomme, F., R. Anand, D. Darviche, W. Din and P. Boursot. 1994. The house mouse as a ring species? Pp. 13 - 23, in Genetics in Wild Mice. Its Application to Biomedical Research (K. Moriwaki, T. Shiroishi, and H. Yonekawa, eds.). Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, 333 pp." year="1994">Bonhomme et al., 1994</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="89F9C8A939C6DC28A6B60D842760B25A" author="Boursot, P. &amp; J. - C. Auffray &amp; J. Britton-Davidian &amp; F. Bonhomme" refId="ref38102" refString="Boursot, P., J. - C. Auffray, J. Britton-Davidian, and F. Bonhomme. 1993. The evolution of house mice. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 24: 119 - 152." year="1993">Boursot et al., 1993</bibRefCitation>
, 1996; 
<bibRefCitation id="0CFD80878173505EEBE2D6F7147828F4" author="Din, W. &amp; R. Anand &amp; P. Boursot &amp; D. Darviche &amp; B. Dod &amp; E. Jouvin-Marche &amp; A. Orth &amp; G. P. Talwar &amp; P. - A. Cazenave &amp; F. Bonhomme" refId="ref85228" refString="Din, W., R. Anand, P. Boursot, D. Darviche, B. Dod, E. Jouvin-Marche, A. Orth, G. P. Talwar, P. - A. Cazenave, and F. Bonhomme. 1996. Origin and radiation of the house mouse: Clues from nuclear genes. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 9: 519 - 539." year="1996">Din et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
; J. 
<collectionCode id="16038AF37F1E983F5034151F5924A5B5" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics">T</collectionCode>
. Marshall, Jr., 1998; 
<bibRefCitation id="C4459B3B1BD87DA1E59F3963A0FA4C71" author="Sage, R. D. &amp; W. R. Atchley &amp; E. Capanna" refId="ref314444" refString="Sage, R. D., W. R. Atchley, and E. Capanna. 1993. House mice as models in systematic biology. Systematic Biology, 42 (4): 523 - 561." year="1993">Sage et al., 1993</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="79D7B62B064B56B25E6D4BF8922B8113" author="Yonekawa, H. &amp; S. Takahama &amp; O. Gotoh &amp; N. Miyashita &amp; K. Moriwaki" refId="ref400199" refString="Yonekawa, H., S. Takahama, O. Gotoh, N. Miyashita, and K. Moriwaki. 1994. Genetic diversity and geographic distribution of Mus musculus subspecies based on the polymorphism of mitochrondrial DNA. Pp. 25 - 40, in Genetics in wild mice (K. Moriwaki, T. Shiroishi, H. Yonekawa, eds.). Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, 333 pp." year="1994">Yonekawa et al., 1994</bibRefCitation>
), a fourth not as well documented (
<bibRefCitation id="0FE55BAF6E64F949C5F4277F4C0BCD69" author="Din, W. &amp; R. Anand &amp; P. Boursot &amp; D. Darviche &amp; B. Dod &amp; E. Jouvin-Marche &amp; A. Orth &amp; G. P. Talwar &amp; P. - A. Cazenave &amp; F. Bonhomme" refId="ref85228" refString="Din, W., R. Anand, P. Boursot, D. Darviche, B. Dod, E. Jouvin-Marche, A. Orth, G. P. Talwar, P. - A. Cazenave, and F. Bonhomme. 1996. Origin and radiation of the house mouse: Clues from nuclear genes. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 9: 519 - 539." year="1996">Din et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
), and a fifth recently identified (
<bibRefCitation id="733A0E30737B2B49D740CE6522C89B44" author="Prager, E. M. &amp; H. Tichy &amp; R. D. Sage" refId="ref292714" refString="Prager, E. M., H. Tichy, and R. D. Sage. 1996. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in the Eastern house mouse, Mus musculus: Comparison with other house mice and report of a 75 - bp tandem repeat. Genetics, 143: 427 - 446." year="1996">Prager et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
). Among 
<taxonomicName id="8550AFC603D8CC59290DD4932AC82FAD" baseAuthorityName="F. Petter and Matthey" baseAuthorityYear="1975" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FD5F18043892DD086B8B6EAC8333FC61" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
researchers, the three usual complexes (
<taxonomicName id="B8BC77BE3F87B04B30AA527FA28504F9" baseAuthorityName="Higgins and Petterd" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mastacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castaneus">
<emphasis id="DAB4BB56DDE4DFD55457B9EAC6AC2D5F" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">castaneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="05FC6E4839DBAFB949DDE56C0F905634" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">
<emphasis id="F95C8B88C4E1D5BE020CBBE40DFA1A08" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">domesticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="E6B818D12C5D36D1FA0163323CE47502" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="1204EA8F86D2166D797E399F3D01784B" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are either recognized as species (J. 
<collectionCode id="C3EE9F258100CB8019DC37E00CBB45CD" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics">T</collectionCode>
. Marshall, Jr., 1998; J. 
<collectionCode id="AB574A3B3CA82C875C7525C92D998D00" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics">T</collectionCode>
. Marshall, Jr. and Sage, 1981; 
<bibRefCitation id="E48444ED84EAD732DB901FAE6F208D5A" author="Prager, E. M. &amp; C. Orrego &amp; R. D. Sage" refId="ref292770" refString="Prager, E. M., C. Orrego, and R. D. Sage. 1998. Genetic variation and phylgeography of Central Asian and other house mice, including a major new mitochondrial lineage in Yemen. Genetics, 150: 835 - 861." year="1998">Prager et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="1EF3D2A542E6750CA764658287A1B06D" author="Sage, R. D. &amp; W. R. Atchley &amp; E. Capanna" refId="ref314444" refString="Sage, R. D., W. R. Atchley, and E. Capanna. 1993. House mice as models in systematic biology. Systematic Biology, 42 (4): 523 - 561." year="1993">Sage et al., 1993</bibRefCitation>
), or subspecies as we list them here (see discussions in 
<bibRefCitation id="63104975E21AFA3BB3B79F783F149028" author="Boursot, P. &amp; J. - C. Auffray &amp; J. Britton-Davidian &amp; F. Bonhomme" refId="ref38102" refString="Boursot, P., J. - C. Auffray, J. Britton-Davidian, and F. Bonhomme. 1993. The evolution of house mice. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 24: 119 - 152." year="1993">Boursot et al., 1993</bibRefCitation>
, 1996; 
<bibRefCitation id="B4CD32B43464000B41A7DFD28E96E0E8" author="Yonekawa, H. &amp; S. Takahama &amp; O. Gotoh &amp; N. Miyashita &amp; K. Moriwaki" refId="ref400199" refString="Yonekawa, H., S. Takahama, O. Gotoh, N. Miyashita, and K. Moriwaki. 1994. Genetic diversity and geographic distribution of Mus musculus subspecies based on the polymorphism of mitochrondrial DNA. Pp. 25 - 40, in Genetics in wild mice (K. Moriwaki, T. Shiroishi, H. Yonekawa, eds.). Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, 333 pp." year="1994">Yonekawa et al., 1994</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="AC385C9DA3574DCC4AE9F240A017812D" author="Din, W. &amp; R. Anand &amp; P. Boursot &amp; D. Darviche &amp; B. Dod &amp; E. Jouvin-Marche &amp; A. Orth &amp; G. P. Talwar &amp; P. - A. Cazenave &amp; F. Bonhomme" refId="ref85228" refString="Din, W., R. Anand, P. Boursot, D. Darviche, B. Dod, E. Jouvin-Marche, A. Orth, G. P. Talwar, P. - A. Cazenave, and F. Bonhomme. 1996. Origin and radiation of the house mouse: Clues from nuclear genes. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 9: 519 - 539." year="1996">Din et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="104B12FD9B5ED8E41DD109F8844E8E77" author="Prager, E. M. &amp; C. Orrego &amp; R. D. Sage" refId="ref292770" refString="Prager, E. M., C. Orrego, and R. D. Sage. 1998. Genetic variation and phylgeography of Central Asian and other house mice, including a major new mitochondrial lineage in Yemen. Genetics, 150: 835 - 861." year="1998">Prager et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
); the fourth group (
<emphasis id="6E01C43A3B49FD8C2F62A7C3317CD560" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">bactrianus</emphasis>
) is generally treated as a subspecies (
<bibRefCitation id="13B4D34E20AB9A24E7C4641C7D5C2AB2" author="Din, W. &amp; R. Anand &amp; P. Boursot &amp; D. Darviche &amp; B. Dod &amp; E. Jouvin-Marche &amp; A. Orth &amp; G. P. Talwar &amp; P. - A. Cazenave &amp; F. Bonhomme" refId="ref85228" refString="Din, W., R. Anand, P. Boursot, D. Darviche, B. Dod, E. Jouvin-Marche, A. Orth, G. P. Talwar, P. - A. Cazenave, and F. Bonhomme. 1996. Origin and radiation of the house mouse: Clues from nuclear genes. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 9: 519 - 539." year="1996">Din et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
); the fifth (
<emphasis id="537D949845DF83C0B73FD71869F8A31B" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">gentilulus</emphasis>
) is considered to be a possible species (
<bibRefCitation id="73B3EFE6894D4D3D1D66A2CFED9C588C" author="Prager, E. M. &amp; C. Orrego &amp; R. D. Sage" refId="ref292770" refString="Prager, E. M., C. Orrego, and R. D. Sage. 1998. Genetic variation and phylgeography of Central Asian and other house mice, including a major new mitochondrial lineage in Yemen. Genetics, 150: 835 - 861." year="1998">Prager et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
). Analyzing mtDNA by restriction enzymes and sequencing in worldwide samples of 
<taxonomicName id="71073452552DD0C7E7A7508B19DA8E22" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="7ED07A17392BBF490D26A05C232993C6" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
led 
<bibRefCitation id="E946A12AA2134C3EA3DC246BA8700646" author="Yonekawa, H. &amp; S. Takahama &amp; O. Gotoh &amp; N. Miyashita &amp; K. Moriwaki" refId="ref400199" refString="Yonekawa, H., S. Takahama, O. Gotoh, N. Miyashita, and K. Moriwaki. 1994. Genetic diversity and geographic distribution of Mus musculus subspecies based on the polymorphism of mitochrondrial DNA. Pp. 25 - 40, in Genetics in wild mice (K. Moriwaki, T. Shiroishi, H. Yonekawa, eds.). Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, 333 pp." year="1994">Yonekawa et al. (1994)</bibRefCitation>
to recognize the same three subspecies described above and a fourth, 
<emphasis id="5D54C643F8B39258E1A306D6CD40B017" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. m. bactrianus</emphasis>
, in N 
<collectingCountry id="D41C3D58F1E0E9F5FA58A5E973B7B050" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="50E5DAD0DB6900DE1F3D8F9C76A476D6" name="Pakistan">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
, and 
<collectingCountry id="B4EE4853317C3F12A387EEA5051EEF5A" name="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
. They assigned subspecific rather than specific status to these four geographic entities &quot;because they have not been sexually isolated from each other under natural conditions&quot; (p. 34). Presence of four identifiable geographic groups connected by significant gene flow among them is also indicated by analysis of variation of ribosomal RNA (
<bibRefCitation id="555236E2D61C3E53DAE4C1B698FEF7E5" author="Suzuki, H. &amp; Y. Kurihara" refId="ref344454" refString="Suzuki, H., and Y. Kurihara. 1994. Genetic variation of ribosomal RNA in the house mouse, Mus musculus. Pp. 107 - 119, in Genetics in wild mice (K. Moriwaki, T. Shiroishi, annd H. Yonekawa, eds.). Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, 333 pp." year="1994">Suzuki and Kurihara, 1994</bibRefCitation>
). Whether viewed as species or subspecies, each group is characterized by distinctive genetic and morphological traits. In their phylogenetic analyses of sequences from the mtDNA control region, 
<bibRefCitation id="D085772E4B363E4B2BA72D15712AC2DB" author="Prager, E. M. &amp; C. Orrego &amp; R. D. Sage" refId="ref292770" refString="Prager, E. M., C. Orrego, and R. D. Sage. 1998. Genetic variation and phylgeography of Central Asian and other house mice, including a major new mitochondrial lineage in Yemen. Genetics, 150: 835 - 861." year="1998">Prager et al. (1998)</bibRefCitation>
identified four major lineages with 
<emphasis id="3649334615A3D2430BABF0877170AC28" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
M. m. 
<taxonomicName id="FB1D3379C2639167FDD8C1B4F3067A88" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">domesticus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
as sister group to 
<emphasis id="AE9BBFAA3C77A021485DE1FADDB60182" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
M. m. 
<taxonomicName id="8D08E4AA640E9F55369B2FF8DA2DFFC7" baseAuthorityName="Higgins and Petterd" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mastacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castaneus">castaneus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="1C9734EB6BF1807CBCE322FE33883D94" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
M. 
<taxonomicName id="37A85E1F706813F7FD574F111E34F82B" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">m. musculus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and 
<emphasis id="F0EC88DE980DFD1642D150D8C41DC538" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. m. gentilulus</emphasis>
, and the latter being sister to 
<emphasis id="127D9CFB4DC0410163C4A9B0FB550719" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
M. m. 
<taxonomicName id="0A6C339F8C574E290C5D209ED5C184F4" baseAuthorityName="Higgins and Petterd" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mastacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castaneus">castaneus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="6ADE5A10E6B32C7D0D224C47787EB816" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
M. 
<taxonomicName id="DC9083AE9A71B8F36D4E08CE26495F11" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">m. musculus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="098DC9F6DE59D356713B3E475A803DFF" pageNumber="1398">
<taxonomicName id="C727D73935776C6C4A1A6CC7E2C9EEE3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="musculus" subSpecies="musculus">
<emphasis id="34399C2EE3FF35C23F3D4AA2332ADE3F" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus musculus musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ranges from C Europe and Scandinavia through E Europe, 
<collectingCountry id="2B908FB7607043480461F72C8B139914" name="Ukraine">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="952DA11B381E9E08490BB7AD235018CF" name="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
, SW Georgia, NC 
<collectingCountry id="72BAED02327BB1138A0E410A27A26A6D" name="Iran">Iran</collectingCountry>
, through N 
<collectingCountry id="901761F0941C9BDB428BF0EA18FBCF6E" name="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
(north of the Hindu Kush) and N Asia to Manchuria, 
<collectingCountry id="7F47C5C1CEB4B34F44CFE9F8C61EBD33" name="South Korea">Korea</collectingCountry>
, and 
<collectingCountry id="89B22171B5674F89CD6AD20D0FB12199" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="500BBBAB477172988C8AA40B59487677" author="Prager, E. M. &amp; C. Orrego &amp; R. D. Sage" refId="ref292770" refString="Prager, E. M., C. Orrego, and R. D. Sage. 1998. Genetic variation and phylgeography of Central Asian and other house mice, including a major new mitochondrial lineage in Yemen. Genetics, 150: 835 - 861." year="1998">Prager et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
). Introduced pockets of this form occur within the ranges of the other two groups (in the Nile delta, for example; J. 
<collectionCode id="0FD0B3C6C23ACA4F69C31F3858A4DDF8" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics">T</collectionCode>
. Marshall, Jr., 1998).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="72A375A457B548F2579AB0E40BA79F54" pageNumber="1398">
<taxonomicName id="082969F957D4CD7ECA0B6E8618D45AA6" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="musculus" subSpecies="domesticus">
<emphasis id="24F686EDFA4411D966F22D75625F0D2E" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus musculus domesticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in N Africa and ranges in Eurasia from W Europe (and most Mediterranean islands) through S Eurasia to the Caucasus and eastward through 
<collectingCountry id="53527EB3D9ED68B6F698D225D737ED70" name="Iran">Iran</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="B4EF3E46FD05420C7143CBEFC1ADB84D" name="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="105BE1F6A8C2512F3B2E7E1C369D9B1C" name="Pakistan">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
to N 
<collectingCountry id="9604C43C196886F1ACB585F128527C06" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="CB6CCA91CBA203B954D0B3E8483FFF92" name="Nepal">Nepal</collectingCountry>
. It is this form that was spread inadvertently by European colonization throughout the New World, numerous islands, 
<collectingCountry id="425ADB0041498F017E58586AE8DB340B" name="Australia">Australia</collectingCountry>
, and probably southern Africa (see 
<bibRefCitation id="E06F08C79E7FCDBB7E5DC387674ADDC5" author="Meester, J. A. J. &amp; I. L. Rautenbach &amp; N. J. Dippenaar &amp; C. M. Baker" refId="ref236076" refString="Meester, J. A. J., I. L. Rautenbach, N. J. Dippenaar, and C. M. Baker. 1986. Classification of southern African mammals. Transvaal Museum Monograph, 5: 1 - 359." year="1986">Meester et al., 1986</bibRefCitation>
, for discussion about the possible subspecies in southern Africa). 
<bibRefCitation id="90282E6B57D5D36C63A416DDFA7080B2" author="Auffray, J. - C. &amp; E. Tchernov &amp; E. Nevo" refId="ref15229" refString="Auffray, J. - C., E. Tchernov, and E. Nevo. 1988. Origine du commensalisme de la souris domestique (Mus musculus domesticus) vis-a-vis de l'homme. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris), ser. 3, 307 (9): 517 - 522." year="1988">Auffray et al. (1988)</bibRefCitation>
hypothesized the origin of commensalism in 
<emphasis id="7B9D27B9BA73A9D25D8F1A0C10B839C7" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
M. m. 
<taxonomicName id="7529D7F30031C18AECBC34C46D2DBCCA" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">domesticus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
to have taken place in the Fertile Crescent. 
<bibRefCitation id="03BAFC563897CBDDB6EA685AF6B3AB86" author="Prager, E. M. &amp; C. Orrego &amp; R. D. Sage" refId="ref292770" refString="Prager, E. M., C. Orrego, and R. D. Sage. 1998. Genetic variation and phylgeography of Central Asian and other house mice, including a major new mitochondrial lineage in Yemen. Genetics, 150: 835 - 861." year="1998">Prager et al. (1998)</bibRefCitation>
identified samples from 
<collectingCountry id="D8D8C07FD010DEA0E5B004ECF467D593" name="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
as 
<taxonomicName id="BD663D7984CC3E781B98A0363EDC0F85" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="B7F4A154B45F823A8E0844F19592649E" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="883C91B2AA52E6B680F49CC183F96C28" baseAuthorityName="Higgins and Petterd" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mastacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castaneus">
<emphasis id="755CE573A9B3211C599EA4CA5767ACDC" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">castaneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="0A4E350B97BAD7EA1A56BCF70E6FBA78" name="Pakistan">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
, N 
<collectingCountry id="D248FBB60FC379CC43F8B9EA2BFF909F" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
, and 
<collectingCountry id="61C14FFCF6960C748714B37CACD2962B" name="Nepal">Nepal</collectingCountry>
as 
<taxonomicName id="3349C0F7F295AC26CBEF8DD146792FDF" baseAuthorityName="Higgins and Petterd" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mastacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castaneus">
<emphasis id="5A87A9AA73E2DE77B55B3DFE0F5F134C" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">castaneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the actual range of 
<taxonomicName id="18BA15B81C7351D4FCB2FC82E12544FC" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">
<emphasis id="FB0F432F33D6DEDC7F1D6604B4D6DA76" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">domesticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in these regions requires clarification.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E1B2A9EB4CA1A5558DF91011EF180481" pageNumber="1398">
<taxonomicName id="1966AA0B600CAE542D19D330C6DD283E" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1843" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="musculus" subSpecies="castaneus">
<emphasis id="B3B13CE989221BD1A5B6F609495347AC" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus musculus castaneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
extends from Central Asia (C 
<collectingCountry id="70017322CEB28826114C164545F960A9" name="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
south of Hindu Kush, 
<collectingCountry id="4061CB728063E250E9D7B0E2DCC21776" name="Pakistan">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
, peninsular and NE 
<collectingCountry id="8E7EDC9228F71508FED62772C6DCBF14" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
, E and C 
<collectingCountry id="72C25B4F9A8542738C6DEC7FC2F754B0" name="Nepal">Nepal</collectingCountry>
) to throughout SE Asia; it has spread to 
<collectingCountry id="F93CC29791A94ACDE6D6959C6373820F" name="Taiwan">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
and eastward through the 
<collectingCountry id="952F1A7630E7890EE4E4213792C2A396" name="Indonesia">Moluccas</collectingCountry>
to New 
<collectingCountry id="D3D7155BE3842F69A4AD2A814FA1B33C" name="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea</collectingCountry>
; also on the Mariana Isls (J. 
<collectionCode id="55BC91CDA4C3699CC1E2DE5B2EB83268" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics">T</collectionCode>
. Marshall, Jr., 1998; 
<bibRefCitation id="556BB7E55EC7C3E79153F1D6417BCD1C" author="Prager, E. M. &amp; C. Orrego &amp; R. D. Sage" refId="ref292770" refString="Prager, E. M., C. Orrego, and R. D. Sage. 1998. Genetic variation and phylgeography of Central Asian and other house mice, including a major new mitochondrial lineage in Yemen. Genetics, 150: 835 - 861." year="1998">Prager et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
). Populations on 
<collectingCountry id="B14742F663FDEA1428361753BD516C7C" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
(traditionally referred to as 
<taxonomicName id="1AB494CF02F88A07A6289AF90506C80A" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1844" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molossinus">
<emphasis id="1E3A3DA026B0DE90F9463FAD22FE537D" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">molossinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) consist of either 
<taxonomicName id="76581D3D6AEE6BEBD868B50BDC2AAE5B" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="C6DF7AB8E146EC4EB46FC14D9D42A9FE" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="918A97BCF8E0E8087ACD2BA268FF10E8" baseAuthorityName="Higgins and Petterd" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mastacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castaneus">
<emphasis id="C8744E3687B39A1D19250A9E9419A1A9" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">castaneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or hybrids between the two (
<bibRefCitation id="52E94C2BA54A161426D74AB9CF506D6B" author="Yonekawa, H. &amp; K. Moriwaki &amp; O. Gotoh &amp; N. Miyashita &amp; Y. Matsushima &amp; L. - M. Shie &amp; W. - S. Cho &amp; X. - L. Zhen &amp; Y. Tagashira" refId="ref400053" refString="Yonekawa, H., K. Moriwaki, O. Gotoh, N. Miyashita, Y. Matsushima, L. - M. Shie, W. - S. Cho, X. - L. Zhen, and Y. Tagashira. 1988. Hybrid origin of Japanese mice &quot; Mus musculus molossinus &quot;: Evidence from restriction analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 5: 63 - 78." year="1988">Yonekawa et al., 1988</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5DE4E63C10C8CF301930455C082C5DD2" pageNumber="1398">
The fourth and lesser known group, 
<emphasis id="3CD2CAC5A49F1A0EF92452E63CB7ACAD" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. m. bactrianus</emphasis>
from 
<collectingCountry id="BA65DB6A44870421547703802A5BA6B0" name="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
, was first identified by 
<bibRefCitation id="636A20821AACFDB659E258530897D735" author="Yonekawa, H. &amp; K. Moriwaki &amp; O. Gotoh &amp; J. - I. Hayashi &amp; J. Watanabe &amp; N. Miyashita &amp; M. L. Petras &amp; Y. Tagashira" refId="ref400132" refString="Yonekawa, H., K. Moriwaki, O. Gotoh, J. - I. Hayashi, J. Watanabe, N. Miyashita, M. L. Petras, and Y. Tagashira. 1981. Evolutionary relationships among five subspecies of Mus musculus based on restriction enzyme cleavage patterns of mitochondrial DNA. Genetics, 98: 801 - 816." year="1981">Yonekawa et al. (1981)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="61271CF96EC8E29D4C43947449985104" author="Bonhomme, F. &amp; J. Catalan &amp; J. Britton-Davidian &amp; V. M. Chapman &amp; K. Moriwaki &amp; E. Nevo &amp; L. Thaler" refId="ref35693" refString="Bonhomme, F., J. Catalan, J. Britton-Davidian, V. M. Chapman, K. Moriwaki, E. Nevo, and L. Thaler. 1984. Biochemical diversity and evolution in the genus Mus. Biochemical Genetics, 22: 275 - 303." year="1984">Bonhomme et al. (1984)</bibRefCitation>
using mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. In their analysis of nuclear gene sequences of several samples from the Indian subregion, 
<bibRefCitation id="792B275FDDA8A10BDF9EB5B1C84C6ABB" author="Din, W. &amp; R. Anand &amp; P. Boursot &amp; D. Darviche &amp; B. Dod &amp; E. Jouvin-Marche &amp; A. Orth &amp; G. P. Talwar &amp; P. - A. Cazenave &amp; F. Bonhomme" refId="ref85228" refString="Din, W., R. Anand, P. Boursot, D. Darviche, B. Dod, E. Jouvin-Marche, A. Orth, G. P. Talwar, P. - A. Cazenave, and F. Bonhomme. 1996. Origin and radiation of the house mouse: Clues from nuclear genes. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 9: 519 - 539." year="1996">Din et al. (1996:535)</bibRefCitation>
would restrict the range from that proposed by 
<bibRefCitation id="B4E84EB5C8530EEF6BD923C338BA766C" author="Yonekawa, H. &amp; S. Takahama &amp; O. Gotoh &amp; N. Miyashita &amp; K. Moriwaki" refId="ref400199" refString="Yonekawa, H., S. Takahama, O. Gotoh, N. Miyashita, and K. Moriwaki. 1994. Genetic diversity and geographic distribution of Mus musculus subspecies based on the polymorphism of mitochrondrial DNA. Pp. 25 - 40, in Genetics in wild mice (K. Moriwaki, T. Shiroishi, H. Yonekawa, eds.). Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, 333 pp." year="1994">Yonekawa et al. (1994)</bibRefCitation>
, writing that &quot; 
<emphasis id="CA0FB6008F5425E775D2AEFF32EAC350" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. m. bactrianus</emphasis>
defined on the basis of the different mitochondrial... and nuclear genes... from the region of 
<collectingRegion id="54F2854DE7D0010213A5350A476F74E5" country="Afghanistan" name="Kabul">Kabul</collectingRegion>
in 
<collectingCountry id="B75C90B3022C475631048C03BEA17459" name="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
... has a very distinct nuclear gene composition... and probably belongs to a geographically confined group of populations living in the valleys of 
<collectingCountry id="F217E7715D6E354AE327A3DB17C10F47" name="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
where contact with the neighbouring regions is limited by the high mountain ranges which surround the country&quot; and &quot;can no longer be considered to be representative of the other 
<taxonomicName id="A6EF5F68C234958E99EEE6FF0B9A5206" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="C24020489CDF740719A95D591A8FC146" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations from the central area of the species range [
<collectingCountry id="4C94D37B6D980532C3524BA43904FAA3" name="Pakistan">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
and peninsular 
<collectingCountry id="431FB7ECA60F0729181D5C2EDA600D4A" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
].&quot; 
<bibRefCitation id="2904EE4CDE5764A58E2BA9D41EDEBC3B" author="Prager, E. M. &amp; C. Orrego &amp; R. D. Sage" refId="ref292770" refString="Prager, E. M., C. Orrego, and R. D. Sage. 1998. Genetic variation and phylgeography of Central Asian and other house mice, including a major new mitochondrial lineage in Yemen. Genetics, 150: 835 - 861." year="1998">Prager et al. (1998:835)</bibRefCitation>
noted that 
<emphasis id="294853CAEFEC0299EBB28E98C5FBBE89" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. m. bactrianus</emphasis>
is &quot;the least well defined and characterized&quot; of the five groups &quot;and it is not known whether it is a cohesive genetic entity.&quot; 
<collectingRegion id="47751EC74406C918008147D5DE50678B" country="Afghanistan" name="Kandahar">Kandahar</collectingRegion>
in SE 
<collectingCountry id="A6D1758ECF56AADA764493A650554800" name="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
is type locality of 
<emphasis id="53397753FFD0B7436627B8F42D83E804" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">bactrianus</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A1F2C2EB0C02F94AAEC497AE94FED7F8" pageNumber="1398">
The fifth group, 
<emphasis id="22ABFC2EFDB3E4335F57E3E8F411E8CF" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. m. gentilulus</emphasis>
, was recently identified by analyses of sequences from the mtDNA control region (mtDNA) in a sample from 
<collectingCountry id="54D6E5CDC79F6CDD814FBC15FC967469" name="Yemen">Yemen</collectingCountry>
; the mice are also distinctive in their small body size (
<bibRefCitation id="E5494CED7545FCA6D7C987CCDB695A69" author="Prager, E. M. &amp; C. Orrego &amp; R. D. Sage" refId="ref292770" refString="Prager, E. M., C. Orrego, and R. D. Sage. 1998. Genetic variation and phylgeography of Central Asian and other house mice, including a major new mitochondrial lineage in Yemen. Genetics, 150: 835 - 861." year="1998">Prager et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
). This form may have a more expansive distribution and 
<bibRefCitation id="A9BE9FB76D6E12EB4F625AD826CA0BF6" author="Prager, E. M. &amp; C. Orrego &amp; R. D. Sage" refId="ref292770" refString="Prager, E. M., C. Orrego, and R. D. Sage. 1998. Genetic variation and phylgeography of Central Asian and other house mice, including a major new mitochondrial lineage in Yemen. Genetics, 150: 835 - 861." year="1998">Prager et al. (1998:856)</bibRefCitation>
noted the desirability of genetically sampling populations from elsewhere on the Arabian Peninsula, &quot;all along the northern shores of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of 
<collectingCountry id="6F5BFBA2B9025B27CCE5113975D48ACB" name="Oman">Oman</collectingCountry>
, and also the Horn of Africa and adjacent regions.&quot; Similar mitochondrial sequences and Y chromosomal traits that characterize 
<emphasis id="8F0A6B796272E12CC92FA0B3D84CBA53" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. m. gentilulus</emphasis>
have recently been discovered in samples of 
<taxonomicName id="119DE77190A65ABEBA2240B1BA89E6D2" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="5594B674E4F342A88270835016598242" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="A52AC71755D7B661EAEA03125B1AC60A" name="Madagascar">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1538E398CD8BCA072CCD54C8DC514155" author="Duplantier, J. - M. &amp; A. Orth &amp; J. Catalan &amp; F. Bonhomme" refId="ref90599" refString="Duplantier, J. - M., A. Orth, J. Catalan, and F. Bonhomme. 2002. Evidence for a mitochondrial lineage originating from the Arabian Peninsula in the Madagascar house mouse (Mus musculus). Heredity, 89: 154 - 158." year="2002">Duplantier et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
). Those authors suggest this kinship supports a hypothesis of colinization by human importation from the Arabian Peninsula to islands along East Africa, including 
<collectingCountry id="E54EC35595B3730946EB119F15951E6A" name="Madagascar">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, a colonization route also claimed for the shrew 
<taxonomicName id="564F8143096F52F8BDB56588EB72513E" authority="(Hutterer and Tranier, 1990)" baseAuthorityName="Hutterer and Tranier" baseAuthorityYear="1990" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Suncus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murinus">
<emphasis id="35886F816B61B2F1386857F745B90AB5" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Suncus murinus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7A01B397113CC117F2B6E0FCAD6A1022" author="Hutterer, R. &amp; M. Tranier" refId="ref164410" refString="Hutterer, R., and M. Tranier. 1990. The immigration of the Asian house shrew Suncus murinus into Africa and Madagascar. Pp. 309 - 319, in Vertebrates in the Tropics (G. Peters and R. Hutterer, eds.). Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, 424 pp." year="1990">Hutterer and Tranier, 1990</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA70B518CCDCE39F366A42A730D771E0" pageNumber="1398">
<emphasis id="DC0CEF29E202F13FCCD562D31977D814" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
<taxonomicName id="9E56DDBB1ECC0A8BECAE3ECED6C92D18" baseAuthorityName="F. Petter and Matthey" baseAuthorityYear="1975" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="C70E8553BDCB0C1DBF917676EB9698C6" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">m. musculus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="075993EB8EAC5B93C840AFEAEFB32A14" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
M. m. 
<taxonomicName id="68D53D72C7E811BC393BAC99948829B3" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">domesticus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
meet and hybridize through a narrow zone (less than 
<quantity id="662D719ABF19E656AC3DA4F890FD4584" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="km" value="50.0">50 km</quantity>
) in C Europe (from the Jutland Peninsula to 
<collectingCountry id="744D2A68600302A54B7EC599A1A79CEE" name="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
), which has been the focus of extensive genetic, parasitological, and some morphological and behavioral studies (
<bibRefCitation id="EEFE7843C8146D777017C1C69ABDA36F" author="Agulnik, S. &amp; S. Adolph &amp; H. Winking &amp; W. Traut" refId="ref2880" refString="Agulnik, S., S. Adolph, H. Winking, and W. Traut. 1993. Zoogeography of the chromosome 1 HSR in natural populations of the house mouse (Mus musculus). Hereditas, 119: 39 - 46." year="1993">Agulnik et al., 1993</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="35C97005F6D7A85F29A6DB1AF771BEDC" author="Alibert, P. &amp; S. Renaud &amp; B. Dod &amp; F. Bonhomme &amp; J. - C. Auffray" refId="ref4277" refString="Alibert, P., S. Renaud, B. Dod, F. Bonhomme, and J. - C. Auffray. 1994. Fluctuating asymmetry in the Mus musculus hybrid zone: A heterotic effect in disrupted co-adapted genomes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 258: 53 - 59." year="1994">Alibert et al., 1994</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="0761C441F297F1C8EF5DAF4C1B5774F4" author="Auffray, J. - C. &amp; P. Alibert &amp; C. Latieule" refId="ref15448" refString="Auffray, J. - C., P. Alibert, and C. Latieule. 1996. Relative warp analysis of skull shape across the hybrid zone of the house mouse (Mus musculus) in Denmark. Journal of the Zoological Society of London, 240: 441 - 445." year="1996">Auffray et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="D06CBD2E75E667F48CC1FBEDF5CD9639" author="Britton-Davidian, J. &amp; J. Catalan &amp; K. Belkhir" refId="ref42591" refString="Britton-Davidian, J., J. Catalan, and K. Belkhir. 2002. Chromosomal and allozyme analysis of a hybrid zone between parapatric Robertsonian races of the house mouse: A case of monobrachial homology. Cytogenetic and Genome Research, 96: 75 - 84." year="2002">Britton-Davidian et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="1B84F603A6E0769ABD3200C55D6BB65F" author="Garagna, S. &amp; C. A. Redi &amp; P. Veneroni &amp; E. Capanna" refId="ref113002" refString="Garagna, S., C. A. Redi, P. Veneroni, and E. Capanna. 1992. Chromosome banding by restriction enzyme digestion distinguishes between Mus domesticus and Mus musculus karyotypes. Rendiconti Fisiche Accademia Lincei, Ser. 9, 3 (3): 247 - 255." year="1992">Garagna et al., 1992</bibRefCitation>
; Lazarová, 1999; Macholán and 
<bibRefCitation id="5545EA5762F4A68293953300190A1DBC" author="Zima, J. &amp; J. B. Searle &amp; M. Macholan" refId="ref407441" refString="Zima, J., J. B. Searle, and M. Macholan, eds. 1994. The cytogenetics of the Sorex araneus group and related topics. Folia Zoologica, 43 (suppl. 1): iv + 116 pp." year="1994">Zima, 1994</bibRefCitation>
; Macholán et al., 2003; 
<bibRefCitation id="43EAA6A26D9AD4D396899939F2020582" author="Moulia, C. &amp; J. P. Aussel &amp; F. Bonhomme &amp; P. Boursot &amp; J. T. Nielsen &amp; F. Renaud" refId="ref249342" refString="Moulia, C., J. P. Aussel, F. Bonhomme, P. Boursot, J. T. Nielsen, and F. Renaud. 1991. Wormy mice in a hybrid zone: A genetic control of susceptibility to parasite infection. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 4: 679 - 687." year="1991">Moulia et al., 1991</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="C164173949F9949CFB01587AB7C14ED5" author="Munclinger, P. &amp; E. Bozikova &amp; M. Sugerkova &amp; J. Pialek &amp; M. Macholan" refId="ref249927" refString="Munclinger, P., E. Bozikova, M. Sugerkova, J. Pialek, and M. Macholan. 2002. Genetic variation in house mice (Mus, Muridae, Rodentia) from the Czech and Slovak Republics. Folia Zoologica, 51: 81 - 92." year="2002">Munclinger et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="8EF6B483A9F9923CF38F317623550E31" author="Niwa-Kawakita, M." refId="ref261930" refString="Niwa-Kawakita, M. 1994. Reproductive depression of female mice in intersubspecific F 2 hybrids of the species Mus musculus. Pp. 121 - 128, in Genetics in wild mice (K. Moriwaki, T. Shiroishi, and H. Yonekawa, eds.). Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, 333 pp." year="1994">Niwa-Kawakita, 1994</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="29A1B63A87554DB8DEBB8C8417A25596" author="Prager, E. M. &amp; R. D. Sage &amp; U. Gyllensten &amp; W. K. Thomas &amp; R. Hubner &amp; C. S. Jones &amp; L. Noble &amp; J. B. Searle &amp; A. C. Wilson" refId="ref292633" refString="Prager, E. M., R. D. Sage, U. Gyllensten, W. K. Thomas, R. Hubner, C. S. Jones, L. Noble, J. B. Searle, and A. C. Wilson. 1993. Mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity and the colonization of Scandinavia by house mice from East Holstein. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 50: 85 - 122." year="1993">Prager et al, 1993</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="5EF58AF72D9166293B273A31D145A177" author="Sage, R. D. &amp; D. Heyneman &amp; K. - C. Lim &amp; A. C. Wilson" refId="ref314401" refString="Sage, R. D., D. Heyneman, K. - C. Lim, and A. C. Wilson. 1986 b. Wormy mice in a hybrid zone. Nature, 324: 60 - 63." year="1986">
Sage et al., 1986 
<emphasis id="5DC8E0D14539482E74F5DC0A601F1F15" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="02250C65B5FCFDC3AC6D3D6137652D6F" author="Smadja, C. &amp; G. Ganem" refId="ref329867" refString="Smadja, C., and G. Ganem. 2002. Subspecies recognition in the house mouse: A study of two populations from the border of a hybrid zone. Behavioral Ecology, 13 (3): 312 - 320." year="2002">Smadja and Ganem, 2002</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="895ACBCBB916733307E7CB5BA4FE3F1B" author="Turker, M. S. &amp; G. E. Cooper &amp; P. L. Bishop" refId="ref360966" refString="Turker, M. S., G. E. Cooper, and P. L. Bishop. 1993. Region-specific rates of molecular evolution: A fourfold reduction in the rate of accumulation of &quot; silent &quot; mutations in transcribed versus nontranscribed regions of homologous DNA fragments derived from two closely related mouse species. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 36: 31 - 40." year="1993">Turker et al., 1993</bibRefCitation>
; also see the reviews and citations referenced by 
<bibRefCitation id="8BADDDD64307CA4354D62D3E305826C0" author="Boursot, P. &amp; J. - C. Auffray &amp; J. Britton-Davidian &amp; F. Bonhomme" refId="ref38102" refString="Boursot, P., J. - C. Auffray, J. Britton-Davidian, and F. Bonhomme. 1993. The evolution of house mice. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 24: 119 - 152." year="1993">Boursot et al. [1993]</bibRefCitation>
, J. 
<collectionCode id="9C98F26FA04174C30151213A06DBB060" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics">T</collectionCode>
. Marshall, Jr. [1998], 
<bibRefCitation id="1049BFCD6B01A308E79A55ABACBB4E7C" author="Mezhzherin, S. V. &amp; E. V. Kotenkova &amp; A. G. Mikhailenko" refId="ref240280" refString="Mezhzherin, S. V., E. V. Kotenkova, and A. G. Mikhailenko. 1998. The house mice, Mus musculus s. l., hybrid zone of Transcaucasus. Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde, 63: 154 - 168." year="1998">Mezhzherin et al. [1998]</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="5F954B9847AD8C0F43EACCB86097323D" author="Sage, R. D. &amp; W. R. Atchley &amp; E. Capanna" refId="ref314444" refString="Sage, R. D., W. R. Atchley, and E. Capanna. 1993. House mice as models in systematic biology. Systematic Biology, 42 (4): 523 - 561." year="1993">Sage et al. [1993]</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="8F6733465D15D1473E430B60B0AB83BC" author="Mitchell-Jones, A. J. &amp; G. Amori &amp; W. Bogdanowicz &amp; B. Krystufek &amp; P. J. H. Reijnders &amp; F. Spitzenberger &amp; M. Stubbe &amp; J. B. M. Thissen &amp; V. Vohralik &amp; J. Zima" refId="ref243793" refString="Mitchell-Jones, A. J., G. Amori, W. Bogdanowicz, B. Krystufek, P. J. H. Reijnders, F. Spitzenberger, M. Stubbe, J. B. M. Thissen, V. Vohralik, and J. Zima. 1999. Atlas of European mammals. Academic Press, London, 496 pp." year="1999">Mitchell-Jones et al. [1999]</bibRefCitation>
provided vivid depictions of the European ranges of 
<taxonomicName id="29672353CAD16F474DA89D52ED8B1801" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">
<emphasis id="28009F876E0E02683F39A96FEBBD530E" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">domesticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A8BF8AE99EF25C187D5C2C3AE7202353" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="91B16219102A50DDDD04665712DD1F2A" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and in a much wider zone (more than 
<quantity id="FFE87AD1948F883E966FC78AC3B861BD" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="km" value="300.0">300 km</quantity>
) in the Transcaucasus region (
<bibRefCitation id="53A727F90A95A69AE8FB7F16CEE50F27" author="Mezhzherin, S. V. &amp; E. V. Kotenkova &amp; A. G. Mikhailenko" refId="ref240280" refString="Mezhzherin, S. V., E. V. Kotenkova, and A. G. Mikhailenko. 1998. The house mice, Mus musculus s. l., hybrid zone of Transcaucasus. Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde, 63: 154 - 168." year="1998">Mezhzherin et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B4E5A367F1CCB27B35AB352ED2022E4A" author="Orth, A. &amp; E. Lyapunova &amp; A. Kandaurov &amp; S. Boissinot &amp; P. Boursot &amp; N. Vorontsov &amp; F. Bonhomme" refId="ref268226" refString="Orth, A., E. Lyapunova, A. Kandaurov, S. Boissinot, P. Boursot, N. Vorontsov, and F. Bonhomme. 1996. L'espece polytypique Mus musculus en Transcaucasie. Comptes Rendus des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris), Sciences de la vie / Life sciences, 319: 435 - 441." year="1996">Orth et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
). The hybrid zone between 
<emphasis id="E4591CBE11F645F1122F3275FA0D7370" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
M. m. 
<taxonomicName id="27E624A94569BE49705B55DFB02C06E5" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">domesticus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="1EF6A6E56BA6A6208C2E4836D6BF7E0D" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
M. m. 
<taxonomicName id="871D9EC2D0EB2D6471A680141FB67CC3" baseAuthorityName="Higgins and Petterd" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mastacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castaneus">castaneus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
may be in NW 
<collectingCountry id="B8CD85138B5DDA847287B93BD6AA9A80" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
(J. 
<collectionCode id="64946713D46107CC3986CE78C4AC53BF" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics">T</collectionCode>
. Marshall, Jr., 1998), but that contact requires critical analysis (
<bibRefCitation id="2EB04653C99A89D4D7E59D31792CB959" author="Agrawal, V. C." refId="ref2022" refString="Agrawal, V. C. 2000. Taxonomic studies on Indian Muridae and Hystricidae (Mammalia: Rodentia). Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper No. 180, 186 pp." year="2000">Agrawal [2000:121]</bibRefCitation>
listed the Indian populations of 
<emphasis id="C9157871AEE1DBFE06E5C360DF425DCA" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
M. m. 
<taxonomicName id="BDFDF0994B5B9F70D92955A3496A1490" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">domesticus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, which he referred to as 
<emphasis id="97B3EB53597DB739E83B45DE702C7689" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">praetextus</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="FADA64E1837FE105C4586AB197693FF2" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">homourus</emphasis>
, as &quot;outdoor subspecies&quot; and 
<emphasis id="F2F40DA39ABA05AFC8CC2E6E3B778F96" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
M. m. 
<taxonomicName id="5686D53CCCA81C900F8D34BDEFB00202" baseAuthorityName="Higgins and Petterd" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mastacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castaneus">castaneus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
as an &quot;indoor subspecies&quot;). In their analysis of nuclear gene sequences, 
<bibRefCitation id="5FD9E1AC92A4A422E26AE86745246DB1" author="Din, W. &amp; R. Anand &amp; P. Boursot &amp; D. Darviche &amp; B. Dod &amp; E. Jouvin-Marche &amp; A. Orth &amp; G. P. Talwar &amp; P. - A. Cazenave &amp; F. Bonhomme" refId="ref85228" refString="Din, W., R. Anand, P. Boursot, D. Darviche, B. Dod, E. Jouvin-Marche, A. Orth, G. P. Talwar, P. - A. Cazenave, and F. Bonhomme. 1996. Origin and radiation of the house mouse: Clues from nuclear genes. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 9: 519 - 539." year="1996">Din et al. (1996)</bibRefCitation>
documented samples from 
<collectingRegion id="C9E26414FE4E09072FADA916B3A4A4B7" country="Iran" name="Tehran">Tehran</collectingRegion>
in N 
<collectingCountry id="3DAF507C9AEBA2B44DA93B588ACD8726" name="Iran">Iran</collectingCountry>
as having a nuclear gene pool containing elements of 
<taxonomicName id="060E8C38F70237B7E1DD1444E780CF18" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">
<emphasis id="9D43297008B6305FE11253ACA38A712F" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">domesticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and mice from N 
<collectingCountry id="57FA5E73AD91D546483056525EDC46EB" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="972D88A424AEDAF4E04DEBB4F3E68B5B" name="Pakistan">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
, which strengthens the hypothesis of a series of intergrading populations between N 
<collectingCountry id="A6AE6A03A2A25FCD5978247ECB15D197" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
and the periphery of the 
<taxonomicName id="470ABB87AED5A024E72C7B2B088A877B" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">
<emphasis id="BEF1B515D1B7BB2E830E51523BA298D3" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">domesticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
range in Europe. 
<emphasis id="36A3A9DE76128319768E87B50DD15C32" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
<taxonomicName id="B9C9FC3F167B42627BCD52E8E092B845" baseAuthorityName="F. Petter and Matthey" baseAuthorityYear="1975" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C58F69FDAC92FAD9ACCCCEEF2BCEE6D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">m. musculus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="A4942ABCA123C48796F950D89035E944" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
M. m. 
<taxonomicName id="D49390484D33A6C80924F1BC85B7731D" baseAuthorityName="Higgins and Petterd" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mastacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castaneus">castaneus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
contact each other in a wide zone of intergradation in N 
<collectingCountry id="8F96152C2370AF767640AD72162BD674" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
(more than 
<quantity id="C22DE0FA06066186C73CE868DB727206" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="km" value="1000.0">1000 km</quantity>
in latitude), in the main Japanese Isls, and on Okinawa (
<bibRefCitation id="E6D18B43ACE7AB9FCC404C187E9EB428" author="Bonhomme, F. &amp; N. Miyashita &amp; P. Boursot &amp; J. Catalan &amp; K. Moriwaki" refId="ref35910" refString="Bonhomme, F., N. Miyashita, P. Boursot, J. Catalan, and K. Moriwaki. 1989. Genetical variation and polyphyletic origin in Japanese Mus musculus. Heredity, 63: 299 - 308." year="1989">Bonhomme et al., 1989</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="3CD5922EE053D2CE077CD35837FC89C9" author="Boursot, P. &amp; J. - C. Auffray &amp; J. Britton-Davidian &amp; F. Bonhomme" refId="ref38102" refString="Boursot, P., J. - C. Auffray, J. Britton-Davidian, and F. Bonhomme. 1993. The evolution of house mice. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 24: 119 - 152." year="1993">Boursot et al., 1993</bibRefCitation>
, and references cited therein; J. 
<collectionCode id="DCCC5F7857C18E9A01210486FA1BEAED" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics">T</collectionCode>
. Marshall, Jr., 1998; 
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; 
<bibRefCitation id="F9C229EF95DF6353215514D13576EB32" author="Yonekawa, H. &amp; S. Takahama &amp; O. Gotoh &amp; N. Miyashita &amp; K. Moriwaki" refId="ref400199" refString="Yonekawa, H., S. Takahama, O. Gotoh, N. Miyashita, and K. Moriwaki. 1994. Genetic diversity and geographic distribution of Mus musculus subspecies based on the polymorphism of mitochrondrial DNA. Pp. 25 - 40, in Genetics in wild mice (K. Moriwaki, T. Shiroishi, H. Yonekawa, eds.). Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, 333 pp." year="1994">Yonekawa et al., 1994</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C98BE9EB7B9722558291FF60156421E9" pageNumber="1398">
Samples of 
<taxonomicName id="D86BD47B6A88D05472DDCE474FF91D64" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="1543493EC8DFDEB7671406F7634D1D74" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been the focus of numerous morphometric, chromosomal, and molecular studies undertaken in context of phylogenetic inquiries bearing upon discrimination and relationships among populations of 
<taxonomicName id="F2701EFC8DDCA14E1239EE72FA9BA3FD" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="9D14128051F43A439F905836B2D7D221" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and between it and other species of 
<taxonomicName id="BD4581895461A6B2B71184DB4D2195C4" baseAuthorityName="F. Petter and Matthey" baseAuthorityYear="1975" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3BEA289481CA430FA3B87154A0B9D1DF" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well as general treatises on speciation and phylogeny. Some of the contributions published during the last two decades that also summarized and cited earlier reports are 
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, 
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, 
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, 
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, Leamy et al., (2002), 
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, and 
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A4E6AB39969DF6752DDD96D074E16BA" pageNumber="1398">
A highlight among the many chromosomal studies is the exceptionally variable karyotype characteristic of 
<emphasis id="FA308B800546F216C13607D6001A705F" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
M. m. 
<taxonomicName id="D1C3549A997C4C26B7DF1B34C2B007CE" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">domesticus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
throughout its range compared with other subspecies, especially 
<emphasis id="7B9E4E2F0E7647679D62AE0765549A03" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
M. 
<taxonomicName id="3A7CE0F2D122BEA7AA0120076D772C52" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">m. musculus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="5ECDC0A1E503E5DEA1CEF1AB29FEC74F" author="Britton-Davidian, J. &amp; J. Catalan &amp; M. da G. Ramalhinho &amp; G. Ganem &amp; J. - C. Auffray &amp; R. Capela &amp; M. Biscoitos &amp; J. B. Searle &amp; M. da L. Mathias" refId="ref42527" refString="Britton-Davidian, J., J. Catalan, M. da G. Ramalhinho, G. Ganem, J. - C. Auffray, R. Capela, M. Biscoitos, J. B. Searle, and M. da L. Mathias. 2000. Rapid chromosomal evolution in island mice. Nature, 403: 158." year="2000">Britton-Davidian et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
; Capanna, 1982; Capanna et al., 1994; 
<bibRefCitation id="F9B042C8B146FF9F8D9495DA82E62F91" author="Chondropoulos, B. P. &amp; S. E. Fraguedakis-Tsolis &amp; G. Markakis &amp; E. Giagia-Athanasopoulou" refId="ref61680" refString="Chondropoulos, B. P., S. E. Fraguedakis-Tsolis, G. Markakis, and E. Giagia-Athanasopoulou. 1996. Morphometric variability in karyologically polymorphic populations of the wild Mus musculus domesticus in Greece. Acta Theriologica, 41 (4): 375 - 382." year="1996">Chondropoulos et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
; Hauffe and 
<bibRefCitation id="E2716BB7E270624381CCDC08EB6E9529" author="Searle, J. B. &amp; Y. N. Navarro &amp; G. Ganem" refId="ref322718" refString="Searle, J. B., Y. N. Navarro, and G. Ganem. 1993. Further studies of a staggered hybrid zone in Mus musculus domesticus (the house mouse). Heredity, 71: 523 - 531." year="1993">Searle, 1993</bibRefCitation>
; Muñoz-Muñoz et al., 2003; 
<bibRefCitation id="ED388579853DC7834887D1B4BBA2B349" author="Said, K. &amp; A. Saad &amp; J. - C. Auffray &amp; J. Britton-Davidian" refId="ref314560" refString="Said, K., A. Saad, J. - C. Auffray, and J. Britton-Davidian. 1993. Fertility estimates in the Tunisian all-acrocentric and Robertsonian populations of the house mouse and their chromosomal hybrids. Heredity, 71: 532 - 538." year="1993">Said et al., 1993</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="0364E0B00F56CBCADEA1F68C2421F704" author="Said, K. &amp; J. - C. Auffray &amp; P. Boursot &amp; J. Britton-Davidian" refId="ref314609" refString="Said, K., J. - C. Auffray, P. Boursot, and J. Britton-Davidian. 1999. Is chromosomal speciation occurring in house mice in Tunisia? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 68: 387 - 399." year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="FA28617E32FA8375724871A39C8405B8" author="Nachman, M. W. &amp; J. B. Searle" refId="ref254252" refString="Nachman, M. W., and J. B. Searle. 1995. Why is the house mouse karyotype so variable? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 10: 397 - 402." year="1995">Nachman and Searle, 1995</bibRefCitation>
, provided an excellent synopsis). In addition to the standard karyotype of all acrocentric chromosomes (2n = 40), numerous populations of 
<taxonomicName id="4D9E46707FD242939C4C05BF3DD32480" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">
<emphasis id="35F74DE29E4AD070BBEF9C38555A5BCB" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">domesticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibit metacentric chromosomes derived from Robertsonian fusion mutations. Such mutations are absent from most populations of 
<emphasis id="6552EBCE2F55CBE6CAE2C2C0111BC4F2" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
M. 
<taxonomicName id="5220BB8286B3A325585CAF4D0810EB76" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">m. musculus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and when present occur at very low frequencies (Zima and Macholán, 1989; 
<bibRefCitation id="468075FDCD3B4D79651E5FDBA6FB50D6" author="Zima, J. &amp; V. A. Gaichenko &amp; M. Macholan &amp; S. I. Radjabli &amp; O. V. Sablina &amp; J. M. Wojcik" refId="ref407319" refString="Zima, J., V. A. Gaichenko, M. Macholan, S. I. Radjabli, O. V. Sablina, and J. M. Wojcik. 1990. Are Robertsonian variations a frequent phenomenon in mouse populations in Eurasia? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 41: 229 - 233." year="1990">Zima et al., 1990</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7EB741288D6AFE6095A8496B10C5069A" pageNumber="1398">
Recently, initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome has been documented using laboratory strain C57BL/6J, and revealing about 30,000 genes, with over 90% of mouse and human genomes &quot;reflecting segments in which the gene order in the most recent common ancestor has been conserved in both species&quot; (
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6F3E44167B6B655E150CEAE6EEB249B4" pageNumber="1398">
Analysis of DNA sequences from a set of genes places 
<taxonomicName id="23DAE28EC0689C423743A295685D231E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="A95D25A1FF77F61EA1A8CEDA116EE6A5" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the same clade as 
<taxonomicName id="A3B462AE4B5CB6540D09BD9C42353BFE" authorityName="Lataste" authorityYear="1883" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spretus">
<emphasis id="0BFE01C4C8585E6B3B78247093C2DE7E" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. spretus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E372044A2C662593613DBB5258E54721" authorityName="Petrov and Ruzic" authorityYear="1983" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="CF333604D9628AE3BD8D6E470812D6E5" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="923CB98A004C056E1F072ED5322A043C" authorityName="Petényi" authorityYear="1882" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spicilegus">
<emphasis id="8A9016446C14EB6E0106C83D5A9222F9" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. spicilegus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6A8F7A6BF34B0E9B3456AA0F973E3136" author="Graur, D." refId="ref127700" refString="Graur, D. 1994. Molecular evidence concerning the phylogenetic integrity of the Murinae. Israel Journal of Zoology, 40: 255 - 264." year="1994">Graur, 1994</bibRefCitation>
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; 
<bibRefCitation id="4314F4690217DED384824B724E0696F4" author="Prager, E. M. &amp; H. Tichy &amp; R. D. Sage" refId="ref292714" refString="Prager, E. M., H. Tichy, and R. D. Sage. 1996. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in the Eastern house mouse, Mus musculus: Comparison with other house mice and report of a 75 - bp tandem repeat. Genetics, 143: 427 - 446." year="1996">Prager et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="78CE6410A1F0C83739A9F07F687D2A0F" author="Prager, E. M. &amp; C. Orrego &amp; R. D. Sage" refId="ref292770" refString="Prager, E. M., C. Orrego, and R. D. Sage. 1998. Genetic variation and phylgeography of Central Asian and other house mice, including a major new mitochondrial lineage in Yemen. Genetics, 150: 835 - 861." year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
). Combined analyses of morphological traits, DNA/DNA hybridization, and mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences align 
<taxonomicName id="94066B5FDA7671F81550246ABDDCF9BC" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="198542B5C1290BEB66CD6E74440794E7" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with 
<taxonomicName id="D4BCF7DB86F723FBE3E55241A8C6F394" authorityName="Petényi" authorityYear="1882" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spicilegus">
<emphasis id="9A4495126CF61C33FBBF74797528ECF3" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. spicilegus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="D82A8F7207101D1527261AE8F935AA1E" authorityName="Petrov and Ruzic" authorityYear="1983" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
<emphasis id="040C768A8532700F6F3CEA89E0D0BC11" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. macedonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="A756968F723FE04E7E3F338C5F7D1B3E" authorityName="Lataste" authorityYear="1883" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spretus">
<emphasis id="D9E47312F89AD4B86040A63D51907978" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. spretus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in a clade separate from an Asian clade composed of 
<taxonomicName id="447DB41EC83708EDD40F3733EAFA8903" authorityName="Bonhote" authorityYear="1902" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caroli">
<emphasis id="4F1D09F742FDD6F319918330C55A5BB7" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. caroli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="1EE8610FAA79CE8067398F9EA24C6283" baseAuthorityName="Graur" baseAuthorityYear="1994" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cervicolor">
<emphasis id="CB280EE3A2A9B9FEB1993761E04D3F2F" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. cervicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="183D1FD8665D2A516A0BE37DD3D494B2" authorityName="Ryley" authorityYear="1914" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cooki">
<emphasis id="1A9A69BFEE46ECBFA6F2C65E25DC850C" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. cooki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Auffrey et al., 2003; 
<bibRefCitation id="F67B39FFA93E7088D0F30F6521180B13" author="Chevret, P. &amp; P. Jenkins &amp; F. Catzeflis" refId="ref60418" refString="Chevret, P., P. Jenkins, and F. Catzeflis. 2003. Evolutionary systematics of the Indian mouse Mus famulus Bonhote, 1898: Molecular (DNA / DNA hybridization and 12 S rRNA sequences) and morphological evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 137: 385 - 401." year="2003">Chevret et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
; also supported by cranial morphology, J. 
<collectionCode id="75959E42BC32F928D560DB49B332EA1A" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics">T</collectionCode>
. Marshall, Jr., 1977 
<emphasis id="C366A71C2C8E3FF87EC635838DE35F11" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">b</emphasis>
, and in litt., 2004). Osteometric comparisons between subfossil remains from Lavezzi Isl off the coast of S 
<collectingCountry id="59F929911C2B66249BE615D74D6B632A" name="France">Corsica</collectingCountry>
and recent Corsican populations reported by 
<bibRefCitation id="F32FD9DBB637ABF4D9FF796617544A02" author="Vigne, J. - D. &amp; G. Cheylan &amp; L. Granjon &amp; J. - C. Auffray" refId="ref372751" refString="Vigne, J. - D., G. Cheylan, L. Granjon, and J. - C. Auffray. 1993. Evolution osteometrique de Rattus rattus et de Mus musculus domesticus sur de petites iles: Comparison de populations medievales et actuelles des iles Lavezzi (Corse) et de Corse. Mammalia, 57 (1): 85 - 98." year="1993">Vigne et al. (1993)</bibRefCitation>
. Analyses of mtDNA variation among samples from Japanese islands reveal a polyphyletic origin of Japanese 
<taxonomicName id="8D1E7E8432AADFCAB731A90DD1B1E24F" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="E2AA96081984FD7A9E8562D479536DDF" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
derived from 
<taxonomicName id="805B95D458ECA436585E3B6747FFADBB" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="B2922381D70345869697C73F008FF077" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="159A44C1CA5A11087B7D1FFE094800FA" baseAuthorityName="Higgins and Petterd" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mastacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castaneus">
<emphasis id="5734BEEB20CFC4ED58017C5213AD0533" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">castaneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="3A770A3401ADBB9F3F89C3614BA32D59" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">
<emphasis id="D971D62F7E8AEB875B2D14A2EB1FA574" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">domesticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
strains (
<bibRefCitation id="9002C8577255A9AB11676F2386A92DA8" author="Bonhomme, F. &amp; N. Miyashita &amp; P. Boursot &amp; J. Catalan &amp; K. Moriwaki" refId="ref35910" refString="Bonhomme, F., N. Miyashita, P. Boursot, J. Catalan, and K. Moriwaki. 1989. Genetical variation and polyphyletic origin in Japanese Mus musculus. Heredity, 63: 299 - 308." year="1989">Bonhomme et al., 1989</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="034E64FB462EA886D9D3E3677A26A76C" author="Yonekawa, H. &amp; S. Takahama &amp; O. Gotoh &amp; N. Miyashita &amp; K. Moriwaki" refId="ref400199" refString="Yonekawa, H., S. Takahama, O. Gotoh, N. Miyashita, and K. Moriwaki. 1994. Genetic diversity and geographic distribution of Mus musculus subspecies based on the polymorphism of mitochrondrial DNA. Pp. 25 - 40, in Genetics in wild mice (K. Moriwaki, T. Shiroishi, H. Yonekawa, eds.). Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, 333 pp." year="1994">Yonekawa et al., 1994</bibRefCitation>
; also confirmed by specimens in 
<collectionCode id="9744513EC90AA8EC2E0A9783E9EADC2F" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
and original descriptions, J. 
<collectionCode id="6FEBA1DC840AAC18E73CFDA3C1D8E150" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics">T</collectionCode>
. Marshall, Jr., in litt.). These results are also supported by a morphometric study of insular variation of 
<taxonomicName id="7B1828D7063A9E6D045D936E32BDEB5A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="471D637B182848229249B584D59116A8" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from various Japanese islands (
<bibRefCitation id="FD0A382BDB5389C34356375502941989" author="Takada, Y. &amp; H. Yamada &amp; T. Tateishi" refId="ref346007" refString="Takada, Y., H. Yamada, and T. Tateishi. 1994. Morphometric variation of Japanese wild mice on islands. Journal of the Mammal Society of Japan, 19 (2): 113 - 128." year="1994">Takada et al., 1994</bibRefCitation>
). Morphometric variation in samples from the Japanese Izu Isls south of Tokyo Bay documented by 
<bibRefCitation id="7FA1C379F4CDFABAFF7812769FEB7E3C" author="Takada, Y. &amp; E. Sakai &amp; Y. Uematsu &amp; T. Tateishi" refId="ref346049" refString="Takada, Y., E. Sakai, Y. Uematsu, and T. Tateishi. 1999. Morphometric variation of house mice (Mus musculus) on the Izu Islands. Mammal Study, 24: 51 - 65." year="1999">Takada et al. (1999)</bibRefCitation>
, and their relationship to populations on the Ogasawara Isls elucidated by 
<bibRefCitation id="C0C3D545D92153DB3CB70076A51077C2" author="Takada, Y. &amp; T. Tateishi &amp; E. Sakai &amp; Y. Uematsu" refId="ref346092" refString="Takada, Y., T. Tateishi, E. Sakai, and Y. Uematsu. 2002. Morphological variation of mice, Mus musculus on the Ogasawara Islands, and their relationship to those on the Izu Islands, Japan. Mammal Study, 27: 23 - 30." year="2002">Takada et al. (2002)</bibRefCitation>
. Morphometric and immunological relationships among samples from Greek Isls in the Ionian and Aegean seas indicate that all Greek mainland and insular samples are 
<taxonomicName id="B0BE550D7711404721433758E708345B" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="musculus" subSpecies="domesticus">
<emphasis id="C82119B803CC93FE1DEF67C785EC848D" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus domesticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the same subspecies that occurs in W Europe, North Africa, 
<collectingCountry id="E5693CBABFFDA85FDE8A2E9E75F44E80" name="Turkey">Turkey</collectingCountry>
, and eastward (
<bibRefCitation id="C6239C3942FC185A48522D9F7B25324E" author="Chondropoulos, B. P. &amp; G. Markakis &amp; S. E. Fraguedakis-Tsolis" refId="ref61631" refString="Chondropoulos, B. P., G. Markakis, and S. E. Fraguedakis-Tsolis. 1995. Morphometric and immunological relationships among some Greek Mus L. populations (Mammalia, Rodentia, Muridae). Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde, 60: 361 - 372." year="1995">Chondropoulos et al., 1995</bibRefCitation>
). A taxonomic assessment of house mice from the 
<collectingCountry id="706547DDC4026132D8CD76CFA1CB6F7E" name="Ukraine">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="AED8ADA03D43BB5DDE2079A159160807" name="Moldova">Moldavia</collectingCountry>
, and European sector of 
<collectingCountry id="7FFA76C87E83279F0B3181C04A4DDEF6" name="Russia">Russia</collectingCountry>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="5A0B1A2F8FEE375901A7F24B4FF14A3B" author="Zagorodnyuk, I. V." refId="ref403389" refString="Zagorodnyuk, I. V. 1996 b. [Taxonomic revision and diagnostics of the rodent genus Mus from Eastern Europe. Communication 1.] Vestnik Zoologi, 1996 (1 - 2): 28 - 45." year="1996">
Zagorodnyuk (1996 
<emphasis id="184978381E2845711F04C497A2CF59B5" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">b</emphasis>
)
</bibRefCitation>
reinforced the specific status of 
<taxonomicName id="19457CE4A47D7665C69671FCAED2A0BC" authorityName="Petényi" authorityYear="1882" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spicilegus">
<emphasis id="3DDDF132C0D0364EAD08FAB17EFAB4BD" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. spicilegus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(including 
<taxonomicName id="CF9F03E8251D11CA7EA11C3C9A4D371E" authorityName="Valch" authorityYear="1927" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sergii">
<emphasis id="856359FFF40E0826EC3EA791906E09BA" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">sergii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4574837DB0D63D679339507E42CD0DCE" authorityName="Orlov, Nadjafova, and Bulatova" authorityYear="1992" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="makovensis">
<emphasis id="C3000F420C2875867B6B2752723F98CE" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">makovensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and recognized the following subspecies of 
<taxonomicName id="37B85707E669EAE7C43602B88B35F633" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="9A689264FC37ACB8F50DCD4FFB67E3E6" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="BB485E702F9FBC7664BCABD4F579F572" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="1658E90F0AEE25C30C55EECE3B09B70E" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(which includes 
<emphasis id="28F7B28BFFF52296E237C841F8FCA7EE" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">hapsaliensis</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="C6B2BA3452B72DA88B5C0CE8AF8A2A4A" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">polonicus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="2D5DC9685DCE788263DD5FD6D1B7789C" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">borealis</emphasis>
, and 
<emphasis id="91B19E9E1C5FF0E4B9F60CAE9788992B" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">funerus</emphasis>
), 
<emphasis id="DD743A84811B408D8D2C159B780CB92D" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">formosovi</emphasis>
(includes 
<emphasis id="60E7276408BAB0D49B8E134EEF32F0DD" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">tataricus</emphasis>
), 
<emphasis id="5A39FA22C4101897BB10730E2B9E4489" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">wagneri</emphasis>
(including 
<taxonomicName id="FD6A9CFD41C8774A1A020DBA334F587E" baseAuthorityName="Heptner" baseAuthorityYear="1927" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Meriones" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nogaiorum">
<emphasis id="FE2F0F8EB82F9030891C5626C7166010" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">nogaiorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="B7A1EE4C3F1328199339DE7BEFB38F6B" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1912" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Colomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="3D2B73EA1D20A470CEEBB52CBA2C1B49" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="D84FF5D5B62F26D69538710952424F4A" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">wagneri</emphasis>
, and 
<emphasis id="7A6CA0FE38D08684C652AAA70F1AE594" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">sareptanicus</emphasis>
), and 
<taxonomicName id="F6C5E4F7CF25480EB5BFD03BC9019D41" baseAuthorityName="Petrov and Ruzic" baseAuthorityYear="1983" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hortulanus">
<emphasis id="70DF4051799AD29F69BE11B2F37C538E" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">hortulanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(includes 
<taxonomicName id="70607D232BAD88DDC64D39154C6F534A" authorityName="Keyserling and Blasius" authorityYear="1840" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nordmanni">
<emphasis id="50AD1282E0E42423F8CCD9D902AAE5D4" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">nordmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="AF1FFC940AE179EE79085F907C474560" authorityName="Robbins" authorityYear="1974" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Taterillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenarius">
<emphasis id="4C6C8F217AFA325207ECAD6F5AAF5856" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">arenarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Geographical distribution of hemoglobin 
<emphasis id="3FD1F5A2D1F542548494436899CB3935" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Hbb</emphasis>
haplotypes in samples from E Asia and correlation with subspecies defined by morphology discussed by 
<bibRefCitation id="A43B2181AEC3CC739E95DCF5E9101A22" author="Kawashima, T. &amp; N. Miyashita &amp; K. Tsuchiya &amp; H. Li &amp; F. Wang &amp; C. H. Wang &amp; X. - L. Wu &amp; C. Wang &amp; M. - L. Jin &amp; X. - Q. He &amp; A. P. Kryukov &amp; L. V. Yakimenko &amp; L. V. Frisman &amp; K. Moriwaki" refId="ref181896" refString="Kawashima, T., N. Miyashita, K. Tsuchiya, H. Li, F. Wang, C. H. Wang, X. - L. Wu, C. Wang, M. - L. Jin, X. - Q. He, A. P. Kryukov, L. V. Yakimenko, L. V. Frisman, and K. Moriwaki. 1995. Geographical distribution of the Hbb haplotypes in the Mus musculus subspecies in Eastern Asia. Japanese Journal of Genetics, 70: 17 - 23." year="1995">Kawashima et al. (1995)</bibRefCitation>
. A comprehensive summary of genetic map for 
<taxonomicName id="5BC0C07F408D93DD0077C58EB543D6B7" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="7DEA6304A1B177A014093601036C7DE3" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its current applications and future prospects presented by 
<bibRefCitation id="2B96BAD9217922F3FC82918C0C0BEDB3" author="Copeland, N. G. &amp; N. A. Jenkins &amp; D. J. Gilbert &amp; J. T. Eppig &amp; L. J. Maltais &amp; J. C. Miller &amp; W. F. Dietrich &amp; A. Weaver &amp; S. E. Lincoln &amp; R. G. Steen &amp; L. D. Stein &amp; J. H. Nadeau &amp; E. S. Lander" refId="ref67269" refString="Copeland, N. G., N. A. Jenkins, D. J. Gilbert, J. T. Eppig, L. J. Maltais, J. C. Miller, W. F. Dietrich, A. Weaver, S. E. Lincoln, R. G. Steen, L. D. Stein, J. H. Nadeau, and E. S. Lander. 1993. A genetic linkage map of the mouse: Current applications and future prospects. Science, 262: 57 - 66." year="1993">Copeland et al. (1993)</bibRefCitation>
. Taxonomic results of morphometric and genetic characteristics of samples from 
<collectingCountry id="4C1298202DB7C73BF4272C87D565DA99" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="D30C6EEF234AFF4A34A53737C42B6D9D" name="South Korea">Korea</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="BCCF24A7079C4E7CF1B95783C86191C9" name="Taiwan">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
, and 
<collectingCountry id="8CC955C30D493C5772390FE526575D24" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
identify several geographic groups of 
<taxonomicName id="F9FE3989C695808794C974123D3F9358" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="3F6455FF606CC846B36256A027978300" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the region (
<bibRefCitation id="4566ACFD40DE2C2BBE0E243929779758" author="Tsuchiya, K. &amp; N. Miyashita &amp; C. H. Wang &amp; X. - L. Wu &amp; X. - Q. He &amp; M. - L. Jin &amp; H. Li &amp; F. Wang &amp; L. Shi &amp; K. Moriwaki" refId="ref360366" refString="Tsuchiya, K., N. Miyashita, C. H. Wang, X. - L. Wu, X. - Q. He, M. - L. Jin, H. Li, F. Wang, L. Shi, and K. Moriwaki. 1994. Taxonomic study of the genus Mus in China, Korea, and Japan-morphologic identification. Pp. 3 - 23, in Genetics in wild mice (K. Moriwaki, T. Shiroishi, and H. Yonekawa, eds.). Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, 333 pp." year="1994">Tsuchiya et al., 1994</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2662DCE489017D3E958D02ADA59A68E0" pageNumber="1398">
Two important reviews are critical to understanding evolution of house mice. 
<bibRefCitation id="FF60E333D2396EA6C1908CC3BFBCD011" author="Boursot, P. &amp; J. - C. Auffray &amp; J. Britton-Davidian &amp; F. Bonhomme" refId="ref38102" refString="Boursot, P., J. - C. Auffray, J. Britton-Davidian, and F. Bonhomme. 1993. The evolution of house mice. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 24: 119 - 152." year="1993">Boursot et al. (1993)</bibRefCitation>
discussed phylogenetic position of 
<taxonomicName id="36E3492AA45FE6043F2E7A795E509426" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="ADC423998DDB344B6037EC7C01725FCB" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within the genus, origin and radiation of the species, range expansions and secondary contacts of subspecies, origin and consequences of commensalism, and chromosomal evolution. 
<bibRefCitation id="61A59A30E9B8B12C10E36F3038319A11" author="Sage, R. D. &amp; W. R. Atchley &amp; E. Capanna" refId="ref314444" refString="Sage, R. D., W. R. Atchley, and E. Capanna. 1993. House mice as models in systematic biology. Systematic Biology, 42 (4): 523 - 561." year="1993">Sage et al. (1993)</bibRefCitation>
summarized biosystematics and evolution of the house mouse complex, and use of house mice as models in studies of hybrid zone biology, chromosomal evolution and speciation, and testing phylogenetic reconstruction. In other pertinent reviews, 
<bibRefCitation id="7E5A8EB9066249D54727BD5ED7979806" author="Thaler, L." refId="ref350767" refString="Thaler, L. 1986. Origin and evolution of mice: An appraisal of fossil evidence and morphological traits. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 127: 3 - 11." year="1986">Thaler (1986)</bibRefCitation>
gave an appraisal of fossil evidence and morphological traits of 
<taxonomicName id="2F696805D65E6E920F7BD0CBDBE0E812" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="81E5BB5A5DFBCE0F54D2628169450057" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other European species of 
<taxonomicName id="168F8DB7D560882B2E804DF34AEFFCA7" baseAuthorityName="F. Petter and Matthey" baseAuthorityYear="1975" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B121C12B6FC2906FA72B5E69B6C93D74" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="24AFE45D4ECA06A78D66A4AEB93AEC17" author="Kotenkova, E. V. &amp; N. Sh. Bulatova" refId="ref195107" refString="Kotenkova, E. V., and N. Sh. Bulatova (eds.). 1994. [Species of the fauna of Russia and contiguous countries: The house mouse, origin, distribution, systematics, behavior]. Nauka, Moscow, 267 pp. (In Russian with English summary and table of contents)." year="1994">Kotenkova and Bulatova (1994)</bibRefCitation>
edited contributions covering evolution and systematics of house mice, geographic distributions, isolating mechanisms, intraspecific genetic polymorphisms, karyotype variability, and behaviour. 
<bibRefCitation id="355C1DF6D7D91A70BB61D1F5B231BB00" author="Bonhomme, F. &amp; R. Anand &amp; D. Darviche &amp; W. Din &amp; P. Boursot" refId="ref35952" refString="Bonhomme, F., R. Anand, D. Darviche, W. Din and P. Boursot. 1994. The house mouse as a ring species? Pp. 13 - 23, in Genetics in Wild Mice. Its Application to Biomedical Research (K. Moriwaki, T. Shiroishi, and H. Yonekawa, eds.). Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, 333 pp." year="1994">Bonhomme et al. (1994)</bibRefCitation>
presented a synthetic view of genetic differentiation within 
<taxonomicName id="939926EB7224C289DA9D31D6FBA803C7" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="5AC8FB2257520A5D3F408CD2EE90D6FE" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the hypothesis that the complex formed a ring species (
<bibRefCitation id="86EB4CDEE95555E5DDDE5559687DE0DD" author="Din, W. &amp; R. Anand &amp; P. Boursot &amp; D. Darviche &amp; B. Dod &amp; E. Jouvin-Marche &amp; A. Orth &amp; G. P. Talwar &amp; P. - A. Cazenave &amp; F. Bonhomme" refId="ref85228" refString="Din, W., R. Anand, P. Boursot, D. Darviche, B. Dod, E. Jouvin-Marche, A. Orth, G. P. Talwar, P. - A. Cazenave, and F. Bonhomme. 1996. Origin and radiation of the house mouse: Clues from nuclear genes. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 9: 519 - 539." year="1996">Din et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
, did not think the evidence sufficient to test this idea). 
<bibRefCitation id="00638EF746043A30604556C6E01BBE7C" author="Moriwaki, K. &amp; T. Shiroishi &amp; H. Yanekawa" refId="ref247254" refString="Moriwaki, K., T. Shiroishi, and H. Yanekawa (eds.). 1994. Genetics in wild mice. Its application to biomedical research. Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, 333 pp." year="1994">Moriwaki et al. (1994)</bibRefCitation>
documented genetic variation and its geographical distribution, immunology, chromosomes and genetic mapping, and establishment of wild-derived laboratory strains. 
<bibRefCitation id="11260EFA978F1F715B5F5B1F3E33475A" author="Silver, L. M." refId="ref328100" refString="Silver, L. M. 1995. Mouse genetics, concepts and applications. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 362 pp." year="1995">Silver (1995)</bibRefCitation>
provided a useful compendium for systematists and laboratory researchers. Finally, 
<bibRefCitation id="F50BFDB74086BEEB1785116188F7A19D" author="Berry, R. J." refId="ref29092" refString="Berry, R. J. 1984. House mouse. Pp. 273 - 284, in Evolution of Domesticated Animals (I. L. Mason, ed.). Longman Group Limited, London and New York, 452 pp." year="1984">Berry (1984)</bibRefCitation>
reviewed general biology, domestication, history in biological research, and other topics.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03321FF808B3F39E68430DB9FD7974FB" pageNumber="1398">
Mitochondrial DNA and nuclear gene sequences have been used to determine the evolutionary origin and radiation of 
<taxonomicName id="767C6E0C737505B0BBC490E64A812234" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="FC20BF85081458327B09E4E57AD1BCD3" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and results are the basis of two models. One identifies the N Indian subcontinent as the place where 
<taxonomicName id="B776F23AFA767E788FF87519D9C7DA5A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="60B2AE12F4D9DC636646F0CDC3DBC327" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
likely evolved (
<bibRefCitation id="441666230128EDD1A4A07E57B8EEBAA9" author="Boursot, P. &amp; W. Din &amp; R. Anand &amp; D. Darviche &amp; B. Dod &amp; F. Von Deimling &amp; G. P. Talwar &amp; F. Bonhomme" refId="ref38144" refString="Boursot, P., W. Din, R. Anand, D. Darviche, B. Dod, F. Von Deimling, G. P. Talwar, and F. Bonhomme. 1996. Origin and radiation of the house mouse: Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 9: 391 - 415." year="1996">Boursot et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="254F51790DD23AF786B1E48C86B12C25" author="Din, W. &amp; R. Anand &amp; P. Boursot &amp; D. Darviche &amp; B. Dod &amp; E. Jouvin-Marche &amp; A. Orth &amp; G. P. Talwar &amp; P. - A. Cazenave &amp; F. Bonhomme" refId="ref85228" refString="Din, W., R. Anand, P. Boursot, D. Darviche, B. Dod, E. Jouvin-Marche, A. Orth, G. P. Talwar, P. - A. Cazenave, and F. Bonhomme. 1996. Origin and radiation of the house mouse: Clues from nuclear genes. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 9: 519 - 539." year="1996">Din et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
), a region also known for the greatest diversity of species in subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="9EAA9BC87C051300BF14030D5B350F50" baseAuthorityName="F. Petter and Matthey" baseAuthorityYear="1975" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FC8067B50E43CBB6135CC5D8DBCA3613" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
recorded by Plio-Pleistocene fossils (
<bibRefCitation id="1C986BB070366ED7D9D5F5A6FE4CAE8E" author="Patnaik, R. &amp; M. Bahadur &amp; T. Sharma &amp; A. Sahni" refId="ref274126" refString="Patnaik, R., M. Bahadur, T. Sharma, and A. Sahni. 1993. A comparative analysis of the molars of Mus booduga, Mus dunni and fossil Mus of the Indian subcontinent: Phylogenetic and palaeobiogeographic implications. Current Science, 65 (10): 782 - 786." year="1993">Patnaik et al., 1993</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="D38D3C1DCEB4A2A9FCF6B15807E51FB8" author="Patnaik, R. &amp; J. - C. Auffray &amp; J. - J. Jaeger &amp; A. Sahni" refId="ref274183" refString="Patnaik, R., J. - C. Auffray, J. - J. Jaeger, and A. Sahni. 1996. House mouse ancestor from late Pliocene Siwalik sediments of India. Comptes Rendus des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris), Sciences de la vie / Life sciences, 319: 431 - 424." year="1996">1996</bibRefCitation>
). Genetic data indicated that ranges of 
<taxonomicName id="D95FE60AB0158698BC4A5AA6952C7CBC" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="15AA9C0E8AE9F2310A99FAEE196F7D06" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="990EBEE6D557D8BA4AE0BA142A1616D6" baseAuthorityName="Higgins and Petterd" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mastacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castaneus">
<emphasis id="79FFF621DE55F4B166294BB2D20DD47C" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">castaneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C26F5BCA67A1FE9B5F67733F0F4CC3F" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">
<emphasis id="5F703F2F5270FA50172173E1DF311D3C" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">domesticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
likely &quot;correspond to three distinct possible paths of expansion from the Indian cradle&quot; (
<bibRefCitation id="6DBB1105FF8AC088C693D589C344D4C3" author="Boursot, P. &amp; J. - C. Auffray &amp; J. Britton-Davidian &amp; F. Bonhomme" refId="ref38102" refString="Boursot, P., J. - C. Auffray, J. Britton-Davidian, and F. Bonhomme. 1993. The evolution of house mice. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 24: 119 - 152." year="1993">Boursot et al., 1993:128</bibRefCitation>
, and references cited therein), a conclusion based on the greater genetic variability in samples from the Indian subcontinent compared with the genetic variation in the peripheral regions of its range (
<bibRefCitation id="F0D1F0631FA9C3DE8362EA6CCA5F8879" author="Din, W. &amp; R. Anand &amp; P. Boursot &amp; D. Darviche &amp; B. Dod &amp; E. Jouvin-Marche &amp; A. Orth &amp; G. P. Talwar &amp; P. - A. Cazenave &amp; F. Bonhomme" refId="ref85228" refString="Din, W., R. Anand, P. Boursot, D. Darviche, B. Dod, E. Jouvin-Marche, A. Orth, G. P. Talwar, P. - A. Cazenave, and F. Bonhomme. 1996. Origin and radiation of the house mouse: Clues from nuclear genes. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 9: 519 - 539." year="1996">Din et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="09883B383F61FE8F82AEC49D2D1CB81A" author="Boursot, P. &amp; W. Din &amp; R. Anand &amp; D. Darviche &amp; B. Dod &amp; F. Von Deimling &amp; G. P. Talwar &amp; F. Bonhomme" refId="ref38144" refString="Boursot, P., W. Din, R. Anand, D. Darviche, B. Dod, F. Von Deimling, G. P. Talwar, and F. Bonhomme. 1996. Origin and radiation of the house mouse: Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 9: 391 - 415." year="1996">Boursot et al. (1996)</bibRefCitation>
also championed this view (their scenario, summarized in fig. 4, p. 405, exemplifies the hypothesis), and they look upon 
<emphasis id="A0822EB6AC97FE11BC5DCEB11378AFED" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. m. bactrianus</emphasis>
as an isolate in mountainous 
<collectingCountry id="B2222AF6992F5E184E2F379D48FD7764" name="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
derived from the ancestral population in the N Indian subcontinent. The other model was proposed by 
<bibRefCitation id="FE6134241932FC9EC0A8CE853EC5A9F8" author="Prager, E. M. &amp; C. Orrego &amp; R. D. Sage" refId="ref292770" refString="Prager, E. M., C. Orrego, and R. D. Sage. 1998. Genetic variation and phylgeography of Central Asian and other house mice, including a major new mitochondrial lineage in Yemen. Genetics, 150: 835 - 861." year="1998">Prager et al. (1998:835)</bibRefCitation>
: &quot;an origin in west-central Asia... and the sequential spreading of mice first to the southern Arabian Peninsula, thence eastward and northward into south-central Asia, and later from south-central Asia to north-central Asia (and thence into most of northern Eurasia) and to southeastern Asia.&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D749509F0860D4CCF229428708D0726" pageNumber="1398">
&quot;One of the most characteristic features of the house mouse life history is probably its commensalism in relation to humans. The worldwide colonization by this species is mainly due to passive transport by humans and is a consequence of its ecological dependence on them&quot; (
<bibRefCitation id="F18F451FB1805D4A532489951C08AA7D" author="Boursot, P. &amp; J. - C. Auffray &amp; J. Britton-Davidian &amp; F. Bonhomme" refId="ref38102" refString="Boursot, P., J. - C. Auffray, J. Britton-Davidian, and F. Bonhomme. 1993. The evolution of house mice. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 24: 119 - 152." year="1993">Boursot et al., 1993:135</bibRefCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="9345111EB5710C91B5AC05C736E67B4E" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
<taxonomicName id="7AA74B5C20B8026218B1255E0833C0B1" baseAuthorityName="F. Petter and Matthey" baseAuthorityYear="1975" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mus</taxonomicName>
m. 
<taxonomicName id="6C4F0BC9A7D99D09FA48DC11D38A2703" baseAuthorityName="Higgins and Petterd" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mastacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castaneus">castaneus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is found only in buildings but the other two subspecies occur in a wide variety of anthropogenic and wild environments. Analyses, using palaeontological and archaeozoological approaches, of the colonization process of W Eurasia and the origin of commensalism were presented by 
<bibRefCitation id="AB8BB3822FF31DD299697F2326624575" author="Auffray, J. - C. &amp; E. Tchernov &amp; E. Nevo" refId="ref15229" refString="Auffray, J. - C., E. Tchernov, and E. Nevo. 1988. Origine du commensalisme de la souris domestique (Mus musculus domesticus) vis-a-vis de l'homme. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris), ser. 3, 307 (9): 517 - 522." year="1988">Auffray et al. (1988</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="083D6CD9BDB05F6CD40A47E8906262B5" author="Auffray, J. - C. &amp; K. Belkhir &amp; J. Cassaing &amp; J. Britton-Davidian &amp; H. Croset" refId="ref15287" refString="Auffray, J. - C., K. Belkhir, J. Cassaing, J. Britton-Davidian, and H. Croset. 1990 a. Outdoor occurrence in robertsonian and standard populations of the house mouse. Vie et Milieu, 40: 111 - 118." year="1990">
1990 
<emphasis id="89D22D90EBEE5A07602DFAFEB5FA9CD9" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">a</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<emphasis id="12B293E76599C96E70D8054D19F6F2DA" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">c</emphasis>
) and 
<bibRefCitation id="C8BCBA07B5CDA710B60268787C163676" author="Auffray, J. - C. &amp; J. Britton-Davidian" refId="ref15193" refString="Auffray, J. - C., and J. Britton-Davidian. 1992. When did the house mouse colonize Europe? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 45: 187 - 190." year="1992">Auffray and Britton-Davidian (1992)</bibRefCitation>
. Cucchi et al. (2000) documented unintentional anthropogenic introduction to 
<collectingCountry id="4E880F102345FACC5A5D5D4FDABED6AD" name="Cyprus">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
during the 9 
<sup id="F29D00A3E98D03579404D300523704E6" pageNumber="1398">th</sup>
and 8 
<sup id="776CC5AA23184630997D8EE891FEA0B2" pageNumber="1398">th</sup>
millenia BC. Jaarola et al. (1999) outlined colonization history of Fennoscandia by house mice. The living population of 
<emphasis id="ACFFF406424CE5381490BA8EDB303D03" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
M. m. 
<taxonomicName id="9104808B87D3CFE9D91032065B367E3D" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">domesticus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
in the Maderian Arch., 
<quantity id="351ED3B542C69B3F9DE8AB8D0AAE7D69" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" unit="km" value="600.0">600 km</quantity>
off the Atlantic coast of NW Africa, is also represented by subfossil specimens (
<bibRefCitation id="FBF3F1CBFF9EF32FB47680311B91E70A" author="Mathias, M. L. &amp; A. Mira" refId="ref230073" refString="Mathias, M. L., and A. Mira. 1992. On the origin and colonization of house mice in the Madeira islands. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 46: 13 - 24." year="1992">Mathias and Mira, 1992</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="68D8B6B9FCC8C87556DEAF78B96AA2B2" author="Pieper, H." refId="ref286040" refString="Pieper, H. 1981. Ein subfossiles vorkommen der hausmaus (Mus musculus s. l.) Auf Madeira. Bocagiana, 59: 1 - 3." year="1981">Pieper, 1981</bibRefCitation>
) indicating presence before Portuguese discovery of the archipelago in 1419. Analyses of mitochondrial D-loop sequences by Gündüz et al. (2001) indicated the source area for the mice was probably the population of 
<taxonomicName id="BFF20AA6F98733E3E40235FB26D8074F" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">
<emphasis id="DBB1B91CB846A685C46967A6791B34C9" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">domesticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from N Europe; the Vikings may have inadvertently brought the mice in the ninth century, although no historical evidence exists of their visit. Their study is an example of molecular data providing clues to human historical colonization events rather than the opposite — using human history to infer colonization history of commensals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BB0C16CD13604E96CAD1C4E14F80567C" pageNumber="1398">
Populations in nearly all of the 
<collectingCountry id="F58A4F4B1DB3CD3E60ED429B64943412" name="United States of America">United States</collectingCountry>
descended from the European 
<taxonomicName id="8AEE5FE4BCAAE87D475BA4965B55B92B" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="musculus" subSpecies="domesticus">
<emphasis id="8BF0E11AA19B3D38C369A94A686DED20" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus domesticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, probably in the 16 
<sup id="DD64D74929F1FCA821D828D3399EF979" pageNumber="1398">th</sup>
century, but a population around Lake Casitas, about five miles (
<quantity id="50AD914BCE040AAF5B2A6E0D6A361F4F" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" unit="km" value="8.0">8 km</quantity>
) from the Pacific coast in S 
<collectingRegion id="B2F899F69D08416D8DCE5DEF02DE62FB" country="United States of America" name="California">California</collectingRegion>
, possesses certain genic traits and retroviruses not found in 
<emphasis id="17AFC1A6BF6D0936D9A943CDB071CB5D" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
M. m. 
<taxonomicName id="D127AFF07EF6293CC6EB0552AE2D8B8E" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">domesticus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
but identical to those in populations of the Asian 
<emphasis id="0993B8556B26E4E136BE725831A88C23" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
M. m. 
<taxonomicName id="2A5B8A6779CA549C5ECA727181BEEE28" authority="(Gardner et al., 1991)" baseAuthorityName="Gardner" baseAuthorityYear="1991" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mastacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castaneus">
castaneus (
<bibRefCitation id="64DDE80E0F23841E8D7929418D8CA1BF" author="Gardner, M. B. &amp; C. A. Kozak &amp; S. J. O'Brien" refId="ref114718" refString="Gardner, M. B., C. A. Kozak, and S. J. O'Brien. 1991. The Lake Casitas wild mouse: Evolving genetic resistance to retroviral disease. Trends in Genetics, 7 (1): 22 - 27." year="1991">Gardner et al., 1991</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
. Immigrant Chinese laborers who worked on railroads and ranches in the Lake Casitas area in the middle 1800s were likely accompanied by 
<taxonomicName id="5F2E764CB8CA53EC6B5874DF589DE0DC" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mastacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castaneus">
<emphasis id="9BA91AD52C8CBFA4F98F2418608194AF" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">castaneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the voyages from 
<collectingCountry id="16E43EF239BABFC8ECD96E2E63289968" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
to S California (
<bibRefCitation id="49D730265CF1D799204C9B31C8CA3A52" author="Gardner, M. B. &amp; C. A. Kozak &amp; S. J. O'Brien" refId="ref114718" refString="Gardner, M. B., C. A. Kozak, and S. J. O'Brien. 1991. The Lake Casitas wild mouse: Evolving genetic resistance to retroviral disease. Trends in Genetics, 7 (1): 22 - 27." year="1991">Gardner et al., 1991</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E3E4B2899979A703EA94BB3AEDC9A8C" pageNumber="1398">
The commensal proclivity of 
<taxonomicName id="8220EF98F7A90F8F30131209A875F41D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="1E3DF2BB3ACBD00E751DB4EC6E7CD90B" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ultimately led to its domestication by humans, first as pets and later as laboratory animals. The mitochondrial genome and most of the nuclear genome of classical laboratory inbred strains of 
<taxonomicName id="C54D1C75A295D5AE41DF5FA98D326B10" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="6E03729199255C5DABCE335859A35C78" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
originated from the European 
<emphasis id="1717233ED6600FAEC9D7AF024F857EB8" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
M. m. 
<taxonomicName id="BF555532AE769B95255F7FD6F4F427DA" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">domesticus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(see review and references in 
<bibRefCitation id="4E91065223E94E6C9D1276EA5006BC54" author="Berry, R. J." refId="ref29092" refString="Berry, R. J. 1984. House mouse. Pp. 273 - 284, in Evolution of Domesticated Animals (I. L. Mason, ed.). Longman Group Limited, London and New York, 452 pp." year="1984">Berry, 1984</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="DDA50D629E102495C6D62E4535DE4580" author="Bonhomme, F. &amp; J. - L. Guenet &amp; B. Dod &amp; K. Moriwaki &amp; G. Bulfield" refId="ref35857" refString="Bonhomme, F., J. - L. Guenet, B. Dod, K. Moriwaki, and G. Bulfield. 1987. The polyphyletic origin of laboratory inbred mice and their rate of evolution. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 30: 51 - 58." year="1987">Bonhomme et al., 1987</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="A674F333357A80E96E2B237D20381EA3" author="Flegr, J. &amp; J. Lukas &amp; T. Tsukamoto" refId="ref104432" refString="Flegr, J., J. Lukas, and T. Tsukamoto. 1994. Sequence of mitochrondrial D-loop in laboratory and wild strains of mice of genus Mus. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemieae, 58: 33 - 38." year="1994">Flegr et al., 1994</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="8C4658F4864C5C1CC52365A86D0D7C52" author="Nadeau, J. H." refId="ref254718" refString="Nadeau, J. H. 2002. Tackling complexity. Nature, 420: 517 - 518." year="2002">Nadeau, 2002</bibRefCitation>
; and J. 
<collectionCode id="B0E97980EFA3C6EB7722EB31F3EA1346" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics">T</collectionCode>
. Marshall, Jr., in litt., 2004, notes that laboratory mice match W European 
<taxonomicName id="454435D334060AC2355609CAEF58B4AF" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">
<emphasis id="7A3334AE922C1932DA76B3834F5675F7" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">domesticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in body size, tail length and conformation of zygomatic plate) but questions still exist about genealogy of the strains and their relationships to one another and to wild forms. This is a significant problem because laboratory strains constitute the &quot;universal mammalian model&quot; (
<bibRefCitation id="47E1D70B78B4FA83B69950F5185AAED5" author="Flegr, J. &amp; J. Lukas &amp; T. Tsukamoto" refId="ref104432" refString="Flegr, J., J. Lukas, and T. Tsukamoto. 1994. Sequence of mitochrondrial D-loop in laboratory and wild strains of mice of genus Mus. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemieae, 58: 33 - 38." year="1994">Flegr et al., 1994: 33</bibRefCitation>
) or &quot;the mammalian archetype in genetic studies&quot; (
<bibRefCitation id="083FE2C18EA8E3AA8454D1831B1FE601" author="Bonhomme, F. &amp; J. - L. Guenet &amp; B. Dod &amp; K. Moriwaki &amp; G. Bulfield" refId="ref35857" refString="Bonhomme, F., J. - L. Guenet, B. Dod, K. Moriwaki, and G. Bulfield. 1987. The polyphyletic origin of laboratory inbred mice and their rate of evolution. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 30: 51 - 58." year="1987">Bonhomme et al., 1987:52</bibRefCitation>
), and knowledge of their origins and genetic relationships among them is critical to interpreting experimental results in laboratories or phylogenetic comparisons between inbred strains and wild populations of 
<taxonomicName id="153EE59555E36BC500261F0959DFD81D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="7B2050E5D135F8B9712B6D5A92FA8F35" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other species. 
<bibRefCitation id="9F10372A5B99B05EF41F56DE39B4AF26" author="Bonhomme, F. &amp; J. - L. Guenet &amp; B. Dod &amp; K. Moriwaki &amp; G. Bulfield" refId="ref35857" refString="Bonhomme, F., J. - L. Guenet, B. Dod, K. Moriwaki, and G. Bulfield. 1987. The polyphyletic origin of laboratory inbred mice and their rate of evolution. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 30: 51 - 58." year="1987">Bonhomme et al. (1987:53)</bibRefCitation>
discussed the polyphyletic origin of laboratory mice and noted that &quot;any one of the alleles present in inbred strains could have come from 
<taxonomicName id="F28108916A825064C0FF48AA2EEF7587" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">
<emphasis id="763BA00F9529F5394F0BF08708964FD0" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">domesticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="08FE980AE7F22C4BCD2DC91DBF0543AA" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="E5B66F9DD713AAD2DE613AC4507D426B" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="082206C415CC941260A9EDBD7A2923BA" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mastacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castaneus">
<emphasis id="2CE289529FB42056CE29A2CDD34EA4C0" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">castaneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,&quot; and they are &quot;a mosaic of genomes coming from different taxonomic origins,&quot; a conclusion echoed by 
<bibRefCitation id="CE4465E1FE70DCC39FEB7D59FE043C79" author="Sage, R. D. &amp; W. R. Atchley &amp; E. Capanna" refId="ref314444" refString="Sage, R. D., W. R. Atchley, and E. Capanna. 1993. House mice as models in systematic biology. Systematic Biology, 42 (4): 523 - 561." year="1993">Sage et al. (1993</bibRefCitation>
; see also 
<bibRefCitation id="1BC75F8F608B0982917711EFE8585679" author="Blank, R. D. &amp; G. R. Campbell &amp; P. D'Eustachio" refId="ref33729" refString="Blank, R. D., G. R. Campbell, and P. D'Eustachio. 1986. Possible derivation of the laboratory mouse genome from multiple wild Mus species. Genetics, 114: 1257 - 1269." year="1986">Blank et al., 1986</bibRefCitation>
; Nishioka, 1987). In a phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial D-loop sequences in laboratory and wild strains, 
<bibRefCitation id="2926176CEE80BC4C2E375C53B7C6913F" author="Flegr, J. &amp; J. Lukas &amp; T. Tsukamoto" refId="ref104432" refString="Flegr, J., J. Lukas, and T. Tsukamoto. 1994. Sequence of mitochrondrial D-loop in laboratory and wild strains of mice of genus Mus. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemieae, 58: 33 - 38." year="1994">Flegr et al. (1994)</bibRefCitation>
reported that some of the strains they used were more similar to 
<emphasis id="B8203A670BB7198013094D9B7A29853E" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
M. 
<taxonomicName id="11FA338ACDCD04BC673507E47D3B3A5B" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">m. musculus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
than to 
<emphasis id="203D263523E70866D7B2D188115C2093" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
M. m. 
<taxonomicName id="916C2EE1A9C533F6C9A9454643F9A0AD" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">domesticus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
. Moriwaki (1994) provided an informative diagram illustrating the genetic differentiation and geographic ranges of subspecies groups of 
<taxonomicName id="A99E96033CE8FE0CC94B4049B045AE9F" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="4850430993C815C572F566B163ED7869" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and their relevance to the origin of laboratory strains. According to Moriwaki (p. xxiii) &quot;the genetic background of today’s laboratory mice is mainly derived from that of the European 
<taxonomicName id="AFF909373AD4D12FBFD3B88BA9E27676" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">
<emphasis id="7D73CB18732A35434DE1E31EACD92E09" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">domesticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subspecies group and a little from that of some Asian mice, probably Japanese fancy mice belong to the 
<taxonomicName id="F11C50F7913015496D3438037417F57A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="77DD7EA889B31FC1C0AF48731103A4AD" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subspecies group.&quot; Aligning the genome sequence from the C57BL/6J strain with sequences from other laboratory strains suggested that the genomes of inbred strains used &quot;are mosaics with the vast majority of segments derived from 
<taxonomicName id="3AF06AADD81DBE3FE96E3958A805310E" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">
<emphasis id="BD3C4FF3AD5C5B50516AD84473095097" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">domesticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="04FA3CF6C9A6C628F2531FF287D4AA45" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="4C4F74561F6B2D6E6B7A7B3E1896E15F" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sources&quot; (
<bibRefCitation id="ECCCE00B79E8BD199C5B8A54098200CB" author="Wade, C. M. &amp; E. J. Kulbokas, III &amp; A. W. Kirby &amp; M. C. Zody &amp; J. C. Mullkin &amp; E. S. Lander &amp; K. Lindblad-Toh &amp; M. J. Daly" refId="ref379858" refString="Wade, C. M., E. J. Kulbokas, III, A. W. Kirby, M. C. Zody, J. C. Mullkin, E. S. Lander, K. Lindblad-Toh, and M. J. Daly. 2002. The mosaic structure of variation in the laboratory mouse genome. Nature, 420: 574 - 578." year="2002">Wade et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="5309C33FF575A2F4363EAECC749130A3" author="Nadeau, J. H." refId="ref254718" refString="Nadeau, J. H. 2002. Tackling complexity. Nature, 420: 517 - 518." year="2002">Nadeau, 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA2BE1C31566719B9B99C6CE46E8A6F3" pageNumber="1398">
J. 
<collectionCode id="CDE405E47009C988445C532395542EC6" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics">T</collectionCode>
. Marshall, Jr. (1998) is the only systematist who has studied all available 
<typeStatus id="C99B9A072453650DB6046C0165C172DE">holotypes</typeStatus>
and read all original descriptions of taxa associated with house mice (except 
<taxonomicName id="D47CAA7D0F8C1B87B9A3DBBBB154B2DF" authorityName="Robbins" authorityYear="1974" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Taterillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenarius">
<emphasis id="61A1729EEE08D36B97CE13EB32832A3E" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">arenarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is included in 
<taxonomicName id="B486938CB7AF3327C529BA3EAFD6023F" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="C5B3456AEC30D89ADF73E9335C68737B" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="BD1CE1DFC70D0040559605B0B59B946E" author="Zagorodnyuk, I. V." refId="ref403389" refString="Zagorodnyuk, I. V. 1996 b. [Taxonomic revision and diagnostics of the rodent genus Mus from Eastern Europe. Communication 1.] Vestnik Zoologi, 1996 (1 - 2): 28 - 45." year="1996">
Zagorodnyuk, 1996 
<emphasis id="501170F8B4547CE08B64718ABD3FE1A2" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">b</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<emphasis id="44FDD0FE32FADE72FAE0D7C9ED43C770" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">modestus</emphasis>
, listed as a synonym by 
<bibRefCitation id="8CDEDBB07DBFE3B0BC31160774EC004E" author="Meester, J. A. J. &amp; I. L. Rautenbach &amp; N. J. Dippenaar &amp; C. M. Baker" refId="ref236076" refString="Meester, J. A. J., I. L. Rautenbach, N. J. Dippenaar, and C. M. Baker. 1986. Classification of southern African mammals. Transvaal Museum Monograph, 5: 1 - 359." year="1986">Meester et al., 1986</bibRefCitation>
). Allocation of synonyms follows J. 
<collectionCode id="728DD274D58D34B4C462C3CFCB8FC9F2" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics">T</collectionCode>
. Marshall, Jr. (1998), whose report should be consulted for type locality, assignment, and remarks for each name, and a map of 77 continental type localities. Some of the synonyms may eventually be differently allocated once the range of 
<taxonomicName id="8E85EFD9DCD14EDB1A7392F2FCEA01A1" authorityName="Schwarz and Schwarz" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="domesticus">
<emphasis id="5E2F823905319F7565BB275ACDE73C01" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">domesticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and status of 
<emphasis id="1E74A095F6192DD900D7C0AB1881ADFE" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">bacterianus</emphasis>
are resolved (see below). Two taxa have been erroneously associated with 
<taxonomicName id="6C2EBD63B136733D5B196FD26D7A81F6" baseAuthorityName="F. Petter and Matthey" baseAuthorityYear="1975" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1835FCF3A6EA18574E2787E99B6FD1C5" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the identity of another is uncertain. 
<bibRefCitation id="6BE55ACAD3B810742419D9CFAEDAF925" author="Musser, G. G. &amp; M. D. Carleton" refId="ref252333" refString="Musser, G. G., and M. D. Carleton. 1993. Family Muridae. Pp. 501 - 755, in: Mammal species of the world, a taxonomic and geographic reference, Second ed. (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C., xviii + 1206 pp." year="1993">Musser and Carleton (1993)</bibRefCitation>
listed 
<emphasis id="E11FCB800116F489658CB35FDD917422" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">molissimus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="451D21340699654F0D624B20CD11D61E" author="Dehne, A." refId="ref79359" refString="Dehne, A. 1855. Musculus (Rafinesque-Schmalz) Mollissimus, Dehne. Weichhaariges Schlafmauscvhen. - Allgemeine Deutsche Naturhistorische Zeitung, Dresden, 1: 443 - 444." year="1855">Dehne, 1855</bibRefCitation>
) in the synonymy of 
<taxonomicName id="73280F582F268A5C88F9472DBA45A2E2" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="A599BECAA4671F5B8064867255F49475" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but J. 
<collectionCode id="8DA521B4B6F53C2D5B5D32A1F00402A3" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics">T</collectionCode>
. Marshall, Jr. (1998) claimed the original description is that of a dormouse, 
<taxonomicName id="8DAA739022AEC5F508C9DA7431AEAAA7" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1840" class="Mammalia" family="Gliridae" genus="Eliomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4EBB9EF61D39CE49D5A255246418EA5B" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Eliomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="43FD18E848304E94C6267285793E759E" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1829" class="Mammalia" family="Gliridae" genus="Muscardinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F5F12FC151427D2DE0AAE36DBB36A437" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Muscardinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Hodgson’s (1845:267) &quot; 
<taxonomicName id="97F480BB369493A9D6F8CD7CDBD82E9F" baseAuthorityName="F. Petter and Matthey" baseAuthorityYear="1975" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F197233D3B6BC189816793030156BD35" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
? 
<emphasis id="1E0FEA71C1C3F1970045D94BF934C29F" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">hydrophilus</emphasis>
&quot; has been listed as 
<emphasis id="273C703D2A88DA8EE50B2684AC3441A3" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">incertae sedis</emphasis>
near 
<taxonomicName id="423FB5565C269825537414980855700E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="7E652E3F77C2F6DABBB8BE73AFEA5FD9" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
accounts (
<bibRefCitation id="F844628EBAD2678DB40F95110D95BE05" author="Ellerman, J. R. &amp; T. C. S. Morrison-Scott" refId="ref93180" refString="Ellerman, J. R., and T. C. S. Morrison-Scott. 1951. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 810 pp." year="1951">Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="A6C5C702D0E3CC2034BAAE2DEA68845C" author="Ellerman, J. R." refId="ref93118" refString="Ellerman, J. R. 1961. Rodentia. Volume 3, in The fauna of India including Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon. Mammalia. Second ed. Manager of Publications, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, vol. 3 (in 2 parts), 1: 1 - 482; 2: 483 - 884." year="1961">Ellerman, 1961</bibRefCitation>
), but Hodgson described an animal much too large to be any species of 
<taxonomicName id="FFAD568C377E415BDDB570716594133D" baseAuthorityName="F. Petter and Matthey" baseAuthorityYear="1975" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="58D0968DBB0C323C56E40221D0F75234" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
known to occur in 
<collectingCountry id="FE4FEA6FF4674339E9B5391937F7433B" name="Nepal">Nepal</collectingCountry>
, and he grouped it with the species of rats, not the mice he described. Identity of the Taiwanese 
<taxonomicName id="BC6237CE9D73BBE3C60EDD9F64F195C2" authority="Kuraoka, 1912" authorityName="Kuraoka" authorityYear="1912" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kagii">
<emphasis id="8BB1808145644F1BDB56516923397F24" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus kagii</emphasis>
Kuraoka, 1912
</taxonomicName>
, has yet to be determined (
<bibRefCitation id="19CB2FE3CDA0264B4AFB5184D32A4B38" author="Kaneko, Y. &amp; K. Maeda" refId="ref180153" refString="Kaneko, Y., and K. Maeda. 2002. A list of scientific names and the types of mammals published by Japanese researchers. Mammalian Science, 42 (1): 1 - 21." year="2002">Kaneko and Maeda, 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5A3E21F3712E6D68E4AEFA6BB5981A15" pageNumber="1398">
Three names listed in the synonymy were proposed for fossils. 
<bibRefCitation id="29A5399EB8E498A8C0B92295B0259843" author="Young, C. - C." refId="ref401854" refString="Young, C. - C. 1934. On the Insectivora, Chiroptera, Rodentia and Primates other than Sinanthropus from Locality 1 at Choukoutien. Palaeontologia Sinica, Ser. C, 8 (3): 166 pp." year="1934">Young (1934:80)</bibRefCitation>
described 
<emphasis id="52E82196A6C708E85F71A42BEDEBEF9C" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">
&quot; 
<taxonomicName id="A99E41ACA36B5F7F18FCA0BFCB3AFCB1" authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1934" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="musculus" variety="bieni">
Mus musculus var. 
<emphasis id="292B7A56265001C848D440E0DFBBEAEA" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">bieni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
&quot; from &quot;Pleistocene&quot; of Choukoutien, 
<collectingCountry id="5395014DEF1C0F499DBDCB815ABDD311" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="3EC281E9A04E827999D847B554923C89" author="Pei, W. C." refId="ref279124" refString="Pei, W. C. 1936. On the mammalian remains from Locality 3 at Choukoutien. Palaeontologia Sinica, Series C, 7 (5): 124 pp." year="1936">Pei (1936)</bibRefCitation>
studied more than 200 samples he identified as 
<taxonomicName id="AA2F37C0F79B3D5F0C55DA7930504B31" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="11653AF2138AE7CA60FDDBC7C6E29665" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from another Choukoutien locality and remarked that Young’s specimens fell well within the size range of typical 
<taxonomicName id="0F01DB7123268F6189A74B7946C12E25" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="84A3A8253AE8CD7000BA857A2D4E7A7C" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Late Pleistocene Hungarian fossils were described by Kretzoi as the species 
<emphasis id="7A60EB2209405DF1AFC0391F2966C718" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">synanthropus</emphasis>
(in Kretzoi and Vértes, 1965 
<emphasis id="1693413539B5CDE7CD0FD3EE90CD2538" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">a</emphasis>
) and 
<emphasis id="82A394C3CFBD83F297031FE3F19AE798" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">solymarensis</emphasis>
(probably proposed by Kretzoi and listed in Jánossy, 1986) in subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="A75D00947D212EA72BE01BE40819B555" authorityName="Kretzoi and Vertes" authorityYear="1967" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Budamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2801830D0D6C03D0252281A0A2251285" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Budamys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of 
<taxonomicName id="AF8896A924779EF22D8C99F3926A209C" baseAuthorityName="F. Petter and Matthey" baseAuthorityYear="1975" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CB8D15633855BB9971C910C23E14DC27" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">Mus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Both names are listed as synonyms of 
<taxonomicName id="0F5FFC00FEFC4DB985DF6EB647CAC362" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="190DDFAB29BED0246632C14B754057ED" italics="true" pageNumber="1398">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="FCDFEC633DE8A87643FAED9B3C1107D5" author="Kowalski, K." refId="ref195964" refString="Kowalski, K. 2001. Pleistocene rodents of Europe. Folia Quaternaria, 72: 3 - 389." year="2001">Kowalski (2001)</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>