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<document id="781C34C731BF83C4B31C8EB1533BD464" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222930600621601" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5232431" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629452529763" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Kott, Patricia" docDate="2006" docId="011D87C1FFFFCD4C1FBFFF5EE019FD89" docLanguage="en" docName="JNatHist.40.3-4.169-234.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930600621601" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5A9EB2ED5589A523F0236C66DE2A6BA8.4:JNatHist.2005-2007.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="5A9EB2ED5589A523F0236C66DE2A6BA8" docStyleName="JNatHist.2005-2007.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Rhopalaea meridionalis Kott 2006, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="182" masterDocId="FD24FFB9FFF3CD421E03FFA7E272FFAC" masterDocTitle="Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1)" masterLastPageNumber="234" masterPageNumber="169" pageNumber="180" updateTime="1699073750233" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
<mods:mods id="F1DD47329EE418FE8828EF2100080835" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="511CF5E2388DE2DB0F91822A0493013F">
<mods:title id="CF5D23F27BFE6AB41CB856E255DFAD16">Observations on non-didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="615F7BAA3BA0D8940AF8D0DE0238948A" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="1E953B2ED9F0F4099B25B5E8185CAC33">Kott, Patricia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="64E906B3246A576555DF4F45CD08CAED">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="5EF5389E762CDB527055F589EE5ED584">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9160CFEC6F9472E0521911A0E41E4478">2006</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="7634B2D1459136CCF88A0494D1B22A00">2006-04-26</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="A6950ABD4C64604D695073E7E57D33A4">40</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="8AF0AB8B70DD81E01281743F95E5A9E7">3 - 4</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="5AD08DA6AE89518BDF4E6EE74F7EA861">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="451AC589AA32E0BC7EFD57E7AC4578C0" type="DOI">10.1080/00222930600621601</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="00A1D397BA9F472C8793B7057EDFC4F6" type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="6126B73D9486D0D68EAA76E6B05C24A4" type="Zenodo-Dep">5232431</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="011D87C1FFFFCD4C1FBFFF5EE019FD89" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7225211" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7225211" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:011D87C1FFFFCD4C1FBFFF5EE019FD89" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/011D87C1FFFFCD4C1FBFFF5EE019FD89" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="182" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">
<subSubSection id="C1AE655CFFFFCD4E1FBFFF5EE128FEBD" box="[444,858,249,273]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="890B36D7FFFFCD4E1FBFFF5EE128FEBD" blockId="12.[444,858,249,306]" box="[444,858,249,273]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">
<heading id="D24381BBFFFFCD4E1FBFFF5EE128FEBD" box="[444,858,249,273]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFFCD4E1FBFFF5EE086FEBD" ID-CoL="4SKFN" authority="Kott, 2006" authorityName="Kott" authorityYear="2006" box="[444,756,249,273]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meridionalis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFFCD4E1FBFFF5EE086FEBD" bold="true" box="[444,756,249,273]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">Rhopalaea meridionalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A0F357BEFFFFCD4E1CFEFF5EE128FEBD" box="[765,858,249,273]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C1AE655CFFFFCD4E1C37FEBDE0AFFE9E" box="[564,733,282,306]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" type="description">
<paragraph id="890B36D7FFFFCD4E1C37FEBDE0AFFE9E" blockId="12.[444,858,249,306]" box="[564,733,282,306]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">
(
<figureCitation id="118F2A52FFFFCD4E1C3FFEBDE0A6FE9E" box="[572,724,282,306]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="11.[138,198,1583,1602]" captionTargetBox="[216,1106,675,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-163@11.[214,1108,674,1548]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 1. (A–C) Rhopalaea meridionalis: (A, C) holotype QM G308821; (B) paratype QM G308825). (A) Whole zooid (in the test, showing position of gut loop); (B) thorax; (C) abdomen. (D, E) Clavelina simplex sp. nov. (QM G308824, syntype): (D) colony; (E) branching vascular stolons with terminal ampullae. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, C, D); 1 mm (B, E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5232433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5232433/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">Figure 1A–C</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C1AE655CFFFFCD4E1E7EFECCE16FFDBF" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="890B36D7FFFFCD4E1E7EFECCE28FFE2F" blockId="12.[125,253,363,387]" box="[125,253,363,387]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFFCD4E1E7EFECCE28FFE2F" box="[125,253,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">Distribution</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="890B36D7FFFFCD4E1E7EFE3BE16FFDBF" blockId="12.[125,1172,412,531]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">
<materialsCitation id="39DC3C8AFFFFCD4E1E7EFE3BE3DAFE7F" collectionCode="QM" elevation="249" location="Sta. 030, Sherman sled" municipality="King I. Canyon" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" specimenCode="G308821" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tasmanian Canyons" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingRegion id="4B70F835FFFFCD4E1E7EFE3BE304FE18" box="[125,374,412,436]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">Tasmanian Canyons</collectingRegion>
: Type locality. (
<collectingMunicipality id="696FACADFFFFCD4E1C3DFE3BE171FE18" box="[574,771,412,436]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">King I. Canyon</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8C6B600CFFFFCD4E1D17FE3BE646FE18" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:011D87C1FFFFCD4C1FBFFF5EE019FD89:8C6B600CFFFFCD4E1D17FE3BE646FE18" box="[788,1076,412,436]" municipality="King I. Canyon" name="Sta. 030, Sherman sled" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" stateProvince="Tasmanian Canyons">Sta. 030, Sherman sled</location>
,
<quantity id="4E4C9B32FFFFCD4E1A46FE3BE6FDFE18" box="[1093,1167,412,436]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4899999999999998" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" unit="m" value="249.0">
<elevation id="0299D1E4FFFFCD4E1A46FE3BE6FDFE18" box="[1093,1167,412,436]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4899999999999998" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" unit="m" value="249.0">249 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<typeStatus id="560F8875FFFFCD4E1E7EFE1CE293FE7F" box="[125,225,443,467]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="EFA5AE12FFFFCD4E1EF1FE1CE350FE7F" box="[242,290,443,467]" collectionName="Australia, Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland Museum" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" type="Museum">QM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="D9129EACFFFFCD4E1F30FE1CE3D7FE7F" box="[307,421,443,467]" collectionCode="QM" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" type="Museum">G308821</specimenCode>
;
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="39DC3C8AFFFFCD4E1FBAFE1CE281FE5F" collectionCode="QM" elevation="163" location="Sta. 052, Sherman sled" municipality="Ling Hole" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" specimenCode="G308825" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectingMunicipality id="696FACADFFFFCD4E1FBAFE1CE049FE7F" box="[441,571,443,467]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">Ling Hole</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8C6B600CFFFFCD4E1C53FE1CE10EFE7F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:011D87C1FFFFCD4C1FBFFF5EE019FD89:8C6B600CFFFFCD4E1C53FE1CE10EFE7F" box="[592,892,443,467]" municipality="Ling Hole" name="Sta. 052, Sherman sled" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">Sta. 052, Sherman sled</location>
,
<quantity id="4E4C9B32FFFFCD4E1D93FE1CE1A9FE7F" box="[912,987,443,467]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.63" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" unit="m" value="163.0">
<elevation id="0299D1E4FFFFCD4E1D93FE1CE1A9FE7F" box="[912,987,443,467]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.63" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" unit="m" value="163.0">163 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<typeStatus id="560F8875FFFFCD4E1DF3FE1CE621FE7F" box="[1008,1107,443,467]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="EFA5AE12FFFFCD4E1A67FE1CE6E6FE7F" box="[1124,1172,443,467]" collectionName="Australia, Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland Museum" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" type="Museum">QM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="D9129EACFFFFCD4E1E7EFE7CE29DFE5F" box="[125,239,475,499]" collectionCode="QM" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" type="Museum">G308825</specimenCode>
;
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="39DC3C8AFFFFCD4E1F00FE7CE65FFE5F" box="[259,1069,475,499]" collectionCode="QM" elevation="174" location="Sta. 072, Sherman sled" municipality="Pieman Canyon" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" specimenCode="G308822" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingMunicipality id="696FACADFFFFCD4E1F00FE7CE3BAFE5F" box="[259,456,475,499]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">Pieman Canyon</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8C6B600CFFFFCD4E1FDFFE7CE177FE5F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:011D87C1FFFFCD4C1FBFFF5EE019FD89:8C6B600CFFFFCD4E1FDFFE7CE177FE5F" box="[476,773,475,499]" municipality="Pieman Canyon" name="Sta. 072, Sherman sled" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">Sta. 072, Sherman sled</location>
,
<quantity id="4E4C9B32FFFFCD4E1D1BFE7CE111FE5F" box="[792,867,475,499]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7399999999999998" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" unit="m" value="174.0">
<elevation id="0299D1E4FFFFCD4E1D1BFE7CE111FE5F" box="[792,867,475,499]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7399999999999998" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" unit="m" value="174.0">174 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<collectionCode id="EFA5AE12FFFFCD4E1D74FE7CE1D5FE5F" box="[887,935,475,499]" collectionName="Australia, Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland Museum" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" type="Museum">QM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="D9129EACFFFFCD4E1DB4FE7CE65AFE5F" box="[951,1064,475,499]" collectionCode="QM" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" type="Museum">G308822</specimenCode>
;
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="39DC3C8AFFFFCD4E1A3EFE7CE16BFDBF" collectionCode="QM" elevation="249" location="Sta. 073, Sherman sled" municipality="Pieman Canyon" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" specimenCode="G308823" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingMunicipality id="696FACADFFFFCD4E1A3EFE7CE2AEFDBF" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">Pieman Canyon</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8C6B600CFFFFCD4E1EEAFE5CE38CFDBF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:011D87C1FFFFCD4C1FBFFF5EE019FD89:8C6B600CFFFFCD4E1EEAFE5CE38CFDBF" box="[233,510,507,531]" municipality="Pieman Canyon" name="Sta. 073, Sherman sled" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">Sta. 073, Sherman sled</location>
,
<quantity id="4E4C9B32FFFFCD4E1C08FE5CE024FDBF" box="[523,598,507,531]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4899999999999998" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" unit="m" value="249.0">
<elevation id="0299D1E4FFFFCD4E1C08FE5CE024FDBF" box="[523,598,507,531]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4899999999999998" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" unit="m" value="249.0">249 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<collectionCode id="EFA5AE12FFFFCD4E1C60FE5CE0E1FDBF" box="[611,659,507,531]" collectionName="Australia, Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland Museum" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" type="Museum">QM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="D9129EACFFFFCD4E1C9EFE5CE163FDBF" box="[669,785,507,531]" collectionCode="QM" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" type="Museum">G308823</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C1AE655CFFFFCD4E1E7EFDEBE1F0FA98" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" type="description">
<paragraph id="890B36D7FFFFCD4E1E7EFDEBE287FDC8" blockId="12.[125,245,588,612]" box="[125,245,588,612]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFFCD4E1E7EFDEBE287FDC8" box="[125,245,588,612]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="890B36D7FFFFCD4E1E7EFDDAE142FB3F" blockId="12.[125,1173,637,1332]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">
The contracted zooids are solitary and almost cylindrical, to
<quantity id="4E4C9B32FFFFCD4E1D72FDDAE1D5FD39" box="[881,935,637,661]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
long, although the relaxed specimens could be at least twice that length. The test of the preserved specimens is whitish and translucent, that of the thorax being particularly thin and delicate while the abdominal test is thick and firm. Thoraces are especially contracted and often are severed from the abdomen as a result of contraction into a relatively tight almost spherical mass. The abdomen remains stretched out and securely fixed in the firm test of the posterior end of the body. Only two thoraces, both tightly contracted, were present in the available material. Both apertures are six-lobed with small yellow spots between the bases of the lobes. The branchial aperture is terminal and the atrial opening is a short distance down the dorsum. The thoracic muscles in these contracted specimens number about 12 broad longitudinal bands on each side. At least six extend ventrally from the branchial siphon and divide into separate fibres along each side of the endostyle where they join into a ventral longitudinal band on each side. Each of these bands joins with about six broad dorsal longitudinal muscles (half from between the siphons and the other half from the atrial siphon) to form a single longitudinal band along each side of the mid-dorsal line of the abdomen, converging posteriorly to terminal horns on each side of the fine vascular stolon that projects into the test at the posterior end of the zooid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="890B36D7FFFFCD4E1E9BFB3BE06DFB5F" blockId="12.[125,1173,637,1332]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">At least 50 inner longitudinal vessels extend the length of the branchial sac on each side, and there are at least 50 rows of about the same number of stigmata, although the exact number is obscured by contraction.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="890B36D7FFFFCD4E1E9BFB5BE1F0FA98" blockId="12.[125,1173,637,1332]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">The gut forms a simple vertical loop tightly embedded in the abdominal body wall. Neither structural folds in the stomach nor gonads were detected.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C1AE655CFFFFCD4C1E7EFACAE019FD89" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="182" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="890B36D7FFFFCD4E1E7EFACAE2AEFA29" blockId="12.[125,220,1389,1413]" box="[125,220,1389,1413]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFFCD4E1E7EFACAE2AEFA29" box="[125,220,1389,1413]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">Remarks</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="890B36D7FFFFCD4E1E7EFA39E086F939" blockId="12.[125,1172,1438,1685]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">
As in other genera of the
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFFCD4E1FA1FA39E05BFA1A" authorityName="Seeliger" authorityYear="1906" box="[418,553,1438,1462]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Diazonidae</taxonomicName>
, the homogenous genus
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFFCD4E1D44FA39E1C8FA1A" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1843" box="[839,954,1438,1462]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFFCD4E1D44FA39E1C8FA1A" box="[839,954,1438,1462]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">Rhopalaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has independently opening six-lobed apertures, inner longitudinal vessels (supported on papillae) extending the length of the large branchial sac (which has many stigmata in numerous rows), gonads (including a tubular ovary) in the vertical gut loop (which is tightly enclosed in the opaque abdominal body wall). The genus probably is oviparous. It contains 11 confirmed species (including the present one) and is distinguished from other genera in the family by the solitary habit of most of its species. However some may be colonial, although this is not confirmed and the budding mechanism is not known.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="890B36D7FFFECD4F1EA6FF2EE361FBC1" blockId="13.[138,1185,137,1685]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">
Monniot and Monniot (2001) assigned specimens to
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1D17FF2EE63CFF0D" authority="(Herdman, 1880)" baseAuthorityName="Herdman" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[788,1102,137,161]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassa">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1D17FF2EE10AFF0C" box="[788,888,137,160]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">R. crassa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="ED254B26FFFECD4F1D8BFF2EE635FF0D" author="Herdman WA" box="[904,1095,137,161]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" pagination="458 - 472" refId="ref27804" refString="Herdman WA. 1880. Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger expedition. Ascidiidae. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 10: 458 - 472." type="journal article" year="1880">Herdman, 1880</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
on the basis of their thick opaque test. However, this is a condition that
<bibRefCitation id="ED254B26FFFECD4F1D76FF0EE666FF6D" author="Kott P" box="[885,1044,169,193]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" pagination="1 - 266" refId="ref28280" refString="Kott P. 1990 a. The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29: 1 - 266." type="journal article" year="1990">Kott (1990a)</bibRefCitation>
observed to occur only in older specimens, probably with regenerated thoraces, and it does not appear to be a species characteristic, but rather one of growth and maturity. This species from the tropical western Pacific (and its synonyms including
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1CF2FEACE641FE8E" authority="Monniot, 1997" authorityName="Monniot" authorityYear="1997" box="[753,1075,266,290]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perlucida">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1CF2FEACE105FE8E" box="[753,887,266,290]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">R. perlucida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="ED254B26FFFECD4F1D7DFEADE641FE8E" author="Monniot C" box="[894,1075,266,290]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" pagination="557 - 571" refId="ref29219" refString="Monniot C. 1997. Ascidies phlebobranch du canal du Mozambique. Zoosystema 19: 557 - 571." type="journal article" year="1997">Monniot, 1997</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, see
<bibRefCitation id="ED254B26FFFECD4F1A68FEADE2A6FEEE" author="Kott P" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" pagination="1 - 266" refId="ref28280" refString="Kott P. 1990 a. The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29: 1 - 266." type="journal article" year="1990">Kott 1990a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="ED254B26FFFECD4F1EE6FE8DE350FEEE" author="Kott P" box="[229,290,298,322]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" pagination="1611 - 1653" refId="ref28482" refString="Kott P. 2003. New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea. Journal of Natural History 37: 1611 - 1653." type="journal article" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1F6FFE8CE0BDFEEE" authority="(Sluiter, 1898)" baseAuthorityName="Sluiter" baseAuthorityYear="1898" box="[364,719,298,322]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abdominalis">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1F6FFE8CE067FEEE" box="[364,533,298,322]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">R. abdominalis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="ED254B26FFFECD4F1C2BFE8DE0B5FEEE" author="Sluiter CP" box="[552,711,298,322]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" pagination="5 - 34" refId="ref29868" refString="Sluiter CP. 1898. Tuniciers recueillis en 1896 par la Chazalie dans la Mers des Antilles. Memoires Societe Zoologique de France, Paris 11: 5 - 34." type="journal article" year="1898">Sluiter, 1898</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from the tropical western Atlantic are both solitary species with longitudinal muscles terminating in short branches along the mid-dorsal and the mid-ventral lines on the thorax and not continuing on to the abdomen. The specimens assigned to
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1FD9FE2BE033FE0F" baseAuthorityName="Herdman" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[474,577,396,419]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassa">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1FD9FE2BE033FE0F" box="[474,577,396,419]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">R. crassa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Monniot and Monniot (2001) may have been misidentified for although they lack abdomina, dorsal muscles at least appear to extend posterior to the thorax and although short terminal branches are along each side of the midventral line, similar branches are not present along the mid-dorsal line (as they are in
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1A85FE49E2B9FD89" baseAuthorityName="Herdman" baseAuthorityYear="1880" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassa">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1A85FE49E2B9FD89" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">R. crassa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1EE5FDAAE098FD89" authority="Vasquez and Young, 1996" authorityName="Vasquez and Young" authorityYear="1996" box="[230,746,525,549]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cloneyi">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1EE5FDAAE3D9FD89" box="[230,427,525,549]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">Rhopalaea cloneyi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="ED254B26FFFECD4F1FB7FDAAE098FD89" author="Vasquez E &amp; Young C" box="[436,746,525,549]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" pagination="599 - 610" refId="ref30270" refString="Vasquez E, Young C. 1996. Rhopalaea cloneyi (Ascidiacea, Cionidae), a new deep water ascidian from the coastal waters of British Columbia. Journal of Zoology, London 238: 599 - 610." type="journal article" year="1996">Vasquez and Young, 1996</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the coastal waters of the northeastern Pacific (with numerous fine pleats in the stomach wall),
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1D84FD89E6D2FDEA" authority="(Sluiter, 1904)" baseAuthorityName="Sluiter" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[903,1184,558,582]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1D84FD89E19BFDEA" box="[903,1001,558,582]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">R. tenuis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="ED254B26FFFECD4F1DF8FD89E6EBFDEA" author="Sluiter CP" box="[1019,1177,558,582]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" pagination="1 - 126" refId="ref29899" refString="Sluiter CP. 1904. Die Tunicaten der Siboga - Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Expeditie 56 A: 1 - 126." type="journal article" year="1904">Sluiter, 1904</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from the tropical western Pacific (in which stomach folds have not been detected), and
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1A85FDE8E3D4FD2A" authority="Tokioka, 1971" authorityName="Tokioka" authorityYear="1971" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="birkelandi">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1A85FDE8E284FD2A" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">R. birkelandi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="ED254B26FFFECD4F1EFFFDC9E3D4FD2A" author="Tokioka T" box="[252,422,622,646]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" pagination="119 - 122" refId="ref30207" refString="Tokioka T. 1971. A new species of Rhopalaea from the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica (Tunicata, Ascidiacea). Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 19: 119 - 122." type="journal article" year="1971">Tokioka, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the tropical eastern Pacific (distinguished from the two latter species by its large number of longitudinal muscles), are all solitary with a pair of muscles which terminate each side of the mid-dorsal and mid-ventral lines (as in
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1A26FD17E6FDFD6B" baseAuthorityName="Herdman" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[1061,1167,688,711]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassa">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1A26FD17E6FDFD6B" box="[1061,1167,688,711]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">R. crassa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1E89FD77E0C4FD44" authority="Monniot and Monniot, 2003" authorityName="Monniot and Monniot" authorityYear="2003" box="[138,694,720,744]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desme">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1E89FD77E33BFD44" box="[138,329,720,744]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">Rhopalaea desme</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="ED254B26FFFECD4F1F55FD77E0C4FD44" author="Monniot F &amp; Monniot C" box="[342,694,720,744]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" pagination="681 - 749" refId="ref29419" refString="Monniot F, Monniot C. 2003. Ascidies de la pente externe et bathyales de l'ouest Pacifique. Zoosystema 25: 681 - 749." type="journal article" year="2003">Monniot and Monniot, 2003</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(from
<quantity id="4E4C9B32FFFECD4F1D13FD77E1E3FD44" box="[784,913,720,744]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" unit="m" value="300.0" valueMax="500.0" valueMin="100.0">100–500 m</quantity>
off
<collectingCountry id="F1A37647FFFECD4F1DCAFD77E65EFD44" box="[969,1068,720,744]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F1A37647FFFECD4F1A73FD77E6EBFD44" box="[1136,1177,720,744]" name="Fiji" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">Fiji</collectingCountry>
) has an ephemeral posterior abdomen and similar muscles to
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1DAEFD57E331FC85" authority="Tokioka, 1955" authorityName="Tokioka" authorityYear="1955" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Syndiazona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chinensis">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1DAEFD57E6D3FCA4" box="[941,1185,752,776]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">Syndiazona chinensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="ED254B26FFFECD4F1E89FCB6E331FC85" author="Tokioka T" box="[138,323,785,809]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" pagination="43 - 57" refId="ref30093" refString="Tokioka T. 1955. Ascidians from the Palao Islands II. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 5: 43 - 57." type="journal article" year="1955">Tokioka, 1955</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, but its zooids are connected only by basal stolons and are not embedded in common test as they are in
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1C97FC96E16AFCE5" authorityName="Tokioka" authorityYear="1955" box="[660,792,817,841]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Syndiazona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chinensis">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1C97FC96E16AFCE5" box="[660,792,817,841]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">S. chinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1D2EFC96E348FCC5" authority="Monniot and Monniot, 2001" authorityName="Monniot and Monniot" authorityYear="2001" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="circula">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1D2EFC96E187FCE5" box="[813,1013,817,841]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">Rhopalaea circula</emphasis>
Monniot and Monniot, 2001
</taxonomicName>
from the tropical western Pacific also has zooids connected by basal stolons and has paired longitudinal muscles on the abdomen and a posterior abdomen has not been reported. This species is distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1CFBFC34E112FC06" authorityName="Monniot and Monniot" authorityYear="2003" box="[760,864,914,938]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desme">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1CFBFC34E112FC06" box="[760,864,914,938]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">R. desme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its numerous thoracic muscles which terminate each side of the mid-dorsal and mid-ventral line (as in
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1A28FC14E6FDFC66" baseAuthorityName="Herdman" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[1067,1167,947,970]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassa">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1A28FC14E6FDFC66" box="[1067,1167,947,970]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">R. crassa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1E89FC74E076FC47" authority="Salfi, 1927" authorityName="Salfi" authorityYear="1927" box="[138,516,979,1003]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hartmeyeri">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1E89FC74E309FC47" box="[138,379,979,1003]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">Rhopalaea hartmeyeri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="ED254B26FFFECD4F1F87FC74E076FC47" author="Salfi M" box="[388,516,979,1003]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" pagination="273 - 85" refId="ref29654" refString="Salfi M. 1927. Note descrittive e biologiche su due ascidie del Golfodi Napoli. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli 8: 273 - 85." type="journal article" year="1927">Salfi, 1927</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the Mediterranean may also be colonial and has a posterior abdominal stolon but longitudinal muscles have not been detected on the abdomen. The solitary
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1FACFBB3E161FB80" authority="Philippi, 1843" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1843" box="[431,787,1044,1068]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neapolitana">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1FACFBB3E025FB80" box="[431,599,1044,1068]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">R. neapolitana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="ED254B26FFFECD4F1C64FBB3E161FB80" author="Philippi RA" box="[615,787,1044,1068]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" pagination="45 - 47" refId="ref29539" refString="Philippi RA. 1843. Rhopalaea ein neues Genus der einfachen Ascidien. Archives fur Anatomie und Physiologie 1: 45 - 47." type="journal article" year="1843">Philippi, 1843</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(also from the Mediterranean), the
<typeStatus id="560F8875FFFECD4F1EBBFB93E29BFBE0" box="[184,233,1076,1100]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">type</typeStatus>
species of the genus, resembles
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1C6DFB92E0A6FBE0" baseAuthorityName="Herdman" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[622,724,1077,1100]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassa">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1C6DFB92E0A6FBE0" box="[622,724,1077,1100]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">R. crassa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, lacking muscles on the abdomen (see
<bibRefCitation id="ED254B26FFFECD4F1E89FBF2E374FBC1" author="Salfi M" box="[138,262,1109,1133]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" pagination="8 - 370" refId="ref29682" refString="Salfi M. 1928. Richerche sulla biologia delle ascidie del Golfo di Napoli. Ricerche di Morfologia e Biologia Animale 1: 8 - 370." type="journal article" year="1928">Salfi 1928</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="890B36D7FFFECD4F1EA6FBD2E657FADC" blockId="13.[138,1185,137,1685]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">
<bibRefCitation id="ED254B26FFFECD4F1EA6FBD2E317FB21" author="Monniot C" box="[165,357,1141,1165]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" pagination="155 - 186" refId="ref29173" refString="Monniot C. 1969. Ascidies recoltees par La Thalassa sur la pente du plateau continental du Golfe de Gascogne (3 - 12 aout 1967). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (Serie 2) 41: 155 - 186." type="journal article" year="1969">Monniot (1969)</bibRefCitation>
could not detect inner longitudinal vessels in the juvenile thoraces of
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1E89FB30E38EFB02" authority="Hartmeyer, 1922" authorityName="Hartmeyer" authorityYear="1922" box="[138,508,1174,1198]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nordgaardi">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1E89FB30E354FB02" box="[138,294,1174,1198]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">R. nordgaardi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="ED254B26FFFECD4F1F32FB31E38EFB02" author="Hartmeyer R" box="[305,508,1174,1198]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" pagination="1 - 47" refId="ref27722" refString="Hartmeyer R. 1922. Die ascidienfauna des Trondhjemfjords. Meddelese fra Trondhjems Biologiske Station 14. Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter 1921: 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1922">Hartmeyer, 1922</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
that he examined and he assigned the species (together with its synonym (
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1F9BFB10E046FB62" authorityName="Arnback" authorityYear="1925" box="[408,564,1206,1230]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="norvegica">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1F9BFB10E046FB62" box="[408,564,1206,1230]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">R. norvegica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="ED254B26FFFECD4F1C4EFB11E1B3FB62" author="Arnback-Christie-Linde A" box="[589,961,1206,1230]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref27220" refString="Arnback-Christie-Linde A. 1925. Contributions to the tunicate fauna of Norway, with notes on Polycitor giganteus (Sluiter). Arkademie Zoology Stockholm 18: 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1925">Arnbäck-Christie-Linde, 1925</bibRefCitation>
)) to the genus
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1E89FB70E354FB43" authorityName="Herdman" authorityYear="1886" box="[138,294,1239,1263]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Tylobranchion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1E89FB70E354FB43" box="[138,294,1239,1263]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">Tylobranchion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However,
<bibRefCitation id="ED254B26FFFECD4F1FACFB70E03DFB43" author="Millar RH" box="[431,591,1239,1263]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" refId="ref29101" refString="Millar RH. 1966. Tunicata Ascidiacea. Marine Invertebrates of Scandinavia Number 1. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget." type="book" year="1966">Millar (1966)</bibRefCitation>
found these vessels (albeit sometimes interrupted) in the material he examined and the species (from the northeastern Atlantic to
<quantity id="4E4C9B32FFFECD4F1A4CFB50E6EBFAA3" box="[1103,1177,1271,1295]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</quantity>
) appears to have been properly assigned to the genus
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1CFAFABFE11FFA9C" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1843" box="[761,877,1304,1328]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1CFAFABFE11FFA9C" box="[761,877,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">Rhopalaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It is either solitary, or its zooids are joined by stolons or embedded, its stomach wall has numerous fine longitudinal folds, and muscles are not known to extend on to the abdomen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="890B36D7FFFECD4F1EA6FADEE1C9FA7E" blockId="13.[138,1185,137,1685]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1EA6FADEE0C8FA3D" authority="Monniot and Monniot, 1987" authorityName="Monniot and Monniot" authorityYear="1987" box="[165,698,1401,1425]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="piru">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1EA6FADEE33DFA3D" box="[165,335,1401,1425]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">Rhopalaea piru</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="ED254B26FFFECD4F1F58FADEE0C8FA3D" author="Monniot C &amp; Monniot F" box="[347,698,1401,1425]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" pagination="1 - 155" refId="ref29274" refString="Monniot C, Monniot F. 1987. Les ascidies de Polynesie francaise. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 136: 1 - 155." type="journal article" year="1987">Monniot and Monniot, 1987</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, from
<collectingCountry id="F1A37647FFFECD4F1D0EFADEE1AEFA3D" box="[781,988,1401,1425]" name="French Polynesia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">French Polynesia</collectingCountry>
, is colonial with embedded zooids and is wrongly assigned to
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1C95FA3DE161FA1E" box="[662,787,1434,1458]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1C95FA3DE17DFA1E" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1843" box="[662,783,1434,1458]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhopalaea</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
It appears to be a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1EA9FA1DE03AFA7E" authority="Tokioka, 1955" authorityName="Tokioka" authorityYear="1955" box="[170,584,1466,1490]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Syndiazona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chinensis">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1EA9FA1DE3E6FA7E" box="[170,404,1466,1490]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">Syndiazona chinensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="ED254B26FFFECD4F1F9EFA1DE03AFA7E" author="Tokioka T" box="[413,584,1466,1490]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" pagination="43 - 57" refId="ref30093" refString="Tokioka T. 1955. Ascidians from the Palao Islands II. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 5: 43 - 57." type="journal article" year="1955">Tokioka, 1955</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="ED254B26FFFECD4F1C8BFA1DE164FA7E" author="Millar RH" box="[648,790,1466,1490]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" pagination="205 - 336" refId="ref29120" refString="Millar RH. 1975. Ascidians from the Indo-West Pacific region in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen (Tunicata, Ascidiacea). Steenstrupia 3: 205 - 336." type="journal article" year="1975">Millar 1975</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="ED254B26FFFECD4F1D20FA1DE1DDFA7E" author="Kott P" box="[803,943,1466,1490]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" pagination="1 - 266" refId="ref28280" refString="Kott P. 1990 a. The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29: 1 - 266." type="journal article" year="1990">Kott 1990a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="890B36D7FFFECD4F1EA6FA7CE08FF939" blockId="13.[138,1185,137,1685]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">
<bibRefCitation id="ED254B26FFFECD4F1EA6FA7CE065FA5F" author="Monniot F &amp; Monniot C" box="[165,535,1499,1523]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" pagination="681 - 749" refId="ref29419" refString="Monniot F, Monniot C. 2003. Ascidies de la pente externe et bathyales de l'ouest Pacifique. Zoosystema 25: 681 - 749." type="journal article" year="2003">Monniot and Monniot (2003)</bibRefCitation>
reported numerous buds in the basal test of Fijian specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1F2BFA5BE3F8F9BF" authorityName="Monniot and Monniot" authorityYear="2003" box="[296,394,1531,1555]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desme">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFECD4F1F2BFA5BE3F8F9BF" box="[296,394,1531,1555]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">R. desme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, there is no evidence that these are actually buds, nor are buds known to develop in the terminal ampullae of vascular stolons in the
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1A15F9BBE6EFF998" authorityName="Seeliger" authorityYear="1906" box="[1046,1181,1564,1588]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Diazonidae</taxonomicName>
, although they do in the
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFECD4F1FB5F99BE038F9F8" authorityName="Forbes &amp; Hanley" authorityYear="1848" box="[438,586,1596,1620]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Clavelinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Clavelinidae</taxonomicName>
. The Fijian specimen has muscles on a posterior abdomen as well as the thorax and abdomen, a characteristic that distinguishes it from clavelinid zooids and its affinities are not understood.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="890B36D7FFFDCD4C1E9BFF2EE019FD89" blockId="14.[125,1173,137,549]" pageId="14" pageNumber="182">
The present species appears to have some affinity with the tropical
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFDCD4C1D97FF2EE18FFF0D" authorityName="Monniot and Monniot" authorityYear="2001" box="[916,1021,137,161]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="14" pageNumber="182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="circula">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFDCD4C1D97FF2EE18FFF0D" box="[916,1021,137,161]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="182">R. circula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
although the latter species appears to be colonial, has more longitudinal muscles and stigmata, and is geographically isolated. The distinction between the present species and
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFDCD4C1DC1FF6EE609FF4D" baseAuthorityName="Sluiter" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[962,1147,201,225]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="14" pageNumber="182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFDCD4C1DC1FF6EE609FF4D" box="[962,1147,201,225]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="182">Rhopalaea tenuis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is less obvious. Twenty fine longitudinal muscles, half from the branchial siphon and half from the atrial siphon, are recorded for
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFDCD4C1C51FEACE0C1FE8E" baseAuthorityName="Sluiter" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[594,691,266,290]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="14" pageNumber="182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFDCD4C1C51FEACE0C1FE8E" box="[594,691,266,290]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="182">R. tenuis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, about twice the number detected in the single thorax that is available for the present species. However, this could be affected by contraction, which draws muscle bands together, reducing their apparent number. Nevertheless, the present species, although a similar size to
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFDCD4C1D44FECBE1D8FE2F" baseAuthorityName="Sluiter" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[839,938,363,387]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="14" pageNumber="182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFDCD4C1D44FECBE1D8FE2F" box="[839,938,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="182">R. tenuis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, has more stigmata per row and more (about 100) rows, and until more data become available, is considered not to be conspecific. The recorded location for the present species is the most southerly record for this genus in which (with the exception of
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFDCD4C1D08FE6AE108FE49" authorityName="Vasquez and Young" authorityYear="1996" box="[779,890,461,485]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="14" pageNumber="182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cloneyi">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFDCD4C1D08FE6AE108FE49" box="[779,890,461,485]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="182">R. cloneyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the north-eastern Pacific,
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFDCD4C1EDFFE49E30CFDA9" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1843" box="[220,382,493,517]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="14" pageNumber="182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neapolitana">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFDCD4C1EDFFE49E30CFDA9" box="[220,382,493,517]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="182">R. neapolitana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Mediterranean, and
<taxonomicName id="4EB44D54FFFDCD4C1CE4FE49E1F3FDA9" authorityName="Hartmeyer" authorityYear="1922" box="[743,897,493,517]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Diazonidae" genus="Rhopalaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="14" pageNumber="182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nordgaardi">
<emphasis id="BBC0EAC5FFFDCD4C1CE4FE49E1F3FDA9" box="[743,897,493,517]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="182">R. nordgaardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the north-eastern Atlantic) most known species are tropical.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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