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<mods:title id="CE7D01C12CEB3E35DF3E04377307C9A6">Moss mimesis par excellence: integrating previous and new data on the life history and larval ecomorphology of long-bodied craneflies (Diptera: Cylindrotomidae: Cylindrotominae)</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3466465C27D440DAEB70E0C805818E32">2021</mods:date>
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<treatment id="156C6A301F33A454FF31895EFDAC5171" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5752947" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190876667" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5752947" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:156C6A301F33A454FF31895EFDAC5171" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/156C6A301F33A454FF31895EFDAC5171" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="1189" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">
<subSubSection id="D5DF88AD1F33A46AFF31895EFD4D533A" box="[194,712,310,335]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="9D7ADB261F33A46AFF31895EFD4D533A" blockId="31.[194,712,310,335]" box="[194,712,310,335]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">
<heading id="C6326C4A1F33A46AFF31895EFD4D533A" box="[194,712,310,335]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F33A46AFF31895EFD4D533A" ID-CoL="4FQPP" authority="(LINNAEUS, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[194,712,310,335]" class="Insecta" family="Cylindrotomidae" genus="Phalacrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="replicata">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F33A46AFF31895EFE70533B" box="[194,501,311,334]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">PHALACROCERA REPLICATA</emphasis>
(LINNAEUS, 1758)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="D5DF88AD1F33A454FEB68934FDAC5171" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="1189" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" type="description">
<paragraph id="9D7ADB261F33A46AFEB68934FDC15303" blockId="31.[325,580,349,374]" box="[325,580,349,374]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">
(
<figureCitation id="05FEC7A31F33A46AFEBD8934FE215303" box="[334,420,349,374]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[163,244,1658,1680]" captionTargetBox="[165,1441,202,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-24@10.[163,1443,195,1618]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Schematic diagram illustrating diverse arrangements and numbers of the elongated cuticular lobes in 11 cylindrotomine species. Each diagram represents a simplified larval body, longitudinally grouped into six, based on the patterned arrangements of the lobes: (1) prothorax, (2) meso- and metathorax, (3) abdominal segment I, (4) abdominal segment II, (5) abdominal segments III–VII, and (6) abdominal segment VIII (anal segment). Each square partitioned by double lines in a row denotes the integument on the dorsal (dl), lateral (la), ventral (vl) sides of the corresponding segment(s). Each black dot symbolizes a cuticular lobe, of which position/size in a given space express the relative position/size of the lobe.Anal papillae are not shown. Lobe forms, auxiliary outgrowths, and relative length of segments are not shown here (see each species' own description). Each taxon name is abbreviated. For G and I, diagrams are based on the description in Brodo (1967) and Peus (1952), respectively; caution is needed when these are compared with the species examined herein (A–F, I–K), because the lobe characteristics could be treated differently in the previous studies. For K, a single lobe is present at the location of asterisk (*) only in the abdominal segment VII but not in the other segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5752766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5752766/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">FIGS 5J</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="05FEC7A31F33A46AFE418934FE645303" box="[434,481,349,374]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="16.[164,245,1245,1267]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1204]" captionTargetId="figure-285@16.[163,1443,195,1205]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 10. Spiracular lobes of cylindrotomine larvae. (A) Cylindrotoma japonica, dorsal view. (B) Liogma nodicornis, caudal view. (C) L. brevipecten, oblique dorso-caudal view. (D) Phalacrocera replicata, caudal view. (E) P. tipulina, caudal view. Abbreviations: anp, anal papilla; dac, accessory dorsal lobe; dl, dorsal lobe; dm, dorsomedial lobe; ha, hair fringe; sp, spiracle; spd, spiracular disc; vl, ventral lobe. Scale = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5752776" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5752776/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">10D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="05FEC7A31F33A46AFE1D8934FDB95303" box="[494,572,349,374]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="32.[163,244,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[177,1429,197,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-24@32.[177,1429,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 18. Biology and structures of Phalacrocera replicata and P. tipulina. (A–B) P. replicata. (A) Specimen of lateinstar larva preserved in alcohol, dorsal view. (B) Characteristic lobes in anal segment, lateral view. (C–I) P. tipulina. (C) Specimen preserved in alcohol. (D) Late-instar larva curling its posterior body anchored with anal segment the Sphagnum mosses. (E) Late-instar larva floating near water surface with ventral side up, anchoring its mandibles to a moss shoot. (F) Morphological features of anal segment, oblique lateral view. (G) Ultrastructure of ventral lobe in anal segment, SEM view. (H) Ultrastructure of accessory dorsal lobe, SEM view.Abbreviations: anp, anal papilla; dac, accessory dorsal lobe; dl, dorsal lobe; dm, dorsomedial lobe; spd, spiracular disc; vl, ventral lobe. Scale (except G and H) = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5752794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5752794/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">18A, B</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D7ADB261F33A46AFF6289CCFDD3545C" blockId="31.[145,762,421,1578]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F33A46AFF6289CCFE9A53CF" box="[145,287,421,442]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">Life history:</emphasis>
Larvae were found to live in stagnant, dystrophic waters or acid pools of moors or woodlands where aquatic mosses, such as
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F33A46AFDFA898AFDEA538D" authorityName="J.Hedwig" authorityYear="1801" box="[521,623,483,504]" class="Bryopsida" family="Hypnaceae" genus="Hypnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F33A46AFDFA898AFDEA538D" box="[521,623,483,504]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">Hypnum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F33A46AFD8C898BFD7C5382" box="[639,761,482,503]" class="Bryopsida" family="Fontinalaceae" genus="Fontinalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Isobryales" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F33A46AFD8C898BFD7C5382" box="[639,761,482,503]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">Fontinalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F33A46AFF3B8A68FEC95063" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[200,332,513,534]" class="Sphagnopsida" family="Sphagnaceae" genus="Sphagnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sphagnales" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F33A46AFF3B8A68FEC95063" box="[200,332,513,534]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">Sphagnum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, were abundant (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFDDA8A6BFD775063" author="Bengtsson S" box="[553,754,513,535]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="1 - 102" refId="ref29141" refString="Bengtsson S. 1897. Bidrag till Kannedomen om Larven af Phalacrocera replicata (Lin.). Acta Universitatis Lundensis 33: 1 - 102 [in Swedish]." type="journal article" year="1897">Bengtsson, 1897</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFF628A49FEB85043" author="Brindle A" box="[145,317,544,566]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="151 - 216" refId="ref29577" refString="Brindle A. 1967. The larvae and pupae of the British Cylinrotominae and Limoniidae (Diptera, Tipulidae). Transactions of the Society of British Entomology 17: 151 - 216." type="journal article" year="1967">Brindle, 1967</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFEA28A49FDAA5040" author="Brinkmann R" box="[337,559,544,566]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="99 - 104" refId="ref29645" refString="Brinkmann R. 1997. Diptera Cylindrotomidae. In: Nilsson AN, ed. Aquatic insects of North Europe, a taxonomic handbook, Vol. 2. Vester Skerninge: Apollo Books, 99 - 104." type="book chapter" year="1997">Brinkmann, 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFDB08A49FD625040" author="Stubbs AE" box="[579,743,544,566]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="442 - 443" refId="ref36188" refString="Stubbs AE. 2010. Mosses, liverworts, lichens and algae. In: Chandler PJ, ed. A dipterist's handbook, Vol. 15. Orpington: Amateur Entomologists' Society, 442 - 443." type="book chapter" year="2010">Stubbs, 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F33A46AFF628A57FE1A5026" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[145,415,574,595]" class="Insecta" family="Cylindrotomidae" genus="Phalacrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="replicata">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F33A46AFF628A57FE1A5026" box="[145,415,574,595]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">Phalacrocera replicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had a single brood in a year (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFF698A37FEED5007" author="Bengtsson S" box="[154,360,605,627]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="1 - 102" refId="ref29141" refString="Bengtsson S. 1897. Bidrag till Kannedomen om Larven af Phalacrocera replicata (Lin.). Acta Universitatis Lundensis 33: 1 - 102 [in Swedish]." type="journal article" year="1897">Bengtsson, 1897</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFE898A34FDE65007" author="Muggenburg FH" box="[378,611,605,627]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="114 - 136" refId="ref34073" refString="Muggenburg FH. 1901. Larve und Puppe von Cylindrotoma glabrata (Meigen) 1818, ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis derTipuliden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 67: 114 - 136 [in German]." type="journal article" year="1901">Müggenburg, 1901</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFD868A34FF4F50E4" author="Alexander CP" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="695 - 1133" refId="ref28663" refString="Alexander CP. 1920. The crane-flies of New York. Part II. Biology and phylogeny. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoir 38: 695 - 1133." type="journal article" year="1920">Alexander, 1920</bibRefCitation>
); admittedly, they might have a second brood (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFF6A8AF3FE2550C5" author="Miall LC &amp; Shelford R" box="[153,416,666,688]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="343 - 361" refId="ref33939" refString="Miall LC, Shelford R. 1897. The structure and life-history of Phalacrocera replicata. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 45: 343 - 361." type="journal article" year="1897">Miall &amp; Shelford, 1897</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFE458AF2FDFB50C4" author="Bengtsson S" box="[438,638,667,689]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="1 - 102" refId="ref29141" refString="Bengtsson S. 1897. Bidrag till Kannedomen om Larven af Phalacrocera replicata (Lin.). Acta Universitatis Lundensis 33: 1 - 102 [in Swedish]." type="journal article" year="1897">Bengtsson (1897)</bibRefCitation>
confirmed that
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F33A46AFF3E8AD3FEDD50BB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[205,344,697,719]" class="Insecta" family="Cylindrotomidae" genus="Phalacrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="replicata">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F33A46AFF3E8AD3FEDD50BB" box="[205,344,697,719]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">P. replicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
moult at least eight and possibly ten times during their development. The first moult occurred 4–6 days after leaving the eggs (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFD898A9EFF4C515F" author="Bengtsson S" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="1 - 102" refId="ref29141" refString="Bengtsson S. 1897. Bidrag till Kannedomen om Larven af Phalacrocera replicata (Lin.). Acta Universitatis Lundensis 33: 1 - 102 [in Swedish]." type="journal article" year="1897">Bengtsson, 1897</bibRefCitation>
), which did not significantly affect the external or internal appearance. The second moult occurred at about 18–20 days, and the larvae dramatically changed in appearance (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFE568B1BFDDA51F3" author="Bengtsson S" box="[421,607,881,903]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="1 - 102" refId="ref29141" refString="Bengtsson S. 1897. Bidrag till Kannedomen om Larven af Phalacrocera replicata (Lin.). Acta Universitatis Lundensis 33: 1 - 102 [in Swedish]." type="journal article" year="1897">Bengtsson, 1897</bibRefCitation>
). First-instar larvae started feeding on the host-plants immediately after hatching; they scraped only the upper layer of leaves (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFF028BA7FEF35196" author="Peus F" box="[241,374,973,995]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref34675" refString="Peus F. 1952. Cylindrotomidae. Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region 3: 1 - 80 [in German]." type="journal article" year="1952">Peus, 1952</bibRefCitation>
). They overwintered as larvae and thus endured long and severe cold under the ice (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFF6A8C62FEC45655" author="De Geer C" box="[153,321,1035,1056]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="66 - 77" refId="ref30611" refString="De Geer C. 1773. Tipula, fusca, antennis simplicibus, alis longitudinaliter plicatis. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis 1: 66 - 77 [in Latin]." type="journal article" year="1773">De Geer, 1773</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFEA38C63FDE45655" author="Miall LC &amp; Shelford R" box="[336,609,1034,1056]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="343 - 361" refId="ref33939" refString="Miall LC, Shelford R. 1897. The structure and life-history of Phalacrocera replicata. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 45: 343 - 361." type="journal article" year="1897">Miall &amp; Shelford, 1897</bibRefCitation>
; Wesenberg- Lund, 1915). The larvae were also able to live a long period of time (
<emphasis id="AFB107341F33A46AFECD8C21FECC5628" box="[318,329,1096,1117]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">c</emphasis>
. 5 days) in anoxic conditions (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFD528C21FEB0560E" author="Miall LC &amp; Shelford R" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="343 - 361" refId="ref33939" refString="Miall LC, Shelford R. 1897. The structure and life-history of Phalacrocera replicata. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 45: 343 - 361." type="journal article" year="1897">Miall &amp; Shelford, 1897</bibRefCitation>
) and they could sit down deep in water
<quantity id="5A3D76C31F33A46AFF628CECFF3956EF" box="[145,188,1157,1178]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
in depth for a while in autumn (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFDC18CECFF4D56CF" author="Wesenberg-Lund C" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" refId="ref37236" refString="Wesenberg-Lund C. 1915. Insektlivet i ferske vande. Copenhagen: Gyldendal [in Danish]." type="book" year="1915">Wesenberg-Lund, 1915</bibRefCitation>
). Pupae were much more active than larvae and when disturbed, wriggled about and bent their bodies almost into a circle by flexion of the abdomen (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFD518C88FEBF5760" author="Miall LC &amp; Shelford R" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="343 - 361" refId="ref33939" refString="Miall LC, Shelford R. 1897. The structure and life-history of Phalacrocera replicata. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 45: 343 - 361." type="journal article" year="1897">Miall &amp; Shelford, 1897</bibRefCitation>
). Usually, the pupae rested vertically, with the mesothoracic horns reaching the surface of the water (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFEFF8D54FD895727" author="Miall LC &amp; Shelford R" box="[268,524,1341,1363]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="343 - 361" refId="ref33939" refString="Miall LC, Shelford R. 1897. The structure and life-history of Phalacrocera replicata. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 45: 343 - 361." type="journal article" year="1897">Miall &amp; Shelford, 1897</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFDEB8D54FD765726" author="Hemmingsen AM" box="[536,755,1341,1363]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="265 - 430" refId="ref32260" refString="Hemmingsen AM. 1952. The oviposition of some cranefly species (Tipulidae) from different types of localities. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening 114: 265 - 430." type="journal article" year="1952">Hemmingsen, 1952</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFF628D35FE8A5704" author="Peus F" box="[145,271,1371,1393]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref34675" refString="Peus F. 1952. Cylindrotomidae. Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region 3: 1 - 80 [in German]." type="journal article" year="1952">Peus, 1952</bibRefCitation>
), by firmly grasping floating plants with its dorsal abdominal hooks (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFE2D8D13FD6F57FA" author="Miall LC &amp; Shelford R" box="[478,746,1402,1424]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="343 - 361" refId="ref33939" refString="Miall LC, Shelford R. 1897. The structure and life-history of Phalacrocera replicata. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 45: 343 - 361." type="journal article" year="1897">Miall &amp; Shelford, 1897</bibRefCitation>
). Although the pupae could survive asphyxiation for six hours (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFF2E8DD1FE5357B8" author="Miall LC &amp; Shelford R" box="[221,470,1464,1486]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="343 - 361" refId="ref33939" refString="Miall LC, Shelford R. 1897. The structure and life-history of Phalacrocera replicata. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 45: 343 - 361." type="journal article" year="1897">Miall &amp; Shelford, 1897</bibRefCitation>
), they occasionally floated at the water surface through weeds by abdominal movement, and then recovered their original position for respiration (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFEB78E7DFDC2545C" author="Miall LC &amp; Shelford R" box="[324,583,1556,1578]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="343 - 361" refId="ref33939" refString="Miall LC, Shelford R. 1897. The structure and life-history of Phalacrocera replicata. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 45: 343 - 361." type="journal article" year="1897">Miall &amp; Shelford, 1897</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D7ADB261F33A46AFF628E3AFBFB5343" blockId="31.[145,761,1618,1886]" lastBlockId="31.[809,1424,197,311]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F33A46AFF628E3AFE1C5412" box="[145,409,1618,1640]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">Oviposition behaviour:</emphasis>
Larvae were found in ponds in which moss vegetation flourishes and currents keep the water in a constant motion (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFDA58EF9FF4C54B1" author="Hemmingsen AM" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="265 - 430" refId="ref32260" refString="Hemmingsen AM. 1952. The oviposition of some cranefly species (Tipulidae) from different types of localities. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening 114: 265 - 430." type="journal article" year="1952">Hemmingsen, 1952</bibRefCitation>
). Females walked on the water surface with the posterior end of the abdomen pricking into the water or into submerged moss (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFE418E85FD0A5574" author="Hemmingsen AM" box="[434,655,1771,1794]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="265 - 430" refId="ref32260" refString="Hemmingsen AM. 1952. The oviposition of some cranefly species (Tipulidae) from different types of localities. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening 114: 265 - 430." type="journal article" year="1952">Hemmingsen, 1952</bibRefCitation>
). Female adults deposited the eggs in the leaf axils of submerged moss, usually singly (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFE788F40FD11554B" author="Miall LC &amp; Shelford R" box="[395,660,1833,1855]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="343 - 361" refId="ref33939" refString="Miall LC, Shelford R. 1897. The structure and life-history of Phalacrocera replicata. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 45: 343 - 361." type="journal article" year="1897">Miall &amp; Shelford, 1897</bibRefCitation>
), or four to
<specimenCount id="8BC310AF1F33A46AFF438F21FE845528" box="[176,257,1864,1886]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" type="egg">six egg</specimenCount>
batchs in each pocket of concave leaves of
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F33A46AFCDA88ACFC1B52AF" box="[809,926,197,218]" class="Bryopsida" family="Fontinalaceae" genus="Fontinalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Isobryales" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F33A46AFCDA88ACFC1B52AF" box="[809,926,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">Fontinalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
moss (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFC1D88ACFB7052AF" author="Wesenberg-Lund C" box="[1006,1269,197,219]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="380 - 397" refId="ref37254" refString="Wesenberg-Lund C. 1943. Biologie der Susswasserinsekten. Berlin: Springer, 380 - 397 [in German]." type="book chapter" year="1943">Wesenberg-Lund, 1943</bibRefCitation>
); the number of eggs laid in each leaf seemed to depend on the leaf size (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFC94896BFBCC536D" author="Hemmingsen AM" box="[871,1097,258,280]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="265 - 430" refId="ref32260" refString="Hemmingsen AM. 1952. The oviposition of some cranefly species (Tipulidae) from different types of localities. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening 114: 265 - 430." type="journal article" year="1952">Hemmingsen, 1952</bibRefCitation>
). Females laid
<emphasis id="AFB107341F33A46AFAF3896AFA8E536D" box="[1280,1291,259,280]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">c</emphasis>
.
<specimenCount id="8BC310AF1F33A46AFAEA896BFAF4536D" box="[1305,1393,258,280]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" type="egg">60 eggs</specimenCount>
in total (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFC9E8948FBEA5343" author="Miall LC &amp; Shelford R" box="[877,1135,289,311]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="343 - 361" refId="ref33939" refString="Miall LC, Shelford R. 1897. The structure and life-history of Phalacrocera replicata. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 45: 343 - 361." type="journal article" year="1897">Miall &amp; Shelford, 1897</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D7ADB261F33A46AFCDA8909FB995058" blockId="31.[809,1426,352,557]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F33A46AFCDA8909FCE15300" box="[809,868,352,373]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">Egg:</emphasis>
Spindle-shaped. Eggs of
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F33A46AFB2E8909FA155300" authorityName="Schiner" authorityYear="1863" box="[1245,1424,352,373]" class="Insecta" family="Cylindrotomidae" genus="Phalacrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F33A46AFB2E8909FA155300" box="[1245,1424,352,373]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">Phalacrocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appearently darkest among all genera (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFAF18916FA0453E1" author="Peus F" box="[1282,1409,382,404]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref34675" refString="Peus F. 1952. Cylindrotomidae. Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region 3: 1 - 80 [in German]." type="journal article" year="1952">Peus, 1952</bibRefCitation>
). Chorionic surface finely granulated, with numerous small pits (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFC5589D5FB9A53A4" author="Peus F" box="[934,1055,443,465]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref34675" refString="Peus F. 1952. Cylindrotomidae. Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region 3: 1 - 80 [in German]." type="journal article" year="1952">Peus, 1952</bibRefCitation>
). Adhesive material delivered by the heads of club-shaped structures, and their necks stretched into apparent fibres when eggs are detached (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFCC28A7EFB895058" author="Hemmingsen AM" box="[817,1036,535,557]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="265 - 430" refId="ref32260" refString="Hemmingsen AM. 1952. The oviposition of some cranefly species (Tipulidae) from different types of localities. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening 114: 265 - 430." type="journal article" year="1952">Hemmingsen, 1952</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D7ADB261F33A46AFCDA8A3FFCEA540B" blockId="31.[809,1426,598,1663]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F33A46AFCDA8A3FFB8A501E" box="[809,1039,598,619]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">Final-instar larva:</emphasis>
Length
<quantity id="5A3D76C31F33A46AFB8D8A3FFB545019" box="[1150,1233,598,620]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFB178A3FFA0F5019" author="Brindle A" box="[1252,1418,598,620]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="151 - 216" refId="ref29577" refString="Brindle A. 1967. The larvae and pupae of the British Cylinrotominae and Limoniidae (Diptera, Tipulidae). Transactions of the Society of British Entomology 17: 151 - 216." type="journal article" year="1967">Brindle, 1967</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFCDA8A1CFC5950FF" author="Alexander CP" box="[809,988,629,651]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="695 - 1133" refId="ref28663" refString="Alexander CP. 1920. The crane-flies of New York. Part II. Biology and phylogeny. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoir 38: 695 - 1133." type="journal article" year="1920">Alexander, 1920</bibRefCitation>
). Body colour on dorsal side dark brown or lighter, showing dimorphism among individuals at final instar (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFC468ADBFB3C50BD" author="Wesenberg-Lund C" box="[949,1209,690,712]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" refId="ref37236" refString="Wesenberg-Lund C. 1915. Insektlivet i ferske vande. Copenhagen: Gyldendal [in Danish]." type="book" year="1915">Wesenberg-Lund, 1915</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFB378ADBFA0E50B2" author="Brinkmann R" box="[1220,1419,690,712]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="99 - 104" refId="ref29645" refString="Brinkmann R. 1997. Diptera Cylindrotomidae. In: Nilsson AN, ed. Aquatic insects of North Europe, a taxonomic handbook, Vol. 2. Vester Skerninge: Apollo Books, 99 - 104." type="book chapter" year="1997">Brinkmann, 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFCDA8AB8FB925092" author="Pujante AM &amp; Rodriguez S &amp; Torrijos L &amp; Gracia R &amp; Gomez L" box="[809,1047,721,743]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="531 - 533" refId="ref34933" refString="Pujante AM, Rodriguez S, Torrijos L, Gracia R, Gomez L. 2016. Primera cita de Phalacrocera replicata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera, Cylindrotomidae) para la peninsula iberica. Boletin de la Asociacion Espanola de Entomologia 40: 531 - 533 [in Spanish]" type="journal article" year="2016">
Pujante
<emphasis id="AFB107341F33A46AFC628ABBFC485093" box="[913,973,721,743]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">et al.</emphasis>
, 2016
</bibRefCitation>
); dorsally with pale, indistinct stripes (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFC778A86FB065170" author="Miall LC &amp; Shelford R" box="[900,1155,751,773]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="343 - 361" refId="ref33939" refString="Miall LC, Shelford R. 1897. The structure and life-history of Phalacrocera replicata. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 45: 343 - 361." type="journal article" year="1897">Miall &amp; Shelford, 1897</bibRefCitation>
), and ventrally whitish. Body with extremely long cuticular lobes (
<figureCitation id="05FEC7A31F33A46AFAEC8B67FA075151" box="[1311,1410,782,804]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="26.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[269,1333,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-24@26.[269,1336,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 16. Biology and morphology of Liogma mikado, L. nodicornis, L. serraticornis. (A–C) L. mikado. (A) Late-instar larva, lateral view. (B) First-instar larva (scale = 0.5 mm). (C) Early-instar larva on a tuft of Plagiothecium euryphyllum (Plagiotheciaceae). (D) Late-instar larva of L. nodicornis, feeding on Plagiomnium ciliare (Mniaceae). (E–I) L. serraticornis. (E) Late-instar larvae with green hue, feeding on Plagiomnium vesicatum (Mniaceae). (F) Late-instar larvae with brown hue feeding on Mnium lycopodioides (Mniaceae), found in the same population as the individual shown in (B). (G) Habitus of lateinstar, dorsal view; mesoand metathoracic segments are entirely dark and inverted Y-shaped pattern is evident in abdominal segments I–VII. (H) Characters of head. (I) Characters of anal segment. Black arrows indicate papilla-like, anterior pair of the ventral lobes. Abbreviations: anp, anal papilla; dl, dorsal lobe; pr, pronotal ridge; vl, ventral lobe. Scale (except B) = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5752790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5752790/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">Fig. 16A</figureCitation>
). Prothorax with each one pair of dorsal and lateral lobes; ventral lobe absent. Meso- and metathorax with dorsal and lateral lobes, filiform and long, two and one pair(s), respectively; one pair of ventral lobes, small and conical. Dorsal lobes on abdominal segments filiform and long, with length exceeding length of segment; segments I–VII with two pairs of lobes, anterior pair simple and posterior pair deeply bifurcated (
<figureCitation id="05FEC7A31F33A46AFADE8C6AFA06566C" box="[1325,1411,1027,1049]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[163,244,1658,1680]" captionTargetBox="[165,1441,202,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-24@10.[163,1443,195,1618]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Schematic diagram illustrating diverse arrangements and numbers of the elongated cuticular lobes in 11 cylindrotomine species. Each diagram represents a simplified larval body, longitudinally grouped into six, based on the patterned arrangements of the lobes: (1) prothorax, (2) meso- and metathorax, (3) abdominal segment I, (4) abdominal segment II, (5) abdominal segments III–VII, and (6) abdominal segment VIII (anal segment). Each square partitioned by double lines in a row denotes the integument on the dorsal (dl), lateral (la), ventral (vl) sides of the corresponding segment(s). Each black dot symbolizes a cuticular lobe, of which position/size in a given space express the relative position/size of the lobe.Anal papillae are not shown. Lobe forms, auxiliary outgrowths, and relative length of segments are not shown here (see each species' own description). Each taxon name is abbreviated. For G and I, diagrams are based on the description in Brodo (1967) and Peus (1952), respectively; caution is needed when these are compared with the species examined herein (A–F, I–K), because the lobe characteristics could be treated differently in the previous studies. For K, a single lobe is present at the location of asterisk (*) only in the abdominal segment VII but not in the other segments." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5752766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5752766/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">Fig. 5H</figureCitation>
). Lateral lobes on abdominal segments simple without bifurcation, filiform and long; abdominal segment I with two pairs; abdominal segments II–VII with three pairs, anteriormost and posteriormost pairs shorter than middle pair, with longest pair approximate dorsal lobes in length. Ventral lobes on abdominal segments simple; segments I, II and III–VII with two, three, four pairs of lobes, respectively, posteriormost pair longest; additionally, on segments I–VII, single papilla-like lobe present near posterior end of segment. Anal segment with three pairs of lobes in total (
<figureCitation id="05FEC7A31F33A46AFB448D3CFA9C571E" box="[1207,1305,1365,1387]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="26.[163,243,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[269,1333,195,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-24@26.[269,1336,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 16. Biology and morphology of Liogma mikado, L. nodicornis, L. serraticornis. (A–C) L. mikado. (A) Late-instar larva, lateral view. (B) First-instar larva (scale = 0.5 mm). (C) Early-instar larva on a tuft of Plagiothecium euryphyllum (Plagiotheciaceae). (D) Late-instar larva of L. nodicornis, feeding on Plagiomnium ciliare (Mniaceae). (E–I) L. serraticornis. (E) Late-instar larvae with green hue, feeding on Plagiomnium vesicatum (Mniaceae). (F) Late-instar larvae with brown hue feeding on Mnium lycopodioides (Mniaceae), found in the same population as the individual shown in (B). (G) Habitus of lateinstar, dorsal view; mesoand metathoracic segments are entirely dark and inverted Y-shaped pattern is evident in abdominal segments I–VII. (H) Characters of head. (I) Characters of anal segment. Black arrows indicate papilla-like, anterior pair of the ventral lobes. Abbreviations: anp, anal papilla; dl, dorsal lobe; pr, pronotal ridge; vl, ventral lobe. Scale (except B) = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5752790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5752790/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">Fig. 16B</figureCitation>
): one pair of dorsal lobes (dl), filiform and simple, bearing a short, sclerotized accessory lobe (dac) at the base with dark pigmentation; lateral lobe absent; one pair of ventral lobes (vl), blackened distally. Anal papillae soft and filiform, as single papilla (anp) on each side of the anus (
<figureCitation id="05FEC7A31F33A46AFC318E64FB9F5457" box="[962,1050,1549,1571]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[145,223,1666,1688]" captionTargetBox="[147,1425,197,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-26@13.[145,1428,195,1626]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 8. Histological characterisation of internal structure of Liogma brevipecten at first instar, in crosssection. Different body segments are represented in each section: thoracic segments (A–C), showing foregut and midgut region; anterior (D) and posterior (E) parts of abdominal segments, representing anterior hindgut; and anal segment (F), illustrating posterior hindgut. Note that integumental thickness is heterogeneous across body parts. Black arrowheads and arrows denote intrinsic and extrinsic muscles, respectively. Abbreviations: cm, circular muscle; dcl, dorsal cuticular lobe; ddph, dorsal diaphragm; dv, dorsal blood vessel; ed, endocuticle; epd, epidermis; ept, gut epithelium; ex, exocuticle; fb, food bolus; ft, fat body; lcl, lateral cuticular lobe; lm, longitudinal muscle; lu, gut lumen; mdm, midgut microvilli; mlp, malpighian tubule; mtb, microtubercle; ne, ventral nerve cord; pr, peritrophic membrane; pro, proventriculus; re, rectum; sal, salivary duct; stm, stomodeal valve; tr, trachea; vdph, ventral diaphragm; vcl, ventral cuticular lobe. Scale = 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5752772" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5752772/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
). Spiracular field without hair fringe (
<figureCitation id="05FEC7A31F33A46AFC8E8E42FC585435" box="[893,989,1579,1601]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="16.[164,245,1245,1267]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1204]" captionTargetId="figure-285@16.[163,1443,195,1205]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 10. Spiracular lobes of cylindrotomine larvae. (A) Cylindrotoma japonica, dorsal view. (B) Liogma nodicornis, caudal view. (C) L. brevipecten, oblique dorso-caudal view. (D) Phalacrocera replicata, caudal view. (E) P. tipulina, caudal view. Abbreviations: anp, anal papilla; dac, accessory dorsal lobe; dl, dorsal lobe; dm, dorsomedial lobe; ha, hair fringe; sp, spiracle; spd, spiracular disc; vl, ventral lobe. Scale = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5752776" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5752776/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">Fig. 10D</figureCitation>
). Elongated cuticular lobes internally containing tracheal branches (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFB798E23FAC3542A" author="Bengtsson S" box="[1162,1350,1610,1631]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="1 - 102" refId="ref29141" refString="Bengtsson S. 1897. Bidrag till Kannedomen om Larven af Phalacrocera replicata (Lin.). Acta Universitatis Lundensis 33: 1 - 102 [in Swedish]." type="journal article" year="1897">Bengtsson, 1897</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFAA78E23FCE5540A" author="Peus F" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref34675" refString="Peus F. 1952. Cylindrotomidae. Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region 3: 1 - 80 [in German]." type="journal article" year="1952">Peus, 1952</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9D7ADB261F33A454FCDA8ECEFE42507B" blockId="31.[809,1426,1703,1879]" lastBlockId="33.[145,761,197,526]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="1189" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F33A46AFCDA8ECEFC4C54C9" box="[809,969,1703,1724]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">Host-plants:</emphasis>
This species feeds on submerged or aquatic mosses, including
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F33A46AFB3E8EAFFA1754AE" box="[1229,1426,1734,1756]" class="Sphagnopsida" family="Sphagnaceae" genus="Sphagnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sphagnales" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F33A46AFB3E8EAFFAD954A9" box="[1229,1372,1734,1756]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">Sphagnum</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F33A46AFCC28E8CFC3D548E" box="[817,952,1765,1787]" class="Sphagnopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sphagnales" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="order">Sphagnales</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F33A46AFC328E8CFBD2548E" authorityName="Dumortier" authorityYear="1829" box="[961,1111,1765,1787]" class="Sphagnopsida" family="Sphagnaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sphagnales" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="family">Sphagnaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F33A46AFB9E8E8CFA06548F" author="Clymo RS &amp; Hayward PM" box="[1133,1411,1765,1787]" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" pagination="229 - 289" refId="ref30098" refString="Clymo RS, Hayward PM. 1982. The ecology of Sphagnum. In: Smith AJE, ed. Bryophyte ecology. London: Springer, 229 - 289." type="book chapter" year="1982">Clymo &amp; Hayward, 1982</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F33A46AFCDA8F6AFB3A556C" authority="De. Not." authorityName="De. Not." box="[809,1215,1795,1817]" class="Bryopsida" family="Amblystegiaceae" genus="Amblystegium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="species" species="exanulatum">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F33A46AFCDA8F6AFBDB556D" box="[809,1118,1795,1816]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">Amblystegium exanulatum</emphasis>
De.Not.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F33A46AFB388F6DFA14556C" authority="Hedw." authorityName="Hedw." box="[1227,1425,1795,1817]" class="Bryopsida" family="Amblystegiaceae" genus="Amblystegium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="species" species="fluitans">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F33A46AFB388F6DFAC1556D" box="[1227,1348,1795,1817]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">A. fluitans</emphasis>
Hedw.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F33A46AFCC28F4BFC24554D" box="[817,929,1826,1848]" class="Bryopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="order">Hypnales</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F33A46AFC598F4BFBEB554D" box="[938,1134,1826,1848]" class="Bryopsida" family="Amblystegiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="family">Amblystegiaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F33A46AFB728F4BFB8F5522" authority="(Schimp.) Loeske" authorityName="Loeske" authorityYear="1907" baseAuthorityName="Schimp." class="Bryopsida" family="Amblystegiaceae" genus="Warnstorfia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="species" species="exannulata">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F33A46AFB728F4BFA145542" box="[1153,1425,1826,1847]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187">Warnstorfia exannulata</emphasis>
(Schimp.) Loeske
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F33A46AFBD38F28FB1B5522" box="[1056,1182,1857,1879]" class="Bryopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="order">Hypnales</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F33A46AFB438F28FA075522" box="[1200,1410,1857,1879]" class="Bryopsida" family="Calliergonaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="31" pageNumber="1187" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="family">Calliergonaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F0DA454FF6288AFFDA852AE" authority="F. Weber &amp; D. Mohr" authorityName="F. Weber &amp; D. Mohr" box="[145,557,197,219]" class="Bryopsida" family="Hypnaceae" genus="Hypnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="species" species="elodes">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F0DA454FF6288AFFEC352AF" box="[145,326,197,219]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189">Hypnum elodes</emphasis>
F.Weber &amp; D.Mohr
</taxonomicName>
(unsolved name) (
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F0DA454FF6A888DFE88528F" box="[153,269,228,250]" class="Bryopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="order">Hypnales</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F0DA454FEEA888DFE1A528C" box="[281,415,228,249]" class="Bryopsida" family="Hypnaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="family">Hypnaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F0DA454FE40888DFD46528C" box="[435,707,228,249]" class="Bryopsida" family="Fontinalaceae" genus="Fontinalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Isobryales" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="species" species="antipyretica">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F0DA454FE40888DFD46528C" box="[435,707,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189">Fontinalis antipyretica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F0DA454FF62896AFF5B5342" authority="(Schimp.) Limpr." authorityName="Limpr." baseAuthorityName="Schimp." class="Bryopsida" family="Fontinalaceae" genus="Fontinalis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Isobryales" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="variety" species="dalecarlica" variety="microphylla">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F0DA454FF62896AFEBC5362" box="[145,313,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189">F. dalecarlica</emphasis>
Schimp. var.
<emphasis id="AFB107341F0DA454FE15896BFDFC5362" box="[486,633,258,279]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189">microphylla</emphasis>
(Schimp.) Limpr.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F0DA454FF1D8948FEE45342" box="[238,353,289,311]" class="Bryopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="order">Hypnales</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F0DA454FE9E8948FD965342" box="[365,531,289,311]" class="Bryopsida" family="Fontinalaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Isobryales" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="family">Fontinalaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F0DA454FDDF8948FF4D5320" author="Miall LC &amp; Shelford R" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189" pagination="343 - 361" refId="ref33939" refString="Miall LC, Shelford R. 1897. The structure and life-history of Phalacrocera replicata. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 45: 343 - 361." type="journal article" year="1897">Miall &amp; Shelford, 1897</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F0DA454FF258929FE365323" author="Hemmingsen AM" box="[214,435,320,342]" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189" pagination="265 - 430" refId="ref32260" refString="Hemmingsen AM. 1952. The oviposition of some cranefly species (Tipulidae) from different types of localities. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening 114: 265 - 430." type="journal article" year="1952">Hemmingsen, 1952</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F0DA454FE328929FD0F5320" author="Brinkmann R" box="[449,650,320,342]" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189" pagination="99 - 104" refId="ref29645" refString="Brinkmann R. 1997. Diptera Cylindrotomidae. In: Nilsson AN, ed. Aquatic insects of North Europe, a taxonomic handbook, Vol. 2. Vester Skerninge: Apollo Books, 99 - 104." type="book chapter" year="1997">Brinkmann, 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F0DA454FD538929FEC65300" author="Miall LC &amp; Shelford R" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189" pagination="343 - 361" refId="ref33939" refString="Miall LC, Shelford R. 1897. The structure and life-history of Phalacrocera replicata. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 45: 343 - 361." type="journal article" year="1897">Miall &amp; Shelford (1897)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F0DA454FE8D8936FDEB5300" author="Osten Sacken CR" box="[382,622,350,373]" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189" pagination="362 - 366" refId="ref34485" refString="Osten Sacken CR. 1897. Remarks on the literature of the earlier stages of the Cylindrotomina, a section of the Tipulidae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1897: 362 - 366." type="journal article" year="1897">Osten Sacken (1897)</bibRefCitation>
cited
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F0DA454FD468937FF5D53E6" author="Engel EO" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189" refId="ref30943" refString="Engel EO. 1884. Ueber einige individuelle Farbungsdifferenzen der Tipulide: Ctenophora pectinicornis L. Entomologische Nachrichten 10: 2590 - 260 [in German]." type="journal volume" year="1884">Engel (1884)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F0DA454FEE18914FE2753E6" author="Giard A" box="[274,418,381,403]" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189" refId="ref31367" refString="Giard A. 1895. Note sur l'accouplement du Tipula rufina Meig. (Dipt.). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 64: cxci - cxcii [in French]." type="journal volume" year="1895">Giard (1895)</bibRefCitation>
, who reported that the larvae not only eat some mosses (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F0DA454FDFA89F5FD3D53C4" box="[521,696,412,433]" class="Bryopsida" family="Amblystegiaceae" genus="Amblystegium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="species" species="exanulatum">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F0DA454FDFA89F5FD3D53C4" box="[521,696,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189">A. exanulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), but also aquatic angiosperms like
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F0DA454FDF189D3FF4E539A" authority="Lam." authorityName="Lam." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" genus="Ranunculus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fluitans">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F0DA454FDF189D3FD7C53BA" box="[514,761,442,463]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189">Ranunculus fluitans</emphasis>
Lam.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F0DA454FF2A89B0FEFD539A" box="[217,376,473,495]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Ranunculales</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F0DA454FE7289B0FDB4539A" box="[385,561,473,495]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ranunculaceae</taxonomicName>
), but this was not confirmed by later authors.
</paragraph>
<caption id="C9BA8BAE1F0CA455FF508EE2FB0F5524" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5752794" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5752794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5752794/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="1188" startId="32.[163,244,1675,1697]" targetBox="[177,1429,197,1635]" targetPageId="32">
<paragraph id="9D7ADB261F0CA455FF508EE2FB0F5524" blockId="32.[163,1444,1675,1873]" pageId="32" pageNumber="1188">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F0CA455FF508EE2FE9854D5" bold="true" box="[163,285,1675,1697]" pageId="32" pageNumber="1188">Figure 18.</emphasis>
Biology and structures of
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F0CA455FDB78EE2FCBC54D4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[580,825,1675,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Cylindrotomidae" genus="Phalacrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="1188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="replicata">Phalacrocera replicata</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F0CA455FC828EE2FC6054D4" authorityName="Osten Sacken" authorityYear="1865" box="[881,997,1675,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Cylindrotomidae" genus="Phalacrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="1188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tipulina">P. tipulina</taxonomicName>
. (A–B)
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F0CA455FBC58EE2FB3654D4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1078,1203,1675,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Cylindrotomidae" genus="Phalacrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="1188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="replicata">P. replicata</taxonomicName>
. (A) Specimen of lateinstar larva preserved in alcohol, dorsal view. (B) Characteristic lobes in anal segment, lateral view. (C–I)
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F0CA455FAFB8EC0FAF354CB" authorityName="Osten Sacken" authorityYear="1865" box="[1288,1398,1704,1726]" class="Insecta" family="Cylindrotomidae" genus="Phalacrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="1188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tipulina">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F0CA455FAFB8EC0FAF354CB" box="[1288,1398,1704,1726]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="1188">P. tipulina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (C) Specimen preserved in alcohol. (D) Late-instar larva curling its posterior body anchored with anal segment the
<taxonomicName id="5AC5A0A51F0CA455FAC38EAFFA2654AE" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[1328,1443,1734,1755]" class="Sphagnopsida" family="Sphagnaceae" genus="Sphagnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sphagnales" pageId="32" pageNumber="1188" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F0CA455FAC38EAFFA2654AE" box="[1328,1443,1734,1755]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="1188">Sphagnum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mosses. (E) Late-instar larva floating near water surface with ventral side up, anchoring its mandibles to a moss shoot. (F) Morphological features of anal segment, oblique lateral view. (G) Ultrastructure of ventral lobe in anal segment, SEM view. (H) Ultrastructure of accessory dorsal lobe, SEM view. Abbreviations: anp, anal papilla; dac, accessory dorsal lobe; dl, dorsal lobe; dm, dorsomedial lobe; spd, spiracular disc; vl, ventral lobe. Scale (except G and H) = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="9D7ADB261F0DA454FF628A5FFDAC5171" blockId="33.[145,761,566,772]" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189">
<emphasis id="AFB107341F0DA454FF628A5FFEE6503E" box="[145,355,566,587]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189">Larval behaviour:</emphasis>
Larvae cling to moss stems using their large anal hooks to secure the body and sway it from side to side, as if to promote respiration (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F0DA454FF698AFBFE3750DD" author="Miall LC &amp; Shelford R" box="[154,434,658,680]" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189" pagination="343 - 361" refId="ref33939" refString="Miall LC, Shelford R. 1897. The structure and life-history of Phalacrocera replicata. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 45: 343 - 361." type="journal article" year="1897">Miall &amp; Shelford, 1897</bibRefCitation>
). They creep from stem to stem by grasping with the mandibles and the anal hook alternately; when alarmed, they curl up like a caterpillar (
<bibRefCitation id="F954A6D71F0DA454FEE48A87FD9F5171" author="Miall LC &amp; Shelford R" box="[279,538,750,772]" pageId="33" pageNumber="1189" pagination="343 - 361" refId="ref33939" refString="Miall LC, Shelford R. 1897. The structure and life-history of Phalacrocera replicata. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 45: 343 - 361." type="journal article" year="1897">Miall &amp; Shelford, 1897</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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