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<document id="98BB02B9B91734BB7516BAF85B7F43E3" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4019.1.9" ID-GBIF-Dataset="dbeaf116-8e44-480a-a38c-263e0e181958" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="232849" ID-ZooBank="D4ECFEE2-BF9D-4B5F-8128-EFAAC2B728C4" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461259955491" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Capa, María &amp; Rouse, Greg W." docDate="2015" docId="C22DFF62FFF9FF87FF21F9DDFB069FAC" docLanguage="en" docName="zt04019p183.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4019 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata Capa &amp; Rouse, 2015, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="181" masterDocId="3E14871AFFF1FF8AFFB6FFAAFFB09D04" masterDocTitle="Sphaerodoridae (Annelida) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia, including the description of two new species and reproductive notes" masterLastPageNumber="183" masterPageNumber="168" pageNumber="176" updateTime="1698609237040" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="77883D178CAF948BE4FC01806CFA1ABB" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="E5EF89050E976964C3785649736D0843">
<mods:title id="4469FD80AE541EC21B66F29C6C77FAC6">Sphaerodoridae (Annelida) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia, including the description of two new species and reproductive notes</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="7B3C6772F89A31B7261CE7362D882F99" type="personal">
<mods:role id="E1E424799346E09ED699C0D56E1DA500">
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<mods:namePart id="24B80E04B4F181BE7071E7A1DA0D9707">Capa, María</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="44ADD23A227B6944E26A9CC2778C0940" type="personal">
<mods:role id="A9FD9A5A658CC903F26C0F3B46E0A544">
<mods:roleTerm id="04EC3754612EED0912786A44D64A7ADF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D725E930F28F48321097596A760C5E6C">Rouse, Greg W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="46C2C4DA9A4806FBEEA304FE84F3FB4F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="61F84E1639F5CD53C7CB28A7B1EDC698">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C85F0BB4A6BD5A481C50D06EE6FE65A3">
<mods:date id="3ACAFA0F780E91ACC3AD471B4B36DDB5">2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="194C14D22C7DC70C39C5CAE16701C144" type="volume">
<mods:number id="D2FFB2A631FE86069F323C02B09E00CA">4019</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="E701F3E60A435E5F17EC6CF9DAE2B290" type="issue">
<mods:number id="6DE54AF8400F1AE7EC5C242AF91CADD2">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="39DF025123BD3BC81D54D976D6FF7F76">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="222F6FE0D42DE3E6E64AFD1C3880D846" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4019.1.9</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="F47EBB137A28C362B8FD56A809915E2B" type="GBIF-Dataset">dbeaf116-8e44-480a-a38c-263e0e181958</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="55BB344EC04B974F60C14876405BE743" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="C39D283CEB141F2DE1C671B27B79778A" type="Zenodo-Dep">232849</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="FF583EA98B0EE0B4B0E1676061B3C89A" type="ZooBank">D4ECFEE2-BF9D-4B5F-8128-EFAAC2B728C4</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="C22DFF62FFF9FF87FF21F9DDFB069FAC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6096005" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119636923" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6096005" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C22DFF62FFF9FF87FF21F9DDFB069FAC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C22DFF62FFF9FF87FF21F9DDFB069FAC" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="181" pageId="8" pageNumber="176">
<subSubSection id="029E1DFFFFF9FF82FF21F9DDFEDF9BB7" pageId="8" pageNumber="176" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="4A3B4E74FFF9FF82FF21F9DDFDC69B95" blockId="8.[151,630,1655,1715]" box="[151,630,1655,1681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="176">
<heading id="1173F918FFF9FF82FF21F9DDFDC69B95" bold="true" box="[151,630,1655,1681]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="176" reason="1">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFF9FF82FF21F9DDFDC69B95" bold="true" box="[151,630,1655,1681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="176">
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFF9FF82FF21F9DDFD9D9B95" box="[151,557,1655,1681]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="8" pageNumber="176" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="plurituberculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFF9FF82FF21F9DDFD9D9B95" bold="true" box="[151,557,1655,1681]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="176">Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="63C32F1DFFF9FF82FD82F9DDFDC69B95" box="[564,630,1655,1681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="176" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4A3B4E74FFF9FF82FF21F930FEDF9BB7" blockId="8.[151,630,1655,1715]" box="[151,367,1690,1715]" pageId="8" pageNumber="176">
(
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFF9FF82FF29F930FF569BB6" box="[159,230,1690,1715]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[267,1343,199,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[239,1344,195,1817]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Stylised drawings. A, B. Ephesiella australiensis. A. Dorsal tubercles of chaetigers 11 – 14; B. Parapodial papillae and appendages including ventral cirrus, acicular lobe, papillae and nearby macrotubercle; the concentric circles represent the volume of the parapodium (larger ones indicate basal and smaller distal areas) and the red axis its four sides; C, D. Sphaerodoropsis auranticus n. sp.; C. Dorsal tubercles of chaetigers 11 – 14, and pigmentation pattern; D. Arrangement of parapodial appendages and papillae; E, F. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp.; E. Dorsal tubercles of chaetigers 11 – 14; F. Arrangement of parapodial appendages and papillae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232851/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="176">Figs 2</figureCitation>
E, F, 4, 5, 6)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="029E1DFFFFF9FF82FF21F971FA909AF4" pageId="8" pageNumber="176" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="4A3B4E74FFF9FF82FF21F971FD909A64" blockId="8.[151,1436,1755,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="176">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFF9FF82FF21F971FEF89BF0" bold="true" box="[151,328,1755,1780]" pageId="8" pageNumber="176">
<typeStatus id="953FF0D6FFF9FF82FF21F971FF629BF0" box="[151,210,1755,1780]" pageId="8" pageNumber="176">Type</typeStatus>
material:
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="953FF0D6FFF9FF82FEE7F971FE0E9BF0" box="[337,446,1755,1780]" pageId="8" pageNumber="176" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: AM W.47516,
<collectingCountry id="32930EE4FFF9FF82FDC2F971FD6D9BF0" box="[628,733,1755,1780]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="176">Australia</collectingCountry>
, Queensland, Great Barrier Reef, beach near research station,
<geoCoordinate id="2FB028B3FFF9FF82FF21F8AAFEA89A1C" box="[151,280,1792,1816]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="176" precision="15" value="-14.678612">14°40'43&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="2FB028B3FFF9FF82FE92F955FE059A1C" box="[292,437,1791,1816]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="176" precision="15" value="145.44722">145°26'50&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, intertidal, coarse sand,
<date id="3E3A68B4FFF9FF82FD73F955FCFD9A1C" box="[709,845,1791,1816]" pageId="8" pageNumber="176" value="2002-11-05">5 Nov 2002</date>
.
<typeStatus id="953FF0D6FFF9FF82FCEEF8AAFC7A9A1C" box="[856,970,1792,1816]" pageId="8" pageNumber="176" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
: AM W.47517 (1 spec.), AM W.47518 (1 spec, on SEM stub), SIO-BIC A3645 (
<specimenCount id="5C8285FDFFF9FF82FDF1F88EFD2D9A38" box="[583,669,1827,1852]" pageId="8" pageNumber="176" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="5C8285FDFFF9FF82FD62F88EFCF39A38" box="[724,835,1827,1852]" pageId="8" pageNumber="176" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
, in resin blocks), SIO-BIC A 3647 (2 specs), all same collection information as
<typeStatus id="953FF0D6FFF9FF82FE00F8EDFDAC9A64" box="[438,540,1863,1888]" pageId="8" pageNumber="176" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4A3B4E74FFF9FF82FF71F8C1FA909AF4" blockId="8.[151,1436,1755,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="176">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFF9FF82FF71F8C1FDEA9A80" bold="true" box="[199,602,1899,1924]" pageId="8" pageNumber="176">Comparative material examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="953FF0D6FFF9FF82FDD3F8C1FD7D9A80" box="[613,717,1899,1924]" pageId="8" pageNumber="176" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFF9FF82FD4DF8C1FAA89A87" box="[763,1304,1899,1923]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="8" pageNumber="176" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="multipapillata" subSpecies="heteropapillata">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFF9FF82FD4DF8C1FAA89A87" box="[763,1304,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="176">Sphaerodoropsis multipapillata heteropapillata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hartmann-
<bibRefCitation id="2E153385FFF9FF82FF21F825FEF49AAC" author="Schroder" box="[151,324,1935,1960]" pageId="8" pageNumber="176" refString="Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1987) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Kusten unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden. Teil 13. Die Polychaeten der antiborealen Kuste von Victoria (Australien) (zwischen Warrnambool im Western und Port Welshpool im Osten). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 84, 27 - 66." type="journal article" year="1987">Schröder, 1987</bibRefCitation>
,
<collectionCode id="2C95D6B1FFF9FF82FEE6F83AFE3E9AA3" box="[336,398,1936,1959]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kdnf-0379" name="Zoologisches Museum Hamburg" pageId="8" pageNumber="176">ZMH</collectionCode>
P.18875,
<collectingCountry id="32930EE4FFF9FF82FE48F825FDD79AAC" box="[510,615,1935,1960]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="176">Australia</collectingCountry>
, Victoria, Geelong, Point Lonsdale, Abrasion terrace near lighthouse, on coralline algae,
<date id="3E3A68B4FFF9FF82FEE0F81EFE469AC8" box="[342,502,1971,1996]" pageId="8" pageNumber="176" value="1975-12-24">24 Dec 1975</date>
.
<typeStatus id="953FF0D6FFF9FF82FDBEF819FDC09AC8" box="[520,624,1971,1996]" pageId="8" pageNumber="176" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFF9FF82FD14F819FAFC9AC8" authority="Hartmann-Schroder, 1979" authorityName="Hartmann-Schroder" authorityYear="1979" box="[674,1356,1971,1996]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoridium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="8" pageNumber="176" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="multipapillata">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFF9FF82FD14F819FBA19ACF" box="[674,1041,1971,1995]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="176">Sphaerodoridium multipapillata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2E153385FFF9FF82FBA9F819FAFC9AC8" author="Hartmann-Schroder" box="[1055,1356,1971,1996]" pageId="8" pageNumber="176" refString="Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1979) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Kusten unter besonder Berucksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden. Teil 2. Die Polychaeten der tropischen Nordwestkuste Australiens (zwischen Derby im Norden und Port Hedland im Suden). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut, 76, 77 - 218" type="journal article" year="1979">Hartmann-Schröder, 1979</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<collectionCode id="2C95D6B1FFF9FF82FAE8F81EFA2C9ACF" box="[1374,1436,1972,1995]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kdnf-0379" name="Zoologisches Museum Hamburg" pageId="8" pageNumber="176">ZMH</collectionCode>
P.14336,
<collectingCountry id="32930EE4FFF9FF82FF48F87DFED69AF4" box="[254,358,2007,2032]" name="Tanzania" pageId="8" pageNumber="176">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
, Mtwara, fine sand near coral reef south to the entrance of the harbour,
<date id="3E3A68B4FFF9FF82FB31F872FAAC9AF4" box="[1159,1308,2007,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="176" value="1967-11-13">13 Nov 1967</date>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="1EFB1EFCFFF8FF83FF21FB6DFF449891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232853/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="177" targetBox="[153,1432,199,1199]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="4A3B4E74FFF8FF83FF21FB6DFF449891" blockId="9.[151,1436,1223,1429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="177">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFF8FF83FF21FB6DFEA299D9" bold="true" box="[151,274,1223,1245]" pageId="9" pageNumber="177">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFF8FF83FEAEFB6DFDDD99D9" box="[280,621,1223,1245]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="177" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="plurituberculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFF8FF83FEAEFB6DFDDD99D9" box="[280,621,1223,1245]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="177">Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="63C32F1DFFF8FF83FDC5FB62FD1999D9" box="[627,681,1224,1245]" pageId="9" pageNumber="177" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
live specimens. A–D. Micrographs taken with a dissecting microscope. A. Female, dorsal view, with a pair of orange subdermal eyes (arrow), brown gut and bluish oocytes (o); B. Male filled with sperm (s); lateral antennae marked with arrows; C. Male with spermatophores on dorsum (arrowheads); D. Male, ventro-lateral view, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (arrow) and spermatophore visible through body wall; E–G. Micrographs taken with a compound microscope; E. Ventral papillae, containing paired transparent granules and a small orange one; F. Early (es) and late (sp) spermatids attached to central cytophore and other coelomic cells; G. Spermatids with some free swimming sperm (arrows).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="029E1DFFFFF8FF83FF71FA4CFC1B9BD3" pageId="9" pageNumber="177" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="4A3B4E74FFF8FF83FF71FA4CFC1B9BD3" blockId="9.[151,1437,1510,2003]" pageId="9" pageNumber="177">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFF8FF83FF71FA4CFEF198FB" bold="true" box="[199,321,1510,1535]" pageId="9" pageNumber="177">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Body ellipsoid, with strongly convex dorsum. Over 12 more or less clearly arranged longitudinal rows of spherical, variable in size, and sessile dorsal tubercles, in four transverse row per segment. Parapodia with digitiform acicular lobe similar in shape and size to ventral cirrus, lacking papillae. Around six semi-compound chaetae per parapodium with distally enlarged shaft and short blades (up to twice longer than wide), serrated, with distal long spines; shaft with conspicuous spinulation. Male with enlarged, bottle-shaped and porous copulatory organ present in chaetiger 6 ventral to each parapodia instead of the normal ventral cirri. Females with oval and flat tubercle with a porous surface also ventral to parapodia of chaetiger 6.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="029E1DFFFFF8FF80FF71F948FABE99C1" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="178" pageId="9" pageNumber="177" type="description">
<paragraph id="4A3B4E74FFF8FF80FF71F948FD3C9FEB" blockId="9.[151,1437,1510,2003]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="178" pageId="9" pageNumber="177">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFF8FF83FF71F948FEE99BFF" bold="true" box="[199,345,1762,1787]" pageId="9" pageNumber="177">Description.</emphasis>
Male
<typeStatus id="953FF0D6FFF8FF83FE1FF948FDBF9BFF" box="[425,527,1762,1787]" pageId="9" pageNumber="177" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. Body more or less ellipsoid, anterior end bluntly rounded and posterior end tapering (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFF8FF83FEB4F8ACFEFA9A1B" box="[258,330,1798,1823]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1223,1245]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,199,1199]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[150,1436,193,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp. live specimens. A – D. Micrographs taken with a dissecting microscope. A. Female, dorsal view, with a pair of orange subdermal eyes (arrow), brown gut and bluish oocytes (o); B. Male filled with sperm (s); lateral antennae marked with arrows; C. Male with spermatophores on dorsum (arrowheads); D. Male, ventro-lateral view, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (arrow) and spermatophore visible through body wall; E – G. Micrographs taken with a compound microscope; E. Ventral papillae, containing paired transparent granules and a small orange one; F. Early (es) and late (sp) spermatids attached to central cytophore and other coelomic cells; G. Spermatids with some free swimming sperm (arrows)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232853/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="177">Figs 4</figureCitation>
A–D, 5A–B), measuring
<quantity id="8D7CE391FFF8FF83FDD1F8ACFD0E9A1A" box="[615,702,1798,1823]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="177" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="8D7CE391FFF8FF83FCB0F8ACFCED9A1A" box="[774,861,1798,1823]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="177" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
wide, with 18 chaetigers. Strongly convex dorsum and flat ventrum; segmentation inconspicuous (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFF8FF83FD1AF880FD439A46" box="[684,755,1834,1859]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1223,1245]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,199,1199]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[150,1436,193,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp. live specimens. A – D. Micrographs taken with a dissecting microscope. A. Female, dorsal view, with a pair of orange subdermal eyes (arrow), brown gut and bluish oocytes (o); B. Male filled with sperm (s); lateral antennae marked with arrows; C. Male with spermatophores on dorsum (arrowheads); D. Male, ventro-lateral view, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (arrow) and spermatophore visible through body wall; E – G. Micrographs taken with a compound microscope; E. Ventral papillae, containing paired transparent granules and a small orange one; F. Early (es) and late (sp) spermatids attached to central cytophore and other coelomic cells; G. Spermatids with some free swimming sperm (arrows)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232853/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="177">Figs 4</figureCitation>
A–D, 5A–B). Live colour transparent with brown gut, milky white coelom; dark brown after preservation. Bright orange subdermal eyes (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFF8FF83FBFCF8E4FB259A63" box="[1098,1173,1870,1895]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1223,1245]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,199,1199]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[150,1436,193,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp. live specimens. A – D. Micrographs taken with a dissecting microscope. A. Female, dorsal view, with a pair of orange subdermal eyes (arrow), brown gut and bluish oocytes (o); B. Male filled with sperm (s); lateral antennae marked with arrows; C. Male with spermatophores on dorsum (arrowheads); D. Male, ventro-lateral view, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (arrow) and spermatophore visible through body wall; E – G. Micrographs taken with a compound microscope; E. Ventral papillae, containing paired transparent granules and a small orange one; F. Early (es) and late (sp) spermatids attached to central cytophore and other coelomic cells; G. Spermatids with some free swimming sperm (arrows)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232853/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="177">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A–D). Tegument with microscopic oblong granules. Head externally indistinct (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFF8FF83FCA8F8D8FCD09A8F" box="[798,864,1906,1931]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[269,1317,268,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[266,1320,265,1825]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp. SEM images. A. Male, ventral view, anterior end on left side, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (co); B. Whole specimen, lateral view, anterior end on left side; C. Anterior end, ventral view; digitiform palps (pa) and lateral antennae (la), hemi-spherical median antenna (ma); mouth (mo) anterior to first chaetiger; D. Anterior chaetiger, ventral view with six chaetae, and digitiform ventral cirrus (vc) and acicular lobe (al); E. Mid-body chaetiger, posterior view; F. Detail of chaetae with conspicuous serration and distal spine (arrow); G. Posterior end with terminal pygidium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232854/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="177">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A–C). Prostomium with five appendages; a pair of ventral-most palps, digitiform and about three times as long as wide; a pair of lateral antennae similar in shape and size to palp; and a spherical median antenna (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFF8FF83FD22F810FD6B9AD6" box="[660,731,1978,2003]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1223,1245]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,199,1199]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[150,1436,193,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp. live specimens. A – D. Micrographs taken with a dissecting microscope. A. Female, dorsal view, with a pair of orange subdermal eyes (arrow), brown gut and bluish oocytes (o); B. Male filled with sperm (s); lateral antennae marked with arrows; C. Male with spermatophores on dorsum (arrowheads); D. Male, ventro-lateral view, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (arrow) and spermatophore visible through body wall; E – G. Micrographs taken with a compound microscope; E. Ventral papillae, containing paired transparent granules and a small orange one; F. Early (es) and late (sp) spermatids attached to central cytophore and other coelomic cells; G. Spermatids with some free swimming sperm (arrows)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232853/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="177">Figs 4</figureCitation>
A–D, 5A). Around 10 small and spherical papillae confined by these appendages. A pair of tentacular cirri, shorter than palps and lateral antennae. Body surface covered in tubercles of two different sizes arranged in more or less 16–18 longitudinal rows in mid-body, four rows per segment, adding a total of around
<quantity id="8D7CE391FFFBFF80FDA0FF4AFDFF9DFC" box="[534,591,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" unit="in" value="30.0">30 in</quantity>
mid-chaetigers (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFFBFF80FCBDFF75FCE39DFC" box="[779,851,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[267,1343,199,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[239,1344,195,1817]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Stylised drawings. A, B. Ephesiella australiensis. A. Dorsal tubercles of chaetigers 11 – 14; B. Parapodial papillae and appendages including ventral cirrus, acicular lobe, papillae and nearby macrotubercle; the concentric circles represent the volume of the parapodium (larger ones indicate basal and smaller distal areas) and the red axis its four sides; C, D. Sphaerodoropsis auranticus n. sp.; C. Dorsal tubercles of chaetigers 11 – 14, and pigmentation pattern; D. Arrangement of parapodial appendages and papillae; E, F. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp.; E. Dorsal tubercles of chaetigers 11 – 14; F. Arrangement of parapodial appendages and papillae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232851/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Figs 2</figureCitation>
E, 4A–D, 5B). Microtubercles absent. Ventrum with papillae similar in shape and size to dorsal, arranged in about 10 longitudinal rows, four transverse rows per segment and a total of about 20 papillae per chaetiger in mid-body (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFFBFF80FC20FE8DFC699C44" box="[918,985,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[269,1317,268,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[266,1320,265,1825]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp. SEM images. A. Male, ventral view, anterior end on left side, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (co); B. Whole specimen, lateral view, anterior end on left side; C. Anterior end, ventral view; digitiform palps (pa) and lateral antennae (la), hemi-spherical median antenna (ma); mouth (mo) anterior to first chaetiger; D. Anterior chaetiger, ventral view with six chaetae, and digitiform ventral cirrus (vc) and acicular lobe (al); E. Mid-body chaetiger, posterior view; F. Detail of chaetae with conspicuous serration and distal spine (arrow); G. Posterior end with terminal pygidium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232854/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A). Ventral papillae containing different
<typeStatus id="953FF0D6FFFBFF80FF21FEE7FF779C61" box="[151,199,333,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">type</typeStatus>
of granules (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFFBFF80FED5FEE6FE199C60" box="[355,425,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1223,1245]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,199,1199]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[150,1436,193,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp. live specimens. A – D. Micrographs taken with a dissecting microscope. A. Female, dorsal view, with a pair of orange subdermal eyes (arrow), brown gut and bluish oocytes (o); B. Male filled with sperm (s); lateral antennae marked with arrows; C. Male with spermatophores on dorsum (arrowheads); D. Male, ventro-lateral view, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (arrow) and spermatophore visible through body wall; E – G. Micrographs taken with a compound microscope; E. Ventral papillae, containing paired transparent granules and a small orange one; F. Early (es) and late (sp) spermatids attached to central cytophore and other coelomic cells; G. Spermatids with some free swimming sperm (arrows)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232853/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
E). Parapodial sub-conical, increasing in size towards chaetiger 3 and decreasing in last three chaetigers, as long as wide in mid-chaetigers (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFFBFF80FD5AFEC5FC809C8C" box="[748,816,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[269,1317,268,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[266,1320,265,1825]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp. SEM images. A. Male, ventral view, anterior end on left side, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (co); B. Whole specimen, lateral view, anterior end on left side; C. Anterior end, ventral view; digitiform palps (pa) and lateral antennae (la), hemi-spherical median antenna (ma); mouth (mo) anterior to first chaetiger; D. Anterior chaetiger, ventral view with six chaetae, and digitiform ventral cirrus (vc) and acicular lobe (al); E. Mid-body chaetiger, posterior view; F. Detail of chaetae with conspicuous serration and distal spine (arrow); G. Posterior end with terminal pygidium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232854/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A–E, G). Acicular lobe, digitiform, three times longer than wide, similar in shape as size as ventral cirrus (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFFBFF80FD40FE3EFC8A9CA9" box="[758,826,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[269,1317,268,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[266,1320,265,1825]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp. SEM images. A. Male, ventral view, anterior end on left side, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (co); B. Whole specimen, lateral view, anterior end on left side; C. Anterior end, ventral view; digitiform palps (pa) and lateral antennae (la), hemi-spherical median antenna (ma); mouth (mo) anterior to first chaetiger; D. Anterior chaetiger, ventral view with six chaetae, and digitiform ventral cirrus (vc) and acicular lobe (al); E. Mid-body chaetiger, posterior view; F. Detail of chaetae with conspicuous serration and distal spine (arrow); G. Posterior end with terminal pygidium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232854/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
D–E). Parapodia lacking parapodial papillae; but one spherical papilla located close to anterior base of each parapodia (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFFBFF80FC25FE1DFC6C9CD4" box="[915,988,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[267,1343,199,1814]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[239,1344,195,1817]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Stylised drawings. A, B. Ephesiella australiensis. A. Dorsal tubercles of chaetigers 11 – 14; B. Parapodial papillae and appendages including ventral cirrus, acicular lobe, papillae and nearby macrotubercle; the concentric circles represent the volume of the parapodium (larger ones indicate basal and smaller distal areas) and the red axis its four sides; C, D. Sphaerodoropsis auranticus n. sp.; C. Dorsal tubercles of chaetigers 11 – 14, and pigmentation pattern; D. Arrangement of parapodial appendages and papillae; E, F. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp.; E. Dorsal tubercles of chaetigers 11 – 14; F. Arrangement of parapodial appendages and papillae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232851/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Figs 2</figureCitation>
F, 5D). Bottle-shaped copulatory organ present in chaetiger 6 ventral to each parapodia, which lack ventral cirri (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFFBFF80FC4AFE76FBF89CF0" box="[1020,1096,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1223,1245]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,199,1199]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[150,1436,193,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp. live specimens. A – D. Micrographs taken with a dissecting microscope. A. Female, dorsal view, with a pair of orange subdermal eyes (arrow), brown gut and bluish oocytes (o); B. Male filled with sperm (s); lateral antennae marked with arrows; C. Male with spermatophores on dorsum (arrowheads); D. Male, ventro-lateral view, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (arrow) and spermatophore visible through body wall; E – G. Micrographs taken with a compound microscope; E. Ventral papillae, containing paired transparent granules and a small orange one; F. Early (es) and late (sp) spermatids attached to central cytophore and other coelomic cells; G. Spermatids with some free swimming sperm (arrows)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232853/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Figs 4</figureCitation>
D, 5A, 6A), suggesting these structures are transformed ventral cirri. Usually six chaetae arranged in a more or less curved transverse line behind the acicular lobe (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFFBFF80FED3FD8EFE199F39" box="[357,425,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[269,1317,268,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[266,1320,265,1825]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp. SEM images. A. Male, ventral view, anterior end on left side, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (co); B. Whole specimen, lateral view, anterior end on left side; C. Anterior end, ventral view; digitiform palps (pa) and lateral antennae (la), hemi-spherical median antenna (ma); mouth (mo) anterior to first chaetiger; D. Anterior chaetiger, ventral view with six chaetae, and digitiform ventral cirrus (vc) and acicular lobe (al); E. Mid-body chaetiger, posterior view; F. Detail of chaetae with conspicuous serration and distal spine (arrow); G. Posterior end with terminal pygidium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232854/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
D–E). Hooks in anterior segments not observed. All chaetae simple (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFFBFF80FB77FD8EFAB59F39" box="[1217,1285,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[269,1317,268,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[266,1320,265,1825]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp. SEM images. A. Male, ventral view, anterior end on left side, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (co); B. Whole specimen, lateral view, anterior end on left side; C. Anterior end, ventral view; digitiform palps (pa) and lateral antennae (la), hemi-spherical median antenna (ma); mouth (mo) anterior to first chaetiger; D. Anterior chaetiger, ventral view with six chaetae, and digitiform ventral cirrus (vc) and acicular lobe (al); E. Mid-body chaetiger, posterior view; F. Detail of chaetae with conspicuous serration and distal spine (arrow); G. Posterior end with terminal pygidium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232854/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
F), appearing semi-compound in some cases, denoting that shaft and blade have probably fused. Distal end enlarged, three times longer than wide, with spinulation in cutting edge and a conspicuous distal projection (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFFBFF80FBD4FDC6FB149F81" box="[1122,1188,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[269,1317,268,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[266,1320,265,1825]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp. SEM images. A. Male, ventral view, anterior end on left side, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (co); B. Whole specimen, lateral view, anterior end on left side; C. Anterior end, ventral view; digitiform palps (pa) and lateral antennae (la), hemi-spherical median antenna (ma); mouth (mo) anterior to first chaetiger; D. Anterior chaetiger, ventral view with six chaetae, and digitiform ventral cirrus (vc) and acicular lobe (al); E. Mid-body chaetiger, posterior view; F. Detail of chaetae with conspicuous serration and distal spine (arrow); G. Posterior end with terminal pygidium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232854/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
F), similar along body and within fascicles. Chaetae showing a thin groove running parallel to edge, in distal end. Pygidium terminal, with inconspicuous spherical single anal cirrus (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFFBFF80FD32FD1EFD789FC9" box="[644,712,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[269,1317,268,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[266,1320,265,1825]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp. SEM images. A. Male, ventral view, anterior end on left side, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (co); B. Whole specimen, lateral view, anterior end on left side; C. Anterior end, ventral view; digitiform palps (pa) and lateral antennae (la), hemi-spherical median antenna (ma); mouth (mo) anterior to first chaetiger; D. Anterior chaetiger, ventral view with six chaetae, and digitiform ventral cirrus (vc) and acicular lobe (al); E. Mid-body chaetiger, posterior view; F. Detail of chaetae with conspicuous serration and distal spine (arrow); G. Posterior end with terminal pygidium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232854/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
G). Brown gut seen by transparency, coiled in some parts (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFFBFF80FAD9FD1EFF159FF4" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1223,1245]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,199,1199]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[150,1436,193,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp. live specimens. A – D. Micrographs taken with a dissecting microscope. A. Female, dorsal view, with a pair of orange subdermal eyes (arrow), brown gut and bluish oocytes (o); B. Male filled with sperm (s); lateral antennae marked with arrows; C. Male with spermatophores on dorsum (arrowheads); D. Male, ventro-lateral view, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (arrow) and spermatophore visible through body wall; E – G. Micrographs taken with a compound microscope; E. Ventral papillae, containing paired transparent granules and a small orange one; F. Early (es) and late (sp) spermatids attached to central cytophore and other coelomic cells; G. Spermatids with some free swimming sperm (arrows)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232853/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A–D) without a distinct muscular structure.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4A3B4E74FFFBFF80FF71FD56FB07995C" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFBFF80FF71FD56FE8B9E11" bold="true" box="[199,315,764,789]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Variation.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="953FF0D6FFFBFF80FEF3FD57FE029E11" box="[325,434,765,789]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
range from
<quantity id="8D7CE391FFFBFF80FD8DFD56FD679E10" box="[571,727,764,789]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="1.05" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="0.6">0.6 to 1.5 mm</quantity>
long, and 12–20 segments, showing two different body shapes, more or less elongated, probably due to contraction. The length of the anterior appendages also varies, being contracted in one
<typeStatus id="953FF0D6FFFBFF80FED8FCEFFE7E9E59" box="[366,462,837,861]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
and resembling prostomial papillae (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFFBFF80FC3CFCEEFC629E59" box="[906,978,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[269,1317,268,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[266,1320,265,1825]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp. SEM images. A. Male, ventral view, anterior end on left side, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (co); B. Whole specimen, lateral view, anterior end on left side; C. Anterior end, ventral view; digitiform palps (pa) and lateral antennae (la), hemi-spherical median antenna (ma); mouth (mo) anterior to first chaetiger; D. Anterior chaetiger, ventral view with six chaetae, and digitiform ventral cirrus (vc) and acicular lobe (al); E. Mid-body chaetiger, posterior view; F. Detail of chaetae with conspicuous serration and distal spine (arrow); G. Posterior end with terminal pygidium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232854/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
B), while in rest of
<typeStatus id="953FF0D6FFFBFF80FB70FCEFFA819E59" box="[1222,1329,837,861]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
they are digitiform and conspicuous. Number and size of epithelial tubercles vary slightly along chaetigers but they are constantly arranged in about four dorsal and ventral more or less evident transverse rows per segment. Longitudinal rows range between 13–18, however numbers are often difficult to count due to the different size of tubercles and their zigzag arrangement. Papillae seem absent of parapodia in all specimens, however and as mentioned in the
<typeStatus id="953FF0D6FFFBFF80FF21FC5DFF4C9914" box="[151,252,1015,1040]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, an anterior ventral papillae can be considered part of the parapodia when these are relaxed and enlarged. Chaetae often broken but those that are intact are as those described in
<typeStatus id="953FF0D6FFFBFF80FC63FBB6FB8A9931" box="[981,1082,1052,1077]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, simple with spinulation along cutting edge and a distal spine. All specimens (live and preserved) lack external pigmentation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4A3B4E74FFFBFF80FF71FBCEFABE99C1" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">
Male
<typeStatus id="953FF0D6FFFBFF80FEBFFBCFFEC49979" box="[265,372,1125,1149]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
share the presence of copulatory organs as described in
<typeStatus id="953FF0D6FFFBFF80FC4EFBCEFBED9979" box="[1016,1117,1124,1149]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, and ventral to parapodia of chaetiger 6 (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFFBFF80FE91FB2DFEDD99A4" box="[295,365,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1485,1507]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,195,1460]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1464]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp., reproductive features, SEM images. A. Male, detail of copulatory organ of chaetiger 6 (♂ co); (al) acicular lobe, (vc) ventral cirrus; B. Female, copulatory organ on chaetiger 6 (♀ co); C. Spermatophore attached to a male with detail (small window) of surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232855/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
A). Females bear an oval and flat tubercle with a porous surface also ventral to parapodia of chaetiger 6 (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFFBFF80FE94FB06FED599C1" box="[290,357,1196,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1485,1507]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,195,1460]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1464]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp., reproductive features, SEM images. A. Male, detail of copulatory organ of chaetiger 6 (♂ co); (al) acicular lobe, (vc) ventral cirrus; B. Female, copulatory organ on chaetiger 6 (♀ co); C. Spermatophore attached to a male with detail (small window) of surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232855/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
B). Females, instead, show ventral cirri on the parapodia of this chaetiger (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFFBFF80FB1FFB06FB5C99C1" box="[1193,1260,1196,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1485,1507]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,195,1460]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1464]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp., reproductive features, SEM images. A. Male, detail of copulatory organ of chaetiger 6 (♂ co); (al) acicular lobe, (vc) ventral cirrus; B. Female, copulatory organ on chaetiger 6 (♀ co); C. Spermatophore attached to a male with detail (small window) of surface." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232855/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
B).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="029E1DFFFFFBFF81FF71FB65FB329DD1" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="179" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="4A3B4E74FFFBFF80FF71FB65FBBA98E0" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFBFF80FF71FB65FE8B99EC" bold="true" box="[199,315,1231,1256]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Remarks.</emphasis>
The present species agrees with the diagnostic features attributed to those
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFBFF80FB3EFB7AFAF499EC" box="[1160,1348,1232,1256]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFBFF80FB3EFB7AFAF499EC" box="[1160,1348,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Sphaerodoropsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species with macrotubercles in more than two transverse rows per chaetigers (Group 3, according to
<bibRefCitation id="2E153385FFFBFF80FB05FB5EFAD49808" author="Borowski" box="[1203,1380,1268,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" refString="Borowski, C. (1994) Three new deep-sea species of Sphaerodoridae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the eastern tropical South Pacific. Zoologica Scripta, 3, 193 - 203. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1994. tb 00384. x" type="journal article" year="1994">Borowski 1994</bibRefCitation>
), but also with other genera considered to lack macrotubercles and with large papillae instead, such as
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFBFF80FAB0FAB2FA2C9834" box="[1286,1436,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Amacrodoum</emphasis>
Kudenov 1987,
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFBFF80FEE3FA96FDA09850" box="[341,528,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Commensodoum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2E153385FFFBFF80FDAAFA97FD069851" author="Lutzen" box="[540,694,1340,1365]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" refString="Lutzen, J. (1961) Sur une nouvelle espece de Polychete Sphaerodoridium commensalis. n. gen., n. spec. (Polychaeta Errantia, famille des Sphaerodoridae), vivant en commensal de Terebellides stroemi Sars. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 2, 409 - 416." type="journal article" year="1961">Lützen, 1961</bibRefCitation>
and
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFBFF80FD41FA97FBFC9850" authority="Sarda-Borroy, 1987" authorityName="Sarda-Borroy" authorityYear="1987" box="[759,1100,1340,1365]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Euritmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFBFF80FD41FA97FCEB9850" box="[759,859,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Euritmia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2E153385FFFBFF80FCD1FA96FBFC9850" author="Sarda-Borroy" box="[871,1100,1340,1365]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" refString="Sarda-Borroy, R. (1987) Sphaerodoridae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the region of the Gibraltar Strait with description of Euritmia hamulisetosa gen. et sp. n. Zoologica Scripta, 16, 47 - 50." type="journal article" year="1987">Sardá-Borroy, 1987</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Distinguishing papillae and macrotubercle is imprecise since they are currently defined according to their size (
<bibRefCitation id="2E153385FFFBFF80FBD2FAF5FAA1987C" author="Fauchald" box="[1124,1297,1375,1400]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" refString="Fauchald, K. (1974) Sphaerodoridae (Polychaeta: Errantia) from world-wide areas. Journal of Natural History, 8, 257 - 289. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937400770241" type="journal article" year="1974">Fauchald 1974</bibRefCitation>
) and this is continuous character. Consequently, the species sharing the presence of more than 10 longitudinal rows of tubercles (more or less similar in size) in around four transverse rows per chaetiger need revision to enlighten their relationships and address their correct classification (Capa &amp; Bakken in prep.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4A3B4E74FFFBFF80FF71FA45FECD9A49" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">
There are two other species of
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFBFF80FDA8FA5AFD6A9B0C" box="[542,730,1520,1544]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFBFF80FDA8FA5AFD6A9B0C" box="[542,730,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Sphaerodoropsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Borowski’s Group 3,
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFBFF80FC5BFA5AFF6A9B28" authority="Hartmann-Schroder, 1974" authorityName="Hartmann-Schroder" authorityYear="1974" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoridium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="multipapillata">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFBFF80FC5BFA5AFB189B0C" box="[1005,1192,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">S. multipapillata</emphasis>
(Hartmann-Schröder, 1974)
</taxonomicName>
, from
<collectingCountry id="32930EE4FFFBFF80FE9CF9BEFE229B29" box="[298,402,1556,1581]" name="Tanzania" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
, and
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFBFF80FE65F9BEFBC49B28" authority="Hartmann-Schroder, 1987" authorityName="Hartmann-Schroder" authorityYear="1987" box="[467,1140,1556,1581]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="mutipapillata" subSpecies="heteropapillata">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFBFF80FE65F9BEFCF09B28" box="[467,832,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">S. mutipapillata heteropapillata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2E153385FFFBFF80FCFCF9BEFBC49B28" author="Hartmann-Schroder" box="[842,1140,1556,1581]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" refString="Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1987) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Kusten unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden. Teil 13. Die Polychaeten der antiborealen Kuste von Victoria (Australien) (zwischen Warrnambool im Western und Port Welshpool im Osten). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 84, 27 - 66." type="journal article" year="1987">Hartmann-Schröder, 1987</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, from Victoria,
<collectingCountry id="32930EE4FFFBFF80FA98F9BEFA279B29" box="[1326,1431,1556,1581]" name="Australia" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Australia</collectingCountry>
, recently given a species rank (Capa &amp; Bakken 2015).
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFBFF80FD4EF992FBC19B54" box="[760,1137,1592,1616]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="plurituberculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFBFF80FD4EF992FBC19B54" box="[760,1137,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="63C32F1DFFFBFF80FBCFF993FB059B54" box="[1145,1205,1593,1616]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is most similar to
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFBFF80FA31F992FEF39B70" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="heteropapillata">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFBFF80FA31F992FEF39B70" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">S. heteropapillata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because both species are covered with dissimilar dorsal tubercles, while in
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFBFF80FB28F9F6FAEB9B70" box="[1182,1371,1628,1652]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoridium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="multipapillata">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFBFF80FB28F9F6FAEB9B70" box="[1182,1371,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">S. multipapillata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
these are of similar size (
<bibRefCitation id="2E153385FFFBFF80FEC8F9D5FD049B9C" author="Hartmann-Schroder" box="[382,692,1663,1688]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" refString="Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1974 b) Zur Polychaetenfauna von Natal (Sudafrika). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut, 71, 35 - 73." type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="b">Hartmann-Schröder 1974b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="2E153385FFFBFF80FD75F9D5FC589B9C" author="Hartmann-Schroder" box="[707,1000,1663,1688]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" refString="Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1987) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Kusten unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden. Teil 13. Die Polychaeten der antiborealen Kuste von Victoria (Australien) (zwischen Warrnambool im Western und Port Welshpool im Osten). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 84, 27 - 66." type="journal article" year="1987">Hartmann-Schröder 1987</bibRefCitation>
; Capa &amp; Bakken, 2015). Differences between
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFBFF80FF4AF90EFE749BB8" box="[252,452,1700,1724]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="heteropapillata">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFBFF80FF4AF90EFE749BB8" box="[252,452,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">S. heteropapillata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the new species include the length of the prostomial appendages (inconspicuous in
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFBFF80FF21F962FED29BE4" box="[151,354,1736,1760]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="heteropapillata">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFBFF80FF21F962FED29BE4" box="[151,354,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">S. heteropapillata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and digitiform in
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFBFF80FD8FF962FCBE9BE4" box="[569,782,1736,1760]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="plurituberculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFBFF80FD8FF962FCBE9BE4" box="[569,782,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">S. plurituberculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="63C32F1DFFFBFF80FCAEF963FCE79BE4" box="[792,855,1737,1760]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, at least when not contracted); the number and of ventral papillae (around 50 per segments in
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFBFF80FD35F946FCFA9A00" box="[643,842,1772,1796]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="heteropapillata">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFBFF80FD35F946FCFA9A00" box="[643,842,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">S. heteropapillata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<quantity id="8D7CE391FFFBFF80FC37F946FC0A9A01" box="[897,954,1772,1797]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" unit="in" value="30.0">30 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFBFF80FC76F946FB229A00" box="[960,1170,1772,1796]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="plurituberculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFBFF80FC76F946FB229A00" box="[960,1170,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">S. plurituberculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="63C32F1DFFFBFF80FB2CF947FB689A00" box="[1178,1240,1772,1796]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
); and the number of parapodial papillae (
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFBFF80FE1AF8BAFDCA9A2C" box="[428,634,1808,1832]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="heteropapillata">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFBFF80FE1AF8BAFDCA9A2C" box="[428,634,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">S. heteropapillata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bears one at anterior surface while
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFBFF80FB99F8BAFAB89A2C" box="[1071,1288,1808,1832]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="plurituberculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFBFF80FB99F8BAFAB89A2C" box="[1071,1288,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">S. plurituberculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="63C32F1DFFFBFF80FAA2F8BBFAE69A2C" box="[1300,1366,1809,1832]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
lacks parapodial papillae).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4A3B4E74FFFBFF80FF71F8F2FA2C9ADF" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFBFF80FF71F8F2FD769A74" authority="Kudenov, 1987" authorityName="Kudenov" authorityYear="1987" box="[199,710,1879,1904]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Amacrodorum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bipapillatum">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFBFF80FF71F8F2FDB49A74" box="[199,516,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Amacrodorum bipapillatum</emphasis>
Kudenov, 1987
</taxonomicName>
, from Alaska, is distinguished from the new species by the morphology of the antennae, with spurs in
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFBFF80FDCEF8D6FC969A90" box="[632,806,1916,1940]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Amacrodorum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bipapillatum">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFBFF80FDCEF8D6FC969A90" box="[632,806,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">A. bipapillatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and apparently smooth in the new species; the presence of one pair of black eyes in
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFBFF80FE65F80AFD389ABC" box="[467,648,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFBFF80FE65F80AFD359ABC" box="[467,645,1952,1976]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Amacrodorum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bipapillatum">A. bipapillatum</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
absent in the new species; and having chaetae with strongly recurved tips (
<bibRefCitation id="2E153385FFFBFF80FF67F86EFE5D9AD8" author="Kudenov" box="[209,493,1988,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="178" refString="Kudenov, J. D. (1987 b) Five new species of Sphaerodoridae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Gulf of Mexico. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 100, 927 - 935." type="journal article" year="1987" yearSuffix="b">
Kudenov 1987b:
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFFBFF80FE2BF86EFE6F9AD8" box="[413,479,1988,2013]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[155,1434,197,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1724]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Ephesiella australiensis SEM images, AM W. 42693. A. Whole specimen, anterior end on top; B. Anterior chaetigers, ventro-lateral view, showing microtubercle (mi), macrotubercles (mt) and parapodia (par) with bottle-shaped ventral cirrus and parapodial papillae (pp); C. Same from a dorsal view; D. Mid-chaetiger with macrotubercle (mt) with terminal papillae, and contracted parapodium bearing at least six papillae (arrowheads); E. Mid-body parapodium, anterior view, with five spherical papillae (arrowheads), five compound chaetae and a bottle-shaped ventral cirrus; F. Posterior end showing two terminal macrotubercles, and a digitiform ventral cirrus; G. Compound chaetae of anterior chaetiger; H. Chaetae of mid-body chaetiger; I. Detail of chaetae from posterior chaetiger showing the blade, almost fused to the shaft and the characteristic spinulation of the shaft with a distal-most thicker spine (arrow)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232850/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
J
</bibRefCitation>
) instead of straight but provided with a long and thin distal spine. Moreover,
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFBFF80FA32F86EFA2C9ADF" box="[1412,1436,1988,2011]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="178">A.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4A3B4E74FFFAFF81FF21FF32FB329DD1" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="179">
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFAFF81FF21FF32FE969DB4" box="[151,294,152,176]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Amacrodorum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="11" pageNumber="179" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bipapillatum">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFAFF81FF21FF32FE969DB4" box="[151,294,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="179">bipapillatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described with the apparently atypical attribute of bearing two different
<typeStatus id="953FF0D6FFFAFF81FB73FF32FAB09DB4" box="[1221,1280,152,176]" pageId="11" pageNumber="179">types</typeStatus>
of tubercles, elliptical and hemispherical while in
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFAFF81FD83FF16FCB79DD0" box="[565,775,188,212]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="11" pageNumber="179" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="plurituberculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFAFF81FD83FF16FCB79DD0" box="[565,775,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="179">S. plurituberculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="63C32F1DFFFAFF81FCB9FF17FCFB9DD0" box="[783,843,189,212]" pageId="11" pageNumber="179" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
all papillae seem spherical.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="1EFB1EFCFFFAFF81FF21F885FEEA9ADA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232854/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="179" targetBox="[269,1317,268,1821]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="4A3B4E74FFFAFF81FF21F885FEEA9ADA" blockId="11.[151,1436,1839,2014]" pageId="11" pageNumber="179">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFAFF81FF21F885FEA79A41" bold="true" box="[151,279,1839,1861]" pageId="11" pageNumber="179">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFAFF81FE94F885FDCB9A41" box="[290,635,1839,1861]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="11" pageNumber="179" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="plurituberculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFAFF81FE94F885FDCB9A41" box="[290,635,1839,1861]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="179">Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="63C32F1DFFFAFF81FD30F89AFD709A41" box="[646,704,1840,1861]" pageId="11" pageNumber="179" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
SEM images. A. Male, ventral view, anterior end on left side, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (co); B. Whole specimen, lateral view, anterior end on left side; C. Anterior end, ventral view; digitiform palps (pa) and lateral antennae (la), hemi-spherical median antenna (ma); mouth (mo) anterior to first chaetiger; D. Anterior chaetiger, ventral view with six chaetae, and digitiform ventral cirrus (vc) and acicular lobe (al); E. Mid-body chaetiger, posterior view; F. Detail of chaetae with conspicuous serration and distal spine (arrow); G. Posterior end with terminal pygidium.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="1EFB1EFCFFFDFF86FF21FA67FCC99B25" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232855/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" targetBox="[153,1434,195,1460]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="4A3B4E74FFFDFF86FF21FA67FCC99B25" blockId="12.[151,1436,1485,1569]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFDFF86FF21FA67FEA398E7" bold="true" box="[151,275,1485,1507]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFDFF86FEADFA67FDC198E7" box="[283,625,1485,1507]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="plurituberculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFDFF86FEADFA67FDC198E7" box="[283,625,1485,1507]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="63C32F1DFFFDFF86FDCEFA64FD0198E7" box="[632,689,1486,1507]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, reproductive features, SEM images. A. Male, detail of copulatory organ of chaetiger 6 (♂co); (al) acicular lobe, (vc) ventral cirrus; B. Female, copulatory organ on chaetiger 6 (♀co); C. Spermatophore attached to a male with detail (small window) of surface.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="029E1DFFFFFDFF87FF71F9D9FB069FAC" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="181" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="4A3B4E74FFFDFF86FF71F9D9FC639A3A" blockId="12.[151,1437,1650,2035]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFDFF86FF71F9D9FD1B9B8E" ID-CoL="3D26Z" authority="Sarda-Borroy, 1987" authorityName="Sarda-Borroy" authorityYear="1987" box="[199,683,1650,1675]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Euritmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hamulisetosa">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFDFF86FF71F9D9FE769B8E" box="[199,454,1650,1674]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">Euritmia hamulisetosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2E153385FFFDFF86FE7BF9D8FD1B9B8E" author="Sarda-Borroy" box="[461,683,1650,1675]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" refString="Sarda-Borroy, R. (1987) Sphaerodoridae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the region of the Gibraltar Strait with description of Euritmia hamulisetosa gen. et sp. n. Zoologica Scripta, 16, 47 - 50." type="journal article" year="1987">Sardá-Borroy, 1987</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
described from the south of
<collectingCountry id="32930EE4FFFDFF86FC47F9D8FB849B8F" box="[1009,1076,1650,1675]" name="Spain" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">Spain</collectingCountry>
, differs from the new species in the chaetal morphology.
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFDFF86FE0DF93DFD0F9BAA" ID-CoL="3D26Z" box="[443,703,1686,1710]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Euritmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hamulisetosa">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFDFF86FE0DF93DFD0F9BAA" box="[443,703,1686,1710]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">Euritmia hamulisetosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bears simple chaetae, of different widths in all chaetigers all provided with a distal spine bent rearward to the cutting edge (
<bibRefCitation id="2E153385FFFDFF86FCE0F910FB819BD6" author="Sarda-Borroy" box="[854,1073,1722,1747]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" refString="Sarda-Borroy, R. (1987) Sphaerodoridae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the region of the Gibraltar Strait with description of Euritmia hamulisetosa gen. et sp. n. Zoologica Scripta, 16, 47 - 50." type="journal article" year="1987">Sardá-Borroy 1987</bibRefCitation>
) while
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFDFF86FB30F910FAE99BD6" box="[1158,1369,1722,1746]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="plurituberculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFDFF86FB30F910FAE99BD6" box="[1158,1369,1722,1746]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">S. plurituberculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="63C32F1DFFFDFF86FAD6F911FA2C9BD6" box="[1376,1436,1723,1746]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
bears semi compound chaetae, all similar in width and with an erected thin spine. The other congener,
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFDFF86FA8EF975FE399A1F" ID-CoL="8572W" authority="Day, 1963" authorityName="Day" authorityYear="1963" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Euritmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="capense">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFDFF86FA8EF975FF419A1E" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">Euritmia capense</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2E153385FFFDFF86FEB0F8A8FE319A1F" author="Day" box="[262,385,1794,1819]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" refString="Day, J. H. (1963) The Polychaete fauna of South Africa. Part 8: New species and records from grab samples and dredgings. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Series Zoology, 10 (7), 383 - 445." type="journal article" year="1963">Day, 1963</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
is provided with two defined rows of papillae of different size each, but they are not distributed in an apparently random pattern as in
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFDFF86FD0BF88CFC3F9A3A" box="[701,911,1830,1854]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="plurituberculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFDFF86FD0BF88CFC3F9A3A" box="[701,911,1830,1854]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">S. plurituberculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="63C32F1DFFFDFF86FC21F88DFC639A3A" box="[919,979,1831,1854]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4A3B4E74FFFDFF86FF71F8E0FCE19A82" blockId="12.[151,1437,1650,2035]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFDFF86FF71F8E0FD799A67" ID-CoL="XFW6" authority="Lutzen, 1961" authorityName="Lutzen" authorityYear="1961" box="[199,713,1866,1891]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Commensodorum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="commensalis">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFDFF86FF71F8E0FD989A66" box="[199,552,1866,1890]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">Commensodorum commensalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2E153385FFFDFF86FD84F8E1FD799A67" author="Lutzen" box="[562,713,1866,1891]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" refString="Lutzen, J. (1961) Sur une nouvelle espece de Polychete Sphaerodoridium commensalis. n. gen., n. spec. (Polychaeta Errantia, famille des Sphaerodoridae), vivant en commensal de Terebellides stroemi Sars. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 2, 409 - 416." type="journal article" year="1961">Lützen, 1961</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from the new species in the presence of four longitudinal rows of papillae along the dorsum (
<bibRefCitation id="2E153385FFFDFF86FD04F8C4FCF49A82" author="Lutzen" box="[690,836,1901,1926]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" refString="Lutzen, J. (1961) Sur une nouvelle espece de Polychete Sphaerodoridium commensalis. n. gen., n. spec. (Polychaeta Errantia, famille des Sphaerodoridae), vivant en commensal de Terebellides stroemi Sars. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 2, 409 - 416." type="journal article" year="1961">Lützen 1961</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4A3B4E74FFFDFF86FF71F838FA2D9AF7" blockId="12.[151,1437,1650,2035]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFDFF86FF71F838FE079AAF" bold="true" box="[199,439,1938,1963]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">Reproductive notes.</emphasis>
Live specimens of
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFDFF86FD29F838FBBF9AAE" box="[671,1039,1938,1962]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodorpsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="plurituberculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFDFF86FD29F838FBBF9AAE" box="[671,1039,1938,1962]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="180">Sphaerodorpsis plurituberculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="63C32F1DFFFDFF86FBAFF839FBE89AAE" box="[1049,1112,1939,1962]" pageId="12" pageNumber="180" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
maintained in aquaria were studied during several days. White masses were observed attached to the body surface of both sexes during this time. These were found to be spermatophores when examined with a compound microscope (image not shown).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4A3B4E74FFFCFF87FF21FF32FB069FAC" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,680]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">
On several occasions males were seen to be pseudo-copulating with females, or other males, for less than a minute and on detaching were seen to have left one or two spermatophores on the body surface (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFFCFF87FB12FF16FB5B9DD0" box="[1188,1259,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1223,1245]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,199,1199]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[150,1436,193,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp. live specimens. A – D. Micrographs taken with a dissecting microscope. A. Female, dorsal view, with a pair of orange subdermal eyes (arrow), brown gut and bluish oocytes (o); B. Male filled with sperm (s); lateral antennae marked with arrows; C. Male with spermatophores on dorsum (arrowheads); D. Male, ventro-lateral view, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (arrow) and spermatophore visible through body wall; E – G. Micrographs taken with a compound microscope; E. Ventral papillae, containing paired transparent granules and a small orange one; F. Early (es) and late (sp) spermatids attached to central cytophore and other coelomic cells; G. Spermatids with some free swimming sperm (arrows)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232853/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
C). Masses that corresponded to the size and colour of these spermatophores could be seen ventrally in chaetiger 6 (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFFCFF87FA87FF75FAC99DFC" box="[1329,1401,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1223,1245]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,199,1199]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[150,1436,193,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp. live specimens. A – D. Micrographs taken with a dissecting microscope. A. Female, dorsal view, with a pair of orange subdermal eyes (arrow), brown gut and bluish oocytes (o); B. Male filled with sperm (s); lateral antennae marked with arrows; C. Male with spermatophores on dorsum (arrowheads); D. Male, ventro-lateral view, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (arrow) and spermatophore visible through body wall; E – G. Micrographs taken with a compound microscope; E. Ventral papillae, containing paired transparent granules and a small orange one; F. Early (es) and late (sp) spermatids attached to central cytophore and other coelomic cells; G. Spermatids with some free swimming sperm (arrows)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232853/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
D), suggesting this segment is indeed the location of copulatory papillae. Structures attributed to be copulatory organs have been described for several other sphaerodorids in
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFCFF87FD4DFE82FC079C44" ID-CoL="84TQQ" box="[763,951,296,320]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFCFF87FD4DFE82FC079C44" box="[763,951,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">Sphaerodoropsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFCFF87FC5DFE82FB1E9C44" ID-CoL="84TQP" box="[1003,1198,296,320]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoridium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFCFF87FC5DFE82FB1E9C44" box="[1003,1198,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">Sphaerodoridium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Moreira
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFCFF87FAA8FE83FAFF9C44" box="[1310,1359,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">et al</emphasis>
. 2004;
<bibRefCitation id="2E153385FFFCFF87FF21FEE7FED59C60" author="Boggemann" box="[151,357,332,357]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" refString="Boggemann, M. (2009) Polychaetes (Annelida) of the abyssal SE Atlantic. Organisms, Diversity and Evolution, 9, 251 - 428. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ode. 2004.11.006" type="journal article" year="2009">Böggemann 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="2E153385FFFCFF87FEC3FEE6FD3D9C60" author="Reuscher" box="[373,653,332,357]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" refString="Reuscher, M. &amp; Fiege, D. (2011) Sphaerodoridae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the deep south - west Pacific, with the description of a new species of Sphaerodoropsis. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 91, 439 - 445. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315410000469" type="journal article" year="2011">Reuscher &amp; Fiege 2011</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="2E153385FFFCFF87FD2BFEE6FC709C60" author="Moreira" box="[669,960,332,357]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" refString="Moreira, J. &amp; Parapar, J. (2012) Two new species of Sphaerodoropsis Hartman &amp; Fauchald, 1971 (Polychaeta: Sphaerodoridae) from Iceland (BIOICE programme). Marine Biology Research, 8, 584 - 593. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000.2011.638929" type="journal article" year="2012">Moreira &amp; Parapar 2012</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2E153385FFFCFF87FC79FEE6FBBA9C61" author="Moreira" box="[975,1034,332,357]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" refString="Moreira, J. &amp; Parapar, J. (2015) A new species of Sphaerodoridium Lutzen, 1961 from Iceland (Polychaeta: Sphaerodoridae). Zootaxa, 3911 (1), 91 - 105. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3911.1.5" type="journal article" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
; Capa &amp; Bakken 2015). Males of
<taxonomicName id="8D8435F7FFFCFF87FF21FEDAFDA29C8C" box="[151,530,368,392]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sphaerodoridae" genus="Sphaerodoropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="plurituberculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="78F09266FFFCFF87FF21FEDAFDA29C8C" box="[151,530,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="63C32F1DFFFCFF87FDADFEDAFDE89C83" box="[539,600,368,391]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
were observed to have various stages of spermiogenesis in their coelom. Sperm developed in cluster attached to a large central cytophore (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFFCFF87FC3EFE3EFC7C9CA8" box="[904,972,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1223,1245]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,199,1199]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[150,1436,193,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp. live specimens. A – D. Micrographs taken with a dissecting microscope. A. Female, dorsal view, with a pair of orange subdermal eyes (arrow), brown gut and bluish oocytes (o); B. Male filled with sperm (s); lateral antennae marked with arrows; C. Male with spermatophores on dorsum (arrowheads); D. Male, ventro-lateral view, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (arrow) and spermatophore visible through body wall; E – G. Micrographs taken with a compound microscope; E. Ventral papillae, containing paired transparent granules and a small orange one; F. Early (es) and late (sp) spermatids attached to central cytophore and other coelomic cells; G. Spermatids with some free swimming sperm (arrows)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232853/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
F–G). The sperm heads were elongate at ~35 µm long (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFFCFF87FE8FFE1DFECB9CD4" box="[313,379,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1223,1245]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,199,1199]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[150,1436,193,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp. live specimens. A – D. Micrographs taken with a dissecting microscope. A. Female, dorsal view, with a pair of orange subdermal eyes (arrow), brown gut and bluish oocytes (o); B. Male filled with sperm (s); lateral antennae marked with arrows; C. Male with spermatophores on dorsum (arrowheads); D. Male, ventro-lateral view, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (arrow) and spermatophore visible through body wall; E – G. Micrographs taken with a compound microscope; E. Ventral papillae, containing paired transparent granules and a small orange one; F. Early (es) and late (sp) spermatids attached to central cytophore and other coelomic cells; G. Spermatids with some free swimming sperm (arrows)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232853/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
G) with what appeared to be a free flagellum of similar length. Free sperm were visible in the coelom (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFFCFF87FF4FFE76FE8D9CF0" box="[249,317,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1223,1245]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,199,1199]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[150,1436,193,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp. live specimens. A – D. Micrographs taken with a dissecting microscope. A. Female, dorsal view, with a pair of orange subdermal eyes (arrow), brown gut and bluish oocytes (o); B. Male filled with sperm (s); lateral antennae marked with arrows; C. Male with spermatophores on dorsum (arrowheads); D. Male, ventro-lateral view, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (arrow) and spermatophore visible through body wall; E – G. Micrographs taken with a compound microscope; E. Ventral papillae, containing paired transparent granules and a small orange one; F. Early (es) and late (sp) spermatids attached to central cytophore and other coelomic cells; G. Spermatids with some free swimming sperm (arrows)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232853/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
B) and it is not known how the sperm were packaged in the spermatophores. Males could be easily distinguished from females by having milky white coelomic contents surrounding the dark gut. Females had bluish/ gray oocytes at various stages of development, with up to 10 oocytes at what appeared to be a late stage of development (
<figureCitation id="D2BF52F1FFFCFF87FE81FDEDFECC9F64" box="[311,380,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1223,1245]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,199,1199]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[150,1436,193,1202]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Sphaerodoropsis plurituberculata n. sp. live specimens. A – D. Micrographs taken with a dissecting microscope. A. Female, dorsal view, with a pair of orange subdermal eyes (arrow), brown gut and bluish oocytes (o); B. Male filled with sperm (s); lateral antennae marked with arrows; C. Male with spermatophores on dorsum (arrowheads); D. Male, ventro-lateral view, with copulatory organs on chaetiger 6 (arrow) and spermatophore visible through body wall; E – G. Micrographs taken with a compound microscope; E. Ventral papillae, containing paired transparent granules and a small orange one; F. Early (es) and late (sp) spermatids attached to central cytophore and other coelomic cells; G. Spermatids with some free swimming sperm (arrows)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232853/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="181">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A). Some females were observed to have free sperm in the coelom that had presumably come from the spermatophores (not shown). The largest eggs observed inside a female were about 150 µm in diameter suggesting development is lecithotrophic, similarly to conclusions reached by
<bibRefCitation id="2E153385FFFCFF87FBB2FD25FB019FAC" author="Christie" box="[1028,1201,655,680]" pageId="13" pageNumber="181" refString="Christie, G. (1984) The reproductive biology of a Northumberland population of Sphaerodorum gracilis (Rathke, 1843) (Polychaeta: Sphaerodoridae). Sarsia, 69, 117 - 121." type="journal article" year="1984">Christie (1984)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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