396 lines
49 KiB
XML
396 lines
49 KiB
XML
<document id="6E5BFBAD42673204DF8255FE67FEB4E9" ID-CLB-Dataset="42263" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3881.5.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="63d24e51-bec8-479f-b257-1ffabdbdcc2a" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="226570" ID-ZooBank="FE9048E9-DE3A-4502-A95E-27EE8F706AC3" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460959187556" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Aspe, Nonillon M. & James, Samuel W." docDate="2014" docId="5B458787FFA1FFB0FF5AFE52E481BDEB" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03881p439.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3881 (5)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pheretima subanensis Aspe & James, 2014, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="435" masterDocId="A77CFFFFFF81FF92FFCDFFDBE50FBD3F" masterDocTitle="New species of Pheretima (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from the Mt. Malindang Range, Mindanao Island, Philippines" masterLastPageNumber="439" masterPageNumber="401" pageNumber="433" updateTime="1698586693596" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="60C06521CE16148D41A58BA527B32E4B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="53C6D1BE9A986CFAAC28C617B6272E37">
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<mods:title id="035C4A970D5B4BF30A114176FDCC00CC">New species of Pheretima (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from the Mt. Malindang Range, Mindanao Island, Philippines</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="79A5333BED785E061E813B0987D413B4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B696B21EB6457195015B7B68BCBDABED">Aspe, Nonillon M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="82E9528C0B67EF252BA9F41930457B9D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="6D84E90FA24E4655F15609200DCA62CA">James, Samuel W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8D94363E5F43B057D46881AD345A79E1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B37B933AFCADDCD28D71E90449B99BEB">
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<mods:date id="82F758160DE42F5C101F30B26D6953AE">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CDD566DDC219C08BD2F56A8AD688ACD4">3881</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="5D038D2768D002F021379783EF1A1274">5</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="0C44E23F98549761A6D7CF3C14E5F96D" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3881.5.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="5B458787FFA1FFB0FF5AFE52E481BDEB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5670442" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119592786" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5670442" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5B458787FFA1FFB0FF5AFE52E481BDEB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5B458787FFA1FFB0FF5AFE52E481BDEB" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="435" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">
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<subSubSection id="9BF6651AFFA1FFB2FF5AFE52E450BCFB" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="D3533691FFA1FFB2FF5AFE52E4E4BC9C" blockId="32.[151,491,393,453]" box="[151,491,393,419]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">
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<heading id="881B81FDFFA1FFB2FF5AFE52E4E4BC9C" bold="true" box="[151,491,393,419]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA1FFB2FF5AFE52E4E4BC9C" bold="true" box="[151,491,393,419]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">
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<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA1FFB2FF5AFE52E4AEBC9C" box="[151,417,393,419]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="subanensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA1FFB2FF5AFE52E4AEBC9C" bold="true" box="[151,417,393,419]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Pheretima subanensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="FAAB57F8FFA1FFB2FE65FE52E4E4BC9C" box="[424,491,393,419]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D3533691FFA1FFB2FF5AFE77E450BCFB" blockId="32.[151,491,393,453]" box="[151,351,428,453]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">
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(
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<figureCitation id="4BD72A14FFA1FFB2FF52FE77E5EEBCFB" box="[159,225,428,453]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1786,1808]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1081,1746]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,1079,1746]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 8. (A) Diagrammatic ventral view of monothecal Pheretima vergrandis n. sp. showing the single spermathecal pore (sp), clitellum (cl), and single male pore (m). (B – D) Schematic drawings of the internal morphology of Philippine Pheretima species: (B) P. vergrandis n. sp.; (C) P. concepcionensis n. sp.; (D) athecate Pheretima subanesis n. sp. (E) Diagrammatic ventral view showing the clitellum (cl) and a pair of male pores (m), as in P. concepcionensis and P. subanensis. Abbreviations: s, spermatheca; h, heart; p, prostate gland; cb, copulatory bursa; c, caecum. Scale bars: B – D: 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226577/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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D,
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<tableCitation id="9E6E032AFFA1FFB2FEC9FE77E458BCFB" box="[260,343,428,453]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="30.[119,209,665,688]" captionText="TABLE 4. Comparison of monothecate Philippine Pheretima species, including athecate Pheretima subanensis n. sp." pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Table 4</tableCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9BF6651AFFA1FFB2FF5AFE2FE092BF6A" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="D3533691FFA1FFB2FF5AFE2FE092BF6A" blockId="32.[151,1437,500,2037]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">
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<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA1FFB2FF5AFE2FE48EBF32" bold="true" box="[151,385,500,525]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<typeStatus id="0C578833FFA1FFB2FE44FE2FE4F9BF32" box="[393,502,500,525]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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: adult, NMA 4523 Brgy Sibucal, Oroqieta City, Misamis Occidental Province, Mt. Malindang Range (
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<geoCoordinate id="B6D85056FFA1FFB2FEB9FDC3E4E4BF0F" box="[372,491,536,560]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" precision="15" value="8.325277">8º19'31"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="B6D85056FFA1FFB2FE34FDC3E786BF0F" box="[505,649,536,560]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" precision="15" value="123.63389">123º38'02"E</geoCoordinate>
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),
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<quantity id="14149B74FFA1FFB2FD52FDC3E7E6BF10" box="[671,745,536,560]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.91" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" unit="m" value="991.0">991 m</quantity>
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asl., Mindanao Island,
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<collectingCountry id="ABFB7601FFA1FFB2FC37FDCCE174BF0F" box="[1018,1147,535,560]" name="Philippines" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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, coll. Nonillon Aspe, M. Lluch, and J. Adeva,
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<date id="A7521051FFA1FFB2FE49FDE7E745BF6B" box="[388,586,572,597]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" value="2004-02-18" valueMax="2004-02-25" valueMin="2004-02-18">Feb. 18–25, 2004</date>
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.
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<typeStatus id="0C578833FFA1FFB2FD98FDE6E7B3BF6A" box="[597,700,573,597]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
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: adult, amputee (
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<collectionCode id="B5FDAE54FFA1FFB2FCB5FDE7E6BCBF6B" box="[888,947,572,596]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">ZRC</collectionCode>
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.ANN.0024), same collection data as above.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9BF6651AFFA1FFB2FF0AFD84E1E8BF47" box="[199,1255,607,632]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="D3533691FFA1FFB2FF0AFD84E1E8BF47" blockId="32.[151,1437,500,2037]" box="[199,1255,607,632]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">
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<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA1FFB2FF0AFD84E441BF47" bold="true" box="[199,334,607,632]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Etymology.</emphasis>
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The species is named after the indigenous tribe of Mt. Malindang, the “Subanen".
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9BF6651AFFA1FFB2FF0AFD5FE157BFDA" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="D3533691FFA1FFB2FF0AFD5FE157BFDA" blockId="32.[151,1437,500,2037]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">
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<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA1FFB2FF0AFD5FE44EBFA2" bold="true" box="[199,321,644,669]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Small, purplish brown worm reaching around
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<quantity id="14149B74FFA1FFB2FC84FD5FE698BFA3" box="[841,919,644,669]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" unit="mm" value="67.0">67 mm</quantity>
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in adult length; ventral gap absent; first dorsal pore at 12/13; hearts paired in xi to xiii, absent in x; spermathecae absent; racemose prostate glands in xvii to xx, with columnar copulatory bursae in xviii to xix; penes lacking; caeca in xxvii to xxiii.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="9BF6651AFFA1FFB2FF0AFD34E00CB8E7" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" type="description">
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<paragraph id="D3533691FFA1FFB2FF0AFD34E1D4BE82" blockId="32.[151,1437,500,2037]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">
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<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA1FFB2FF0AFD34E456BE37" bold="true" box="[199,345,751,776]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Description.</emphasis>
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In living animals, dorsum dark purplish brown anteriorly, fading to medium brown posteriorly; equators pigmented; clitellum off-white; ventral side non-pigmented. Length
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<quantity id="14149B74FFA1FFB2FBCDFCCFE15FBE13" box="[1024,1104,788,813]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" unit="mm" value="67.0">67 mm</quantity>
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(
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<typeStatus id="0C578833FFA1FFB2FBADFCCFE1C7BE12" box="[1120,1224,788,813]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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); diameter
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<quantity id="14149B74FFA1FFB2FA88FCCFE092BE13" box="[1349,1437,788,813]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
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at x;
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<quantity id="14149B74FFA1FFB2FF11FCECE436BE70" box="[220,313,823,848]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
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at xx; body cylindrical in cross-section, tail blunt; 119 segments. First dorsal pore at 12/13; spermathecal pores absent; female pore single in xiv; openings of copulatory bursae paired on xviii, 0.21 circumference apart ventrally, 5 setae between openings. Clitellum brown, annular, extending from xiv to xvi. Setae unevenly distributed, 36 setae on vii, 45 setae on xx, dorsal gap present, ventral gap absent.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D3533691FFA1FFB2FF0AFC13E197B94F" blockId="32.[151,1437,500,2037]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">
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<collectingCountry id="ABFB7601FFA1FFB2FF0AFC13E40ABEDF" box="[199,261,968,992]" name="Spain" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Septa</collectingCountry>
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5/6/
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<date id="A7521051FFA1FFB2FEF7FC1CE451BEDF" box="[314,350,967,992]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" value="1914-07">7/8</date>
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,
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<date id="A7521051FFA1FFB2FEA5FC13E4FBBEDF" box="[360,500,968,992]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" value="1914-10-11" valueMax="1914-10-13" valueMin="1914-10-11">10/11–13/14</date>
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thinly muscular,
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<date id="A7521051FFA1FFB2FD7BFC13E7F2BEDF" box="[694,765,968,992]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" value="2010-09-08">8/9/10</date>
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absent. Dense tufts of nephridia on anterior faces of 5/6 and 6/7; nephridia of intestinal segments located mainly on body wall at anterior and posterior faces of septa, at septum/body wall junction. Large gizzard in ix to x; esophagus with circumferential lamellae extending from xi to xii, with digitiform internal texture from xiii to xiv; intestine originates in xv; caeca originate in xxvii, extend forward to xxiii; typhlosole a simple fold of about 1/4 lumen diameter, originating at 26/27.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D3533691FFA1FFB2FF0AFBA6E763B9E2" blockId="32.[151,1437,500,2037]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Hearts in xi to xiii, esophageal; commissural vessels in vi, vii, ix lateral; those in viii extend to gizzard; supraesophageal vessel extends from x to xiii; extra-esophageal vessels join ventral esophageal wall in x, receive efferent parieto-esophageal vessels in xiv.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D3533691FFA1FFB2FF0AFB3CE00CB8E7" blockId="32.[151,1437,500,2037]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Ovaries and funnels free in xiii; spermathecae absent. Male sexual system holandric; testes and funnels appear reduced compared to other species, enclosed in paired ventral sacs in x and xi; seminal vesicles in xi and xii, each with short dorsal lobe; vasa deferentia slender, free from body wall, passing around base of copulatory bursae en route to ental end of prostatic ducts; prostates in xvii to xx, each racemose, 3-lobed. Ductlet from anterior prostatic lobes joins vas deferens and posterior ductlet at common junction with muscular prostatic duct. Copulatory bursae in xviii to xix columnar, with rounded apex, attached to body wall at end; oriented towards common opening through body wall. Coelomic surface of bursae muscular, secretory diverticula lacking; penes absent.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9BF6651AFFA1FFB0FF0AFA3FE481BDEB" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="435" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="D3533691FFA1FFB2FF0AFA3FE63FBA22" blockId="32.[151,1437,500,2037]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">
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<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA1FFB2FF0AFA3FE434B8C2" bold="true" box="[199,315,1508,1533]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Remarks.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="B77D4B60FFA1FFB2FE8CFA3FE735B8C3" author="Sims" box="[321,570,1508,1533]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" refString="Sims, R. & Easton, E. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x" type="journal article" year="1972">Sims & Easton (1972)</bibRefCitation>
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stated that it was not possible for them to distinguish between athecate forms of
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<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA1FFB2FF74F9D3E422BB1F" box="[185,301,1544,1568]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA1FFB2FF74F9D3E422BB1F" box="[185,301,1544,1568]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Pheretima</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA1FFB2FEA1F9D3E7E9BB1F" authority="Sims & Easton, 1972" authorityName="Sims & Easton" authorityYear="1972" box="[364,742,1543,1568]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA1FFB2FEA1F9D3E4EFBB1F" box="[364,480,1544,1568]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Metaphire</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="B77D4B60FFA1FFB2FE26F9DCE7E9BB1F" author="Sims" box="[491,742,1543,1568]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" refString="Sims, R. & Easton, E. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x" type="journal article" year="1972">Sims & Easton, 1972</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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provided that the only character that distinguishes the two genera is the presence of nephridia on the spermathecal ducts in
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<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA1FFB2FC4EF9F7E6F8BB7B" box="[899,1015,1580,1604]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA1FFB2FC4EF9F7E6F8BB7B" box="[899,1015,1580,1604]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Pheretima</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and the absence of nephridia in that position in
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<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA1FFB2FEDBF98BE485BB57" box="[278,394,1616,1640]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA1FFB2FEDBF98BE485BB57" box="[278,394,1616,1640]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The two genera are identical in other characters such as the origin of the intestinal caeca in xxvii and the presence of copulatory bursae.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B77D4B60FFA1FFB2FD70F9AFE6C4BBB3" author="Sims" box="[701,971,1652,1677]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" refString="Sims, R. & Easton, E. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x" type="journal article" year="1972">Sims & Easton (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that several species assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA1FFB2FF5AF943E404BB8F" box="[151,267,1688,1712]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA1FFB2FF5AF943E404BB8F" box="[151,267,1688,1712]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might belong in
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA1FFB2FE03F943E7D8BB90" box="[462,727,1688,1712]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA1FFB2FE03F943E787BB8F" box="[462,648,1688,1712]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sensu">
|
||
Pheretima
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FAAB57F8FFA1FFB2FD87F942E787BB8F" box="[586,648,1689,1712]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" sensu="stricto">sensu</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
stricto
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA1FFB2FCDAF943E685BB8F" box="[791,906,1688,1712]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">vice versa</emphasis>
|
||
, since the presence or absence of nephridia on the spermathecal ducts was often not mentioned in descriptions. By the same token, generic assignment to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA1FFB2FF5AF93BE404BBC7" box="[151,267,1760,1784]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA1FFB2FF5AF93BE404BBC7" box="[151,267,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Pheretima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA1FFB2FEFBF93BE4A5BBC7" box="[310,426,1760,1784]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA1FFB2FEFBF93BE4A5BBC7" box="[310,426,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is problematic for athecal worms, because spermathecal ducts are lacking, making the presence or absence of nephridia on the ducts a moot point.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D3533691FFA1FFB3FF0AF8F2E055BC5A" blockId="32.[151,1437,500,2037]" lastBlockId="33.[151,1437,151,608]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="434" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">
|
||
Here, we propose that the relative size of the copulatory bursae may be a distinguishing character between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA1FFB2FF5AF897E404BA5B" box="[151,267,1868,1892]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA1FFB2FF5AF897E404BA5B" box="[151,267,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Pheretima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA1FFB2FE84F897E4B2BA5B" box="[329,445,1868,1892]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA1FFB2FE84F897E4B2BA5B" box="[329,445,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with species in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA1FFB2FD44F897E7F2BA5B" box="[649,765,1868,1892]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA1FFB2FD44F897E7F2BA5B" box="[649,765,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Pheretima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g., this study) tending to have more prominent domeshaped, intra-coelomic copulatory bursae than those in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA1FFB2FCD3F8ABE69DBAB7" box="[798,914,1904,1928]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA1FFB2FCD3F8ABE69DBAB7" box="[798,914,1904,1928]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B77D4B60FFA1FFB2FC2DF8B4E18DBAB7" author="Ohfuchi" box="[992,1154,1903,1928]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" refString="Ohfuchi, S. (1938) New and little known forms of earthworms, Pheretima from Nippon. Research Bulletin Saito Ho-on Kai Museum, 15, 53 - 66." type="journal article" year="1938">Ohfuchi 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B77D4B60FFA1FFB2FB5CF8B4E1C3BAB7" author="Ohfuchi" box="[1169,1228,1903,1928]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" refString="Ohfuchi, S. (1957) On a collection of terrestrial Oligochaeta obtained from the Riu-Kiu Islands, together with a notes on their geographical distribution (Part 2). Journal of Agricultural Science, Tokyo, 3, 243 - 261." type="journal article" year="1957">1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Tsai
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA1FFB2FAD8F8AAE05DBAB7" box="[1301,1362,1904,1928]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B77D4B60FFA1FFB2FF5AF84EE4ABBA93" author="Bantaowong" box="[151,420,1940,1965]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" refString="Bantaowong, U., Chanabun, R., Tongkerd, P., Sutcharit, C., James, S. W. & Panha, S. (2011) A new species of the terrestrial earthworm of the genus Metaphire Sims & Easton, 1972 from Thailand with redescription of some species. Tropical Natural History, 11, 55 - 69." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Bantaowong
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA1FFB2FEE6F84EE46CBA93" box="[299,355,1940,1964]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and if this is the case, it would be useful in assigning athecal worms to one or the other of these genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B77D4B60FFA1FFB2FEF9F863E709BAEF" author="Chang" box="[308,518,1976,2001]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" refString="Chang, C. H., Shen, H. P. & Chen, J. H. (2009) Earthworm Fauna of Taiwan. Biota Taiwanica. National Taiwan University Press, Taiwan, 177 pp." type="book" year="2009">
|
||
Chang
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA1FFB2FE4AF862E4B5BAEF" box="[391,442,1976,2000]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Homology among copulatory bursae has not been clear; some authors consider only invaginations of the body wall into the coelom to comprise copulatory bursae, whereas others also consider intramural chambers and even shallow indentations to be copulatory bursae. In the case of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA0FFB3FB45FF43E1F3BD8F" box="[1160,1276,152,176]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FB45FF43E1F3BD8F" box="[1160,1276,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Pheretima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA0FFB3FAE5FF43E093BD8F" box="[1320,1436,152,176]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FAE5FF43E093BD8F" box="[1320,1436,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B77D4B60FFA0FFB3FEF8FF67E73DBDEB" author="Sims" box="[309,562,188,213]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" refString="Sims, R. & Easton, E. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x" type="journal article" year="1972">Sims & Easton (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="0C578833FFA0FFB3FDA5FF66E797BDEA" box="[616,664,189,213]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of invagination is the same in the two genera: a large or small bursa visible from within the body, and this is the source of the difficulty in assigning athecal worms in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA0FFB3FAE5FF3BE093BDC7" box="[1320,1436,224,248]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FAE5FF3BE093BDC7" box="[1320,1436,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Pheretima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex with caeca and copulatory bursae to one or the other of these genera. The criterion of having a large or small, invaginated copulatory bursa would seem to exclude from either genus any species whose male pore invaginations are entirely within the body wall (intramural), or whose male pores lie in shallow indentations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D3533691FFA0FFB3FF0AFEB4E6CBBF5F" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,608]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">
|
||
Examples of species originally identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA0FFB3FD71FEABE63FBCB7" box="[700,816,368,392]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FD71FEABE63FBCB7" box="[700,816,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Pheretima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but reassigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA0FFB3FBCDFEABE17BBCB7" box="[1024,1140,368,392]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FBCDFEABE17BBCB7" box="[1024,1140,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B77D4B60FFA0FFB3FB52FEB4E093BCB7" author="Sims" box="[1183,1436,367,392]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" refString="Sims, R. & Easton, E. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x" type="journal article" year="1972">Sims & Easton (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
because nephridia on the spermathecal ducts were not mentioned in descriptions are members of the octothecal, holandric
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA0FFB3FECAFE62E714BCEF" authority="Gates, 1935" authorityName="Gates" authorityYear="1935" box="[263,539,439,464]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ignobilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FECAFE62E411BCEF" box="[263,286,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">M</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FEE1FE63E481BCEF" box="[300,398,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">ignobilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B77D4B60FFA0FFB3FE58FE63E714BCEF" author="Gates" box="[405,539,439,464]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" refString="Gates, G. E. (1935) On some earthworms from East Perak and Christmas Island. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 10, 80 - 95." type="journal article" year="1935">Gates, 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group, which are most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA0FFB3FC26FE62E180BCEF" box="[1003,1167,440,464]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="darnleiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FC26FE62E180BCEF" box="[1003,1167,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">P. darnleiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Members of this group apparently have only intramural male pores but not intra-coelomic copulatory bursae as in true
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA0FFB3FB24FE07E052BCCB" box="[1257,1373,476,500]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FB24FE07E052BCCB" box="[1257,1373,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Pheretima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. One member of this group,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA0FFB3FE50FDDAE7E1BF27" authority="Ohfuchi, 1957" authorityName="Ohfuchi" authorityYear="1957" box="[413,750,511,536]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="riukiuensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FE50FDDAE730BF27" box="[413,575,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">M. riukiuensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B77D4B60FFA0FFB3FD85FE24E7E1BF27" author="Ohfuchi" box="[584,750,511,536]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" refString="Ohfuchi, S. (1957) On a collection of terrestrial Oligochaeta obtained from the Riu-Kiu Islands, together with a notes on their geographical distribution (Part 2). Journal of Agricultural Science, Tokyo, 3, 243 - 261." type="journal article" year="1957">Ohfuchi, 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has only thick epidermal lips pressed together covering the male pores, rather than an invagination. None of these species would be considered synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA0FFB3FB22FDFEE09ABF03" box="[1263,1429,548,572]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="darnleiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FB22FDFEE09ABF03" box="[1263,1429,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">P. darnleiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and it is clear that a major taxonomic revision of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA0FFB3FD70FD93E63EBF5F" box="[701,817,584,608]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FD70FD93E63EBF5F" box="[701,817,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is necessary.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="87936619FFA0FFB3FF5AFD51E49EBFDE" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">
|
||
<paragraph id="D3533691FFA0FFB3FF5AFD51E49EBFDE" blockId="33.[151,1436,649,737]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FF5AFD51E40ABF9E" bold="true" box="[151,261,650,673]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">TABLE 5</emphasis>
|
||
. Diversity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA0FFB3FE52FD52E702BF9E" box="[415,525,649,673]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FE52FD52E702BF9E" box="[415,525,649,673]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Pheretima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species reported from various localities and islands in the Philippines. None of the species has been reported at more than one locality in the Philippines, and only two species (see the footnotes) also occur outside the Philippines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="D3533691FFA0FFB3FF52FD26E1C3BE2C" blockId="33.[159,1228,765,1371]" box="[159,1228,765,787]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Island Locality N [species]</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D3533691FFA0FFB3FF52FCFCE169BE59" blockId="33.[159,1228,765,1371]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Luzon 30 Kalbaryo 4</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D3533691FFA0FFB3FDCDFCA2E169BEB0" blockId="33.[159,1228,765,1371]" box="[512,1126,889,911]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Kalinga 6</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D3533691FFA0FFB3FDCDFC7DE169BE87" blockId="33.[159,1228,765,1371]" box="[512,1126,930,955]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Mt. Province & Banaue1 9</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D3533691FFA0FFB3FDCDFC14E169BEDB" blockId="33.[159,1228,765,1371]" box="[512,1126,974,996]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Mt. Arayat 2</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D3533691FFA0FFB3FDCDFC23E169B932" blockId="33.[159,1228,765,1371]" box="[512,1126,1015,1037]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Mt. Makiling 2</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D3533691FFA0FFB3FDCDFBF9E169B908" blockId="33.[159,1228,765,1371]" box="[512,1126,1058,1079]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Mt. Isarog 7</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D3533691FFA0FFB3FF52FB91E169B95F" blockId="33.[159,1228,765,1371]" box="[159,1126,1098,1120]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Catanduanes 2</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D3533691FFA0FFB3FF52FBAFE169B83A" blockId="33.[159,1228,765,1371]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Mindanao 34 Mt. Kitanglad 15 Mt. Malindang 18 Mt. Apo2 1</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D3533691FFA0FFB3FF52FAC7E169B80D" blockId="33.[159,1228,765,1371]" box="[159,1126,1308,1330]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Cebu 1</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D3533691FFA0FFB3FF52FA9EE17DB864" blockId="33.[159,1228,765,1371]" box="[159,1138,1349,1371]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Total 67</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D3533691FFA0FFB3FF5AFAA7E7C5B887" blockId="33.[151,1384,1404,1464]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">
|
||
1 Includes nominal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA0FFB3FEACFAA5E4F2B8AA" box="[353,509,1405,1429]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="darnleiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FEACFAA5E4F2B8AA" box="[353,509,1405,1429]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">P. darnleiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, also reported from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ABFB7601FFA0FFB3FD1BFAA5E6A8B8AA" box="[726,935,1406,1429]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ABFB7601FFA0FFB3FC7CFAA5E6D6B8AA" box="[945,985,1406,1429]" name="Fiji" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Fiji</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ABFB7601FFA0FFB3FC2EFAA5E148B8AA" box="[995,1095,1406,1429]" name="Malaysia" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ABFB7601FFA0FFB3FB9FFAA5E1B3B8AA" box="[1106,1212,1406,1429]" name="Indonesia" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ABFB7601FFA0FFB3FB38FAA5E06AB8AA" box="[1269,1381,1406,1429]" name="Singapore" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
. 2 Includes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA0FFB3FECEFA7AE48EB887" box="[259,385,1440,1464]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="urceolata">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FECEFA7AE48EB887" box="[259,385,1440,1464]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">P. urceolata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, also reported from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ABFB7601FFA0FFB3FD97FA7AE7CAB887" box="[602,709,1441,1464]" name="Indonesia" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D3533691FFA0FFB3FF0AFA3FE5CDBA7D" blockId="33.[151,1436,1508,2038]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B77D4B60FFA0FFB3FF0AFA3FE49DB8C2" box="[199,402,1508,1533]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" refString="Joshi, R. C., Matchoc, O. R. O., Cabigat, J. C. & James, S. W. (1999) Survey of earthworms in the Ifugao Rice Terraces, Philippines. Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 2, 1 - 12." type="journal article">
|
||
Joshi
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FEC5FA3DE436B8C2" box="[264,313,1509,1533]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1999)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported an athecal earthworm
|
||
<quantity id="14149B74FFA0FFB3FD3AFA3EE683B8C2" box="[759,908,1509,1533]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" unit="mm" value="250.0" valueMax="300.0" valueMin="200.0">200–300 mm</quantity>
|
||
long from Ifugao, Luzon, but it is likewise not clear whether this species belongs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA0FFB3FD88F9D2E7B6BB1E" box="[581,697,1545,1569]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FD88F9D2E7B6BB1E" box="[581,697,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Pheretima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA0FFB3FCCCF9D2E67ABB1E" box="[769,885,1545,1569]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FCCCF9D2E67ABB1E" box="[769,885,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. James (unpublished) however thought that this species is most likely a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA0FFB3FE69F9F6E717BB7A" box="[420,536,1581,1605]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FE69F9F6E717BB7A" box="[420,536,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Pheretima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
basing on the size and shape of the copulatory bursae. Aspe (unpublished data) also described another athecal species>
|
||
<quantity id="14149B74FFA0FFB3FDBBF98AE7D8BB56" box="[630,727,1617,1641]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" unit="mm" value="300.0">300 mm</quantity>
|
||
long at Bukidnon, central Mindanao, with prominent domeshaped copulatory bursae, and result on molecular analysis shows that this species belongs to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA0FFB3FB28F9AEE056BBB2" box="[1253,1369,1653,1677]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FB28F9AEE056BBB2" box="[1253,1369,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Pheretima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade rather than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA0FFB3FEA6F942E4D0BB8E" box="[363,479,1689,1713]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FEA6F942E4D0BB8E" box="[363,479,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Metaphire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA0FFB3FE20F942E7EBBB8E" box="[493,740,1689,1713]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="subanensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FE20F942E7EBBB8E" box="[493,740,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Pheretima subanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FAAB57F8FFA0FFB3FD21F942E623BB8D" box="[748,812,1689,1714]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FD21F942E623BB8D" bold="true" box="[748,812,1689,1714]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA0FFB3FC09F941E19EBB8E" box="[964,1169,1689,1713]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="malindangensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FC09F941E19EBB8E" box="[964,1169,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">P. malindangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FAAB57F8FFA0FFB3FB54F942E1D7BB8D" box="[1177,1240,1689,1714]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FB54F942E1D7BB8D" bold="true" box="[1177,1240,1689,1714]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA0FFB3FB25F941E072BB8E" box="[1256,1405,1689,1713]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="vergrandis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FB25F941E072BB8E" box="[1256,1405,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">P. vergrandis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FAAB57F8FFA0FFB3FA48F942E5B7BBE9" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FA48F942E5B7BBE9" bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA0FFB3FF39F965E4BEBBEA" box="[244,433,1726,1749]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="potonganensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FF39F965E4BEBBEA" box="[244,433,1726,1749]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">P. potonganensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FAAB57F8FFA0FFB3FE75F966E4F9BBE9" box="[440,502,1725,1750]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FE75F966E4F9BBE9" bold="true" box="[440,502,1725,1750]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in relative size and coloration, but it is athecal, whereas the latter three are bithecal, monothecal and octothecal, respectively. The athecal species also differs from the others in male pore spacing, setal gaps, the size and position of the prostate glands and copulatory bursae, and the intestinal origin in xv rather than in xvi.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D3533691FFA0FFB3FF0AF896E09BBAC9" blockId="33.[151,1436,1508,2038]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B77D4B60FFA0FFB3FF0AF896E467BA5A" author="Gates" box="[199,360,1869,1893]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" refString="Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms - an introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62, 1 - 327. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214" type="journal article" year="1972">Gates (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed the following as indicators that lumbricid or megascolecid earthworms are parthenogenetic: (1) testes and/or seminal vesicles retained in the juvenile state in adult specimens; (2) absence of spermatozoal iridescence in male funnels and/or spermathecae; (3) spermatophores lacking or, if present, lack spermatozoa inside. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA0FFB3FE7EF862E7ADBAEE" box="[435,674,1977,2001]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="subanesis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FE7EF862E7ADBAEE" box="[435,674,1977,2001]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">Pheretima subanesis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FAAB57F8FFA0FFB3FD7FF862E7F7BAED" box="[690,760,1977,2002]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA0FFB3FD7FF862E7F7BAED" bold="true" box="[690,760,1977,2002]" pageId="33" pageNumber="434">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, the testes appear to be reduced, and we observed no spermatozooidal iridescence in the sperm funnels. These observations suggest that this species is parthenogenetic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D3533691FFA3FFB0FF0AFF4CE481BDEB" blockId="34.[151,1436,151,213]" pageId="34" pageNumber="435">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA3FFB0FF0AFF4CE456BD8F" bold="true" box="[199,345,151,176]" pageId="34" pageNumber="435">Occurrence.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14EC4D12FFA3FFB0FEACFF43E758BD8F" box="[353,599,152,176]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="34" pageNumber="435" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="subanensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA3FFB0FEACFF43E758BD8F" box="[353,599,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="435">Pheretima subanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FAAB57F8FFA3FFB0FD93FF4CE792BD8F" box="[606,669,151,176]" pageId="34" pageNumber="435" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="E198EA83FFA3FFB0FD93FF4CE792BD8F" bold="true" box="[606,669,151,176]" pageId="34" pageNumber="435">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
was found in disturbed forest in Brgy Small Potongan, at
|
||
<quantity id="14149B74FFA3FFB0FAE1FF4CE5A2BDEB" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.695" metricValueMax="10.24" metricValueMin="9.15" pageId="34" pageNumber="435" unit="m" value="969.5" valueMax="1024.0" valueMin="915.0">915–1024 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation (Table 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |