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<mods:title id="9B1EAAF46BAF0CAF6A98FFE9A1EDF6C1">A catalogue of Indian Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6A32A77C53E1C7B00D0811A80FC5F19B">Mally, Richard</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="C37B9B82FFC9803BFF7852C1FE8A59D6" box="[151,368,1691,1717]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC9803BFF7852C1FE8A59D6" blockId="18.[151,368,1691,1717]" box="[151,368,1691,1717]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<heading id="D0967F65FFC9803BFF7852C1FE8A59D6" bold="true" box="[151,368,1691,1717]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC9803BFF7852C1FE8A59D6" bold="true" box="[151,368,1691,1717]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
1.1.
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC9803BFF2752C1FE8A59D6" ID-CoL="93MTW" ID-ENA="299346" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1884" box="[200,368,1691,1717]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Epipaschiinae">Epipaschiinae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
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<subSubSection id="C37B9B82FFC9803DFF7852B9FB695D02" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC9803BFF7852B9FDEE58D2" blockId="18.[151,1437,1763,1969]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC9803BFF7852B9FE2D599E" bold="true" box="[151,471,1763,1789]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Diversity and distribution:</emphasis>
737 valid species in 94 genera worldwide (Nuss
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC9803BFBEF52BEFBC3599E" box="[1024,1081,1763,1789]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
2003
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC9803BFB9752B9FB7C599E" bold="true" box="[1144,1158,1763,1789]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19"></emphasis>
2022,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC9803BFB2352B9FA6B599E" author="Leger, T. &amp; Mally, R. &amp; Neinhuis, C. &amp; Nuss, M." box="[1228,1425,1763,1789]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="84 - 99" refId="ref288552" refString="Leger, T., Mally, R., Neinhuis, C. &amp; Nuss, M. (2020) Refining the phylogeny of Crambidae with complete sampling of subfamilies (Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea). Zoologica Scripta, 50 (1), 84 - 99. [2021] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12452" type="journal article" year="2020">
Léger
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC9803BFAFB52BEFAB7599E" box="[1300,1357,1763,1789]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
). In
<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFC9803BFF5A535DFF0B5842" box="[181,241,1799,1825]" name="India" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">India</collectingCountry>
, 81 species in 18 genera are reported, accounting for 10.99% of the total described
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC9803BFB7E535DFAD45842" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1884" box="[1169,1326,1799,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Epipaschiinae">Epipaschiinae</taxonomicName>
diversity. Of the 18 genera, seven genera are represented by single species, nine genera by two to 10 species, and only two genera (
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC9803BFF1C5315FE6A580A" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[243,400,1871,1897]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Salma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC9803BFF1C5315FEC3580A" box="[243,313,1871,1897]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Salma</emphasis>
Walker
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC9803BFE285315FD85580A" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1859" box="[455,639,1871,1897]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Orthaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC9803BFE285315FDDC580A" box="[455,550,1871,1897]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Orthaga</emphasis>
Walker
</taxonomicName>
) are represented by 11 to 20 species (
<figureCitation id="135AD48CFFC9803BFBC85315FB96580A" box="[1063,1132,1871,1897]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="19.[152,255,1045,1069]" captionTargetBox="[268,1320,188,1029]" captionTargetId="figure-19@19.[260,1328,181,1035]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 6. Species diversity of Indian Epipaschiinae genera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252302" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7252302/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). In
<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFC9803BFB4F5315FB26580A" box="[1184,1244,1871,1897]" name="India" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">India</collectingCountry>
, the subfamily is most diverse in the Central Himalaya, followed by the North East and Western Ghats. No
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC9803BFB915329FAE158EE" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1884" box="[1150,1307,1907,1933]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Epipaschiinae">Epipaschiinae</taxonomicName>
is recorded from the Trans-Himalaya (
<figureCitation id="135AD48CFFC9803BFE2D53CDFDFC58D2" box="[450,518,1943,1969]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="19.[152,255,1994,2018]" captionTargetBox="[266,1322,1102,1965]" captionTargetId="figure-32@19.[258,1329,1094,1971]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 7. Species diversity of Indian Epipaschiinae in different Biogeographic zones/zones." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252304" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7252304/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1E9881FFC8803AFF77504FFCE95B4D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252302" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7252302" box="[152,787,1045,1070]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7252302/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" startId="19.[152,255,1045,1069]" targetBox="[268,1320,188,1029]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC8803AFF77504FFCE95B4D" blockId="19.[152,787,1045,1070]" box="[152,787,1045,1070]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC8803AFF77504FFEE25B4E" bold="true" box="[152,280,1045,1069]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Species diversity of
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC8803AFE02504FFDD45B4E" box="[493,558,1045,1069]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Carangidae" genus="Indian" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indian</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC8803AFDDB504FFD385B4E" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1884" box="[564,706,1045,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Epipaschiinae">Epipaschiinae</taxonomicName>
genera.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF1E9881FFC8803AFF775390FBA75881" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252304" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7252304" box="[152,1117,1994,2018]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7252304/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" startId="19.[152,255,1994,2018]" targetBox="[266,1322,1102,1965]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC8803AFF775390FBA75881" blockId="19.[152,1117,1994,2018]" box="[152,1117,1994,2018]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC8803AFF775390FEE25881" bold="true" box="[152,280,1994,2018]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Species diversity of
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC8803AFE025390FDD45881" box="[493,558,1994,2018]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Carangidae" genus="Indian" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indian</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC8803AFDDB5390FD385881" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1884" box="[564,706,1994,2018]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Epipaschiinae">Epipaschiinae</taxonomicName>
in different Biogeographic zones/zones.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFCF803DFF2854CCFDED5EEA" blockId="20.[151,1437,150,609]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFCF803DFF2854CCFE605FD2" bold="true" box="[199,410,150,177]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Adult characters:</emphasis>
mostly of medium size, with forewings rather irregularly and coarsely or diffusely marked and fasciated. The third segment of the labial palps is always upturned and with a pointed apex. In the wing coupling, males exhibit the frenulum as a single bristle while females, two bristles (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFCF803DFBE65485FB7F5F9A" author="Solis, M. A." box="[1033,1157,223,249]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="645 - 686" refId="ref309859" refString="Solis, M. A. (1999) Key to selected Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera) larvae intercepted at U. S. Ports of entry: Revision of Pyraloidea in &quot; Keys to some frequently intercepted lepidopterous larvae &quot; by D. M. Weisman, 1986. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 101 (3), 645 - 686." type="journal article" year="1999">Solis 1999</bibRefCitation>
). In some cases, the male antennae are modified, with an elongate posterior process overlying the thorax, and the inner and ventral surface lined with specialised scales or setae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFCF803DFDD3557DFCD35E22" author="Robinson, G. S. &amp; Tuck, K. R. &amp; Shaffer, M." box="[572,809,295,321]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref303320" refString="Robinson, G. S., Tuck, K. R. &amp; Shaffer, M. (1994) A field guide to the smaller moths of South-East Asia. Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur, 309 pp." type="book" year="1994">
Robinson
<emphasis id="B915141BFFCF803DFD40557DFD1D5E22" box="[687,743,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
1994
</bibRefCitation>
). The ductus ejaculatorius inserts subbasally in the phallus (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFCF803DFF285511FE465E06" author="Holloway, J. D. &amp; Kibby, G. &amp; Peggie, D." box="[199,444,331,357]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref282024" refString="Holloway, J. D., Kibby, G. &amp; Peggie, D. (2001) The families of Malesian moths and butterflies (Fauna Malesiana) (Vol. 3). Brill, Leiden, Boston, Koln, 455 pp., 8 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004475595" type="book" year="2001">
Holloway
<emphasis id="B915141BFFCF803DFED05511FE835E06" box="[319,377,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
). The uncus arms are extended to 110 degrees or more from the longitudinal uncus axis (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFCF803DFF705535FEE15EEA" author="Solis, M. A." box="[159,283,367,393]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="645 - 686" refId="ref309859" refString="Solis, M. A. (1999) Key to selected Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera) larvae intercepted at U. S. Ports of entry: Revision of Pyraloidea in &quot; Keys to some frequently intercepted lepidopterous larvae &quot; by D. M. Weisman, 1986. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 101 (3), 645 - 686." type="journal article" year="1999">Solis 1999</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFCF803DFEC95535FDF05EEA" author="Solis, M. A. &amp; Mitter, C." box="[294,522,367,393]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="79 - 90" refId="ref310347" refString="Solis, M. A. &amp; Mitter, C. (1992) Review and preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the subfamilies of the Pyralidae (sensu stricto) (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea). Systematic Entomology, 17, 79 - 90. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1992. tb 00323. x" type="journal article" year="1992">Solis &amp; Mitter 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFCF803DFF2855C9FCB35E96" blockId="20.[151,1437,150,609]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFCF803DFF2855C9FE5F5ECE" bold="true" box="[199,421,403,429]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Larval characters:</emphasis>
have a sclerotized ring around seta
<collectingRegion id="49A506EBFFCF803DFCDF55C9FCA25ECE" box="[816,856,403,429]" country="Serbia" name="Sid" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">SD</collectingRegion>
1 on A8, on A9 three (sometimes two) setae are present.
<location id="8EBE9ED2FFCF803DFF2855EDFF135EB2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C8791FFFC9803DFF7852C1FB695D02:8EBE9ED2FFCF803DFF2855EDFF135EB2" box="[199,233,439,465]" name="No" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" stateProvince="Sid">No</location>
sclerotized ring around seta
<collectingRegion id="49A506EBFFCF803DFDC555EDFDA85EB2" box="[554,594,439,465]" country="Serbia" name="Sid" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">SD</collectingRegion>
1 on mesothorax, metathorax, or A1.
<specimenCode id="DBC76072FFCF803DFC0255EDFBEA5EB2" box="[1005,1040,439,465]" collectionCode="V" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="Museum">V1</specimenCode>
setae on A7 twice as far apart as on A9, body with longitudinal dark bands (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFCF803DFDB85581FCC75E96" author="Solis, M. A. &amp; Mitter, C." box="[599,829,475,501]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="79 - 90" refId="ref310347" refString="Solis, M. A. &amp; Mitter, C. (1992) Review and preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the subfamilies of the Pyralidae (sensu stricto) (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea). Systematic Entomology, 17, 79 - 90. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1992. tb 00323. x" type="journal article" year="1992">Solis &amp; Mitter 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFCF803DFF2855A5FB695D02" blockId="20.[151,1437,150,609]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFCF803DFF2855A5FEA55D7A" bold="true" box="[199,351,511,537]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Food plants:</emphasis>
most larvae are known to be rollers, tiers or miners of leaves. A few species are minor pests of mahoganies, avocado and corn (
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFCF803DFDE95679FD895D5F" box="[518,627,547,572]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Zea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mays">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFCF803DFDE95679FD895D5F" box="[518,627,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Zea mays</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in the Neotropics (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFCF803DFCB75679FC2C5D5E" author="Solis, M. A." box="[856,982,547,573]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 83" refId="ref309816" refString="Solis, M. A. (1993) A phylogenetic analysis and reclassification of the genera of the Pococera- complex (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Epipaschiinae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 101, 1 - 83." type="journal article" year="1993">Solis 1993</bibRefCitation>
). In
<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFCF803DFBE45679FB8E5D5E" box="[1035,1140,547,573]" name="Malaysia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
, several species have also been reared from
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFCF803DFEB3561DFDFE5D02" box="[348,516,583,609]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFCF803DFDE0561DFD2C5D02" box="[527,726,583,609]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Dipterocarpaceae</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFCF803DFCFF561DFB755D02" authority="(Holloway et al. 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Holloway" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[784,1167,583,609]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
Myrtaceae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFCF803DFC7A561DFB7D5D02" author="Holloway, J. D. &amp; Kibby, G. &amp; Peggie, D." box="[917,1159,583,609]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref282024" refString="Holloway, J. D., Kibby, G. &amp; Peggie, D. (2001) The families of Malesian moths and butterflies (Fauna Malesiana) (Vol. 3). Brill, Leiden, Boston, Koln, 455 pp., 8 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004475595" type="book" year="2001">
Holloway
<emphasis id="B915141BFFCF803DFBE3561DFBBE5D02" box="[1036,1092,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>