336 lines
37 KiB
XML
336 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="FBEB721B95478FC71B490EBE7156DD1A" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c9eb6df8-884d-4ab7-a470-95e6831f536d" ID-PMC="PMC5027644" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-613-1" ID-PubMed="27667928" ID-ZooBank="0FDE9BAB3DD4402DB6E1177639C32D43" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-613-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 613" ModsDocTitle="The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications" checkinTime="1472587903591" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa & Panha, Somsak" docDate="2016" docId="6BF3FA81B12F723E4C87671733943D6C" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 613: 1-157" docOrigin="ZooKeys 613" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309" docTitle="Rhinoceros sondaicus Desmarest 1822" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="20" masterDocId="FFE0FFDCF21FE33DFFCFFFB3FFF4FF93" masterDocTitle="The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications" masterLastPageNumber="157" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1701315463447" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="5D1AED0D69FE232BFDD423942F0254EA">The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FDC2EAA86F3B055687809A20E4F246C5">Suraprasit, Kantapon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6C9B6E770803D8402E5AE60BD52A04CA">Jaeger, Jean-Jacques</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C366CBBCDFB5B7EF6E6FBC90985C97C1">Chaimanee, Yaowalak</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C8CFF812100055A291DDBCEA618A601C">Chavasseau, Olivier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DF17193AFBE203AA98A1D0BB4729C577">Yamee, Chotima</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="33CDBFDED3ACB645716C0972C5412B12">Tian, Pannipa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B0794F654204797903767ABCF892A944">Panha, Somsak</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="2C5612B3C1E6DBE9894991EA12B60BFE">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="7EEBD2EEB16B07856B65E9E905CA2024">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="5EFD7DF91DA5CEB7BC9E6A5B873F963E">613</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="567B8D2A9ECFE6D3799378E3019DE9B7">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="E3AC381E7ADDDB712016B942F2A0979E">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="DFCC6952D6E2E3BE15C934728D2C5DC4" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2020B16737D4886B4C5B1849B57E787B" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-613-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="6BF3FA81B12F723E4C87671733943D6C" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127859844" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6BF3FA81B12F723E4C87671733943D6C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6BF3FA81B12F723E4C87671733943D6C" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<subSubSection id="C825F8E2209671C39CEF366F7826490A" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="F91E1B7FB49C2F52F510F24A689DE874" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Taxon classification Animalia Perissodactyla Rhinocerotidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0DDAF6427623E636A5EEC35A81C1B8AE" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="06752C24CE814DD7397750471FF2A883" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName id="494B1C331A4B55EEE84A1E6CFCC2A7C3" ID-CoL="4S84X" authority="Desmarest, 1822" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoceros sondaicus" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sondaicus">Rhinoceros sondaicus Desmarest, 1822</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B79069DE75FFEB113825015A406C3243" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="938F764C736F58EF6B12C31EF174A869" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Referred material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6FA163B7EB64539307CA66A65992A9EE" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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A left P2, DMR-KS-05-03-00-128; a left P3, DMR-KS-05-03-22-17; a left M1, DMR-KS-05-03-00-129; a left M3, DMR-KS-05-03-00-127; a mandible
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<pageBreakToken id="EC1763BA0CD9E27E25BC659B49919AA5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" start="start">with</pageBreakToken>
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right (i2 and p2-m3) and left (p3-m3) tooth rows, DMR-KS-05-03-00-126; a partial mandible, DMR-KS-05-03-31-28; a fragmentary nasal bone, DMR-KS-05-03-00-56; a left scapula, DMR-KS-05-03-00-58; a left humerus, DMR-KS-05-03-31-3; a right metacarpus II, DMR-KS-05-03-28-29; a metacarpus III, DMR-KS-05-03-22-49; a right metacarpus IV, DMR-KS-05-04-05-15; a left tibia, DMR-KS-05-03-00-52; a right calcaneus, DMR-KS-05-04-27-19; a left astragalus, DMR-KS-05-03-26-23.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A0DF3B20B72DC065B0F7B483309F62AC" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="7AEE07A6AADFCD98360AF603F81F6BE5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Material description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="99D15606A7A521D79C6E50E2A33F396C" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Upper dentition: P2 (DMR-KS-05-03-00-128: Fig. 10A), M1 (DMR-KS-05-03-00-129: Fig. 10C), and M3 (DMR-KS-05-03-00-127: Fig. 10D) are presumably from the same individual because they were found together at the same spot. The upper cheek teeth are lophodont (for measurements, see Tab. 9). Premolars are completely molarized (Fig. 10A, B) and molars exhibit well-preserved crochets. The M3 is triangular in occlusal outline and displays a well-developed parastyle, ectometaloph, medifossette, and hypocone, but a less developed parastyle fold (Fig. 10D).</paragraph>
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<caption id="DA3FFD2A74D0829E9C90FDB44F6EFDFA" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<paragraph id="7AC87395110942E4FE63E13F729ED63D" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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Figure 10. Cranial, mandibular, dental remains of
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<taxonomicName id="879A9404865ED14EED8FC896745D8C27" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoceros sondaicus" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sondaicus">Rhinoceros sondaicus</taxonomicName>
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from Khok Sung: ADMR-05-03-00-128, a left P2 in occlusal view B DMR-KS-05-03-22-17, a left P3 in occlusal view C DMR-KS-05-03-00-129, a left M1 in occlusal view D DMR-KS-05-03-00-127, a left M3 in occlusal view
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<normalizedToken id="A529C01C0EAFC6DBBD7E808817DB6793" originalValue="E–G">E-G</normalizedToken>
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DMR-KS-05-03-00-126, a mandible in lateral (E), occlusal (F) and ventral (G) views
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<normalizedToken id="BDAD4C94CD8C656D3EDF227489AB71BF" originalValue="H–I">H-I</normalizedToken>
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DMR-KS-05-03-31-28, a fragmentary mandible in occlusal (H) and lateral (I) views
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<normalizedToken id="2452D23DC0BB1AEF218405DAEECAF51C" originalValue="J–K">J-K</normalizedToken>
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DMR-KS-05-03-00-56, a nasal in dorsal (J) and lateral (K) views.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="42871C1A5580777910A4A0166F66C484" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<paragraph id="EEC15AC83EE1F5FFEF10063BB6E25E49" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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Table 9. Measurements (in millimeters) of cheek teeth of Khok Sung rhinoceroses,
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<taxonomicName id="1C920C51156F2A493FDF2012BEC67D63" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoceros sondaicus" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sondaicus">Rhinoceros sondaicus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="C23A340D38F7E6A358413BDDCE7D6C99" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoceros unicornis" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicornis">Rhinoceros unicornis</taxonomicName>
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, compared to recent specimens (data from
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<bibRefCitation id="1CA7E66DDA89782DBAC42DCB0B790143" author="Guerin, C" journalOrPublisher="Documents des Laboratoires de Geologie de Lyon" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" title="Les rhinoceros (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) du Miocene terminal au Pleistocene superieur en Europe occidentale." year="1980">
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<normalizedToken id="05CC9268506E914A8ED331F486D308A9" originalValue="Guérin">Guerin</normalizedToken>
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(1980)
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<normalizedToken id="78BBDBEC4F4C2CF6DFD9B1D567EFE20C" originalValue="“(i)”">"(i)"</normalizedToken>
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refers to an isolated tooth and
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<normalizedToken id="CD48DCFD941DC024F4D0C9427510E158" originalValue="“(m)”">"(m)"</normalizedToken>
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indicates a tooth attached to the mandible.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="1A0224AF45DA4DBDCE92BE999E2DD590" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<table id="CC08EFCCC19040C5566A56DF068B80FA" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<tr id="9930E0914F877A448ED2139FB1DCB6BE" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<th id="093E4CC3E8DE19572639F7919D8BE75E" colspan="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName id="3CD153D23338DD671E18F41235181DB0" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoceros sondaicus" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sondaicus">Rhinoceros sondaicus</taxonomicName>
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</th>
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<th id="1954897BC5C82A656C83DF1F8B72DC11" colspan="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName id="003D4063936E30E8F842AF0EB666E6AA" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoceros unicornis" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicornis">Rhinoceros unicornis</taxonomicName>
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</th>
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</tr>
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<tr id="FB3846C833CC900C373789D47A33C3BE" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<th id="540D34BE9BAD35AB83CB54D42A343BCC" colspan="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Khok Sung</th>
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<th id="52570885DC800FAC76A31FC312D6DD88" colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Recent</th>
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<th id="076E7A5696EACF7586F3451E87F4FC3C" colspan="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Khok Sung</th>
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<th id="6E518EA5AD46ACD67E9AAA779B041EB5" colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Recent</th>
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</tr>
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<tr id="22D0820D2DDFC43F9B384161E3D70823" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<th id="7FD3C467817FC37C64DFCA014436E9E2" colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Anterior</th>
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<th id="11AF38269B5469D8C74AAC60034BE33E" colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Posterior</th>
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<th id="898B2AD42724A0B83ABBFD68DDE83427" colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Range</th>
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<th id="9EE5BBD4F2D931AE095A049CE893C7DC" colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Anterior</th>
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<th id="8C1EA64C10615EF7FE38D7796077FC83" colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Posterior</th>
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<th id="1323A3486CDCE3760AD8DF9AC81DCCC2" colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Range</th>
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</tr>
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<tr id="3725D911DA2C1F20B0586087ECFDC040" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<td id="18680CB8C7C474D739275233B2E2481D" colspan="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Upper cheek teeth</td>
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</tr>
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<tr id="9F258AD127E31EC21051253DC2266C64" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<td id="E27EFC693E0BFE11C35D45D775BBEF66" colspan="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Lower cheek teeth</td>
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</tr>
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<tr id="788B9D2B53E32B3B7BC57267A60E4C15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<td id="1C7387BB91594BACFCFA3ADD2DBB344B" colspan="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Lower tooth rows</td>
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</tr>
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<tr id="57A30D427524F1E574003DB845187408" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<td id="1B114D32AA9A8D1CA5A0F7C8118D5EA0" colspan="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
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<normalizedToken id="3FD3E03A93C8A865BE3F47358AF261CB" originalValue="DMR–KS–05–03–00–">DMR-KS-05-03-00-</normalizedToken>
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126
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</td>
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<td id="7595823E39D2AD3D482C3B9805CB2AE7" colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Recent</td>
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<td id="D45BB9814F20A07195D3A596EFCCE343" colspan="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
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<normalizedToken id="FBBE29F4B8A4DBBD84A4CB1B41007480" originalValue="DMR-KS–05–03–17–">DMR-KS-05-03-17-</normalizedToken>
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13
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</td>
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<td id="7A5FE8DC16E5AF0E6491A1EAD1ABCEBE" colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Recent</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="CBCB9BF64CC1479BC6CB17DC5312B762" ID-Table-UUID="CBCB9BF64CC1479BC6CB17DC5312B762" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CBCB9BF64CC1479BC6CB17DC5312B762" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<paragraph id="1C07998F6AB37AFD50ADD905E2597806" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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Table 10. Measurements (lengths and widths in millimeters) of cheek teeth of Khok Sung
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<taxonomicName id="A4F4798A6EB52F00FA9908E2B6BC649D" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus barbatus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">Sus barbatus</taxonomicName>
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compared to the recent and fossil species. The number of specimens is given within the parentheses. The measured specimens of recent
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<taxonomicName id="1D9F47CEABFA6C4DE636DF708A26D0DF" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus scrofa" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scrofa">Sus scrofa</taxonomicName>
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include three subspecies:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="82A5FF6747E56F1FBC2705CA6824E1A9" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus scrofa" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="subspecies" species="scrofa" subspecies="scrofa">Sus scrofa scrofa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F3393F3230C96C2DAF45724826A8B6D5" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus scrofa" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="subspecies" species="scrofa" subspecies="vittatus">Sus scrofa vittatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="008AE9B12B4D802DDF0E427CA3AEDA8C" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus scrofa" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="subspecies" species="scrofa" subspecies="attila">Sus scrofa attila</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="91D688CBBE9317050AA78B44057743A8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<table id="EC9D5766373952C4C80A1DD2813FB523" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<tr id="CB1A46CEAA4B335467D562B17AB567C2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th id="8DBB082501AC131106FA03E3171D02A1" colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Khok Sung</th>
|
||
<th id="0541C6EDB86887220441F53FB24188B3" colspan="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Recent</th>
|
||
<th id="280C1E96CB87ACA43DBF2D3845148F89" colspan="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">Java (Pleistocene)</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1A3BCE222BF7017A0FDC75188C9F45C5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th id="9972A6630EDD925D25F7DF45E3D66EC9" colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="543E0C6C7CDF2E2DD8D9E1E050C4824B" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus barbatus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">Sus barbatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="BDD9F02AC67A8735A6579011C28E162C" colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="930963C1E0852E7A98CE6B7E4594A8D7" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus scrofa" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scrofa">Sus scrofa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="AFE1A0D87B412D47294A32E1884F88C5" colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6B3C54229DB9FE0B51DCD03B9A2A08AD" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus barbatus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">Sus barbatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="C1362ABBBD0E5C16C41D0B2E6E1F99B7" colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3F82655DC948874652C284175E975329" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus verrucosus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosus">Sus verrucosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="18BB0CDBD84DC3FA7DA32502D1F7C70C" colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5FACB82E5049AB47817115CF3ADCF4E" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus celebensis" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">Sus celebensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="135AA8F339BA62F052FADD324B9802E0" colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="924ECB5F094F52DC8B557862D699EB06" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus brachygnathus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachygnathus">Sus brachygnathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="B38829389812B27AED7C1FE6D1D3C42F" colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0882A8D9DE964B2CFD15FFA1C6F26DE8" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus macrognathus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrognathus">Sus macrognathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="087B06FB5CC12F9B12EC0E8089402028" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Mandibles and lower dentition: a mandible (DMR-KS-05-03-00-126) preserves both sides of cheek tooth rows (right p2-m3 and left p3-m3), but most of its symphysis and entire ramus are broken off (Fig. 10
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2AE75A85428BFB078FCC59364F9CC86A" originalValue="E–G">E-G</normalizedToken>
|
||
) (for measurements, see Appendix 2). The posterior edge of the mandibular symphysis ends nearly at the middle part of p3. The ventral margin of the mandible is convex in lateral view (Fig. 10E). The mental foramen is situated below the p3. In ventral view, the small foramen is present at the central portion of the mandibular symphysis and the lingual mandibular outline is U-shaped (Fig. 10F, G). Only the basal part of a right tusk-like incisor is preserved in its socket. Another specimen DMR-KS-05-03-31-28 preserves a nearly complete mandibular symphysis and left p2 and p3 sockets (Fig. 10H, I). The left mandibular body behind the p3 is broken away. All lower cheek teeth are heavily worn and rectangular in occlusal outline (Fig. 10F) (for measurements, see Tab. 9).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="15DF19634BE35161B460CCC4606F3442" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Nasal: a nasal bone (DMR-KS-05-03-00-56) is short and robust, bending downward and narrowing anteriorly towards the tip (Fig. 10J). The anterior surface is nearly straight in lateral view (Fig. 10K), whereas its ventral surface is flattened at the central suture. This nasal bone is most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F17230085FC2CAF98383A51A603B8E9F" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoceros sondaicus" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sondaicus">Rhinoceros sondaicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g., specimen MNHN-ZMO-1985-159), because its anterior part is pointed rather than rounded (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B6190319047D1DE018D5FDCB1571ED1F" author="Colbert, EH" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 6" title="Notes on the lesser one-horned rhinoceros, Rhinocerossondaicus: 2. the position of the Rhinocerossondaicus in the phylogeny of the genus Rhinoceros." volume="1207" year="1942">Colbert 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In comparison,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3D9D8EF93F3507672E64A6B4D245D9E" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoceros unicornis" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicornis">Rhinoceros unicornis</taxonomicName>
|
||
displays a convex anterior surface in lateral view and a well-developed horn protuberance of the nasal region. The maximum length and width of the nasal are 131.1 mm and 88.8 mm, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8DABE8187C44B9E9FA1E984E38C125BA" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Postcranial remains: postcranial elements include a scapula (Fig. 11A, B), a humerus (Fig. 11
|
||
<normalizedToken id="137A9A65AF45AFB3BFEFEADB3E5FDC16" originalValue="C–E">C-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
), three metacarpal bones (metacarpus II, III, and IV: Fig. 11
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8BCCBBD6F1E8A65E4EA800D6C289B471" originalValue="F–H">F-H</normalizedToken>
|
||
), a tibia, a calcaneus (Fig. 11I), and an astragalus (Fig. 11J). All postcranial remains are comparable in size to the recent material (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0697A14270D7A67EE419FD858592300B" author="Guerin, C" journalOrPublisher="Documents des Laboratoires de Geologie de Lyon" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" title="Les rhinoceros (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) du Miocene terminal au Pleistocene superieur en Europe occidentale." year="1980">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BDD62511CFA352178C1FB89BC20159AF" originalValue="Guérin">Guerin</normalizedToken>
|
||
1980
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (for measurements, see Appendix 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F17AD21FC5617EBF4D0E4188CEC90AA0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="A6184FC80337D0717F09B22D108FA9E8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Figure 11. Postcranial remains of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76AF6C7C114A2972FBEBCC912444512F" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoceros sondaicus" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sondaicus">Rhinoceros sondaicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Khok Sung:
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DC28AC809F8C6EB9B273D46B5295DF68" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
|
||
DMR-KS-05-03-00-58, a left scapula in lateral (A) and distal (B) views
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F94FEB9A20933D9CF60B8A2A2D72A2EE" originalValue="C–E">C-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
DMR-KS-05-03-31-3, a left humerus in anterior (C), proximal (D), and distal (E) views
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C4514F03F1C59EC5897B01F53B79008C" originalValue="F–H">F-H</normalizedToken>
|
||
DMR-KS-05-04-05-15, a right metacarpus IV in posterior (F), proximal (G), and distal (H) views I DMR-KS-05-04-27-19, a right calcaneus in lateral view J DMR-KS-05-03-26-23, a left astragalus in dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="47FFB20E115B49C2559AEDDC07F93015" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="8019879FBF1370623D2F0EBD143535B1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AF4FC0F0C182933EBC4A32C789D3A41E" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Four isolated cheek teeth (P2, P3, M1, and M3) assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EF177098CB3390D1D7578FD097B3A993" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoceros sondaicus" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sondaicus">Rhinoceros sondaicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
are characterized by the following morphological features: a presence of the moderately developed crochet, sinuosity of the ectoloph, distinct parastyle fold, and deeper median valley compared to the posterior valley, and the absences of an antecrochet, protocone fold, and metacone bulge on M3. All of
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="8E5585D46D8C5EE72C6D4F9105386E8B" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" start="start">these</pageBreakToken>
|
||
characters coincide with the upper molars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB364B344F7EDD3D07570795DC2DF233" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoceros sondaicus" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sondaicus">Rhinoceros sondaicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE4A07B5F955CF7BDF2741E841C6C870" author="Pocock, RI" journalOrPublisher="Proceeding of Zoological Society of London" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="437 - 450" title="Some cranial and dental characters of the existing species of Asiatic rhinoceroses." url="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1945.tb00235.x" volume="14" year="1945">Pocock 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="06FE19DC19F8A890D094A1F3E845376F" author="Hooijer, DA" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededeelingen, Leiden" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="1 - 138" title="Prehistoric and fossil rhinoceros from the Malay Archipelago and India." volume="26" year="1946">Hooijer 1946</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9D2FD43372B16AF2DAF64B42553AC25B" author="Zin-Maung-Maung-Thein, Thaung-Htike" journalOrPublisher="Asian Paleoprimatology" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="197 - 204" title="Early Pleistocene Javan rhinoceros from the Irrawaddy Formation, Myanmar." volume="4" year="2006">Zin-Maung-Maung-Thein et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FD97F60E1E04E62AA4A0BF259871CC6E" author="Groves, CP" journalOrPublisher="Mammalian Species" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="190 - 208" title="Rhinocerossondaicus (Perissodactyla: Rhinocerotidae)." url="10.1644/887.1" volume="43" year="2011">Groves and Leslie 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B046781F19812C7AA29F5887D10EC01E" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Large tusk-like incisors (i2) are notably typical of Asian rhinoceroses. The two small alveoli corresponding to the lost central incisors are autapomorphic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B08507223CC8ABDC528D7394DB096AB3" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoceros" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhinoceros</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="25445271D0936883987584669D2DC115" author="Groves, CP" journalOrPublisher="Mammalian Species" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="190 - 208" title="Rhinocerossondaicus (Perissodactyla: Rhinocerotidae)." url="10.1644/887.1" volume="43" year="2011">Groves and Leslie 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Our observations on the recent mandible iPHEP M05.5.001.B and MNHN-ZMO-1985-159 demonstrate that an alveolus extension of the lower incisors that reach posteriorly to the lingual side of the p2 is a characteristic of both living Javan (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="190C2F2CEBF875A8791413629CC8294E" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoceros sondaicus" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sondaicus">Rhinoceros sondaicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and Indian (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36DD36D1C0DA0CCBFD558AAD907F9C29" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoceros unicornis" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicornis">Rhinoceros unicornis</taxonomicName>
|
||
) rhinoceroses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D0A3201E52A2386CA92A62F3B577B4A7" author="Tong, H" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="525 - 539" title="Early Pleistocene Dicerorhinussumatrensis remains from the Liucheng Gigantopithecus Cave, Guangxi, China." url="10.1016/j.geobios.2009.02.001" volume="42" year="2009">
|
||
Tong and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="973A98CCE9EA0B83A1FAD962176224C6" originalValue="Guérin">Guerin</normalizedToken>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This feature efficiently distinguishes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6EC898434F4344DC8E14EFCEF8F90CC2" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoceros" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhinoceros</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Sumatran rhinoceros,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36367CD9A5548979ADBC05288FF28B61" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Dicerorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicerorhinus sumatrensis" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumatrensis">Dicerorhinus sumatrensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where the alveoli of the lower incisors do not extend as far (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C331C9C62B33221FDA3121484293EABF" author="Tong, H" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" pagination="525 - 539" title="Early Pleistocene Dicerorhinussumatrensis remains from the Liucheng Gigantopithecus Cave, Guangxi, China." url="10.1016/j.geobios.2009.02.001" volume="42" year="2009">
|
||
Tong and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="84BDC9FACB74B784C9704079A2B5DE82" originalValue="Guérin">Guerin</normalizedToken>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the mandibles DMR-KS-05-03-00-126 and
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="360D4268B128CDAB883D2BD6F01B325F" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" start="start">DMR-KS-</pageBreakToken>
|
||
05-03-31-28, the lower incisor alveoli extend posteriorly into the mandibular symphysis, ventral to the lingual side of the p2 (Fig. 11H, I). The latter specimen also shares similar mandibular dimensions (Appendix 2) and morphology with the former specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8FEE229C468878CB0FDE5EE61213EC3A" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Isolated lower molars of rhinoceroses from Khok Sung are difficult to assign to either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="307B33F7105DF4880BD72E788477676D" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoceros unicornis" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicornis">Rhinoceros unicornis</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63C38F3C6FA0AFFA66BFAAC2F30F1DA3" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoceros sondaicus" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sondaicus">Rhinoceros sondaicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
due to heavy wear. In addition, there is a significant size overlap between these two species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="ABF2849E4F81D34225C7015C7E9E6A3F" author="Guerin, C" journalOrPublisher="Documents des Laboratoires de Geologie de Lyon" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" title="Les rhinoceros (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) du Miocene terminal au Pleistocene superieur en Europe occidentale." year="1980">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="51EAA83311C05D5B0B1585650A959729" originalValue="Guérin">Guerin</normalizedToken>
|
||
1980
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The lengths of lower cheek teeth and
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="47507FA9E5A270DA8C618125D6183E89" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" start="start">molar</pageBreakToken>
|
||
rows provide a better distinction (little overlap in size) than those of isolated teeth. The lengths and widths of the cheek teeth on the mandible DMR-KS-05-03-00-126 fall almost within the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B85274B3C59202E08346D29E34BEF578" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoceros sondaicus" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sondaicus">Rhinoceros sondaicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the exception of some specimens (p3, p4, and m3) that fit well with the larger-sized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26F6F919D5D5CADAB4412B61F42B4ED8" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoceros unicornis" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicornis">Rhinoceros unicornis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Tab. 9). However, the lengths of the mandibular cheek tooth and molar rows of this specimen fall within the ranges of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="66168461EDF033947B08F81525F39F77" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoceros sondaicus" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sondaicus">Rhinoceros sondaicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(211.5-257 mm and 126.5-147 mm, respectively) and outside of the ranges for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BB1EB52E52791E05F5D10B537CE3A2CC" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoceros unicornis" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicornis">Rhinoceros unicornis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA736E41865A19514073E9B5C7017C4A" author="Guerin, C" journalOrPublisher="Documents des Laboratoires de Geologie de Lyon" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" title="Les rhinoceros (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) du Miocene terminal au Pleistocene superieur en Europe occidentale." year="1980">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FF9D5075584CD6D416351D5E931CDBFD" originalValue="Guérin">Guerin</normalizedToken>
|
||
1980
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: table. 6). The two mandibles, DMR-KS-05-03-00-126 and DMR-KS-05-03-31-28, are thus assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2F269928AF0844F42318536B198AE38" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinoceros sondaicus" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sondaicus">Rhinoceros sondaicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |