516 lines
64 KiB
XML
516 lines
64 KiB
XML
<document id="5FBE822ACF35EAFB3B75ABA34F1C2627" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4032.4.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f4116d34-98ab-405f-a270-a67ea36f9065" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="244132" ID-ZooBank="62C898BA-DDAA-47C5-BB8D-432063DDD042" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461294788676" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Skowron, Marta A., Munisamy, Badmanathan, Hamid, Suhaila Binti Ab. & Węgrzyn, Grzegorz" docDate="2015" docId="03E387A44A57850FC0CBBCEAEB7CFEE0" docLanguage="en" docName="zt04032p434.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4032 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Heterosphecia pahangensis Skowron, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="CB93E671-EB76-4807-9D98-E01ABB99E858" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="434" masterDocId="FFDAFFDC4A568507C05CBE3DEF45FFA0" masterDocTitle="A new species of clearwing moth (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae: Osminiini) from Peninsular Malaysia, exhibiting bee-like morphology and behaviour" masterLastPageNumber="434" masterPageNumber="426" pageNumber="427" updateTime="1698616249910" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="726761A761908E38ED2DE72231A05820">
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<mods:title id="68378DB67C2D6B59919EA9D7A16AC8B2">A new species of clearwing moth (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae: Osminiini) from Peninsular Malaysia, exhibiting bee-like morphology and behaviour</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="70E8955C6B3E333F744E252238AF0118" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="E93B31CBAC5C5114DFCA6818BEEAC11C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="17C0E84AFBB62DF99E9277E095950AFC">Skowron, Marta A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6954E7D14AF60F239FADECF2BC2DC407">Munisamy, Badmanathan</mods:namePart>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="DD080F1785ED3EB0D81CCC7E0CB34C4A">Hamid, Suhaila Binti Ab.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EEB0FD32ED3ECD0D68EB510D9A9D29E9">Węgrzyn, Grzegorz</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="FCB6FFB69E11D9E5DABCEAD74549C54D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="E08873DFA9E81D6DDC48F6BE9AB0340B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="CDBAE2ED8EFE270F334450B25C2FFE58">
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<mods:date id="30F3E56800BB7387DCAB9E736C385E25">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="22DC36E7F60059011DD7AECB1D58C725">4032</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="FAB7A7DC827C8259617BE69748383963" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4032.4.7</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E387A44A57850FC0CBBCEAEB7CFEE0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5693638" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119642432" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5693638" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CB93E671-EB76-4807-9D98-E01ABB99E858" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E387A44A57850FC0CBBCEAEB7CFEE0" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="434" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">
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<subSubSection id="C35065394A578506C0CBBCEAEE63FCB3" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF536B24A578506C0CBBCEAED82FD52" blockId="1.[151,711,727,787]" box="[151,711,727,754]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">
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<heading id="D0BD81DE4A578506C0CBBCEAED82FD52" bold="true" box="[151,711,727,754]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C0CBBCEAED82FD52" bold="true" box="[151,711,727,754]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A578506C0CBBCEAED18FD52" ID-CoL="B9PH2" authority="Skowron" authorityName="Skowron" box="[151,605,727,754]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pahangensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C0CBBCEAEEA6FD51" bold="true" box="[151,483,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">Heterosphecia pahangensis</emphasis>
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Skowron
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20D57DB4A578506C236BCE5ED82FD52" box="[618,711,728,754]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A578506C0CBBCC7EE63FCB3" blockId="1.[151,711,727,787]" box="[151,294,762,787]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13712A374A578506C0C3BCC7EE46FCB3" box="[159,259,762,787]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="2.[151,250,1199,1221]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,250,1563,1585]" captionStartId-2="4.[151,250,1220,1242]" captionStartId-3="5.[151,250,1500,1522]" captionStartId-4="5.[151,250,1993,2015]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,179,1175]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,176,1488]" captionTargetBox-2="[200,1398,391,1193]" captionTargetBox-3="[161,1377,249,1467]" captionTargetBox-4="[151,1436,1571,1971]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[151,1436,157,1175]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[151,1436,159,1541]" captionTargetId-2="figure@4.[183,1403,375,1198]" captionTargetId-3="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetId-4="figure@5.[151,1436,1571,1971]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionTargetPageId-3="5" captionTargetPageId-4="5" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Heterosphecia pahangensis in its typical resting position. Evident mimicry characteristics include: narrow, transparent wings, strongly tufted hind tibia, bright bands on the abdomen, clavate antenna." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Heterosphecia pahangensis sp. nov., holotype ♂" captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Wing venation of Heterosphecia pahangensis." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Male genitalia of Heterosphecia pahangensis." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Colour variation of hind tibia tufts. Note the difference in the amount of yellow scales." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/244133/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/244134/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/244135/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/244136/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/244137/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">Figs 1–5</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13712A374A578506C153BCC6EE58FCB3" box="[271,285,763,787]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1926,1948]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,1057,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[150,1436,1057,1905]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 8. Puddling behaviour on quartz. Males of different species of Lepidoptera are often observed feeding on mud, sand or organic matter in order to obtain sodium and proteins, which probably increase reproductive success. The discovered species was found licking quartz cobbles on a river bank." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244140/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">8</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C35065394A578506C0CBBD7FED3EF9EF" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BF536B24A578506C0CBBD7FEA52FC67" blockId="1.[151,1437,834,1978]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">
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<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C0CBBD7FEE04FCFB" bold="true" box="[151,321,834,859]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">
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<typeStatus id="54F188104A578506C0CBBD7FEF97FCFB" box="[151,210,834,859]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">Type</typeStatus>
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||
material
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||
</emphasis>
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||
.
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||
<typeStatus id="54F188104A578506C10EBD7EEEFDFCFB" box="[338,440,835,859]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" type="holotype">
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||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C10EBD7EEEFDFCFB" box="[338,440,835,859]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">Holotype</emphasis>
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</typeStatus>
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, ♂, (
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<figureCitation id="13712A374A578506C1A4BD7FED7AFCFB" box="[504,575,834,859]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1563,1585]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,176,1488]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,159,1541]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Heterosphecia pahangensis sp. nov., holotype ♂" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244134/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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)
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<collectingCountry id="F35D76224A578506C20DBD7EEDA2FCFB" box="[593,743,835,859]" name="Malaysia" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">MALAYSIA</collectingCountry>
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: Peninsular
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<collectingCountry id="F35D76224A578506C329BD7FEC9BFCFB" box="[885,990,834,859]" name="Malaysia" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
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, Pahang, near Taman Negara National Park,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE7E50754A578506C084BD5AEE18FCDF" box="[216,349,871,895]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" precision="1" value="4.38314">N 04.38314</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE7E50754A578506C138BD5AEEB3FCDF" box="[356,502,871,895]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" precision="1" value="102.39983">E 102.39983</geoCoordinate>
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, collected
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<date id="FFF410724A578506C232BD5AEC45FCDF" box="[622,768,871,895]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" value="2014-08-07">07.VIII.2014</date>
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||
by
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<collectingCountry id="F35D76224A578506C376BD5AEC28FCDE" box="[810,877,871,894]" name="Malta" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">Marta</collectingCountry>
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Skowron, Deposited in Natural History Museum, Putrajaya,
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<collectingCountry id="F35D76224A578506C149BDB7EE3AFC03" box="[277,383,906,931]" name="Malaysia" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
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;
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||
<typeStatus id="54F188104A578506C1CCBDB6ED44FC02" box="[400,513,907,930]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" type="paratype">
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<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C1CCBDB6ED44FC02" box="[400,513,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">Paratypes</emphasis>
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</typeStatus>
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,
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<specimenCount id="9D4CFD3B4A578506C24ABDB6ED0DFC02" box="[534,584,907,931]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" type="generic">2 ♂</specimenCount>
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||
, same data as
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||
<typeStatus id="54F188104A578506C35DBDB7EC23FC03" box="[769,870,906,931]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
, Natural History Museum, Putrajaya,
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<collectingCountry id="F35D76224A578506C572BDB7EADDFC03" box="[1326,1432,906,931]" name="Malaysia" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
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;
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<typeStatus id="54F188104A578506C0CBBD92EE4CFC66" box="[151,265,943,966]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" type="paratype">
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<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C0CBBD92EE4CFC66" box="[151,265,943,966]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">Paratypes</emphasis>
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||
</typeStatus>
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||
,
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<specimenCount id="9D4CFD3B4A578506C14ABD92EE07FC66" box="[278,322,943,967]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" type="generic">4 ♂</specimenCount>
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||
, same data as
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<typeStatus id="54F188104A578506C1BFBD93ED0DFC67" box="[483,584,942,967]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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, private collection of
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<collectingCountry id="F35D76224A578506C367BD92EC3BFC66" box="[827,894,943,966]" name="Malta" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">Marta</collectingCountry>
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Skowron, Kuala Lumpur,
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<collectingCountry id="F35D76224A578506C4F6BD93EA55FC67" box="[1194,1296,942,967]" name="Malaysia" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF536B24A578506C09BBDEFED3EF9EF" blockId="1.[151,1437,834,1978]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">
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<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C09BBDEFEE94FC4B" bold="true" box="[199,465,978,1003]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">Differential diagnosis.</emphasis>
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A wingspan measuring
|
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<quantity id="4CB29B574A578506C2B2BDEEECC3FC4A" box="[750,902,979,1003]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.185" metricValueMax="1.39" metricValueMin="0.98" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" unit="mm" value="11.85" valueMax="13.9" valueMin="9.8">9.8–13.9 mm</quantity>
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makes
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<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A578506C3BEBDEEEBD1FC4B" box="[994,1172,979,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pahangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C3BEBDEEEBD1FC4B" box="[994,1172,979,1003]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">H. pahangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
the smallest described species of
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A578506C14BBDCBEEFCFBAE" box="[279,441,1014,1038]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C14BBDCBEEFCFBAE" box="[279,441,1014,1038]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">Heterosphecia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The body is also very slender. Due to the wing transparency,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A578506C4F1BDCAEA25FBAE" box="[1197,1376,1014,1038]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pahangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C4F1BDCAEA25FBAE" box="[1197,1376,1014,1038]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">H. pahangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
may resemble
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A578506C155BA26ED39FB93" authority="Hampson (1919)" authorityName="Hampson" authorityYear="1919" box="[265,636,1051,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hyaloptera">
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||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C155BA26EEEEFB93" box="[265,427,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">H. hyaloptera</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B434A578506C1E5BA26ED39FB93" author="Hampson" box="[441,636,1051,1075]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" refString="Hampson, G. F. (1919) A classification of the Aegeriadae of the oriental and ethiopian regions. Novitates Zoologicae Tring, 26, 41 - 119." type="journal article" year="1919">Hampson (1919)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A578506C2E3BA26EBF2FB93" authority="Arita & Gorbunov" authorityName="Arita & Gorbunov" authorityYear="2000" box="[703,1207,1050,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bantanakai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C2E3BA26EC23FB93" box="[703,870,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">H. bantanakai</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B434A578506C328BA27EBF2FB93" author="Arita" box="[884,1207,1050,1075]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" refString="Arita, Y. & Gorbunov, O. (2000 a) Notes on the tribe Osminiini (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) from Vietnam, with descriptions of new taxa. Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan, 51 (1), 49 - 74." type="journal article" year="2000" yearSuffix="a">Arita & Gorbunov (2000a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A578506C5DDBA26EE54FBF6" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hyaloptera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C5DDBA26EE54FBF6" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">H. hyaloptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the following characteristics: the colouration of the pericephalic hairs (black in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A578506C498BA02EA24FBF6" box="[1220,1377,1086,1110]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hyaloptera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C498BA02EA24FBF6" box="[1220,1377,1086,1110]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">H. hyaloptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the presence of dirty yellow scales on thorax, hind tibia tuft and spur coloration, the presence of narrow white bands on the abdomen, and the presence of black to dark brown wing scales (red-orange scales in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A578506C4DBBABAEA66FB3E" box="[1159,1315,1158,1182]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hyaloptera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C4DBBABAEA66FB3E" box="[1159,1315,1158,1182]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">H. hyaloptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). From
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A578506C5DDBABAEE50FB63" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bantanakai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C5DDBABAEE50FB63" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">H. bantanakai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it can be distinguished by the abdomen and leg coloration, and longitudinal division of distal part of
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5BAE774A578506C0CBBAF2EF8EFB47" box="[151,203,1231,1255]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fetn-yg15" name="Ataturk Universitesi" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">ATA</collectionCode>
|
||
and shape of valva. Male genitalia are similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A578506C348BAF2EB1CFB47" authority="Kallies (2003)" authorityName="Kallies" authorityYear="2003" box="[788,1113,1230,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C348BAF2ECE1FB46" box="[788,932,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">H. robinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B434A578506C3E9BAF3EB1CFB47" author="Kallies" box="[949,1113,1230,1255]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" refString="Kallies, A. (2003) Three new species of Heterosphecia LE CERF, 1916, from the Oriental Region (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae, Sesiinae). Entomologische Zeitschrift, 113 (2), 34 - 37." type="journal article" year="2003">Kallies (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A578506C4CABAF2EFA1FAAB" authority="Kallies (2003)" authorityName="Kallies" authorityYear="2003" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tawonoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C4CABAF2EA07FB46" box="[1174,1346,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">H. tawonoides,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B434A578506C510BAF3EFA1FAAB" author="Kallies" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" refString="Kallies, A. (2003) Three new species of Heterosphecia LE CERF, 1916, from the Oriental Region (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae, Sesiinae). Entomologische Zeitschrift, 113 (2), 34 - 37." type="journal article" year="2003">Kallies (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however they differ in the pointed gnathos and also from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A578506C331BACEECBCFAAB" box="[877,1017,1267,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C331BACEECBCFAAB" box="[877,1017,1267,1291]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">H. robinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the shape of the valva and from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A578506C5DDBACEEE52FA8E" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tawonoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C5DDBACEEE52FA8E" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">H. tawonoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the narrower tegumen. This confirms the observation of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B434A578506C3F7BB2BEB09FA8F" author="Kallies" box="[939,1100,1302,1327]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" refString="Kallies, A. (2003) Three new species of Heterosphecia LE CERF, 1916, from the Oriental Region (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae, Sesiinae). Entomologische Zeitschrift, 113 (2), 34 - 37." type="journal article" year="2003">Kallies (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
that the conformation of male genitalia in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A578506C146BB06EEF9FAF3" box="[282,444,1339,1363]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C146BB06EEF9FAF3" box="[282,444,1339,1363]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">Heterosphecia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is highly diversified. Moreover, this new species also differs in wing shape and venation from other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A578506C148BB63EEF3FAD6" box="[276,438,1374,1398]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C148BB63EEF3FAD6" box="[276,438,1374,1398]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">Heterosphecia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, i.e. the forewing is less quadrangular, veins CuA1 and CuA2 arise from a common point and the cross vein seems more rugged, whereas the hindwing is narrower and the distance between origin of vein CuA1 and M3 is more than seven times that between M3 and cross-vein (these distances are equal in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A578506C0CBBBF6EE7CFA43" box="[151,313,1483,1507]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C0CBBBF6EE7CFA43" box="[151,313,1483,1507]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">Heterosphecia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35D76224A578506C1F4BBF7EEA5FA43" box="[424,480,1482,1507]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
tibia and tarsus appear to be proportionally longer than in other species of this genus. Due to these unique characteristics and the relatively high
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5BAE774A578506C36DBBD2EC24F9A7" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14498" box="[817,865,1519,1543]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14498" name="University of Coimbra Botany Department" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">COI</collectionCode>
|
||
gene sequence difference from related species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A578506C5DDBBD2EE66F98B" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pahangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C5DDBBD2EE66F98B" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">H. pahangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be assigned to a distinct genus in the future, however, more specimens would need to be examined and more barcode data provided.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35065394A578503C09BB867EEAFFA57" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="430" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A578506C09BB867EBFFF9D2" blockId="1.[151,1437,834,1978]" box="[199,1210,1626,1651]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C09BB867EE1CF9D3" bold="true" box="[199,345,1626,1651]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Alar expanse:
|
||
<quantity id="4CB29B574A578506C25DB866EDDCF9D2" box="[513,665,1627,1651]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.185" metricValueMax="1.39" metricValueMin="0.98" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" unit="mm" value="11.85" valueMax="13.9" valueMin="9.8">9.8–13.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
; body length: 5.4–8.0 mm; antenna 3.0–
|
||
<quantity id="4CB29B574A578506C401B866EBF3F9D2" box="[1117,1206,1627,1651]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="1" pageNumber="427" unit="mm" value="4.3">4.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A578506C09BB843EEC4F8EB" blockId="1.[151,1437,834,1978]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C09BB843EE55F937" bold="true" box="[199,272,1662,1687]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">Head:</emphasis>
|
||
antenna clavate, dorsally black with a few yellow scales at apex, gradually turning into yellow ventrally, tuft of black setae at tip of club; frons greyish brown; vertex covered with black and a few dirty yellow elongate scales, tiny patch of white scales adjacent to each complex eye just above antenna; complex eyes and ocelli brown; proboscis orange, well-developed, functional; labial palpus long and upturned, with elongate scales ventrally and apically, white with dark brown to black apex; pericephalic hairs white with a few yellow hairs dorsally and a few black hairs ventrally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A578506C09BB96BED87F81A" blockId="1.[151,1437,834,1978]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A578506C09BB96BEE6CF8CF" bold="true" box="[199,297,1878,1903]" pageId="1" pageNumber="427">Thorax:</emphasis>
|
||
patagia black; mesothorax anteriorly black with thin dirty yellow and a few white scales, mesopleura black with white stripe on upper margin; metathorax black; white hair-like scales protruding from close proximity to hind coxa and covering 1st abdominal segment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF35663A4A548505C0CBBA92EB70FB44" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244133/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="428" targetBox="[151,1436,179,1175]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A548505C0CBBA92EB70FB44" blockId="2.[151,1436,1199,1252]" pageId="2" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A548505C0CBBA92EE5DFB64" bold="true" box="[151,280,1199,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="428">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A548505C178BA92ED07FB65" box="[292,578,1199,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="428" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pahangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A548505C178BA92ED07FB65" box="[292,578,1199,1221]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="428">Heterosphecia pahangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in its typical resting position. Evident mimicry characteristics include: narrow, transparent wings, strongly tufted hind tibia, bright bands on the abdomen, clavate antenna.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A548505C09BBB36EBFCF93A" blockId="2.[151,1437,1291,2014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A548505C09BBB36EE4DFA84" bold="true" box="[199,264,1291,1316]" pageId="2" pageNumber="428">Legs:</emphasis>
|
||
fore, mid and hind femur smooth-scaled; fore and mid tibia and tarsus with elongate scales gradually shortening towards 5th tarsomere; fore coxa white, fore femur black distally and white basally; fore tibia black with a few white scales basally; tarsomeres proximal half white, distal half black; mid femur black externally and whiteyellow internally with a few white hair-like scales basally; mid tibia black with elongate, white to yellow spot subbasally; 1st tarsomere black with a white to yellow spot centrally, tarsomeres 2–5 black; spurs black; hind femur black externally and white-yellow internally with a few white hair-like scales basally; characteristic tufts of hairlike scales on entire hind tibia and 1st tarsomere: black scales with bands of blue sheen and a few white scales subbasally, golden-brown sheen and/or admixture of white or yellow scales; distal part of tibia and 1st tarsomere yellow in most specimens; tarsomeres 2–5 with slightly elongate black scales with admixture of white or yellow scales on 2nd tarsomere; spurs black, sometimes with golden-brown sheen.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35D76224A548505C3B8B860EB59F9D6" box="[996,1052,1629,1654]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="428">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
tibia and tarsus much longer than abdomen. All legs with blue sheen in sunlight (Supplementary video: time code 00:30–00:36).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A548505C09BB898EAC1F8A6" blockId="2.[151,1437,1291,2014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A548505C09BB898EE00F91E" bold="true" box="[199,325,1701,1726]" pageId="2" pageNumber="428">Abdomen:</emphasis>
|
||
smooth-scaled; black with blue sheen and well-defined, narrow white bands on distal margin of 2nd, 6th and 7th tergite and a white band (faint or well-defined) on distal margin of 5th tergite; sternites 1–7 black with white bands on distal margins; segment 8 black; anal tuft small, black, sometimes with a few yellow scales.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A548505C09BB92CEBA9F87E" blockId="2.[151,1437,1291,2014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="428">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A548505C09BB92CEE7DF88A" bold="true" box="[199,312,1809,1834]" pageId="2" pageNumber="428">Forewing</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13712A374A548505C113B92CEEDFF88A" box="[335,410,1809,1834]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1220,1242]" captionTargetBox="[200,1398,391,1193]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[183,1403,375,1198]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Wing venation of Heterosphecia pahangensis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244135/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="428">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
): well-developed transparent area covered with semi-hyaline scales with blue sheen (Supplementary video: TC 00:44–00:54); vein R5 absent, R3 and R4 separate basally, M1 extended to apex, CuA1 and CuA2 arising from common point, cross vein rugged, remnant of veins 1A+2A very short; veins, costal margin, Cu-stem and discal spot covered with black to dark brown scales; anterior transparent area (ATA) divided into three transparent areas; external transparent area (ETA) divided into 6 cells, out of which four between veins R3-R4+5, R4+5-M1; M1–M2 and M2–M
|
||
<date id="FFF410724A548505C231B9FBEDF5F87E" box="[621,688,1990,2014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="428">3 may</date>
|
||
have faint, narrow longitudinal stripes; cilia black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF35663A4A558504C0CBB826EC46F991" box="[151,771,1563,1585]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244134/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="429" targetBox="[151,1436,176,1488]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A558504C0CBB826EC46F991" blockId="3.[151,771,1563,1585]" box="[151,771,1563,1585]" pageId="3" pageNumber="429">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A558504C0CBB826EE57F990" bold="true" box="[151,274,1563,1585]" pageId="3" pageNumber="429">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A558504C145B826ED74F991" box="[281,561,1563,1585]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="429" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pahangensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A558504C145B826ED74F991" box="[281,561,1563,1585]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="429">Heterosphecia pahangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20D57DB4A558504C26BB821EDCDF991" box="[567,648,1564,1585]" pageId="3" pageNumber="429" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, holotype ♂
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A558504C09BB865EC16F97D" blockId="3.[151,1437,1624,2009]" pageId="3" pageNumber="429">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A558504C09BB865EE03F9D1" bold="true" box="[199,326,1624,1649]" pageId="3" pageNumber="429">Hindwing:</emphasis>
|
||
transparent, covered with semi-hyaline scales submarginally; vein M2 arising from about middle of cross-vein, distance between origin of vein CuA1 and M3 more than 7 times that between M3 and cross-vein, 1A well-developed, arising from 2A, remnant of veins 2A+3A fused distally; veins black to dark brown; discal spot very narrow, black; cilia black with a few white scales basally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A558504C09BB8D5EE14F8CD" blockId="3.[151,1437,1624,2009]" pageId="3" pageNumber="429">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A558504C09BB8D5EE36F8A1" bold="true" box="[199,371,1768,1793]" pageId="3" pageNumber="429">Male genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13712A374A558504C1DEB8D5EE8CF8A1" box="[386,457,1768,1793]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[161,1377,249,1467]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Male genitalia of Heterosphecia pahangensis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244136/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="429">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
): Valva broad with upturned distal portion, covered in long, pale brown setae; gnathos small, pointed distally; uncus covered in pale brown setae; tegumen somewhat narrowed distally; saccus quite long and thin, with flat or slightly bifurcate base; basal projection of sacculus ending with a spike; aedeagus about twice as long as valva.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A558504C09BB945EED5F831" blockId="3.[151,1437,1624,2009]" box="[199,400,1912,1937]" pageId="3" pageNumber="429">Female unknown.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A558503C09BB9A1EA6FFEE3" blockId="3.[151,1437,1624,2009]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,151,323]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="430" pageId="3" pageNumber="429">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A558504C09BB9A1EE7EF815" bold="true" box="[199,315,1948,1973]" pageId="3" pageNumber="429">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
Individuals vary markedly in size, as well as coloration of tufts on hind tibia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13712A374A558504C54EB9A1EA18F815" box="[1298,1373,1948,1973]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1993,2015]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1571,1971]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,1571,1971]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Colour variation of hind tibia tufts. Note the difference in the amount of yellow scales." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244137/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="429">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
): the characteristic yellow patch on distal part of tibia is not present in all of the specimens and varies in colour intensity; in all of the observed individuals most of the tuft is composed of black scales with a blue sheen here and there and a few white scales proximally, but these can be mixed with additional white or yellow scales and/or have a goldenbrown sheen, possible bands of blue sheen (visible on live individuals with erected scales on the tibia). The white band on the distal margin of 5th abdominal tergite can be well-defined or faint. Narrow longitudinal stripes between the veins of the external transparent area are usually absent, and were observed only in a few specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF35663A4A528503C0CBBAF9EDA8FB7A" box="[151,749,1220,1242]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244135/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="430" targetBox="[200,1398,391,1193]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A528503C0CBBAF9EDA8FB7A" blockId="4.[151,749,1220,1242]" box="[151,749,1220,1242]" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A528503C0CBBAF9EE57FB79" bold="true" box="[151,274,1220,1242]" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Wing venation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A528503C193BAF9EDA3FB7A" box="[463,742,1220,1242]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="430" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pahangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A528503C193BAF9EDA3FB7A" box="[463,742,1220,1242]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">Heterosphecia pahangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A528503C09BBB3BEEAFFA57" blockId="4.[151,1437,1286,1527]" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A528503C09BBB3BEE2BFABF" bold="true" box="[199,366,1286,1311]" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">DNA analysis</emphasis>
|
||
. Sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene, which is used as a genetic marker or “barcode” for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A528503C24DBB17EDDEFAE3" box="[529,667,1322,1347]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="430" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, among others, showed significant differences with related genera. The closest match is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A528503C1DABB72EDEBFAC7" box="[390,686,1359,1383]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="430" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bantanakai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A528503C1DABB72EDEBFAC7" box="[390,686,1359,1383]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">Heterosphecia bantanakai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BOLD specimen IDs CCDB-04687 E05 and CCDB-04609 H06) from the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A528503C164BB4FEEEEFA2B" box="[312,427,1394,1419]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="430" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Osminiini">Osminiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has a high value of 10% sequence divergence from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A528503C41EBB4EEA3DFA2B" box="[1090,1400,1395,1419]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="430" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pahangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A528503C41EBB4EEA3DFA2B" box="[1090,1400,1395,1419]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">Heterosphecia pahangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Three individuals were barcoded (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C803094A528503C245BBABED2BFA0F" box="[537,622,1430,1455]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,1574,1597]" captionTargetBox="[159,1402,1657,1998]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. GenBank and Barcode of Life (Ratnasingham & Hebert 2007) accession numbers to COI sequences of three specimens of Heterosphecia pahangensis and their closest match— Heterosphecia bantanakai." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF35663A4A528503C0CBB81BEBC3F9FD" pageId="4" pageNumber="430" tableUuid="DF35663A4A528503C0CBB81BEBC3F9FD">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Two of them yielded identical barcodes, whereas the third differed by nine nucleotides (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13712A374A528503C101BB87EEE4FA73" box="[349,417,1466,1491]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,649,671]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,627]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,627]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. DNA sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene of two Heterosphecia pahangensis individuals and the corresponding amino acid sequences. Differences are emboldened. Note the serine – glycine substitution. GenBank submission numbers: (A) KM 453982 (B) KM 453983." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244138/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, most of these substitutions were neutral, and the resulting amino acid sequence displayed only one difference.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF35663A4A528503C0CBB81BEBC3F9FD" ID-Table-UUID="DF35663A4A528503C0CBB81BEBC3F9FD" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF35663A4A528503C0CBB81BEBC3F9FD" pageId="4" pageNumber="430" targetBox="[159,1402,1657,1998]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A528503C0CBB81BEBC3F9FD" blockId="4.[151,1435,1574,1629]" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A528503C0CBB81BEE4FF99D" bold="true" box="[151,266,1574,1597]" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
GenBank and Barcode of Life (Ratnasingham & Hebert 2007) accession numbers to COI sequences of three specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A528503C175B878ED0AF9FD" box="[297,591,1605,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="430" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pahangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A528503C175B878ED0AF9FD" box="[297,591,1605,1629]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">Heterosphecia pahangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and their closest match—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A528503C33AB878EB3AF9FD" box="[870,1151,1605,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="430" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bantanakai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A528503C33AB878EB3AF9FD" box="[870,1151,1605,1629]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">Heterosphecia bantanakai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A528503C0C3B844EBEFF86E" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">
|
||
<table id="F94AC4124A527AF8C0C3B844EA3FF86E" box="[159,1402,1657,1998]" gridcols="5" gridrows="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">
|
||
<tr id="357A34F04A527AF8C0C3B844EA3FF90E" box="[159,1402,1657,1710]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">
|
||
<th id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C0C3B844EEF7F90E" box="[159,434,1657,1710]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">Specimen</th>
|
||
<th id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C19EB844ED33F90E" box="[450,630,1657,1710]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">GenBank accession number</th>
|
||
<th id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C2CDB844EC24F90E" box="[657,865,1657,1710]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">BOLD Specimen ID</th>
|
||
<th id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C32DB844EB53F90E" box="[881,1046,1657,1710]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">Colour of tuft on hind tibia</th>
|
||
<th id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C477B844EA3FF90E" box="[1067,1402,1657,1710]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">Location</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A34F04A527AF8C0C3B8FCEA3FF956" box="[159,1402,1729,1782]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">
|
||
<th id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C0C3B8FCEEF7F956" box="[159,434,1729,1782]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A528503C0C3B8FCEE5BF956" box="[159,306,1729,1782]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="430" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pahangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A528503C0C3B8FCEE5BF956" box="[159,306,1729,1782]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">Heterosphecia pahangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
♂ paratype #3
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C19EB8FCED33F956" box="[450,630,1729,1782]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">KM453983.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C2CDB8FCEC24F956" box="[657,865,1729,1782]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">GWOTK683-13</td>
|
||
<td id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C32DB8FCEB53F956" box="[881,1046,1729,1782]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">yellow</td>
|
||
<td id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C477B8FCEA3FF956" box="[1067,1402,1729,1782]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">Specimen utilized for wing and genitalia preparations</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A34F04A527AF8C0C3B934EA3FF89E" box="[159,1402,1801,1854]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">
|
||
<th id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C0C3B934EEF7F89E" box="[159,434,1801,1854]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A528503C0C3B934EE5BF89E" box="[159,306,1801,1854]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="430" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pahangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A528503C0C3B934EE5BF89E" box="[159,306,1801,1854]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">Heterosphecia pahangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
♂ paratype #4
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C19EB934ED33F89E" box="[450,630,1801,1854]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">KM453982.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C2CDB934EC24F89E" box="[657,865,1801,1854]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">GWOTL1123-13</td>
|
||
<td id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C32DB934EB53F89E" box="[881,1046,1801,1854]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">dark</td>
|
||
<td id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C477B934EA3FF89E" box="[1067,1402,1801,1854]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, private collection of Marta Skowron</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A34F04A527AF8C0C3B96CEA3FF826" box="[159,1402,1873,1926]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">
|
||
<th id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C0C3B96CEEF7F826" box="[159,434,1873,1926]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A528503C0C3B96CEE5BF826" box="[159,306,1873,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="430" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pahangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A528503C0C3B96CEE5BF826" box="[159,306,1873,1926]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">Heterosphecia pahangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
♂ paratype #5
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C19EB96CED33F826" box="[450,630,1873,1926]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">KM453984.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C2CDB96CEC24F826" box="[657,865,1873,1926]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">GWOTL1124-13</td>
|
||
<td id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C32DB96CEB53F826" box="[881,1046,1873,1926]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">dark</td>
|
||
<td id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C477B96CEA3FF826" box="[1067,1402,1873,1926]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, private collection of Marta Skowron</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A34F04A527AF8C0C3B9A4EA3FF86E" box="[159,1402,1945,1998]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">
|
||
<th id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C0C3B9A4EEF7F86E" box="[159,434,1945,1998]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A528503C0C3B9A4EEEFF80F" box="[159,426,1945,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="430" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bantanakai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A528503C0C3B9A4EEEFF80F" box="[159,426,1945,1967]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">Heterosphecia bantanakai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
♂
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C19EB9A4ED33F86E" box="[450,630,1945,1998]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">-</td>
|
||
<td id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C2CDB9A4EC24F86E" box="[657,865,1945,1998]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">CCDB-04687 E05</td>
|
||
<td id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C32DB9A4EB53F86E" box="[881,1046,1945,1998]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">-</td>
|
||
<td id="76AB5D8C4A527AF8C477B9A4EA3FF86E" box="[1067,1402,1945,1998]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="430">Research Collection of Arthur Lingenhoele</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF35663A4A538502C0CBBBE1EDAEFA52" box="[151,747,1500,1522]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244136/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="431" targetBox="[161,1377,249,1467]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A538502C0CBBBE1EDAEFA52" blockId="5.[151,747,1500,1522]" box="[151,747,1500,1522]" pageId="5" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A538502C0CBBBE1EE57FA51" bold="true" box="[151,274,1500,1522]" pageId="5" pageNumber="431">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Male genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A538502C190BBE1EDA2FA52" box="[460,743,1500,1522]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="431" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pahangensis">Heterosphecia pahangensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF35663A4A538502C0CBB9F4EBC2F87F" box="[151,1159,1993,2015]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244137/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="431" targetBox="[151,1436,1571,1971]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A538502C0CBB9F4EBC2F87F" blockId="5.[151,1159,1993,2015]" box="[151,1159,1993,2015]" pageId="5" pageNumber="431">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A538502C0CBB9F4EE57F87E" bold="true" box="[151,274,1993,2015]" pageId="5" pageNumber="431">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Colour variation of hind tibia tufts. Note the difference in the amount of yellow scales.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF35663A4A508501C0CBBCB4EC67FD7C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244138/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="432" targetBox="[151,1436,193,627]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A508501C0CBBCB4EC67FD7C" blockId="6.[151,1437,649,732]" pageId="6" pageNumber="432">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A508501C0CBBCB4EE50FD3E" bold="true" box="[151,277,649,671]" pageId="6" pageNumber="432">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
DNA sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene of two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A508501C4DEBCB4EADEFD3F" box="[1154,1435,649,671]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="432" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pahangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A508501C4DEBCB4EADEFD3F" box="[1154,1435,649,671]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="432">Heterosphecia pahangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
individuals and the corresponding amino acid sequences. Differences are emboldened. Note the serine – glycine substitution. GenBank submission numbers: (
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A508501C1BEBCFBEEB1FD7B" bold="true" box="[482,500,710,731]" pageId="6" pageNumber="432">A</emphasis>
|
||
) KM453982 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A508501C2DABCFBEDD2FD7B" bold="true" box="[646,663,710,731]" pageId="6" pageNumber="432">B</emphasis>
|
||
) KM453983.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF35663A4A508501C0CBB840EA56F933" box="[151,1299,1661,1683]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244139/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="432" targetBox="[150,1436,782,1639]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A508501C0CBB840EA56F933" blockId="6.[151,1299,1661,1683]" box="[151,1299,1661,1683]" pageId="6" pageNumber="432">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A508501C0CBB840EE57F932" bold="true" box="[151,274,1661,1683]" pageId="6" pageNumber="432">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Habitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A508501C1D9B840EDD9F933" box="[389,668,1661,1683]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="432" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pahangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A508501C1D9B840EDD9F933" box="[389,668,1661,1683]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="432">Heterosphecia pahangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: rocky river bank surrounded by a lowland dipterocarp forest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35065394A508500C09BB882ED4DFC4D" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="433" pageId="6" pageNumber="432" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A508501C09BB882EEB3F8E5" blockId="6.[151,1436,1727,2005]" pageId="6" pageNumber="432">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A508501C09BB882EEB5F978" bold="true" box="[199,496,1727,1752]" pageId="6" pageNumber="432">Distribution and habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Pahang State, Peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35D76224A508501C34EB882EC39F978" box="[786,892,1727,1752]" name="Malaysia" pageId="6" pageNumber="432">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Observed in six different locations very close to the Taman Negara National Park border, on rocky or sandy banks of the Tembeling and Tahan rivers running through a lowland dipterocarp forest, at elevations below
|
||
<quantity id="4CB29B574A508501C346B935EC25F8BF" box="[794,864,1800,1824]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="432" unit="m" value="130.0">130 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13712A374A508501C333B93AECF6F880" box="[879,947,1799,1824]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1661,1683]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,782,1639]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[150,1436,782,1640]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 7. Habitat of Heterosphecia pahangensis: rocky river bank surrounded by a lowland dipterocarp forest." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244139/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="432">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). Several individuals were seen in Kelantan on the Sungai Lebir river bank.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A508500C09BB972EE52FF57" blockId="6.[151,1436,1727,2005]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,1005]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="433" pageId="6" pageNumber="432">
|
||
This diurnal species flies from about 9h30 until 17–19h on sunny days, in full sunlight or half-shaded sites, at temperatures ranging from 28 to 32 degrees Celsius in the shade and humidity from 59% to 92%. At dusk, a few individuals were seen flying off into the forest. The likelihood of observations was dependent on water level — during heavy rains that caused flooding of the rocky beaches,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A508501C315B980ECB3F874" box="[841,1014,1980,2004]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="432" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pahangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A508501C315B980ECB3F874" box="[841,1014,1980,2004]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="432">H. pahangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was absent from its
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F188104A508501C487B980EA4EF875" box="[1243,1291,1981,2005]" pageId="6" pageNumber="432">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality. It is worth noting that during dry periods with very low water level,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A518500C334BEA4EB52FF10" box="[872,1047,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pahangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A518500C334BEA4EB52FF10" box="[872,1047,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="433">H. pahangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also absent. This might mean the sesiids appear in this location in search for certain minerals, which are present only on surfaces moistened by river water.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A518500C09BBF39EB77FD08" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="433">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A518500C09BBF39ED45FEBD" bold="true" box="[199,512,260,285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="433">Behaviour and bionomics.</emphasis>
|
||
The new species was found in August (but was also observed in June and July in the following year), mud-puddling on a rocky river bank (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13712A374A518500C379BF1AEC2CFEE0" box="[805,873,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1926,1948]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,1057,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[150,1436,1057,1905]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 8. Puddling behaviour on quartz. Males of different species of Lepidoptera are often observed feeding on mud, sand or organic matter in order to obtain sodium and proteins, which probably increase reproductive success. The discovered species was found licking quartz cobbles on a river bank." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244140/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="433">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
, Supplementary video: TC 00:06–01:53), often in large numbers. Mud-puddling, or simply puddling, serves the purpose of gaining essential nutrients, such as sodium or proteins (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B434A518500C1DDBF52ED0DFE28" author="Beck" box="[385,584,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="433" refString="Beck, J., Muhlenberg, E. & Fiedler, K. (1999) Mud-puddling behavior in tropical butterflies: in search of proteins or minerals? Oecologia, 119, 140 - 148. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 004420050770" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Beck
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A518500C19ABF4CED47FE28" box="[454,514,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="433">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Previous studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B434A518500C376BF52ECF4FE28" author="Adler" box="[810,945,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="433" refString="Adler, P. H. (1982) Soil- and puddle-visiting habits of moths. Journal of Lepidopterists' Society, 36 (3), 161 - 173." type="journal article" year="1982">Adler 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B434A518500C39CBF4DEB88FE28" author="Boggs" box="[960,1229,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="433" refString="Boggs, C. L. & Jackson, L. A. (1991) Mud puddling by butterlies is not a simple matter. Ecological Entomology, 16, 123 - 127. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1991. tb 00199. x" type="journal article" year="1991">Boggs & Jackson 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) have shown that puddling behaviour is typical for male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A518500C209BFA9ED99FE0D" box="[597,732,404,429]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and occurs very rarely among females. Unsurprisingly, all of the captured specimens were males. It has also been previously noted that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A518500C3ABBF8AEB3BFE70" box="[1015,1150,439,464]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
eject an excess of water during puddling.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A518500C13FBFE1EDD8FE54" box="[355,669,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pahangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A518500C13FBFE1EDD8FE54" box="[355,669,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="433">Heterosphecia pahangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also displayed such behaviour (Supplementary video: TC 01:36, 01:38). Individuals most preferably fed on yellow quartz cobbles and pebbles (from river sediments) with traces of feldspars, but also on sand, mud and in one case on organic matter, most likely feces. A salt (NaCl) solution was experimentally poured on several cobbles, these rocks seemed to be preferred by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A518500C474BC74EB93FDC0" box="[1064,1238,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pahangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A518500C474BC74EB93FDC0" box="[1064,1238,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="433">H. pahangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Baits containing honey solutions, as well as commercially available pheromone lures (lures alone, not encased in a trap) were also placed at the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F188104A518500C177BCADEE1EFD08" box="[299,347,656,680]" pageId="7" pageNumber="433">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, however,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A518500C26CBCACED9BFD08" box="[560,734,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pahangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A518500C26CBCACED9BFD08" box="[560,734,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="433">H. pahangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showed no attraction to them.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A518500C09BBC89ED4DFC4D" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="433">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A518500C09BBC89ED45FD6C" box="[199,512,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Sesiidae" genus="Heterosphecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pahangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A518500C09BBC89ED45FD6C" box="[199,512,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="433">Heterosphecia pahangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
displays distinct behavioural mimicry. Its jerky flight closely resembles that of bees (Supplementary video: TC 02:01–03:27). In addition, the tufted hind legs described above are not used for motion. Some individuals have been observed to use them to drive away conspecifics during mud-puddling (Supplementary video: TC 01:09) but they seem to serve mainly for mimicry. The yellow bands present in some individuals on the hind tibia are most probably an imitation of the corbicula (pollen basket) of bees. During flight hind legs are left hanging downwards and the abdomen is pointed upwards (Supplementary video: TC 03:18– 03:24). Due to their mimic behaviour and morphology, it is very difficult at first glance to distinguish these sesiids from bees, which occur in the same habitat in large numbers. This species rests with its wings folded back. The larval hostplant is unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF35663A4A518500C0CBB9BBEDCEF879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/244140/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="433" targetBox="[150,1436,1057,1904]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A518500C0CBB9BBEDCEF879" blockId="7.[151,1436,1926,2009]" pageId="7" pageNumber="433">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A518500C0CBB9BBEE56F83B" bold="true" box="[151,275,1926,1948]" pageId="7" pageNumber="433">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Puddling behaviour on quartz. Males of different species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D314A518500C321B9BBECB2F83C" box="[893,1015,1926,1948]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
are often observed feeding on mud, sand or organic matter in order to obtain sodium and proteins, which probably increase reproductive success. The discovered species was found licking quartz cobbles on a river bank.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35065394A5E850FC09BBEAAEB7CFEE0" pageId="8" pageNumber="434" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A5E850FC09BBEAAEA6BFF10" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,320]" box="[199,1326,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="434">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A5E850FC09BBEAAEE0BFF10" bold="true" box="[199,334,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="434">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The name derives from the state Pahang in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35D76224A5E850FC366BEAAECE6FF10" box="[826,931,151,176]" name="Malaysia" pageId="8" pageNumber="434">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where the species was discovered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF536B24A5E850FC09BBE81EB7CFEE0" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,320]" pageId="8" pageNumber="434">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93EEAA04A5E850FC09BBE81EEA4FF75" bold="true" box="[199,481,188,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="434">Authors’ contributions.</emphasis>
|
||
M.S. discovered and described the new species from Peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35D76224A5E850FC49DBE81EA6EFF75" box="[1217,1323,188,213]" name="Malaysia" pageId="8" pageNumber="434">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, collected the specimens, took measurements, made photographic and video documentation, prepared dissections and slide mounts, analysed DNA sequencing results, wrote the manuscript and named the species. S.A.H. assisted in expedition logistics. G.W. provided research consulting. B.M. assisted in sampling.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |