245 lines
37 KiB
XML
245 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="D5EE2CD7C7346DC6A27DE8DC5FDCDA52" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.157611" ID-GBIF-Dataset="35c189af-bf5b-4725-b573-701ce911ce36" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="157611" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461011122412" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hooge, Matthew D., Smith, Julian P. S. & Iii" docDate="2004" docId="03CE390F561CFF97FEC3CC8333903690" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00442.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 442" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Anaperus singularis Hooge, Smith & Iii, 2004, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="FFF74177561DFF92FFCBC81F304F334B" masterDocTitle="New acoels (Acoela, Acoelomorpha) from North Carolina" masterLastPageNumber="24" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1698567377031" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="441FB7514E7A358A017BBB7F4A0E7B1C">
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<mods:title id="BF94E5BBC6EE69B087768C906FE41E6F">New acoels (Acoela, Acoelomorpha) from North Carolina</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="7C97507AB03128BB831E4889AAD70347" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="482A61406450F7262CEEBA007091FA3F">Hooge, Matthew D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="636FD70B5F787FF6575948E4CEE0F7E4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="225390EB92DE772E970E6E2B5FD78A0D">Smith, Julian P. S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="82E2B3F8995F9A92B0DB3507A7D27631">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D66B14F10F79B6304129CC3311F0BA9B">Iii</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="37DF1BBA78443E2436DBD4D81BC918F1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="F411D9E94535C6E2FD36C4725406CD56">
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<mods:date id="B5B9049A3A4F3B6BE0BE618E8C9CE161">2004</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="40D3A53E0961CDC3C05C3DFE61614AB3">442</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="93E1E95E89298B67EFECE577A4EEBE89" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.157611</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03CE390F561CFF97FEC3CC8333903690" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6273402" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119600229" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6273402" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CE390F561CFF97FEC3CC8333903690" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CE390F561CFF97FEC3CC8333903690" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<subSubSection id="C37DDB92561CFF93FEC3CC8332A337FD" box="[264,748,1180,1206]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD88819561CFF93FEC3CC8332A337FD" blockId="1.[264,748,1110,1206]" box="[264,748,1180,1206]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<heading id="D0903F75561CFF93FEC3CC8332A337FD" bold="true" box="[264,748,1180,1206]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B913540B561CFF93FEC3CC8332A337FD" bold="true" box="[264,748,1180,1206]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C67F39A561CFF93FEC3CC8331B237FD" box="[264,509,1180,1206]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Anaperus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="singularis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B913540B561CFF93FEC3CC8331B237FD" bold="true" box="[264,509,1180,1206]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Anaperus singularis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A220E970561CFF93FDCFCC83322D37FD" box="[516,610,1180,1206]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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||
(
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<figureCitation id="135C949C561CFF93FDB9CC8332AC37FD" box="[626,739,1180,1206]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="1.[264,368,1654,1678]" captionStartId-1="3.[264,368,1777,1801]" captionStartId-2="4.[264,368,1598,1622]" captionTargetBox-1="[454,1142,684,1766]" captionTargetBox-2="[302,1284,313,1582]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[451,1145,684,1769]" captionTargetId-2="figure@4.[302,1286,311,1583]" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Anaperus singularis sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Dorsal reconstruction of whole specimen with paired ovaries and unpaired eggs. B. Dorsal reconstruction of whole specimen with paired ovaries and paired eggs. C. Sagittal reconstruction of whole organism. D. Sagittal reconstruction of reproductive structures. a, adenodactyls; bn, bursal nozzle; cop, male copulatory apparatus; e, egg; fg, frontal gland; gl, gland cell secretions; m, mouth; mg, mucoid gland; mgp, male gonopore; mw, muscular wall surrounding penis; pmg, mucoid glands of male gonopore; sb, seminal bursa; sp, sperm; st, statocyst; t, testes; v, vacuole." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Anaperus singularis sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimen. A. Wholemount. B. Focus on epidermal cells and mucoid glands. C. Gland secretions in body wall. D. Dorsal view of posterior. a, adenodactyls; bn, bursal nozzle; cop, male copulatory apparatus; e, egg; mg, mucoid glands; sb, seminal bursa; sp, sperm." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Anaperus singularis sp. nov.; photomicrographs. A. Sagittal histological section. B. Sagittal histological section of posterior. C. Wholemount stained with Alexa 488 labeled phalloidin and viewed with confocal microscopy. Projection of musculature associated with male copulatory organ. a, adenodactyl; bn, bursal nozzle; cop, male copulatory apparatus; e, egg; mg, mucoid glands; p, penis; sb, seminal bursa; sp, sperm." httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/168887/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/168888/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37DDB92561CFF93FEC3CCF932DD350A" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BD88819561CFF93FEC3CCF931143632" blockId="1.[264,1323,1254,1601]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="B913540B561CFF93FEC3CCF931F6364B" bold="true" box="[264,441,1254,1280]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<typeStatus id="54DC36BB561CFF93FEC3CCF9310C364B" box="[264,323,1254,1280]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
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Material
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</emphasis>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54DC36BB561CFF93FE1ECCF8320B364A" box="[469,580,1255,1281]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
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.
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<collectionCode id="ED7610DC561CFF93FD9BCCF832E5364A" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[592,682,1255,1281]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">AMNH</collectionCode>
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<collectionCode id="ED7610DC561CFF93FD78CCF83341364A" box="[691,782,1255,1281]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">PLATY</collectionCode>
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1642 and
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<collectionCode id="ED7610DC561CFF93FC45CCF833A7364A" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[910,1000,1255,1281]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">AMNH</collectionCode>
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<collectionCode id="ED7610DC561CFF93FC3ACCF83403364A" box="[1009,1100,1255,1281]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">PLATY</collectionCode>
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1643, two sets of 1.5µmthick serial sagittal sections of epoxyembedded specimens stained with toluidine blue, collected
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<date id="FFD9AED9561CFF93FE0BCD283228361A" box="[448,615,1335,1361]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" value="2002-10">October 2002</date>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54DC36BB561CFF93FD4BCD2832A5361A" box="[640,746,1335,1361]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
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.
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<collectionCode id="ED7610DC561CFF93FD33CD28331D361A" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[760,850,1335,1361]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">AMNH</collectionCode>
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<collectionCode id="ED7610DC561CFF93FC97CD2833F8361A" box="[860,951,1335,1361]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">PLATY</collectionCode>
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1644, epoxyembedded whole mount.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD88819561CFF93FEF3CD9933343682" blockId="1.[264,1323,1254,1601]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="B913540B561CFF93FEF3CD9931AA36EB" bold="true" box="[312,485,1414,1440]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<typeStatus id="54DC36BB561CFF93FEF3CD99313A36EB" box="[312,373,1414,1440]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
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Locality
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</emphasis>
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. Oak Island, NC, from shallow subtidal medium grained sand at the Lockwoods Folly Inlet (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE53EEDE561CFF93FDE8CDB032F03682" box="[547,703,1455,1481]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" precision="15" value="33.9175">33° 55' 03"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE53EEDE561CFF93FD00CDB033213682" box="[715,878,1455,1481]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" precision="15" value="-78.23278">78° 13' 58"W</geoCoordinate>
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).
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BD88819561CFF93FEF3CDC932DD350A" blockId="1.[264,1323,1254,1601]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="B913540B561CFF93FEF3CDC932CB36BB" bold="true" box="[312,644,1494,1520]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Other Material Examined</emphasis>
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. Living specimens in squeeze preparations; set of 1.5 µmthick serial sagittal sections of epoxyembeded specimen; one whole mount for fluorescence imaging of musculature.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<caption id="DF18D891561CFF93FEC3CE6934033416" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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||
<paragraph id="8BD88819561CFF93FEC3CE6934033416" blockId="1.[264,1323,1654,1885]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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||
<emphasis id="B913540B561CFF93FEC3CE6931C535C5" bold="true" box="[264,394,1654,1678]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C67F39A561CFF93FE5DCE68322235C5" box="[406,621,1655,1678]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Anaperus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="singularis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B913540B561CFF93FE5DCE68322235C5" box="[406,621,1655,1678]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Anaperus singularis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A220E970561CFF93FDB8CE69328735C5" box="[627,712,1654,1678]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="species">
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||
<emphasis id="B913540B561CFF93FDB8CE69328735C5" bold="true" box="[627,712,1654,1678]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">sp. nov.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Dorsal reconstruction of whole specimen with paired ovaries and unpaired eggs. B. Dorsal reconstruction of whole specimen with paired ovaries and paired eggs. C. Sagittal reconstruction of whole organism. D. Sagittal reconstruction of reproductive structures. a, adenodactyls; bn, bursal nozzle; cop, male copulatory apparatus; e, egg; fg, frontal gland; gl, gland cell secretions; m, mouth; mg, mucoid gland; mgp, male gonopore; mw, muscular wall surrounding penis; pmg, mucoid glands of male gonopore; sb, seminal bursa; sp, sperm; st, statocyst; t, testes; v, vacuole.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C37DDB92561EFF91FEF3C90433B732CD" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BD88819561EFF91FEF3C90432EB3215" blockId="3.[264,1323,283,630]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B913540B561EFF91FEF3C90431F2327E" bold="true" box="[312,445,283,309]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Etymology</emphasis>
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. Species name comes from the Latin
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<taxonomicName id="4C67F39A561EFF91FC44C903344B327E" box="[911,1028,284,309]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Anaperus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="singularis">
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<emphasis id="B913540B561EFF91FC44C903344B327E" box="[911,1028,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">singularis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, alone, and refers to the single bursal nozzle in this species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD88819561EFF91FEF3C97433B732CD" blockId="3.[264,1323,283,630]" box="[312,1016,363,390]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B913540B561EFF91FEF3C97431F632CE" bold="true" box="[312,441,363,389]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Synonyms</emphasis>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C67F39A561EFF91FE0CC973327832CE" box="[455,567,364,389]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Anaperus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B913540B561EFF91FE0CC973327832CE" box="[455,567,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Anaperus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp.:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF6F5E8561EFF91FDA4C97332B532CD" author="Smith" box="[623,762,364,390]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Smith, J. P. S. (1981) Fine-structural anatomy of the parenchyma in the Acoela and Nemertodermatida (Turbellaria). Ph. D. Thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC." type="book" year="1981">Smith 1981</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF6F5E8561EFF91FCCDC97333BB32CD" author="Smith" box="[774,1012,364,390]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Smith, J. P. S. & Tyler, S. (1985) The acoel turbellarians: kingpins of metazoan evolution or a specialized offshoot? In: Conway-Morris, S., George, J. D., Gibson, R. & Platt, H. M. (Eds) The Origins and Relationships of Lower Invertebrates, Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 123 - 142." type="book chapter" year="1985">Smith & Tyler 1985</bibRefCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C37DDB92561EFF97FEF3C98C346A37D0" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD88819561EFF91FEF3C98C33B5329D" blockId="3.[264,1323,283,630]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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||
<emphasis id="B913540B561EFF91FEF3C98C318632E6" bold="true" box="[312,457,403,429]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Description</emphasis>
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. Mature specimens ~1100 µm long and ~200 µm wide (
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<figureCitation id="135C949C561EFF91FB45C98B34AC32E5" box="[1166,1251,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[264,368,1654,1678]" captionText="FIGURE 1. Anaperus singularis sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Dorsal reconstruction of whole specimen with paired ovaries and unpaired eggs. B. Dorsal reconstruction of whole specimen with paired ovaries and paired eggs. C. Sagittal reconstruction of whole organism. D. Sagittal reconstruction of reproductive structures. a, adenodactyls; bn, bursal nozzle; cop, male copulatory apparatus; e, egg; fg, frontal gland; gl, gland cell secretions; m, mouth; mg, mucoid gland; mgp, male gonopore; mw, muscular wall surrounding penis; pmg, mucoid glands of male gonopore; sb, seminal bursa; sp, sperm; st, statocyst; t, testes; v, vacuole." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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||
,
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||
<figureCitation id="135C949C561EFF91FB3DC98B354932E5" box="[1270,1286,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,368,1777,1801]" captionTargetBox="[454,1142,684,1766]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[451,1145,684,1769]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Anaperus singularis sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimen. A. Wholemount. B. Focus on epidermal cells and mucoid glands. C. Gland secretions in body wall. D. Dorsal view of posterior. a, adenodactyls; bn, bursal nozzle; cop, male copulatory apparatus; e, egg; mg, mucoid glands; sb, seminal bursa; sp, sperm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168887/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2</figureCitation>
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A). Body somewhat flattened. Anterior and posterior ends rounded.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD88819561EFF91FEF3C9FB31A5313D" blockId="3.[264,1323,283,630]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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||
Epidermis completely ciliated. By transmitted light epidermis reddishbrown in color due to pigment granules. Reddishorange rodshaped gland secretions present in long tracts underneath ventral epidermis (
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<figureCitation id="135C949C561EFF91FD73CA2B32B03105" box="[696,767,564,590]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,368,1777,1801]" captionTargetBox="[454,1142,684,1766]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[451,1145,684,1769]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Anaperus singularis sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimen. A. Wholemount. B. Focus on epidermal cells and mucoid glands. C. Gland secretions in body wall. D. Dorsal view of posterior. a, adenodactyls; bn, bursal nozzle; cop, male copulatory apparatus; e, egg; mg, mucoid glands; sb, seminal bursa; sp, sperm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168887/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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C). Scattered mucoid glands present in epithelium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135C949C561EFF91FE86CA4331DB313D" box="[333,404,604,630]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,368,1777,1801]" captionTargetBox="[454,1142,684,1766]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[451,1145,684,1769]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Anaperus singularis sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimen. A. Wholemount. B. Focus on epidermal cells and mucoid glands. C. Gland secretions in body wall. D. Dorsal view of posterior. a, adenodactyls; bn, bursal nozzle; cop, male copulatory apparatus; e, egg; mg, mucoid glands; sb, seminal bursa; sp, sperm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168887/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B, 3A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF18D891561EFF91FEC3CEEE3305343B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168887/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[454,1142,684,1766]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD88819561EFF91FEC3CEEE3305343B" blockId="3.[264,1325,1777,1904]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913540B561EFF91FEC3CEEE31C03442" bold="true" box="[264,399,1777,1801]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C67F39A561EFF91FE6DCEEE32CC3443" box="[422,643,1777,1800]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Anaperus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="singularis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913540B561EFF91FE6DCEEE32CC3443" box="[422,643,1777,1800]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Anaperus singularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A220E970561EFF91FD45CEEE32A73442" box="[654,744,1777,1801]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913540B561EFF91FD45CEEE32A73442" bold="true" box="[654,744,1777,1801]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
; photomicrographs of living specimen. A. Wholemount. B. Focus on epidermal cells and mucoid glands. C. Gland secretions in body wall. D. Dorsal view of posterior. a, adenodactyls; bn, bursal nozzle; cop, male copulatory apparatus; e, egg; mg, mucoid glands; sb, seminal bursa; sp, sperm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF18D8915619FF96FEC3CE2132BE35AB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168888/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[302,1284,313,1582]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD888195619FF96FEC3CE2132BE35AB" blockId="4.[264,1323,1598,1760]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913540B5619FF96FEC3CE2131C4351D" bold="true" box="[264,395,1598,1622]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C67F39A5619FF96FE52CE20323D351D" box="[409,626,1599,1622]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Anaperus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="singularis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913540B5619FF96FE52CE20323D351D" box="[409,626,1599,1622]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Anaperus singularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A220E9705619FF96FDB2CE213280351D" box="[633,719,1598,1622]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913540B5619FF96FDB2CE213280351D" bold="true" box="[633,719,1598,1622]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
; photomicrographs. A. Sagittal histological section. B. Sagittal histological section of posterior. C. Wholemount stained with Alexa488labeled phalloidin and viewed with confocal microscopy. Projection of musculature associated with male copulatory organ. a, adenodactyl; bn, bursal nozzle; cop, male copulatory apparatus; e, egg; mg, mucoid glands; p, penis; sb, seminal bursa; sp, sperm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD888195619FF97FEF3CF1034F932ED" blockId="4.[264,1321,1807,1870]" lastBlockId="5.[264,1324,284,1499]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Bodywall musculature with circular muscles that encircle the body along entire length of animal; straight longitudinal muscles present between frontal organ and anterior edge of mouth; longitudinal muscles with a longitudinal orientation anteriorly that bend medially to cross diagonally over the body (longitudinalcrossover fibers present in dorsal body wall; longitudinal muscles in the anterior half of body that wrap around the posterior rim of mouth (Ushaped muscles) present in ventral body wall (data not shown).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD888195618FF97FEF3C9AE335D32B8" blockId="5.[264,1324,284,1499]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Frontal organ well developed; cell bodies of frontal glands positioned ~200 µm behind frontal pore in fixed specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135C949C5618FF97FD4FC9C6328A32B8" box="[644,709,473,499]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[264,368,1654,1678]" captionText="FIGURE 1. Anaperus singularis sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Dorsal reconstruction of whole specimen with paired ovaries and unpaired eggs. B. Dorsal reconstruction of whole specimen with paired ovaries and paired eggs. C. Sagittal reconstruction of whole organism. D. Sagittal reconstruction of reproductive structures. a, adenodactyls; bn, bursal nozzle; cop, male copulatory apparatus; e, egg; fg, frontal gland; gl, gland cell secretions; m, mouth; mg, mucoid gland; mgp, male gonopore; mw, muscular wall surrounding penis; pmg, mucoid glands of male gonopore; sb, seminal bursa; sp, sperm; st, statocyst; t, testes; v, vacuole." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD888195618FF97FEF3CA1E33A43108" blockId="5.[264,1324,284,1499]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Mouth opening on ventral surface, middle of body. Several examined specimens had conspicuous vacuole in immediate vicinity of mouth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135C949C5618FF97FC4BCA36338C3108" box="[896,963,553,579]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[264,368,1654,1678]" captionText="FIGURE 1. Anaperus singularis sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Dorsal reconstruction of whole specimen with paired ovaries and unpaired eggs. B. Dorsal reconstruction of whole specimen with paired ovaries and paired eggs. C. Sagittal reconstruction of whole organism. D. Sagittal reconstruction of reproductive structures. a, adenodactyls; bn, bursal nozzle; cop, male copulatory apparatus; e, egg; fg, frontal gland; gl, gland cell secretions; m, mouth; mg, mucoid gland; mgp, male gonopore; mw, muscular wall surrounding penis; pmg, mucoid glands of male gonopore; sb, seminal bursa; sp, sperm; st, statocyst; t, testes; v, vacuole." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD888195618FF97FEF3CA4E331831D8" blockId="5.[264,1324,284,1499]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Ovaries paired, ventral. Egg strands paired or unpaired; extend from position anterior of mouth posteriorly to bursal nozzle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135C949C5618FF97FD00CA66335931D8" box="[715,790,633,659]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[264,368,1654,1678]" captionText="FIGURE 1. Anaperus singularis sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Dorsal reconstruction of whole specimen with paired ovaries and unpaired eggs. B. Dorsal reconstruction of whole specimen with paired ovaries and paired eggs. C. Sagittal reconstruction of whole organism. D. Sagittal reconstruction of reproductive structures. a, adenodactyls; bn, bursal nozzle; cop, male copulatory apparatus; e, egg; fg, frontal gland; gl, gland cell secretions; m, mouth; mg, mucoid gland; mgp, male gonopore; mw, muscular wall surrounding penis; pmg, mucoid glands of male gonopore; sb, seminal bursa; sp, sperm; st, statocyst; t, testes; v, vacuole." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs.1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="135C949C5618FF97FCE9CA66337F31D8" box="[802,816,633,659]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[264,368,1598,1622]" captionTargetBox="[302,1284,313,1582]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[302,1286,311,1583]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Anaperus singularis sp. nov.; photomicrographs. A. Sagittal histological section. B. Sagittal histological section of posterior. C. Wholemount stained with Alexa 488 labeled phalloidin and viewed with confocal microscopy. Projection of musculature associated with male copulatory organ. a, adenodactyl; bn, bursal nozzle; cop, male copulatory apparatus; e, egg; mg, mucoid glands; p, penis; sb, seminal bursa; sp, sperm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168888/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3</figureCitation>
|
||
A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD888195618FF97FEF3CABE347931A8" blockId="5.[264,1324,284,1499]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Testes paired, lateral to eggs, follicular; separate from ovary. Testes extend from position near level of mouth posteriorly to level of bursal nozzle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135C949C5618FF97FC2BCAD6346A31A8" box="[992,1061,713,739]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[264,368,1654,1678]" captionText="FIGURE 1. Anaperus singularis sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Dorsal reconstruction of whole specimen with paired ovaries and unpaired eggs. B. Dorsal reconstruction of whole specimen with paired ovaries and paired eggs. C. Sagittal reconstruction of whole organism. D. Sagittal reconstruction of reproductive structures. a, adenodactyls; bn, bursal nozzle; cop, male copulatory apparatus; e, egg; fg, frontal gland; gl, gland cell secretions; m, mouth; mg, mucoid gland; mgp, male gonopore; mw, muscular wall surrounding penis; pmg, mucoid glands of male gonopore; sb, seminal bursa; sp, sperm; st, statocyst; t, testes; v, vacuole." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD888195618FF97FEF3CAEE320D3078" blockId="5.[264,1324,284,1499]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Female gonopore absent. Unwalled seminal bursa leads to curved bursal nozzle ~40 µm long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135C949C5618FF97FEB0CB0631833078" box="[379,460,793,819]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[264,368,1654,1678]" captionText="FIGURE 1. Anaperus singularis sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Dorsal reconstruction of whole specimen with paired ovaries and unpaired eggs. B. Dorsal reconstruction of whole specimen with paired ovaries and paired eggs. C. Sagittal reconstruction of whole organism. D. Sagittal reconstruction of reproductive structures. a, adenodactyls; bn, bursal nozzle; cop, male copulatory apparatus; e, egg; fg, frontal gland; gl, gland cell secretions; m, mouth; mg, mucoid gland; mgp, male gonopore; mw, muscular wall surrounding penis; pmg, mucoid glands of male gonopore; sb, seminal bursa; sp, sperm; st, statocyst; t, testes; v, vacuole." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="135C949C5618FF97FE10CB0631A53078" box="[475,490,793,819]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,368,1777,1801]" captionTargetBox="[454,1142,684,1766]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[451,1145,684,1769]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Anaperus singularis sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimen. A. Wholemount. B. Focus on epidermal cells and mucoid glands. C. Gland secretions in body wall. D. Dorsal view of posterior. a, adenodactyls; bn, bursal nozzle; cop, male copulatory apparatus; e, egg; mg, mucoid glands; sb, seminal bursa; sp, sperm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168887/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2</figureCitation>
|
||
D, 3A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD888195618FF97FEF3CB5E346A37D0" blockId="5.[264,1324,284,1499]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Male gonopore ventral at posterior end of body. Pore surrounded by mucoid glands that stain pink in toluidine blue. Male copulatory organ composed of a loose arrangement of muscles surrounding a small muscular penis. Copulatory organ surrounded by strands of darkly staining glandular secretions (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135C949C5618FF97FD14CBA633613098" box="[735,814,953,979]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[264,368,1654,1678]" captionText="FIGURE 1. Anaperus singularis sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Dorsal reconstruction of whole specimen with paired ovaries and unpaired eggs. B. Dorsal reconstruction of whole specimen with paired ovaries and paired eggs. C. Sagittal reconstruction of whole organism. D. Sagittal reconstruction of reproductive structures. a, adenodactyls; bn, bursal nozzle; cop, male copulatory apparatus; e, egg; fg, frontal gland; gl, gland cell secretions; m, mouth; mg, mucoid gland; mgp, male gonopore; mw, muscular wall surrounding penis; pmg, mucoid glands of male gonopore; sb, seminal bursa; sp, sperm; st, statocyst; t, testes; v, vacuole." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C, 2D, 3B). Several actinrich stimulatory organs known as adenodactyls also present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135C949C5618FF97FCFECBFE33C230B0" box="[821,909,993,1019]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[264,368,1654,1678]" captionText="FIGURE 1. Anaperus singularis sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Dorsal reconstruction of whole specimen with paired ovaries and unpaired eggs. B. Dorsal reconstruction of whole specimen with paired ovaries and paired eggs. C. Sagittal reconstruction of whole organism. D. Sagittal reconstruction of reproductive structures. a, adenodactyls; bn, bursal nozzle; cop, male copulatory apparatus; e, egg; fg, frontal gland; gl, gland cell secretions; m, mouth; mg, mucoid gland; mgp, male gonopore; mw, muscular wall surrounding penis; pmg, mucoid glands of male gonopore; sb, seminal bursa; sp, sperm; st, statocyst; t, testes; v, vacuole." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="135C949C5618FF97FC69CBFE33FE30B0" box="[930,945,993,1019]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,368,1777,1801]" captionTargetBox="[454,1142,684,1766]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[451,1145,684,1769]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Anaperus singularis sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimen. A. Wholemount. B. Focus on epidermal cells and mucoid glands. C. Gland secretions in body wall. D. Dorsal view of posterior. a, adenodactyls; bn, bursal nozzle; cop, male copulatory apparatus; e, egg; mg, mucoid glands; sb, seminal bursa; sp, sperm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168887/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2</figureCitation>
|
||
D, 3B, C). Two adenodactyls present anterior to copulatory organ; extend through the ventral epidermis anterior to the male gonopore. Large adenodactyl positioned immediately behind copulatory organ; opens into male antrum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135C949C5618FF97FDE1CC4632343738" box="[554,635,1113,1139]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[264,368,1654,1678]" captionText="FIGURE 1. Anaperus singularis sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Dorsal reconstruction of whole specimen with paired ovaries and unpaired eggs. B. Dorsal reconstruction of whole specimen with paired ovaries and paired eggs. C. Sagittal reconstruction of whole organism. D. Sagittal reconstruction of reproductive structures. a, adenodactyls; bn, bursal nozzle; cop, male copulatory apparatus; e, egg; fg, frontal gland; gl, gland cell secretions; m, mouth; mg, mucoid gland; mgp, male gonopore; mw, muscular wall surrounding penis; pmg, mucoid glands of male gonopore; sb, seminal bursa; sp, sperm; st, statocyst; t, testes; v, vacuole." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="135C949C5618FF97FD42CC4632D73738" box="[649,664,1113,1139]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[264,368,1598,1622]" captionTargetBox="[302,1284,313,1582]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[302,1286,311,1583]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Anaperus singularis sp. nov.; photomicrographs. A. Sagittal histological section. B. Sagittal histological section of posterior. C. Wholemount stained with Alexa 488 labeled phalloidin and viewed with confocal microscopy. Projection of musculature associated with male copulatory organ. a, adenodactyl; bn, bursal nozzle; cop, male copulatory apparatus; e, egg; mg, mucoid glands; p, penis; sb, seminal bursa; sp, sperm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168888/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3</figureCitation>
|
||
B, C). Additional adenodactyls, flanking lateral sides of male copulatory organ present in some specimens (data not shown).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37DDB925618FF97FEF3CCB633903690" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD888195618FF97FEF3CCB633903690" blockId="5.[264,1324,284,1499]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913540B5618FF97FEF3CCB631FE3788" bold="true" box="[312,433,1193,1219]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
This species is placed in the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C67F39A5618FF97FCA9CCB633A63788" box="[866,1001,1193,1219]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Anaperidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="family">Anaperidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
due to the presence of needlelike adenodactyls. The presence of a bursal nozzle along with an unwalled seminal bursa is characteristic of members of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C67F39A5618FF97FCF3CCE633E73659" box="[824,936,1273,1298]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Anaperus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913540B5618FF97FCF3CCE633E73659" box="[824,936,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Anaperus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Like other anaperids, the adenodactyls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C67F39A5618FF97FE5ACD3E32313671" box="[401,638,1313,1338]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Anaperus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="singularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913540B5618FF97FE5ACD3E32313671" box="[401,638,1313,1338]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Anaperus singularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are closely associated with gland cells, and our phalloidin stained specimen reveals that the adenodactyls in this species also contain a considerable amount of actin. Besides having a unique arrangement of adenodactyls,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C67F39A5618FF97FBBECD6E354236C1" box="[1141,1293,1393,1418]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Anaperus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="singularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913540B5618FF97FBBECD6E354236C1" box="[1141,1293,1393,1418]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. singularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished from all other known species in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C67F39A5618FF97FC6FCD86345B36F9" box="[932,1044,1433,1458]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Cucumariidae" genus="Anaperus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913540B5618FF97FC6FCD86345B36F9" box="[932,1044,1433,1458]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Anaperus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having only a single bursal nozzle; other known species have two or more nozzles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |