259 lines
45 KiB
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259 lines
45 KiB
XML
<document id="7EF368531602C9FC89530B796FB69919" ID-DOI="10.1080/14772019.2022.2091959" ID-ISSN="1478-0941" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10979515" ID-ZooBank=":pub:D3D3B15B-36FA-42EB-98AD-FAF369D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="diego" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1711485825671" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Gracia, Carlos De, Correa-Metrio, Alex, Carvalho, Monica, Velez-Juarbe, Jorge, P ̆ rik, Tom ́ a ̆ s, , Carlos Jarami & Kri, nd Jurgen" docDate="2022" docId="03CA87C46F3A821EFEACFA7EFA12219C" docLanguage="en" docName="JSystPalaeontol.20.1.1-36.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology (2091959) 20 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2022.2091959" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6400638016C1F4AE0D0B6502E032D571.1:JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.closed" docStyleId="6400638016C1F4AE0D0B6502E032D571" docStyleName="JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.closed" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Makaira colonense Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="FFF3FFBC6F2A820FFF99FF8CFF88256D" masterDocTitle="Towards a unifying systematic scheme of fossil and living billfishes (Teleostei, Istiophoridae)" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1713274829025" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="DE6B0493ADDED253E4CE24AFFEA20028">Towards a unifying systematic scheme of fossil and living billfishes (Teleostei, Istiophoridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="2B8ABF7EE7A26E0EAADE3F6D0A9947D8" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="F4BF890860AA1270286872F4B1B1638A">Gracia, Carlos De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="70990FE8139DEB266652AECE013D3F34">Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna, Josef Holaubek Platz 2 (UZA II) / 2 A 323, 1090, Vienna, Austria; & Vienna Doctoral School of Ecology and Evolution (VDSEE), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; & Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843 - 03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3FB95C0B184EA83FA9E1CC7990E95DA0">Correa-Metrio, Alex</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="ABF840D9A3E3D982420712118698A960">Centro de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de M ́ exico, Campus Juriquilla, Quer ́ etaro 76230, Mexico; & Instituto de Geolog ́ ıa, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de M ́ exico, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, M ́ exico, D. F., Mexico;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F3B78D9A28D17BD555BE611B0F2B1587">Carvalho, Monica</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B92D0F95C1C3189AAD7D93A5D122241F">Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843 - 03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6283F141447F91D5A1198CDAADD7D74C">Velez-Juarbe, Jorge</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="65D0D5DE6B51AA7772E0CA1C49C5D5E1">Department of Mammalogy, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles Country, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; & Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C6957CE6750A5B05AB168F9BFC90D03B">P ̆ rik, Tom ́ a ̆ s</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4E10A2355C1C23EE15DE874DB2FB2289">, Carlos Jarami</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E9FF0D204FD74CFE6455C4D6242A4D11">Kri, nd Jurgen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="9062023FDF596D242D91CA0A8A1F7382">Journal of Systematic Palaeontology</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2B87C1B1662A8D79CCECAC047BA69ACA">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="CEA827AEA911F0D0FEF125DB8760AEF1">2091959</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="E26380AD34E62BF17ADFC2AD851BA1D6">2022-08-19</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="D9E4565DF344D54CFD72D03F859CE4D3">20</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="2867502CC68BC17DF752BAB60610DF32">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2022.2091959</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="59EF94195B526134CABA5034963A8071">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="FB8A85D197913850322430661256B2AA" type="DOI">10.1080/14772019.2022.2091959</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="65088397C09DD1789270DC7EA09007E8" type="ISSN">1478-0941</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03CA87C46F3A821EFEACFA7EFA12219C" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10979533" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CA87C46F3A821EFEACFA7EFA12219C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87C46F3A821EFEACFA7EFA12219C" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
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<subSubSection id="C37965596F3A821FFEACFA7EFDFF2364" box="[309,631,1522,1546]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F3A821FFEACFA7EFDFF2364" blockId="16.[205,734,1522,1613]" box="[309,631,1522,1546]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
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<heading id="D09481BE6F3A821FFEACFA7EFDFF2364" box="[309,631,1522,1546]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" reason="8">
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†
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F3A821FFEDBFA7EFD902364" authority="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri, 2022" authorityName="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri" authorityYear="2022" box="[322,536,1522,1545]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colonense" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F3A821FFEDBFA7EFD902364" bold="true" box="[322,536,1522,1545]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Makaira colonense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22457BB6F3A821FFDB8FA7EFDFF2364" box="[545,631,1522,1545]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37965596F3A821FFF54F999FD832320" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F3A821FFF54F999FD832320" blockId="16.[205,734,1522,1613]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13582A576F3A821FFF4FF999FED92341" box="[214,337,1557,1580]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[159,226,1365,1386]" captionTargetBox="[159,1469,205,1348]" captionTargetId="figure-217@14.[159,1489,188,1348]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6. A, B, †Morgula donosochagrense gen et sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31293); A, cross-section at 0.5L; B, cross-section at 0.25L. C, D, †Makaira colonense sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI39292); C, cross-section at 0.5L; D, cross-section at 0.25 L. Abbreviation: PN, prenasal. Scale bars = 1 cm." pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Figs 6C, D</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13582A576F3A821FFEC7F999FEF72341" box="[350,383,1557,1580]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[159,226,680,701]" captionTargetBox="[169,1457,192,661]" captionTargetId="figure-417@15.[168,1457,188,663]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. A–L, comparison among selected fossils and extant marlin species with emphasis on the rostral morphology and its crosssections at 0.5 and 0.25L; A, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250); B, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Spathochoira calvertense gen. et. comb. nov. (USNM 9344); C, †Morgula donosochagrense gen. et sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31293); D, †Makaira colonense sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31292); E, reconstruction of the rostrum of Makaira panamense (USNM 181710); F, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Makaira belgica (MAUL 917/1) from the late Miocene of Italy; G, †Makaira fierstini sp. nov. (USNM 358534); H, Makaira nigricans (USNM 196019); I, Istiompax indica (LACM 25509); J, Kajikia albida (USNM 360507); K, Kajikia audax (USNM 372777); L, Istiophorus platypterus (MNHN A-9463). The white circle indicates the point where fused prenasals start to divide in two separate bones, if this point is more distal, the narial cavity is longer and rostrum is more open. Arrows indicates where premaxillaries protrude from prenasals in Makaira ssp., the outer projection of the prenasals is represented by an angle symbol. Cross-sections at 0.5 and 0.25L: blue is oval shape, light blue is oval shape compressed laterally (borders could be more angular instead of smooth and prenasals are embedded into premaxillaries; see Fig. 9H), green is round, yellow is oval highly depressed (almost plane), red represents other shapes (see Fig. 9A, J). Pink water mark indicates the reconstructed sections. Different rostrums are labelled according the observed or inferred feeding strategy. Thrusting refers to rostrums used mostly for direct impacts and specific refers to rostrums used in multidirectional, lateral or complex feeding strategies. Scale bars = 10 cm." pageId="16" pageNumber="16">7D</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13582A576F3A821FFE16F999FE542341" box="[399,476,1556,1580]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="25.[133,200,1394,1415]" captionTargetBox="[193,1781,642,1376]" captionTargetId="figure-1@25.[193,1781,642,1377]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 12. A, †Makaira teretirostris (Van Beneden, 1871); original diagram (Van Beneden 1871) with detailed cross-sections highlighted that show a cylindrical shape. B, C, Tetrapturus sp. from the late Pliocene of Orciano Formation; B, rostrum in dorsal view; C, rostrum in ventral view. Scale bars A = 10 cm, B = 5 cm." pageId="16" pageNumber="16">12A–C</figureCitation>
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, Supplemental material
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<figureCitation id="13582A576F3A821FFE38F9BAFD892320" box="[417,513,1590,1613]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[159,226,1722,1743]" captionTargetId="figure-1@12.[164,1466,187,1925]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5. A–C, G–I, †Morgula donosochagrense gen. et sp. nov., holotype (MUPAN–STRI31293); A, rostrum dorsal view; B, rostrum left lateral view; C, rostrum ventral view; G–I, lower jaw showing articulate dentaries; G, ventral view; H, dorsal view; I, disarticulated right partial dentary in lateral view showing the interdentary joint and the mandibular foramen. D–F, †Makaira fierstini sp. nov., holotype, USNM 358534; D, rostrum dorsal view; E, rostrum ventral view; F, detail of the right lateral view of the rostrum at its proximal end. Missing parts of the bone are indicated by dash-lines. Abbreviations: mf, mandibular foramen; N, nasal; PM, premaxilla; PN, prenasal. Scale bars: A–F = 10 cm, G–I = 5 cm." pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Fig. S5B</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37965596F3A821FFF06F902FB8E2085" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F3A821FFF06F902FB8E2085" blockId="16.[159,781,1678,1901]" lastBlockId="16.[844,1467,1322,1512]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F3A821FFF06F902FE9C23C8" bold="true" box="[159,276,1678,1701]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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An extinct species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F3A821FFD8EF902FDFB23C8" authorityName="Lacepède" authorityYear="1802" box="[535,627,1678,1701]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F3A821FFD8EF902FDFB23C8" box="[535,627,1678,1701]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Makaira</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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characterized by the following combination of morphological traits (autapomorphic characters indicated by an asterisk): osteosclerotic rostrum and narial cavities enclosed by premaxillaries, prenasals and dermethmoid$; prenasals in dorsal view well separated and the narial cavity is divided into two portions by extensions of the prenasals; large internal canals; from the most proximal end to about 0.5
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<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F3A821FFC20FAC0FC41200E" box="[953,969,1356,1379]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">L</collectionCode>
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distance, the premaxillaries are convex and projected outward along the lateral surface; in lateral view, the premaxillaries occupy about
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<superScript id="7C169B9A6F3A821FFA89FA02FA9F20F3" attach="right" box="[1296,1303,1422,1438]" fontSize="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">3</superScript>
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F3A821FFA8EFA02FAA820CB" box="[1303,1312,1422,1446]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">/</emphasis>
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<subScript id="17E734976F3A821FFAB9FA1BFAA120CA" attach="left" box="[1312,1321,1431,1447]" fontSize="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">4</subScript>
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of the total height at the contact point between prenasals, premaxillary and maxilla.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37965596F3A821FFCD5F989FA312332" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F3A821FFCD5F989FA312332" blockId="16.[844,1467,1540,1631]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F3A821FFCD5F989FBBB2371" bold="true" box="[844,1075,1541,1564]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Derivation of name.</emphasis>
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The species name
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F3A821FFA99F988FAE72371" authorityName="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri" authorityYear="2022" box="[1280,1391,1540,1564]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colonense">
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‘
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F3A821FFA90F989FAE72371" box="[1289,1391,1541,1564]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">colonense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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’ refers to the
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<collectingRegion id="49A7F8306F3A821FFC0EF9AAFBB32350" box="[919,1083,1574,1597]" country="Panama" name="Colon" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Colon province</collectingRegion>
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of
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<collectingCountry id="F37476426F3A821FFBFFF9AAFB302350" box="[1126,1208,1574,1597]" name="Panama" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Panama</collectingCountry>
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and is used due to the importance of this province for Panamanian palaeontology.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37965596F3A821FFCD5F9F0FB482200" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F3A821FFCD5F9F0FC6C23D9" blockId="16.[844,1467,1659,1716]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
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<materialsCitation id="3B0B3C8F6F3A821FFCD5F9F0FC6C23D9" collectionCode="MUPAN" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="MUPAN-STRI39292" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F3A821FFCD5F9F0FC3323FE" bold="true" box="[844,955,1660,1683]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
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<typeStatus id="54D888706F3A821FFCD5F9F0FC3E23FE" box="[844,950,1660,1683]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<specimenCode id="DBC59EA96F3A821FFC55F9F0FB3023FE" box="[972,1208,1659,1683]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">MUPAN–STRI39292</specimenCode>
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, a large nearly complete rostrum.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F3A821FFCD5F95DFB482200" blockId="16.[844,1467,1744,1901]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F3A821FFCD5F95DFC512385" bold="true" box="[844,985,1745,1768]" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Occurrence.</emphasis>
|
||
Late Miocene (6.4–5.8 Ma), Chagres Sandstone Member, Chagres Formation. Bioturbated horizon on Pina beach (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F3A821FFB1AF89FFB472247" box="[1155,1231,1811,1834]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[159,226,950,971]" captionTargetBox="[159,1470,188,930]" captionTargetId="figure-453@2.[159,1470,188,933]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. A–C, location map; stratigraphy and geological setting of the type locality (Pina, Chagres district, Costa Abajo, Colon Panama) after Collins et al. (1996)." pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) at 9
|
||
<superScript id="7C169B9A6F3A821FFABAF883FAA4224D" attach="none" box="[1315,1324,1807,1824]" fontSize="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">ǫ</superScript>
|
||
17
|
||
<superScript id="7C169B9A6F3A821FFAD1F883FAC5224D" attach="left" box="[1352,1357,1807,1824]" fontSize="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Ɩ</superScript>
|
||
24.89
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F3A821FFA12F898FA1D2246" bold="true" box="[1419,1429,1812,1835]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">ʺ</emphasis>
|
||
N, 80
|
||
<superScript id="7C169B9A6F3A821FFCFEF8BCFCF8222C" attach="none" box="[871,880,1840,1857]" fontSize="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">ǫ</superScript>
|
||
2
|
||
<superScript id="7C169B9A6F3A821FFCE6F8BCFC0C222C" attach="none" box="[895,900,1840,1857]" fontSize="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Ɩ</superScript>
|
||
25.39
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F3A821FFC5BF8B9FC442221" bold="true" box="[962,972,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">ʺ</emphasis>
|
||
W, near the town of Pina in the Chagres District,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A7F8306F3A821FFC35F8DAFBD02200" box="[940,1112,1878,1901]" country="Panama" name="Colon" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Colon Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37476426F3A821FFBFDF8DAFB342200" box="[1124,1212,1878,1901]" name="Panama" pageId="16" pageNumber="16">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37965596F3B821EFCD5FF31FA12219C" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F3B821EFCD5FF31FA12219C" blockId="17.[844,1467,188,1265]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F3B821EFCD5FF31FC3325B9" bold="true" box="[844,955,189,212]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The rostrum of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F3B821EFB1FFF31FAD025B9" authority="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri, 2022" authorityName="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri" authorityYear="2022" box="[1158,1368,189,212]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colonense" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F3B821EFB1FFF31FAD025B9" box="[1158,1368,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Makaira colonense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22457BB6F3B821EFAFBFF31FA3325B9" box="[1378,1467,189,212]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(MUPAN–STRI39292) is nearly complete and consists of complete prenasals and premaxillaries with partially preserved nasals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F3B821EFB8CFEACFB11245A" box="[1045,1177,287,311]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="24.[159,226,1826,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-1@23.[168,1463,187,1943]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 11. A–C, †Makaira colonense sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI 39292), rostrum; A, dorsal view; B, right lateral view; C, ventral view. D–G, †Makaira panamense (USNMN 18710), holotype; D, skull in dorsal view; E, skull ventral view; F, left lateral skull view; G, occipital region. Scale bars: A–C, F = 10 cm; D, E = 20 cm; G = 4 cm." pageId="17" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Fig. 11
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F3B821EFBFDFEACFBF2245A" box="[1124,1146,288,311]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">A</collectionCode>
|
||
–
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F3B821EFB1EFEACFB11245A" box="[1159,1177,288,311]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">C</collectionCode>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The estimated length is
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B9B376F3B821EFCD5FECCFC2E243A" box="[844,934,320,343]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.72" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="672.0">672 mm</quantity>
|
||
. In dorsal view, the premaxillaries extend over the prenasals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F3B821EFC76FEEDFBCD2415" box="[1007,1093,353,376]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[159,226,680,701]" captionTargetBox="[169,1457,192,661]" captionTargetId="figure-417@15.[168,1457,188,663]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. A–L, comparison among selected fossils and extant marlin species with emphasis on the rostral morphology and its crosssections at 0.5 and 0.25L; A, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250); B, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Spathochoira calvertense gen. et. comb. nov. (USNM 9344); C, †Morgula donosochagrense gen. et sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31293); D, †Makaira colonense sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31292); E, reconstruction of the rostrum of Makaira panamense (USNM 181710); F, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Makaira belgica (MAUL 917/1) from the late Miocene of Italy; G, †Makaira fierstini sp. nov. (USNM 358534); H, Makaira nigricans (USNM 196019); I, Istiompax indica (LACM 25509); J, Kajikia albida (USNM 360507); K, Kajikia audax (USNM 372777); L, Istiophorus platypterus (MNHN A-9463). The white circle indicates the point where fused prenasals start to divide in two separate bones, if this point is more distal, the narial cavity is longer and rostrum is more open. Arrows indicates where premaxillaries protrude from prenasals in Makaira ssp., the outer projection of the prenasals is represented by an angle symbol. Cross-sections at 0.5 and 0.25L: blue is oval shape, light blue is oval shape compressed laterally (borders could be more angular instead of smooth and prenasals are embedded into premaxillaries; see Fig. 9H), green is round, yellow is oval highly depressed (almost plane), red represents other shapes (see Fig. 9A, J). Pink water mark indicates the reconstructed sections. Different rostrums are labelled according the observed or inferred feeding strategy. Thrusting refers to rostrums used mostly for direct impacts and specific refers to rostrums used in multidirectional, lateral or complex feeding strategies. Scale bars = 10 cm." pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
|
||
) in the proximal part of the rostrum. The narial cavity is divided into two parts separated by extensions of the prenasals (Supplemental material
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F3B821EFC36FE48FB9924B6" box="[943,1041,452,475]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[159,226,1722,1743]" captionTargetId="figure-1@12.[164,1466,187,1925]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5. A–C, G–I, †Morgula donosochagrense gen. et sp. nov., holotype (MUPAN–STRI31293); A, rostrum dorsal view; B, rostrum left lateral view; C, rostrum ventral view; G–I, lower jaw showing articulate dentaries; G, ventral view; H, dorsal view; I, disarticulated right partial dentary in lateral view showing the interdentary joint and the mandibular foramen. D–F, †Makaira fierstini sp. nov., holotype, USNM 358534; D, rostrum dorsal view; E, rostrum ventral view; F, detail of the right lateral view of the rostrum at its proximal end. Missing parts of the bone are indicated by dash-lines. Abbreviations: mf, mandibular foramen; N, nasal; PM, premaxilla; PN, prenasal. Scale bars: A–F = 10 cm, G–I = 5 cm." pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Fig. S5B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In dorsal view, premaxillaries overcomes forming the outline (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F3B821EFB17FE69FB7C2491" box="[1166,1268,485,508]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="24.[159,226,1826,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-1@23.[168,1463,187,1943]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 11. A–C, †Makaira colonense sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI 39292), rostrum; A, dorsal view; B, right lateral view; C, ventral view. D–G, †Makaira panamense (USNMN 18710), holotype; D, skull in dorsal view; E, skull ventral view; F, left lateral skull view; G, occipital region. Scale bars: A–C, F = 10 cm; D, E = 20 cm; G = 4 cm." pageId="17" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Fig. 11
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F3B821EFB47FE69FB7C2491" box="[1246,1268,485,508]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">A</collectionCode>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) instead the prenasals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F3B821EFC3FFD8AFBB62770" box="[934,1086,517,541]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[159,226,680,701]" captionTargetBox="[169,1457,192,661]" captionTargetId="figure-417@15.[168,1457,188,663]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. A–L, comparison among selected fossils and extant marlin species with emphasis on the rostral morphology and its crosssections at 0.5 and 0.25L; A, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250); B, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Spathochoira calvertense gen. et. comb. nov. (USNM 9344); C, †Morgula donosochagrense gen. et sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31293); D, †Makaira colonense sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31292); E, reconstruction of the rostrum of Makaira panamense (USNM 181710); F, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Makaira belgica (MAUL 917/1) from the late Miocene of Italy; G, †Makaira fierstini sp. nov. (USNM 358534); H, Makaira nigricans (USNM 196019); I, Istiompax indica (LACM 25509); J, Kajikia albida (USNM 360507); K, Kajikia audax (USNM 372777); L, Istiophorus platypterus (MNHN A-9463). The white circle indicates the point where fused prenasals start to divide in two separate bones, if this point is more distal, the narial cavity is longer and rostrum is more open. Arrows indicates where premaxillaries protrude from prenasals in Makaira ssp., the outer projection of the prenasals is represented by an angle symbol. Cross-sections at 0.5 and 0.25L: blue is oval shape, light blue is oval shape compressed laterally (borders could be more angular instead of smooth and prenasals are embedded into premaxillaries; see Fig. 9H), green is round, yellow is oval highly depressed (almost plane), red represents other shapes (see Fig. 9A, J). Pink water mark indicates the reconstructed sections. Different rostrums are labelled according the observed or inferred feeding strategy. Thrusting refers to rostrums used mostly for direct impacts and specific refers to rostrums used in multidirectional, lateral or complex feeding strategies. Scale bars = 10 cm." pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Fig. 7C, I–L</figureCitation>
|
||
). In lateral view from the most proximal point to about 0.5
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F3B821EFB12FDABFB132753" box="[1163,1179,551,574]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">L</collectionCode>
|
||
distance, the premaxillaries are extremely thickened and extended laterally, forming a convex projection (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F3B821EFB33FDE5FA9827ED" box="[1194,1296,617,640]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="24.[159,226,1826,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-1@23.[168,1463,187,1943]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 11. A–C, †Makaira colonense sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI 39292), rostrum; A, dorsal view; B, right lateral view; C, ventral view. D–G, †Makaira panamense (USNMN 18710), holotype; D, skull in dorsal view; E, skull ventral view; F, left lateral skull view; G, occipital region. Scale bars: A–C, F = 10 cm; D, E = 20 cm; G = 4 cm." pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
|
||
). This smooth and rounded projection gives its distinctive shape to the rostrum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F3B821EFC21FD26FB9B27AC" box="[952,1043,682,705]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[159,226,680,701]" captionTargetBox="[169,1457,192,661]" captionTargetId="figure-417@15.[168,1457,188,663]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. A–L, comparison among selected fossils and extant marlin species with emphasis on the rostral morphology and its crosssections at 0.5 and 0.25L; A, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250); B, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Spathochoira calvertense gen. et. comb. nov. (USNM 9344); C, †Morgula donosochagrense gen. et sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31293); D, †Makaira colonense sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31292); E, reconstruction of the rostrum of Makaira panamense (USNM 181710); F, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Makaira belgica (MAUL 917/1) from the late Miocene of Italy; G, †Makaira fierstini sp. nov. (USNM 358534); H, Makaira nigricans (USNM 196019); I, Istiompax indica (LACM 25509); J, Kajikia albida (USNM 360507); K, Kajikia audax (USNM 372777); L, Istiophorus platypterus (MNHN A-9463). The white circle indicates the point where fused prenasals start to divide in two separate bones, if this point is more distal, the narial cavity is longer and rostrum is more open. Arrows indicates where premaxillaries protrude from prenasals in Makaira ssp., the outer projection of the prenasals is represented by an angle symbol. Cross-sections at 0.5 and 0.25L: blue is oval shape, light blue is oval shape compressed laterally (borders could be more angular instead of smooth and prenasals are embedded into premaxillaries; see Fig. 9H), green is round, yellow is oval highly depressed (almost plane), red represents other shapes (see Fig. 9A, J). Pink water mark indicates the reconstructed sections. Different rostrums are labelled according the observed or inferred feeding strategy. Thrusting refers to rostrums used mostly for direct impacts and specific refers to rostrums used in multidirectional, lateral or complex feeding strategies. Scale bars = 10 cm." pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The rostrum is osteosclerotic and stout, with an oval outline in cross-section at 0.5
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F3B821EFAE0FD47FA01278F" box="[1401,1417,715,738]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">L</collectionCode>
|
||
and 0.25
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F3B821EFC19FD60FC18266E" box="[896,912,748,771]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">L</collectionCode>
|
||
distances (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F3B821EFB96FD60FBED266E" box="[1039,1125,748,771]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[159,226,680,701]" captionTargetBox="[169,1457,192,661]" captionTargetId="figure-417@15.[168,1457,188,663]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. A–L, comparison among selected fossils and extant marlin species with emphasis on the rostral morphology and its crosssections at 0.5 and 0.25L; A, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250); B, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Spathochoira calvertense gen. et. comb. nov. (USNM 9344); C, †Morgula donosochagrense gen. et sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31293); D, †Makaira colonense sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31292); E, reconstruction of the rostrum of Makaira panamense (USNM 181710); F, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Makaira belgica (MAUL 917/1) from the late Miocene of Italy; G, †Makaira fierstini sp. nov. (USNM 358534); H, Makaira nigricans (USNM 196019); I, Istiompax indica (LACM 25509); J, Kajikia albida (USNM 360507); K, Kajikia audax (USNM 372777); L, Istiophorus platypterus (MNHN A-9463). The white circle indicates the point where fused prenasals start to divide in two separate bones, if this point is more distal, the narial cavity is longer and rostrum is more open. Arrows indicates where premaxillaries protrude from prenasals in Makaira ssp., the outer projection of the prenasals is represented by an angle symbol. Cross-sections at 0.5 and 0.25L: blue is oval shape, light blue is oval shape compressed laterally (borders could be more angular instead of smooth and prenasals are embedded into premaxillaries; see Fig. 9H), green is round, yellow is oval highly depressed (almost plane), red represents other shapes (see Fig. 9A, J). Pink water mark indicates the reconstructed sections. Different rostrums are labelled according the observed or inferred feeding strategy. Thrusting refers to rostrums used mostly for direct impacts and specific refers to rostrums used in multidirectional, lateral or complex feeding strategies. Scale bars = 10 cm." pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The distal tip has a globular outline, is wide and curved slightly upwards in lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F3B821EFC0FFCA2FB912628" box="[918,1049,813,837]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="24.[159,226,1826,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-1@23.[168,1463,187,1943]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 11. A–C, †Makaira colonense sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI 39292), rostrum; A, dorsal view; B, right lateral view; C, ventral view. D–G, †Makaira panamense (USNMN 18710), holotype; D, skull in dorsal view; E, skull ventral view; F, left lateral skull view; G, occipital region. Scale bars: A–C, F = 10 cm; D, E = 20 cm; G = 4 cm." pageId="17" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Fig. 11
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F3B821EFC7DFCA2FC722628" box="[996,1018,814,837]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">A</collectionCode>
|
||
–
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F3B821EFB9EFCA2FB912628" box="[1031,1049,814,837]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">C</collectionCode>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). In ventral view, the premaxillaries begin to be separate at
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B9B376F3B821EFBFEFCC3FB34260B" box="[1127,1212,847,870]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.67" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="367.0">367 mm</quantity>
|
||
from their distal tips (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F3B821EFCCDFCFCFC2826EA" box="[852,928,880,903]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">VSPM</collectionCode>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F3B821EFC27FCFCFBAB26EA" box="[958,1059,880,903]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="24.[159,226,1826,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-1@23.[168,1463,187,1943]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 11. A–C, †Makaira colonense sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI 39292), rostrum; A, dorsal view; B, right lateral view; C, ventral view. D–G, †Makaira panamense (USNMN 18710), holotype; D, skull in dorsal view; E, skull ventral view; F, left lateral skull view; G, occipital region. Scale bars: A–C, F = 10 cm; D, E = 20 cm; G = 4 cm." pageId="17" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Fig. 11
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F3B821EFB89FCFCFBAB26EA" box="[1040,1059,880,903]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">C</collectionCode>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). This distance represents approximately 54% of the total length of the rostrum. The nasals are poorly preserved. The internal canals are large and have an oval outline, located in a medial position and are centrally aligned (Table 4;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F3B821EFAB5FC7FFA232167" box="[1324,1451,1011,1034]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[159,226,1365,1386]" captionTargetBox="[159,1469,205,1348]" captionTargetId="figure-217@14.[159,1489,188,1348]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6. A, B, †Morgula donosochagrense gen et sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31293); A, cross-section at 0.5L; B, cross-section at 0.25L. C, D, †Makaira colonense sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI39292); C, cross-section at 0.5L; D, cross-section at 0.25 L. Abbreviation: PN, prenasal. Scale bars = 1 cm." pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Fig. 6C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Both statistical analyses (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F3B821EFBEBFB98FB3F2146" box="[1138,1207,1044,1067]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1672,1693]" captionTargetBox="[165,779,192,1654]" captionTargetId="figure-292@19.[161,779,188,1654]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. A–E, Cross-sections of fossil istiophorids. †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250): A, cross-section at the proximal end of the rostrum; B, crosssection at 92 mm measured from its proximal end; C, crosssection at 139 mm measured from its proximal end; D, crosssection at 200mm measured from its proximal end; E, crosssection at 260 mm measured from its proximal end, F, †Makaira purdyi (USNM 481933), cross-section at 0.25 L distance. G, †Makaira panamense (USNM 481933), cross-section approximately at 0.5L distance (prenasal sutures are not shown due to the poor preservation state). H, I, N, †Makaira belgica, MAUL 917/1; H, cross-section at 0.5L and I, 0.25 L distance; IRSNB P117; N, cross-section at 0.25 L distance (prenasal sutures are not shown due to the poor preservation). J, K, †Spathochoira calvertense gen et. comb. nov. (USNM 9344) at J, 0.5 L and K, 0.25 L; L, M, extant I. platypterus at L, 0.5L and M, 0.25 L; O, †Xiphiorhynchus solidus (IRSNB P643), cross-section at the proximal end of the rostrum. Dashed lines show reconstruction of missing sections. The black arrow in I, shows the dorsal placement of the internal canals. In J, K, the arrows show the ventral external canal in cross-section at 0.5 L and 0.25L distance. Scale bars = 1 cm." pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
) place the rostrum of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F3B821EFCC3FBB9FC642121" authority="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri, 2022" authorityName="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri" authorityYear="2022" box="[858,1004,1077,1100]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colonense" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F3B821EFCC3FBB9FC642121" box="[858,1004,1077,1100]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">M. colonense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22457BB6F3B821EFC6FFBB9FBC62121" box="[1014,1102,1077,1100]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
outside the group formed by all extant species and only can be confused with †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F3B821EFACFFBDAFC0721E3" authorityName="Fierstine" authorityYear="1978" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamense">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F3B821EFACFFBDAFC0721E3" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">M. panamense</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, in †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F3B821EFBD7FBFBFB6D21E3" authority="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri, 2022" authorityName="Gracia & Correa-Metrio & Carvalho & Velez-Juarbe & P̆rik & & Kri" authorityYear="2022" box="[1102,1253,1143,1166]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colonense" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F3B821EFBD7FBFBFB6D21E3" box="[1102,1253,1143,1166]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="17">M. colonense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22457BB6F3B821EFB6DFBFBFAD921E3" box="[1268,1361,1143,1166]" pageId="17" pageNumber="17" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
the prenasals conversely never contact each dorsally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F3B821EFAC3FB14FCD321BD" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[159,226,680,701]" captionTargetBox="[169,1457,192,661]" captionTargetId="figure-417@15.[168,1457,188,663]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. A–L, comparison among selected fossils and extant marlin species with emphasis on the rostral morphology and its crosssections at 0.5 and 0.25L; A, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250); B, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Spathochoira calvertense gen. et. comb. nov. (USNM 9344); C, †Morgula donosochagrense gen. et sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31293); D, †Makaira colonense sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31292); E, reconstruction of the rostrum of Makaira panamense (USNM 181710); F, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Makaira belgica (MAUL 917/1) from the late Miocene of Italy; G, †Makaira fierstini sp. nov. (USNM 358534); H, Makaira nigricans (USNM 196019); I, Istiompax indica (LACM 25509); J, Kajikia albida (USNM 360507); K, Kajikia audax (USNM 372777); L, Istiophorus platypterus (MNHN A-9463). The white circle indicates the point where fused prenasals start to divide in two separate bones, if this point is more distal, the narial cavity is longer and rostrum is more open. Arrows indicates where premaxillaries protrude from prenasals in Makaira ssp., the outer projection of the prenasals is represented by an angle symbol. Cross-sections at 0.5 and 0.25L: blue is oval shape, light blue is oval shape compressed laterally (borders could be more angular instead of smooth and prenasals are embedded into premaxillaries; see Fig. 9H), green is round, yellow is oval highly depressed (almost plane), red represents other shapes (see Fig. 9A, J). Pink water mark indicates the reconstructed sections. Different rostrums are labelled according the observed or inferred feeding strategy. Thrusting refers to rostrums used mostly for direct impacts and specific refers to rostrums used in multidirectional, lateral or complex feeding strategies. Scale bars = 10 cm." pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Figs 7D, S</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="13582A576F3B821EFCC2FB35FCF321BD" box="[859,891,1209,1232]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[159,226,1722,1743]" captionTargetId="figure-1@12.[164,1466,187,1925]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5. A–C, G–I, †Morgula donosochagrense gen. et sp. nov., holotype (MUPAN–STRI31293); A, rostrum dorsal view; B, rostrum left lateral view; C, rostrum ventral view; G–I, lower jaw showing articulate dentaries; G, ventral view; H, dorsal view; I, disarticulated right partial dentary in lateral view showing the interdentary joint and the mandibular foramen. D–F, †Makaira fierstini sp. nov., holotype, USNM 358534; D, rostrum dorsal view; E, rostrum ventral view; F, detail of the right lateral view of the rostrum at its proximal end. Missing parts of the bone are indicated by dash-lines. Abbreviations: mf, mandibular foramen; N, nasal; PM, premaxilla; PN, prenasal. Scale bars: A–F = 10 cm, G–I = 5 cm." pageId="17" pageNumber="17">5B</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the premaxillaries form the posterior enclosure of the narial cavity (Supplemental material
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F3B821EFAB0FB56FA02219C" box="[1321,1418,1242,1265]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[159,226,1722,1743]" captionTargetId="figure-1@12.[164,1466,187,1925]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5. A–C, G–I, †Morgula donosochagrense gen. et sp. nov., holotype (MUPAN–STRI31293); A, rostrum dorsal view; B, rostrum left lateral view; C, rostrum ventral view; G–I, lower jaw showing articulate dentaries; G, ventral view; H, dorsal view; I, disarticulated right partial dentary in lateral view showing the interdentary joint and the mandibular foramen. D–F, †Makaira fierstini sp. nov., holotype, USNM 358534; D, rostrum dorsal view; E, rostrum ventral view; F, detail of the right lateral view of the rostrum at its proximal end. Missing parts of the bone are indicated by dash-lines. Abbreviations: mf, mandibular foramen; N, nasal; PM, premaxilla; PN, prenasal. Scale bars: A–F = 10 cm, G–I = 5 cm." pageId="17" pageNumber="17">Fig. S5B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |