210 lines
28 KiB
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210 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="7F715822A56AFD142FB7AD67C8C570AD" ID-DOI="10.1080/14772019.2022.2091959" ID-ISSN="1478-0941" ID-ZooBank=":pub:D3D3B15B-36FA-42EB-98AD-FAF369D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1711485825671" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Gracia, Carlos De, Correa-Metrio, Alex, Carvalho, Monica, Velez-Juarbe, Jorge, P ̆ rik, Tom ́ a ̆ s, , Carlos Jarami & Kri, nd Jurgen" docDate="2022" docId="03CA87C46F38821DFE9EFA03FA83209F" docLanguage="en" docName="JSystPalaeontol.20.1.1-36.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology (2091959) 20 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2022.2091959" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6400638016C1F4AE0D0B6502E032D571.1:JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.closed" docStyleId="6400638016C1F4AE0D0B6502E032D571" docStyleName="JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.closed" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Makaira panamense Fierstine 1978" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="18" masterDocId="FFF3FFBC6F2A820FFF99FF8CFF88256D" masterDocTitle="Towards a unifying systematic scheme of fossil and living billfishes (Teleostei, Istiophoridae)" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="18" updateTime="1711485829411" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:title id="5E1037242C7A9F828B36A4AAE45B778F">Towards a unifying systematic scheme of fossil and living billfishes (Teleostei, Istiophoridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="010BBDAA59FA39678353AB9AD4B86330">Gracia, Carlos De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F910B158B93A4AC54938EB5BD1405606">Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna, Josef Holaubek Platz 2 (UZA II) / 2 A 323, 1090, Vienna, Austria; & Vienna Doctoral School of Ecology and Evolution (VDSEE), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; & Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843 - 03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="63FF5FC66606A5203414687F6C125A5A">Correa-Metrio, Alex</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9AC2718B1533DDDCE49F4B638B014291">Centro de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de M ́ exico, Campus Juriquilla, Quer ́ etaro 76230, Mexico; & Instituto de Geolog ́ ıa, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de M ́ exico, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, M ́ exico, D. F., Mexico;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4F73F0A66F94A0055B3A0B760FAFF37A">Carvalho, Monica</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="687837D3830A3D12DF500D57135CF070">Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843 - 03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2481768D49F922F18F667939AD7C4AC8">Velez-Juarbe, Jorge</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4A2F44F54D7FBE3EC45F639845E19074">Department of Mammalogy, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles Country, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; & Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1F8EE314CE60A64F8C4A1D4900BDFAFF">P ̆ rik, Tom ́ a ̆ s</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7905D02A586EE68F4CCA202CA8D60D88">, Carlos Jarami</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="60208CFAB1D7A535647E994E4422767C">Kri, nd Jurgen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C352BAFDF7780EA22978575E6EF2FB71">Journal of Systematic Palaeontology</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="282ECEC040FA6A4A0907E07D63F7C394">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="C5E5926ADB22237806555756FC53CEDA">2091959</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="4DCBCBAE014003CEA4DAB1B72C821A55">2022-08-19</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="27656AF120E7796D73062CD4526B1BE8">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2022.2091959</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="311885483D99306C5820654C87BEC2AB" type="DOI">10.1080/14772019.2022.2091959</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03CA87C46F38821DFE9EFA03FA83209F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CA87C46F38821DFE9EFA03FA83209F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87C46F38821DFE9EFA03FA83209F" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
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<subSubSection id="C37965596F38821DFE9EFA03FD2C20CB" box="[263,676,1423,1447]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F38821DFE9EFA03FD2C20CB" blockId="18.[164,775,1423,1481]" box="[263,676,1423,1447]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
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<heading id="D09481BE6F38821DFE9EFA03FD2C20CB" box="[263,676,1423,1447]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" reason="8">
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†
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F38821DFE8CFA03FD2C20CB" authority="Fierstine, 1978" authorityName="Fierstine" authorityYear="1978" box="[277,676,1423,1446]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamense">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F38821DFE8CFA03FE7120CB" bold="true" box="[277,505,1423,1446]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Makaira panamense</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F38821DFD9BFA03FD2C20CB" author="Fierstine, H. L." box="[514,676,1423,1446]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref25055" refString="Fierstine, H. L. 1978. A new marlin, Makaira panamensis, from the late Miocene of Panama. Copeia, 1978, 1 - 11. doi: 10.2307 / 1443812" type="journal article" year="1978">Fierstine, 1978</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37965596F38821DFF3DFA3EFD612364" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F38821DFF3DFA3EFC8F20A4" blockId="18.[164,775,1423,1481]" box="[164,775,1457,1481]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13582A576F38821DFF34FA3EFE8C20A4" box="[173,260,1458,1481]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[159,226,680,701]" captionTargetBox="[169,1457,192,661]" captionTargetId="figure-417@15.[168,1457,188,663]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. A–L, comparison among selected fossils and extant marlin species with emphasis on the rostral morphology and its crosssections at 0.5 and 0.25L; A, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250); B, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Spathochoira calvertense gen. et. comb. nov. (USNM 9344); C, †Morgula donosochagrense gen. et sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31293); D, †Makaira colonense sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31292); E, reconstruction of the rostrum of Makaira panamense (USNM 181710); F, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Makaira belgica (MAUL 917/1) from the late Miocene of Italy; G, †Makaira fierstini sp. nov. (USNM 358534); H, Makaira nigricans (USNM 196019); I, Istiompax indica (LACM 25509); J, Kajikia albida (USNM 360507); K, Kajikia audax (USNM 372777); L, Istiophorus platypterus (MNHN A-9463). The white circle indicates the point where fused prenasals start to divide in two separate bones, if this point is more distal, the narial cavity is longer and rostrum is more open. Arrows indicates where premaxillaries protrude from prenasals in Makaira ssp., the outer projection of the prenasals is represented by an angle symbol. Cross-sections at 0.5 and 0.25L: blue is oval shape, light blue is oval shape compressed laterally (borders could be more angular instead of smooth and prenasals are embedded into premaxillaries; see Fig. 9H), green is round, yellow is oval highly depressed (almost plane), red represents other shapes (see Fig. 9A, J). Pink water mark indicates the reconstructed sections. Different rostrums are labelled according the observed or inferred feeding strategy. Thrusting refers to rostrums used mostly for direct impacts and specific refers to rostrums used in multidirectional, lateral or complex feeding strategies. Scale bars = 10 cm." pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Figs 7E</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13582A576F38821DFE88FA3EFEBA20A4" box="[273,306,1458,1481]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1672,1693]" captionTargetBox="[165,779,192,1654]" captionTargetId="figure-292@19.[161,779,188,1654]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. A–E, Cross-sections of fossil istiophorids. †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250): A, cross-section at the proximal end of the rostrum; B, crosssection at 92 mm measured from its proximal end; C, crosssection at 139 mm measured from its proximal end; D, crosssection at 200mm measured from its proximal end; E, crosssection at 260 mm measured from its proximal end, F, †Makaira purdyi (USNM 481933), cross-section at 0.25 L distance. G, †Makaira panamense (USNM 481933), cross-" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">9G</figureCitation>
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, 11D–G, Supplemental material Fig. S5
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<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F38821DFD70FA3EFD7620A4" box="[745,766,1458,1481]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">A</collectionCode>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F38821DFF04FA7EFD612364" blockId="18.[157,745,1522,1546]" box="[157,745,1522,1546]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
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1978 †
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F38821DFF71FA7EFDBE2364" authority="Fierstine" authorityName="Fierstine" authorityYear="1978" box="[232,566,1522,1545]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F38821DFF71FA7EFE432364" box="[232,459,1522,1545]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Makaira panamensis</emphasis>
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Fierstine
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</taxonomicName>
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: 2, figs 1, 2, 4c.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37965596F38821DFF06F9AEFD5F2391" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F38821DFF06F9AEFD5F2391" blockId="18.[159,781,1570,1788]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F38821DFF06F9AEFE052354" bold="true" box="[159,397,1570,1593]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Emended diagnosis.</emphasis>
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An extinct species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F38821DFD28F9AEFC852354" authorityName="Lacepède" authorityYear="1802" box="[689,781,1570,1593]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F38821DFD28F9AEFC852354" box="[689,781,1570,1593]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Makaira</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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characterized by the following combination of traits (autapomorphic characters indicated by an asterisk): triangular basioccipital process$; massive prenasals that in dorsal view are strongly fused at the 0.5
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<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F38821DFDFEF928FDFF23D6" box="[615,631,1700,1723]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">L</collectionCode>
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region forming a solid structure$; narial cavities divided in two voids and distinctively enclosed only by prenasals$.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37965596F38821DFF06F899FB8C245A" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F38821DFF06F899FE102200" blockId="18.[159,781,1813,1902]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
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||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F38821DFF06F899FE852241" bold="true" box="[159,269,1813,1836]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
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<typeStatus id="54D888706F38821DFF06F899FE812241" box="[159,265,1813,1836]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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USNM 18710, a large neurocranium with a poorly preserved rostrum with an estimated length of
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<quantity id="4C9B9B376F38821DFF06F8DAFF7C2200" box="[159,244,1878,1901]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.53" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="953.0">953 mm</quantity>
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(Fig. 11D–G).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F38821DFCD4FF31FB8C245A" blockId="18.[845,1467,189,311]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F38821DFCD4FF31FC5125B9" bold="true" box="[845,985,189,212]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Occurrence.</emphasis>
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Only known from the late Miocene (6.4–5.8 Ma). Chagres Sandstone Member, Chagres Formation,
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<collectingRegion id="49A7F8306F38821DFC56FF73FB9B247B" box="[975,1043,255,278]" country="Panama" name="Colon" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Colon</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F37476426F38821DFBBCFF73FBF5247B" box="[1061,1149,255,278]" name="Panama" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Panama</collectingCountry>
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. The precise site of collection is unknown.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C37965596F38821DFCD4FEDDFA83209F" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F38821DFCD4FEDDFA3324A6" blockId="18.[844,1467,337,1522]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="B917EAC06F38821DFCD4FEDDFC332405" bold="true" box="[845,955,337,360]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Remarks.</emphasis>
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The
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<typeStatus id="54D888706F38821DFC66FEDDFBD12405" box="[1023,1113,337,360]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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is a large partial neurocranium with a poorly preserved rostrum, with an estimated length of
|
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<quantity id="4C9B9B376F38821DFCF2FE1FFC3724C7" box="[875,959,403,426]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.53" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="953.0">953 mm</quantity>
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(Fig. 11D–G). Only the left anterior half of the skull roof and one fourth of the distal rostrum are missing
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F38821DFCD4FE59FA3227D9" blockId="18.[844,1467,337,1522]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">(Fig. 11D, E). The specimen is slightly dorsoventrally compressed and twisted (Fig. 11D, E). The neurocranium is wide, squared and depressed (Fig. 11D–F). The orbit is elongated (Fig. 11F) and the dorsal wall of the myodome is wider than high in the sidewalls. The vomer and the parasphenoid also are wide. The vomer has a small anterior projection and the angle of the parasphenoid is acute</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F38821DFCD4FD32FB3E2616" blockId="18.[844,1467,337,1522]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
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(Fig. 11E, F). The basioccipital process is triangular, rather than elongated (Fig. 11G), displays low paired ridges on the dorsal surface of the supraoccipital and the dorsal surfaces of the exoccipital form together a board posterior projection. For additional, more detailed descriptions of the skull see also
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F38821DFB90FCE8FB392616" author="Fierstine, H. L." box="[1033,1201,868,891]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref25055" refString="Fierstine, H. L. 1978. A new marlin, Makaira panamensis, from the late Miocene of Panama. Copeia, 1978, 1 - 11. doi: 10.2307 / 1443812" type="journal article" year="1978">Fierstine (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
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.
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F38821DFCFEFC08FA3221E9" blockId="18.[844,1467,337,1522]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
The rostrum of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F38821DFB85FC08FB7B26F6" authorityName="Fierstine" authorityYear="1978" box="[1052,1267,900,923]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F38821DFB85FC08FB7B26F6" box="[1052,1267,900,923]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Makaira panamense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F38821DFA9BFC08FAC726F6" box="[1282,1359,900,923]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
18710) is broken at
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F38821DFC2BFC2AFC3526D0" box="[946,957,934,957]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">c</emphasis>
|
||
. 0.5
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F38821DFC77FC2AFC7626D0" box="[1006,1022,934,957]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">L</collectionCode>
|
||
distance (Fig. 11F). The distal-most part of the rostrum (0.25
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F38821DFB9BFC4BFB9B26B3" box="[1026,1043,967,990]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">L</collectionCode>
|
||
) is weathered, very poorly preserved and the distal tip is missing so that it is not possible to observe sutures (Fig. 11D, E). The estimated length is
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B9B376F38821DFABCFB85FAF1214D" box="[1317,1401,1033,1056]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.53" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="953.0">953 mm</quantity>
|
||
based on the preserved portion (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F38821DFBCCFBA6FB29212C" box="[1109,1185,1066,1089]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[159,226,680,701]" captionTargetBox="[169,1457,192,661]" captionTargetId="figure-417@15.[168,1457,188,663]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. A–L, comparison among selected fossils and extant marlin species with emphasis on the rostral morphology and its crosssections at 0.5 and 0.25L; A, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250); B, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Spathochoira calvertense gen. et. comb. nov. (USNM 9344); C, †Morgula donosochagrense gen. et sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31293); D, †Makaira colonense sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31292); E, reconstruction of the rostrum of Makaira panamense (USNM 181710); F, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Makaira belgica (MAUL 917/1) from the late Miocene of Italy; G, †Makaira fierstini sp. nov. (USNM 358534); H, Makaira nigricans (USNM 196019); I, Istiompax indica (LACM 25509); J, Kajikia albida (USNM 360507); K, Kajikia audax (USNM 372777); L, Istiophorus platypterus (MNHN A-9463). The white circle indicates the point where fused prenasals start to divide in two separate bones, if this point is more distal, the narial cavity is longer and rostrum is more open. Arrows indicates where premaxillaries protrude from prenasals in Makaira ssp., the outer projection of the prenasals is represented by an angle symbol. Cross-sections at 0.5 and 0.25L: blue is oval shape, light blue is oval shape compressed laterally (borders could be more angular instead of smooth and prenasals are embedded into premaxillaries; see Fig. 9H), green is round, yellow is oval highly depressed (almost plane), red represents other shapes (see Fig. 9A, J). Pink water mark indicates the reconstructed sections. Different rostrums are labelled according the observed or inferred feeding strategy. Thrusting refers to rostrums used mostly for direct impacts and specific refers to rostrums used in multidirectional, lateral or complex feeding strategies. Scale bars = 10 cm." pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B236F38821DFB2FFBA6FAC3212C" author="Fierstine, H. L." box="[1206,1355,1066,1089]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref25055" refString="Fierstine, H. L. 1978. A new marlin, Makaira panamensis, from the late Miocene of Panama. Copeia, 1978, 1 - 11. doi: 10.2307 / 1443812" type="journal article" year="1978">Fierstine 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In dorsal view, the premaxillae overlap the prenasals at their proximal end and the narial cavity is enclosed only by the prenasals
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36D26F38821DFCD4FB02FA83209F" blockId="18.[844,1467,337,1522]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F38821DFCCCFB02FC2E21C8" box="[853,934,1166,1189]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[159,226,680,701]" captionTargetBox="[169,1457,192,661]" captionTargetId="figure-417@15.[168,1457,188,663]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. A–L, comparison among selected fossils and extant marlin species with emphasis on the rostral morphology and its crosssections at 0.5 and 0.25L; A, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250); B, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Spathochoira calvertense gen. et. comb. nov. (USNM 9344); C, †Morgula donosochagrense gen. et sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31293); D, †Makaira colonense sp. nov. (MUPAN–STRI31292); E, reconstruction of the rostrum of Makaira panamense (USNM 181710); F, reconstruction of the rostrum of †Makaira belgica (MAUL 917/1) from the late Miocene of Italy; G, †Makaira fierstini sp. nov. (USNM 358534); H, Makaira nigricans (USNM 196019); I, Istiompax indica (LACM 25509); J, Kajikia albida (USNM 360507); K, Kajikia audax (USNM 372777); L, Istiophorus platypterus (MNHN A-9463). The white circle indicates the point where fused prenasals start to divide in two separate bones, if this point is more distal, the narial cavity is longer and rostrum is more open. Arrows indicates where premaxillaries protrude from prenasals in Makaira ssp., the outer projection of the prenasals is represented by an angle symbol. Cross-sections at 0.5 and 0.25L: blue is oval shape, light blue is oval shape compressed laterally (borders could be more angular instead of smooth and prenasals are embedded into premaxillaries; see Fig. 9H), green is round, yellow is oval highly depressed (almost plane), red represents other shapes (see Fig. 9A, J). Pink water mark indicates the reconstructed sections. Different rostrums are labelled according the observed or inferred feeding strategy. Thrusting refers to rostrums used mostly for direct impacts and specific refers to rostrums used in multidirectional, lateral or complex feeding strategies. Scale bars = 10 cm." pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Figs 7E</figureCitation>
|
||
, 11D, E, Supplemental material Fig. S5
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F38821DFAA2FB02FAD821C8" box="[1339,1360,1166,1189]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">A</collectionCode>
|
||
). The rostrum is massive and stout, and has an oval outline in cross-section at 0.5
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F38821DFC45FB5DFC642185" box="[988,1004,1233,1256]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">L</collectionCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F38821DFC65FB5DFBC42185" box="[1020,1100,1233,1256]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1672,1693]" captionTargetBox="[165,779,192,1654]" captionTargetId="figure-292@19.[161,779,188,1654]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. A–E, Cross-sections of fossil istiophorids. †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250): A, cross-section at the proximal end of the rostrum; B, crosssection at 92 mm measured from its proximal end; C, crosssection at 139 mm measured from its proximal end; D, crosssection at 200mm measured from its proximal end; E, crosssection at 260 mm measured from its proximal end, F, †Makaira purdyi (USNM 481933), cross-section at 0.25 L distance. G, †Makaira panamense (USNM 481933), cross-" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9G</figureCitation>
|
||
). The internal canals are relatively large (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E103696F38821DFC16FB7EFC552064" box="[911,989,1266,1289]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="9.[159,218,187,208]" captionText="Table 3. Relationship between height of left nutrient canal at 0.5 L (H1) with the CA1/AR1 ratio (canal area / cross-section area at 0.5 L). Using H1 as size estimator, small nutrient canals range between 1.0 and 3.9 mm and big canals range between 4.0 and 8.5 mm. The ratio CA1/AR1 removes the size effect and small canals have values CA1/AR1 of 0.002–0.019 and big canals of 0.02–0.07. In the score column ‘b’ is big and ‘s’ is small for the H1 and CA1/AR1 variables. For †Makaira purdyi variables at 0.25 L were used given the special morphology of this species. Ranges were defined after studying fossils and modern specimens together (Table S1)." pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
), located medially, centrally aligned and have an oval outline (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A576F38821DFC68FA9FFBB62047" box="[1009,1086,1299,1322]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[159,226,1672,1693]" captionTargetBox="[165,779,192,1654]" captionTargetId="figure-292@19.[161,779,188,1654]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. A–E, Cross-sections of fossil istiophorids. †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. (MNHN P250): A, cross-section at the proximal end of the rostrum; B, crosssection at 92 mm measured from its proximal end; C, crosssection at 139 mm measured from its proximal end; D, crosssection at 200mm measured from its proximal end; E, crosssection at 260 mm measured from its proximal end, F, †Makaira purdyi (USNM 481933), cross-section at 0.25 L distance. G, †Makaira panamense (USNM 481933), cross-" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9G</figureCitation>
|
||
). At the proximal end of the rostrum, the prenasals are massive, contact each other along the midline (Supplemental material Fig. S5
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F38821DFB4CFADAFB622000" box="[1237,1258,1366,1389]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">A</collectionCode>
|
||
), and are strongly fused forming a solid structure (Fig. 11D, Supplemental material Fig. S5
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F38821DFC76FA14FB8C20C2" box="[1007,1028,1432,1455]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">A</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D516F38821DFB81FA14FB6420C2" authorityName="Fierstine" authorityYear="1978" box="[1048,1260,1432,1455]" family="Istiophoridae" genus="Makaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAC06F38821DFB81FA14FB6420C2" box="[1048,1260,1432,1455]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">Makaira panamense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not analysed in the PCA because all features at 0.25
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED72AE176F38821DFB58FA35FB5920BD" box="[1217,1233,1465,1488]" pageId="18" pageNumber="18">L</collectionCode>
|
||
are lacking because of the incomplete distal section of the rostrum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |