222 lines
26 KiB
XML
222 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="91A9F3333795A5A784608ACB43B95C4D" ID-CLB-Dataset="3334" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5721279" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9893c5f9-5d89-4633-8047-17d296133ce3" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5721279" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1633650213837" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03C587E31E79FF94FA80FB05947FFB19" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Tragulidae_0320.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Moschiola indica" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="330" masterDocId="FFFCFF9B1E7BFF97FFEFFFBA910FFF81" masterDocTitle="Tragulidae" masterLastPageNumber="334" masterPageNumber="320" pageNumber="329" updateTime="1699458856783" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="4C86771C4A8940D4A55819C7D76A9FF9" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="A21D5E457DB9952C0037578B87B01379">
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<mods:title id="9D24F9EC25625F2993D83E5754816808">Tragulidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="56459C5794CFBB87DB1DA34CDCCA7628" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="5D1D32AF83DE12279942DA09FD0C1033">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="EF265380E77FD6ED0D922C0E78E2E452">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="962C0FA31369AC4E08BF623DF8FDF265" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="2C48E48CB549F535D2607E050B27F8E7">
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<mods:roleTerm id="23489AE3810166B2B728F32505EEF8DD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="C24ED13BC7164EECD09B28EE1E654C82">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="A5F0B2988123020E28FC5121BAD4B7AF">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:originInfo id="D957725EA84F4DAF14021D28649602AA">
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<mods:dateIssued id="E5E13EC6140B6792C82A32C3C553B283">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="FA0FE10B946E46F11D7CA4485AEC4562" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="BA5D8F3C9046AE0068CB3D423A64BC88">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="AC52E2476F7052AFDD4CDC477EB92064">
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<mods:placeTerm id="3E7CA509CE350B0017ED0C4A0A2CDC82">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo id="51FA0906A43BF5AA26F7FA4B4AEF009C">
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<mods:title id="8DA7B59BFBD8107494256FEA5B3944C4">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="011227C3DED4B0E1D988509D20F3A5FA">
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<mods:extent id="63D6C1CFEDF17F3693E4546BA55F0FB9" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="8C13BBA1B0CFE6DEB75D6082B986CE40">320</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="8CF9DD520BF26ABD059EEB11204474A8">334</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="4CC28F507307EEF906D94D22E3367909">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="478554575DB6D53BD145C2732BF4083B" type="CLB-Dataset">3334</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A2B032D73D93BB8AFCF31C85F74C7A03" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5721279</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="566425200F04B81832AE73A7AE424E61" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C587E31E79FF94FA80FB05947FFB19" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5721295" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190606097" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5721295" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C587E31E79FF94FA80FB05947FFB19" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C587E31E79FF94FA80FB05947FFB19" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="330" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">
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<subSubSection id="C376657E1E79FF95FA80FB059480FB68" box="[1391,1423,1215,1257]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BD336F51E79FF95FA80FB059480FB68" blockId="2.[1388,2223,1215,1299]" box="[1391,1423,1215,1257]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">
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<heading id="D09B81991E79FF95FA80FB059480FB68" box="[1391,1423,1215,1257]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">
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<figureCitation id="13572A701E79FF95FA80FB059480FB68" box="[1391,1423,1215,1257]" captionStart="Plate 13: Tragulidae" captionStartId="2.[116,148,3396,3417]" captionTargetBox="[14,2754,14,3633]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. White-spotted Chevrotain (Moschiola meminna), 2. Yellow-striped Chevrotain (Moschiola kathygre), 3. Indian Chevrotain (Moschiola indica), 4. Silver-backed Chevrotain (Tragulus versicolor), 5. Lesser Indo-Malayan Chevrotain (Tragulus kanchil), 6. Northern Chevrotain (Tragulus williamsoni), 7. Javan Chevrotain (Tragulus javanicus), 8. Greater Indo-Malayan Chevrotain (Tragulus napu), 9. Balabac Chevrotain (Tragulus nigricans), 10. Water Chevrotain (Hyemoschus aquaticus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6513920" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6513920/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">3.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C376657E1E79FF95FA4FFB059612FB68" box="[1440,1821,1215,1257]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BD336F51E79FF95FA4FFB059612FB68" blockId="2.[1388,2223,1215,1299]" box="[1440,1821,1215,1257]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">
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<heading id="D09B81991E79FF95FA4FFB059612FB68" box="[1440,1821,1215,1257]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">
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<vernacularName id="056F46DB1E79FF95FA4FFB059612FB68" box="[1440,1821,1215,1257]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">Indian Chevrotain</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C376657E1E79FF95F88BFB05999DFB68" box="[1892,2194,1215,1257]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD336F51E79FF95F88BFB05999DFB68" blockId="2.[1388,2223,1215,1299]" box="[1892,2194,1215,1257]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">
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<heading id="D09B81991E79FF95F88BFB05999DFB68" box="[1892,2194,1215,1257]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D761E79FF95F88BFB05999DFB68" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[1892,2194,1215,1257]" class="Mammalia" family="Tragulidae" genus="Moschiola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indica">
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<emphasis id="B918EAE71E79FF95F88BFB05999DFB68" box="[1892,2194,1215,1257]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">Moschiola indica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C376657E1E79FF95FA81FB4199A1FA91" box="[1390,2222,1275,1296]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BD336F51E79FF95FA81FB4199A1FA91" blockId="2.[1388,2223,1215,1299]" box="[1390,2222,1275,1296]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">
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<heading id="D09B81991E79FF95FA81FB4199A1FA91" box="[1390,2222,1275,1296]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">
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<emphasis id="B918EAE71E79FF95FA81FB4194B5FA91" bold="true" box="[1390,1466,1275,1296]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="056F46DB1E79FF95FA2CFB41977FFA91" box="[1475,1648,1275,1296]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">Chevrotain indien</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B918EAE71E79FF95F969FB4197EEFA91" bold="true" box="[1670,1761,1275,1296]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="056F46DB1E79FF95F904FB419689FA91" box="[1771,1926,1275,1296]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">Indien-Kantschil</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B918EAE71E79FF95F873FB4196F9FA91" bold="true" box="[1948,2038,1275,1296]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="056F46DB1E79FF95F7EFFB419931FA91" box="[2048,2110,1275,1296]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">Ciervo</vernacularName>
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ratén indio
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C376657E1E79FF95F83BFAFC9B13FADE" box="[2004,2588,1350,1375]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BD336F51E79FF95F83BFAFC9B13FADE" blockId="2.[2004,2591,1350,1767]" box="[2004,2588,1350,1375]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">
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<emphasis id="B918EAE71E79FF95F83BFAFC9960FADE" bold="true" box="[2004,2159,1350,1375]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D761E79FF95F769FAFC9B18FADE" authority="Gray, 1843" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1843" box="[2182,2583,1350,1375]" class="Mammalia" family="Tragulidae" genus="Meminna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indica">Meminna indica Gray, 1843</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C376657E1E79FF95F83AFAD3981DFA07" box="[2005,2322,1385,1414]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BD336F51E79FF95F83AFAD3981DFA07" blockId="2.[2004,2591,1350,1767]" box="[2005,2322,1385,1414]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">
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<materialsCitation id="3B043CA81E79FF95F83AFAD3981DFA07" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783312305" box="[2005,2322,1385,1414]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">
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“Eastern Ghats”,
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<collectingCountry id="F37B76651E79FF95F72CFAD39801FA07" box="[2243,2318,1385,1414]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">India</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C376657E1E79FF95F83BFA369831FA2C" box="[2004,2366,1420,1453]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BD336F51E79FF95F83BFA369831FA2C" blockId="2.[2004,2591,1350,1767]" box="[2004,2366,1420,1453]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C376657E1E79FF95F83BFA099977FA7D" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF13667D1E79FF95F83BFA099977FA7D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5721287" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5721287" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5721287/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" targetBox="[1387,1981,1350,1766]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph id="8BD336F51E79FF95F83BFA099977FA7D" blockId="2.[2004,2591,1350,1767]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">
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<emphasis id="B918EAE71E79FF95F83BFA09998BFA55" bold="true" box="[2004,2180,1459,1492]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Peninsular
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<collectingCountry id="F37B76651E79FF95F6D7FA09988EFA55" box="[2360,2433,1459,1492]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">India</collectingCountry>
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and possibly S
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<collectingCountry id="F37B76651E79FF95F7F0FA61997BFA7D" box="[2079,2164,1499,1532]" name="Nepal" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C376657E1E79FF95F83BF9BC9B14F87A" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD336F51E79FF95F83BF9BC9B14F966" blockId="2.[2004,2591,1350,1767]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">
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<emphasis id="B918EAE71E79FF95F83BF9BC99C2F9A2" bold="true" box="[2004,2253,1542,1571]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 55-59 cm, tail 2-5 cm; weight
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<quantity id="4C949B101E79FF95F709F990982CF9CA" box="[2278,2339,1578,1611]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" unit="kg" value="3.0">3 kg</quantity>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D761E79FF95F6D9F9909B13F9CA" box="[2358,2588,1578,1611]" class="Mammalia" family="Tragulidae" genus="Moschiola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Moschiola species</taxonomicName>
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differ from 7
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D761E79FF95F778F9E399F6F9F3" box="[2199,2297,1625,1650]" class="Mammalia" family="Tragulidae" genus="Tragulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tragulus</taxonomicName>
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, and resemble
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D761E79FF95F608F9E39933F918" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1845" class="Mammalia" family="Tragulidae" genus="Hyemoschus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hyemoschus</taxonomicName>
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in the pattern of the pelage on the flanks and in lacking a large gland between the mandiblesat the front of the lower law.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD336F51E79FF95FA82F9549B14F87A" blockId="2.[1387,2592,1774,3301]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">The Indian Chevrotain is a relatively large chevrotain species, with long hindlegs and broad skull, especially across rostrum. The pelage is dull brown; stripes and spots are a very clear white; the upper row of spots forms a continuous stripe on the shoulder, but disintegrates into spots halfway back along the body, and other longitudinalstripes are broken completely into rows of elongated spots; the three spot-rows across croup and rump are partly fused to stripes; crown and forehead are dark brown; underside pale beige, becoming creamy medially. Dental formulais10/3,C1/1,P 3/3,M 3/3 (x2)= 34.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C376657E1E79FF95FA82F7BB9B03F766" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BD336F51E79FF95FA82F7BB9B03F766" blockId="2.[1387,2592,1774,3301]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">
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<emphasis id="B918EAE71E79FF95FA82F7BB94D4F7A3" bold="true" box="[1389,1499,2049,2082]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Tropical deciduous and moist evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of the Peninsular Indian hills, plains, and plateaus, but also seen in tall elephant grass Cymbopogon. The species also occurs in montane forests up to around
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<quantity id="4C949B101E79FF95F6E5F7EA9862F7F0" box="[2314,2413,2128,2161]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" unit="m" value="1850.0">1850 m</quantity>
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elevation. It has been observed that the species often occurs along forest streams and rivers. In the Eastern Ghats it was observed that
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D761E79FF95F8B4F72596D6F741" box="[1883,2009,2207,2240]" class="Mammalia" family="Tragulidae" genus="Meminna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indica">M. indica</taxonomicName>
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was very common, especially around the streams and “nullahs” (intermitent watercourses) which are essential for this species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C376657E1E79FF95FA82F7579886F53E" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BD336F51E79FF95FA82F7579886F53E" blockId="2.[1387,2592,1774,3301]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">
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<emphasis id="B918EAE71E79FF95FA82F757977BF68F" bold="true" box="[1389,1652,2285,2318]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Very little is known about the ecology and behavior of the Indian Chevrotain, and much of the information is in the form of anecdotal observations and sight records. It seems to mostly eat fruits and herbs, with fruit consumption of Terminalia bellerica,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D761E79FF95F9DAF6D99609F605" box="[1589,1798,2403,2436]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Gmelina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arborea">Gmelina arborea</taxonomicName>
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, and Garuga pinnata being reported; these are all common in the deciduous forests of
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<collectingCountry id="F37B76651E79FF95F8C5F631967AF62D" box="[1834,1909,2443,2476]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">India</collectingCountry>
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. In a study of fruit predation of the Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica)
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D761E79FF95F90CF608966EF652" box="[1763,1889,2482,2515]" class="Mammalia" family="Tragulidae" genus="Meminna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indica">M. indica</taxonomicName>
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and the Chital (Axis axis) were the most frequent frugivores, accounting for over 95% of fruit removal, with murid rodents accounting for less than 1%. The Indian Chevrotain is a frequent prey of Leopards (Panthera pardus) and Dholes (Cuon alpinus) but apparently rarely eaten by Tigers (Panthera tigris) and Golden Jackals (Canis aureus). Among the small carnivores, the Nilgiri Marten (Martes gwatkinsii) is known to prey on the Indian Chevrotain, while the forest eagle owl (Bubo nipalensis) has been reported to predate on young ofthis species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C376657E1E79FF95FA83F57F98F0F402" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BD336F51E79FF95FA83F57F98F0F402" blockId="2.[1387,2592,1774,3301]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">
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<emphasis id="B918EAE71E79FF95FA83F57F94FDF567" bold="true" box="[1388,1522,2757,2790]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Mating apparently occurs inJune andJuly, with births taking place at the end of the rainy season, which normally runs from July to October during the south-west monsoon. The gestation period is about five months, and there are one or two young, with twins apparently being more common than in other tragulids. Mean weight at birth is
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<quantity id="4C949B101E79FF95FA37F4D8972BF402" box="[1496,1572,2914,2947]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.19" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" unit="g" value="319.0">319 g</quantity>
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. Maximum reported life span in captivity is six years and nine months.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C376657E1E79FF95FA84F43398CDF42B" box="[1387,2498,2953,2986]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD336F51E79FF95FA84F43398CDF42B" blockId="2.[1387,2592,1774,3301]" box="[1387,2498,2953,2986]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918EAE71E79FF95FA84F433975AF42B" bold="true" box="[1387,1621,2953,2986]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Their activity appears to be mostly crepuscular and nocturnal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C376657E1E79FF95FA83F40B98FCF364" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD336F51E79FF95FA83F40B98FCF364" blockId="2.[1387,2592,1774,3301]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918EAE71E79FF95FA83F40B9910F453" bold="true" box="[1388,2079,2993,3026]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
There are no published estimates of population densities and population status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D761E79FF95F81CF462997DF478" box="[2035,2162,3032,3065]" class="Mammalia" family="Tragulidae" genus="Meminna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indica">M. indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As in other tragulids, the species is mostly encountered alone or rarely in pairs. During the day, the chevrotains stay concealed in dens that may be in hollows at the base of trees or in rocky crevices. They are also reported to be able to climb up sloping tree boles. Sometimes the species is encountered resting in leaf litter on the forest floor, where its dappled pelage acts as effective camouflage during the day. But like other chevrotains the Indian species seems to shun the light, and appears to be most active at night or around dusk and dawn.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF13667D1E79FF95FF9BF2FE971CF202" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6513920" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6513920" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6513920/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" startId="2.[116,148,3396,3417]" targetBox="[14,2754,14,3633]" targetPageId="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD336F51E79FF95FF9BF2FE971CF202" blockId="2.[116,2537,3396,3462]" pageId="2" pageNumber="329">
|
||
On following pages 4 Sı ver-backed Chevrolarn (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D761E79FF95FD7CF2FF93E4F2DF" box="[659,747,3397,3422]" class="Mammalia" family="Tragulidae" genus="Tragulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tragulus</taxonomicName>
|
||
versrcolorl 5 Lesser lndo-Malayan Chevrotam (fiagulus lndo-Malayan Chevromın (Traga/us napul 9 Balabac Chevrotam (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D761E79FF95FCD0F2D79297F204" box="[831,920,3437,3461]" class="Mammalia" family="Tragulidae" genus="Tragulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tragulus</taxonomicName>
|
||
mgrrcansl 10 Water Chevrotaın (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D761E79FF95FAE1F2D49491F207" box="[1294,1438,3438,3462]" class="Mammalia" family="Tragulidae" genus="Hyemoschus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hyemoschus</taxonomicName>
|
||
kanchm 6 Northern Chevrotam (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D761E79FF95F924F2FC962BF2DF" box="[1739,1828,3398,3422]" class="Mammalia" family="Tragulidae" genus="Tragulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tragulus</taxonomicName>
|
||
wı/lıamsonı) 7 Jovan Chevrolaın (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D761E79FF95F74CF2FC99F3F2DF" box="[2211,2300,3398,3422]" class="Mammalia" family="Tragulidae" genus="Tragulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tragulus</taxonomicName>
|
||
nvomcusl 8 Greater ıquancus)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C376657E1E78FF94FF2FFEA095C3FBA0" pageId="3" pageNumber="330" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD336F51E78FF94FF2FFEA095C3FBA0" blockId="3.[191,1395,282,1181]" pageId="3" pageNumber="330">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918EAE71E78FF94FF2FFEA09313FEB6" bold="true" box="[192,540,282,311]" pageId="3" pageNumber="330">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B76651E78FF94FACDFEA09464FEB6" box="[1314,1387,282,311]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="330">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D761E78FF94FF2EFE879031FEDF" box="[193,318,317,350]" class="Mammalia" family="Tragulidae" genus="Meminna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indica">M. indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to have been widespread, with records as far north as
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE5850321E78FF94FB43FE8795F3FEDF" box="[1196,1276,317,350]" degrees="28" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="330" precision="55555" value="28.0">28° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, but the present stronghold of the species is the forests of the Western Ghats. The historic presence of a tragulid was recently confirmed for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B76651E78FF94FCC7FE369276FE2C" box="[808,889,396,429]" name="Nepal" pageId="3" pageNumber="330">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
and possibly parts of northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B76651E78FF94FACDFE369464FE2C" box="[1314,1387,396,429]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="330">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Because of the general biogeographic patterns in this country the species was thought to be most likely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D761E78FF94FE66FE609309FE7A" box="[393,518,474,507]" class="Mammalia" family="Tragulidae" genus="Meminna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="329" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indica">M. indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although without any specimens and with a lack of knowledge of the taxonomic status of tragulids reported from areas such as
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B76651E78FF94FBADFDBB95EDFDA3" box="[1090,1250,513,546]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="3" pageNumber="330">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
, there is a small chance that one of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D761E78FF94FD8AFD9393DCFDCB" box="[613,723,553,586]" class="Mammalia" family="Tragulidae" genus="Tragulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="330" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Tragulus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species once occurred in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B76651E78FF94FBAAFD939596FDCB" box="[1093,1177,553,586]" name="Nepal" pageId="3" pageNumber="330">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Either way, no recent confirmed records of tragulids exist from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B76651E78FF94FC9EFDEA92CBFDF0" box="[881,964,592,625]" name="Nepal" pageId="3" pageNumber="330">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and if still extant the taxon is likely endangered in that country. Indian Chevrotains are among the most frequently hunted animals in the forests where they occur. The chevrotains are actively hunted using hunting dogs to locate and flush out the animals and kill them. Even women and childrenjoin with men in hunting during the day. The team of hunters beats bushes and flushes animals toward nets held by people; there the animals are caught and killed. In addition, low wire snares with many nooses may be placed along the ground across trails to catch passing chevrotains. Traps are used for night hunting. Much of the hunting is for direct consumption, although wild meatis also sold in local markets in many places. Based on interview surveys in one district, over 75% of the interviewed hunters reported the Indian Chevrotain to be their most commonly hunted prey, with a similar percentage believing that overhunting was the main reason for the species’ decline.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C376657E1E78FF94FF2DFB8A947FFB19" pageId="3" pageNumber="330" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD336F51E78FF94FF2DFB8A947FFB19" blockId="3.[191,1395,282,1181]" pageId="3" pageNumber="330">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918EAE71E78FF94FF2DFB8A9054FBC8" bold="true" box="[194,347,1072,1097]" pageId="3" pageNumber="330">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Baral et al. (2009), Champion (1929), Duckworth & Timmins (2008), Gokula (1997), Hayssen et al. (1993), Krishnan (1972), Kumara & Singh (2004), Madhukumar (2002), Madhusudan & Karanth (2002), Mathew (2002), Mudappa (1999), Nandini (2005), Nowak (1999), Raman (2004), Stockley (1930), Tehsin (1980).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |