296 lines
32 KiB
XML
296 lines
32 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="4A734B820A09AA2E78C61F4A71FCCE55">A cybertaxonomic revision of the new dung beetle tribe Parachoriini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) and its phylogenetic assessment using molecular and morphological data</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="99025F6DB195FD36CA5F8A957431092B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C767A7FE33BB202C42204673034446BC">2017</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03C187E1AE45B629DD9E45C0FE300288" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6010822" ID-GBIF-Taxon="135106136" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6010822" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C187E1AE45B629DD9E45C0FE300288" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C187E1AE45B629DD9E45C0FE300288" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="126" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">
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<subSubSection id="C372657CAE45B628DD9E45C0FE9900BB" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD736F7AE45B628DD9E45C0FDE900DA" blockId="24.[151,562,655,715]" box="[151,562,655,682]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">
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<heading id="D09F819BAE45B628DD9E45C0FDE900DA" bold="true" box="[151,562,655,682]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628DD9E45C0FDE900DA" ID-CoL="75NLT" authority="Arrow, 1931" authorityName="Arrow M. E. Bacchus" authorityYear="1931" box="[151,562,655,682]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hookeri">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DD9E45C0FDE900DA" bold="true" box="[151,562,655,682]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DD9E45C0FE4A00D9" bold="true" box="[151,401,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">Parachorius hookeri</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B06AE45B628DC9145DFFDE900DA" author="Arrow" box="[408,562,656,682]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" refString="Arrow, G. J. (1931) Coleoptera Lamellicornia part. III. (Coprinae). Taylor and Francis, London, 428 pp., 13 pls." type="book" year="1931">Arrow, 1931</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD736F7AE45B628DD9E45FDFE9900BB" blockId="24.[151,562,655,715]" box="[151,322,690,715]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13532A72AE45B628DD9645FDFF2700BB" box="[159,252,690,715]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1061,1083]" captionTargetBox="[151,1426,303,1030]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,303,1040]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 12. Morphology of Parachorius hookeri. (A) aedeagus, lateral view (holotype). (B) aedeagus lateral view. (C) left metafemur (male, holotype). (D) habitus (male, holotype)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1001941/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">Figs. 12</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13532A72AE45B628DC0145FDFEE100BB" box="[264,314,690,715]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1825]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,265,1825]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 26. Distribution maps of Parachorius species. (A) Parachorius hookeri. (B) Parachorius humeralis. (C) Parachorius javanus. (D) Parachorius longipenis. (E) Parachorius maruyamai. (F) Parachorius newthayerae. Type locality — type locality of species (holotype or lectotype); Type. Collection data — localities of type specimens associated with species (paratypes or paralectotypes); Collection data — localities of other specimens examined in this study." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1001969/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">26A</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C372657CAE45B628DD9E45B5FD9B013E" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BD736F7AE45B628DD9E45B5FDF90160" blockId="24.[151,585,762,846]" box="[151,546,762,784]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7811D9AE45B628DD9E45B5FDF90160" box="[151,546,762,784]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628DD9E45B5FDF90160" ID-CoL="75NLT" authority="Arrow, 1931: 359" authorityName="Arrow M. E. Bacchus" authorityPageNumber="359" authorityYear="1931" box="[151,546,762,784]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hookeri">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DD9E45B5FEB20160" box="[151,361,762,784]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">Parachorius hookeri</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC910E6AE45B628DC6645B4FDF90160" author="Arrow" box="[367,546,762,784]" page="359" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" year="1931">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B06AE45B628DC6645B4FE290160" author="Arrow" box="[367,498,762,784]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" refString="Arrow, G. J. (1931) Coleoptera Lamellicornia part. III. (Coprinae). Taylor and Francis, London, 428 pp., 13 pls." type="book" year="1931">Arrow, 1931</bibRefCitation>
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: 359
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD736F7AE45B628DD9E4456FD9B013E" blockId="24.[151,585,762,846]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7811D9AE45B628DD9E4456FD9B013E" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">
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||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DD9E4456FEAA015F" box="[151,369,793,815]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628DD9E4456FEB0015F" ID-CoL="75NLT" authorityName="Arrow M. E. Bacchus" authorityYear="1931" box="[151,363,793,815]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hookeri">Parachorius hookeri</taxonomicName>
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;
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</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC910E6AE45B628DC714456FD92015F" author="Balthasar" box="[376,585,793,815]" page="277" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" year="1963">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B06AE45B628DC714456FDC1015F" author="Balthasar" box="[376,538,793,815]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" refString="Balthasar, V. (1963) Monographie der Scarabaeidae und Aphodiidae der palaearktischen und orientalischen Region. Folume 1. Tschechoslowakische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Prague, 391 pp., XXIV pls." type="book" year="1963">Balthasar, 1963</bibRefCitation>
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: 277
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DD9E4477FEAA013E" box="[151,369,824,846]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628DD9E4477FEB0013E" ID-CoL="75NLT" authorityName="Arrow M. E. Bacchus" authorityYear="1931" box="[151,363,824,846]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hookeri">Parachorius hookeri</taxonomicName>
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;
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</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC910E6AE45B628DC714477FD9B013E" author="Bacchus" box="[376,576,824,846]" page="104" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" year="1978">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B06AE45B628DC714477FDCB013E" author="Bacchus" box="[376,528,824,846]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" refString="Bacchus, M. E. (1978) A catalogue of the type-specimens of the Scarabaeinae (Scarabaeidae) and the smaller lamellicorn families (Coleoptera) described by G. J. Arrow. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology Supplement, 37, 97 - 115." type="journal article" year="1978">Bacchus, 1978</bibRefCitation>
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: 104
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C372657CAE45B628DD9E4435FD9201E3" box="[151,585,890,915]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BD736F7AE45B628DD9E4435FD9201E3" blockId="24.[151,1436,890,2031]" box="[151,585,890,915]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B003CAAAE45B628DD9E4435FD9201E3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1658411492" box="[151,585,890,915]" country="India" location="Sikkim" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sikkim" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DD9E4435FEF601E3" bold="true" box="[151,301,890,915]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">
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<typeStatus id="54D38855AE45B628DD9E4435FF0901E3" box="[151,210,890,915]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">Type</typeStatus>
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locality
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</emphasis>
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.
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<collectingRegion id="49ACF815AE45B628DC354435FE4B01E3" box="[316,400,890,915]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
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, northeast
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<collectingCountry id="F37F7667AE45B628DF014435FD9E01E3" box="[520,581,890,915]" name="India" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">India</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C372657CAE45B628DDCE44D1FD88046B" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BD736F7AE45B628DDCE44D1FEDC06FF" blockId="24.[151,1436,890,2031]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DDCE44D1FE9A01C7" bold="true" box="[199,321,926,951]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Given the shape of parameres with apex simple, widely rounded, and inferiorly angulate this species is similar to
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628DC75448BFDDE01AB" authorityName="Kryzhanovsky & Medvedev" authorityYear="1966" box="[380,517,963,987]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fungorum">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DC75448BFDDE01AB" box="[380,517,963,987]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">P. fungorum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628DF1D448BFD6401AB" authorityName="Tarasov" authorityYear="2017" box="[532,703,962,987]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="newthayerae">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DF1D448BFD6401AB" box="[532,703,962,987]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">P. newthayerae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628DFC4448BFC9601AB" authorityName="Arrow" authorityYear="1931" box="[717,845,962,987]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="globosus">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DFC4448BFC9601AB" box="[717,845,962,987]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">P. globosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628DE82448BFBD801AB" box="[907,1027,962,987]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shuelkei">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DE82448BFBD801AB" box="[907,1027,962,987]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">P. shuelkei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Based on external morphology this species is most similar to
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628DCD944A8FD85018F" authorityName="Kryzhanovsky & Medvedev" authorityYear="1966" box="[464,606,999,1023]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fungorum">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DCD944A8FD85018F" box="[464,606,999,1023]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">P. fungorum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The latter and
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628DE2B44A8FC43018F" authorityName="Arrow M. E. Bacchus" authorityYear="1931" box="[802,920,998,1023]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hookeri">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DE2B44A8FC43018F" box="[802,920,998,1023]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">P. hookeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be differentiated from other species of abovementioned group by (1) clypeus with two indistinct teeth that are not notched laterally, (2) metatibia slightly sinuate, (3) frontal angles of pronotum rounded, and (4) wings normally developed.
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628D96A4361FA960637" authorityName="Arrow M. E. Bacchus" authorityYear="1931" box="[1123,1357,1070,1095]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hookeri">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628D96A4361FA960637" box="[1123,1357,1070,1095]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">Parachorius hookeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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subtly differs from
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628DC22431BFE6C061B" authorityName="Kryzhanovsky & Medvedev" authorityYear="1966" box="[299,439,1107,1131]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fungorum">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DC22431BFE6C061B" box="[299,439,1107,1131]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">P. fungorum</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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by not having modified metathoracic legs and the absence of a serrate margin of the metatibia.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD736F7AE45B628DDCE43D5FEE90733" blockId="24.[151,1436,890,2031]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DDCE43D5FE4D06C3" bold="true" box="[199,406,1178,1203]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">Taxonomic notes.</emphasis>
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The paramere shape in
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628DF9643D3FCD406C3" authorityName="Arrow M. E. Bacchus" authorityYear="1931" box="[671,783,1178,1203]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hookeri">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DF9643D3FCD406C3" box="[671,783,1178,1203]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">P. hookeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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,
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628DE1443D3FC7E06C3" authorityName="Kryzhanovsky & Medvedev" authorityYear="1966" box="[797,933,1179,1203]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fungorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DE1443D3FC7E06C3" box="[797,933,1179,1203]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">P. fungorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628DEBA43D3FB8606C3" authorityName="Tarasov" authorityYear="2017" box="[947,1117,1178,1203]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="newthayerae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DEBA43D3FB8606C3" box="[947,1117,1178,1203]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">P. newthayerae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628D96343D3FB3206C3" authorityName="Arrow" authorityYear="1931" box="[1130,1257,1178,1203]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="globosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628D96343D3FB3206C3" box="[1130,1257,1178,1203]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">P. globosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628D82C43D3FA4706C3" box="[1317,1436,1178,1203]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shuelkei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628D82C43D3FA4706C3" box="[1317,1436,1178,1203]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">P. shuelkei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are almost identical. A larger series of specimens will be needed to assess intraspecific variation of
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628D82843F0FA4706A7" box="[1313,1436,1214,1239]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628D82843F0FA4306A7" authorityName="Arrow M. E. Bacchus" authorityYear="1931" box="[1313,1432,1214,1239]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hookeri">P. hookeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
known only from a single male, in comparison to its close relative
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628DE8B43ABFBD1068B" authorityName="Kryzhanovsky & Medvedev" authorityYear="1966" box="[898,1034,1251,1275]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fungorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DE8B43ABFBD1068B" box="[898,1034,1251,1275]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">P. fungorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628D91143ADFADB068B" authorityName="Arrow M. E. Bacchus" authorityYear="1931" box="[1048,1280,1250,1275]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hookeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628D91143ADFADB068B" box="[1048,1280,1250,1275]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">Parachorius hookeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may just be a minor male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628DC364248FE12076F" authorityName="Kryzhanovsky & Medvedev" authorityYear="1966" box="[319,457,1287,1311]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fungorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DC364248FE12076F" box="[319,457,1287,1311]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">P. fungorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with whom it has an identical shape of aedeagus, meaning that the two names should be synonyms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736F7AE45B628DDCE4200FD88046B" blockId="24.[151,1436,890,2031]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">
|
||
However, I do not attempt to synonymize these names here, for the two reasons: (1) aedeagus shape is not an ultimate character for species delimitation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628DF96423DFCF007FB" box="[671,811,1394,1419]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DF96423DFCF007FB" box="[671,811,1394,1419]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">Parachorius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as some species have similar aedeagus shapes despite being drastically different in external characters; (2) in addition, these two forms seems to have a disjunct distributions with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628DC6C42F3FE0C07A3" authorityName="Arrow M. E. Bacchus" authorityYear="1931" box="[357,471,1466,1491]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hookeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DC6C42F3FE0C07A3" box="[357,471,1466,1491]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">P. hookeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurring in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37F7667AE45B628DFD142F5FCC907A3" box="[728,786,1466,1491]" name="India" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628DE4242F3FC0E07A3" authorityName="Kryzhanovsky & Medvedev" authorityYear="1966" box="[843,981,1467,1491]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fungorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DE4242F3FC0E07A3" box="[843,981,1467,1491]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">P. fungorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurring in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37F7667AE45B628D9DE42F5FAC607A3" box="[1239,1309,1466,1491]" name="China" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37F7667AE45B628D82042F4FA4307A3" box="[1321,1432,1467,1491]" name="Myanmar" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and Indochina. Thus, at this point, given the distribution and characters differentiating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628D96F4290FB030787" authorityName="Arrow M. E. Bacchus" authorityYear="1931" box="[1126,1240,1502,1527]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hookeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628D96F4290FB030787" box="[1126,1240,1502,1527]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">P. hookeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628D8064290FA4E0787" box="[1295,1429,1503,1527]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fungotum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628D8064290FA4E0787" box="[1295,1429,1503,1527]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">P. fungotum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, I consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE45B628DC04414BFEA5046B" authorityName="Arrow M. E. Bacchus" authorityYear="1931" box="[269,382,1538,1563]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hookeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DC04414BFEA5046B" box="[269,382,1538,1563]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">P. hookeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a separate species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C372657CAE45B628DDCE4169FB7C059F" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736F7AE45B628DDCE4169FBE3044F" blockId="24.[151,1436,890,2031]" box="[199,1080,1574,1599]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DDCE4169FE82044F" bold="true" box="[199,345,1574,1599]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DC564169FE44044F" box="[351,415,1574,1599]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">Body.</emphasis>
|
||
Body brown, dark, length
|
||
<quantity id="4C909B12AE45B628DFC24169FCD4044E" box="[715,783,1574,1599]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="125" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Elytra uniformly colored.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736F7AE45B628DDCE4105FB7A0413" blockId="24.[151,1436,890,2031]" box="[199,1185,1610,1635]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DDCE4105FED00413" box="[199,267,1610,1635]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">Head.</emphasis>
|
||
Clypeus with two indistinct teeth, outer margin of each tooth not notched basally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736F7AE45B628DDCE4120FB7604DB" blockId="24.[151,1436,890,2031]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DDCE4120FEE604F6" box="[199,317,1647,1670]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">Pronotum.</emphasis>
|
||
Pronotum rounded laterally. Frontal angles rounded. Disc covered with punctures separated by 0.5– 2.0 puncture diameter(s). Pronotum in anterior-posterior direction notably shorter than elytra.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736F7AE45B628DDCE41F9FD1B04BE" blockId="24.[151,1436,890,2031]" box="[199,704,1718,1743]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DDCE41F9FECE04BF" box="[199,277,1718,1743]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">Elytra.</emphasis>
|
||
Elytra covered with sparse punctures.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736F7AE45B628DDCE4193FD940483" blockId="24.[151,1436,890,2031]" box="[199,591,1754,1779]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DDCE4193FEC90483" box="[199,274,1756,1779]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">Wings.</emphasis>
|
||
Wings normally developed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736F7AE45B628DDCE41B0FC2F05D7" blockId="24.[151,1436,890,2031]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DDCE41B0FED80566" box="[199,259,1791,1814]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">Legs.</emphasis>
|
||
Profemur with almost straight or sinuate anterior margin. Protibia with apical spur approximately reaching middle of protarsomere 3. First tooth almost not modified in males, approximately as wide as second tooth, first and second teeth distinctly separated from each other; first tooth distinctly separated from denticles located between first and second teeth. Metafemoral posterior margin not serrate, simple, not modified. Metatibia slightly sinuate, inner margin not denticulate, straight, not produced apically.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736F7AE45B628DDCE40FBFB1F05BB" blockId="24.[151,1436,890,2031]" box="[199,1220,1970,1995]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DDCE40FBFEB905BB" box="[199,354,1972,1995]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">Metasternum.</emphasis>
|
||
Transverse basal ridge of metasternum long, at least 1/5 of mesocoxa length.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736F7AE45B628DDCE4099FB7C059F" blockId="24.[151,1436,890,2031]" box="[199,1191,2006,2031]" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE45B628DDCE4099FEE0059F" box="[199,315,2006,2031]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="125">Aedeagus.</emphasis>
|
||
Parameres symmetrical, simple, apex widely rounded and inferiorly angulate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C372657CAE44B629DDCE47D8FE300288" pageId="25" pageNumber="126" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736F7AE44B629DDCE47D8FE300288" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,248]" pageId="25" pageNumber="126">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE44B629DDCE47D8FDE902C0" bold="true" box="[199,562,151,176]" pageId="25" pageNumber="126">
|
||
Material examined.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D38855AE44B629DCCC47D8FDE902C0" box="[453,562,151,176]" pageId="25" pageNumber="126" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37F7667AE44B629DF4147D8FD5302C0" box="[584,648,151,176]" name="India" pageId="25" pageNumber="126">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE44B629DF4147D8FD5302C0" bold="true" box="[584,648,151,176]" pageId="25" pageNumber="126">India</emphasis>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D6EFD7EAE44B629DF9747D8FD2F02C0" box="[670,756,151,176]" pageId="25" pageNumber="126" type="male">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5AE44B629DF9747D8FD2F02C0" bold="true" box="[670,756,151,176]" pageId="25" pageNumber="126">1 male</emphasis>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
, “
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D38855AE44B629DE1A47D8FCA502C0" box="[787,894,151,176]" pageId="25" pageNumber="126" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
/ n Ind /
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE44B629D90147D8FB2B02C0" authorityName="Arrow M. E. Bacchus" authorityYear="1931" box="[1032,1264,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hookeri">Parachorius hookeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D38855AE44B629D9F647D7FAF402C0" box="[1279,1327,152,176]" pageId="25" pageNumber="126">type</typeStatus>
|
||
Arrow /
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE44B629DD9E47F3FDAE02A5" authority="Arrow M. E. Bacchus" authorityName="Arrow M. E. Bacchus" authorityYear="1931" box="[151,629,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hookeri">Parachorius hookeri Arrow M.E. Bacchus</taxonomicName>
|
||
det. 1975
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D38855AE44B629DFFB47F3FC5D02A4" box="[754,902,188,212]" pageId="25" pageNumber="126" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74AE44B629DE9647F3FA4702A4" authority="Arrow, 1931 S. Tarasov" authorityName="Arrow M. E. Bacchus" authorityYear="1931" box="[927,1436,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Parachorius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hookeri">
|
||
Parachorius hookeri
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B06AE44B629D98547F3FAC002A4" author="Arrow" box="[1164,1307,188,212]" pageId="25" pageNumber="126" refString="Arrow, G. J. (1931) Coleoptera Lamellicornia part. III. (Coprinae). Taylor and Francis, London, 428 pp., 13 pls." type="book" year="1931">Arrow, 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
S. Tarasov
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
det. 2010” [
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49ACF815AE44B629DC104790FEAB0288" box="[281,368,223,248]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="25" pageNumber="126">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
|
||
] (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED79AE32AE44B629DC8C47AFFE040288" box="[389,479,224,248]" pageId="25" pageNumber="126">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |